Herb Winer, History of the Great Mountain Forest

timber Which 1a on that part ol the lot whtch Frederick Roberts out. offSO::IO few ~8 slnoo. \" A later provision of t he agl\"OOinont referred to thatpa.rt of the lot \"coal ed off\" by Roberts nnd ir5pl1ed that chostnut had beenroaorwd fro::t coali • Roberts di ed in 18S4, sft nr •hie~ the l ot was acqui.Nd byHenry Hi gley, or Canaan, f or . JSQ, about a thtr d ot its valuo beforetho timber so.le a gree!llant ( Nl.n 171 227, 280, 281, 2939499B) . I n 1863Ri gloy sold the lot to tho Hunts Lyman !r on co. for ~1000 (NLR 181 S77),n twtenl i nstance of tho great increase in tbe value of charooal \"ooddaring t.hia period. Hunts Lymn retained tb& l ot until 19101 mi.on 1twns bought by Rolph Crissey, who sold it to Starling If , ,ihUds thefollowing year (NLR 28t 2'51 95) . Thia history or o:mership su ~gests a vaned o.nd intensivepattorn ot treat nt. Untortunatcly, omt.esions and a\"li>icuities tn thoearly doods made 1t 1.lltpoasible to ~rtne the entire l at on tho groundso as to deter!line tho ext&nt and nature of the cutt:lnr-s. I n rt0neral,hdWO'f'or, tho lot appears to twvo been cut OWJf' several tiI»o, f or eawl ogeorand charcoal wood , nnd t t now support.a val\"\"';i.n~ ~.ll'es bellllock andhGrdwoods f ro SO to 75 years old. The at.and in question occupies part of an al.MO:Jt flot bench,fror.t 1rhic h it extends eaet:t.mrd up a steep wes t.orly slo~ . 'i\"hG Goil i sa typically rocky, t i ne sandy loom, vAry; nq in •t epth fr\"\"\" .3 t o about113 inches. What distinguishes t.he stand f r oo surrounrling ntands is itshichar proportion ot bt':ulock and tho greater a.g-.> ot the hetllock (about100 1GQF8) . Tbe dolld.nanta average about 75 foot in ho r:nt~ and thecanopy in height claae 8 t s {;Olle!'ally more than 90 peroont c • lete.

245 inly beoause ot its dense oanopy, tho atand is ba&ically ono-storied,tlO indicated by the dnta of table 32, derived fr om tal.11.es o! two sampleploto (5l• Jl+J2). Hel1'.ll.ook and white p;.oo are tho ol dest sped.cs in tho stand. >oat of the existing beolock tm.s adva..co reproduction d rl':lG the periodof tho Palmer-:lanst1eld sale (1847- 1851) or bee rJDS ent.M>lishod shortlythereafter. The white pine al.so ori.ginated at the s~ t 'm , frcm seedtrcoo in the µrecedt ru:r etand. The few wh·tt e pines t ha\ survived nr e nosramong the dominants, but by the t i me they roached soed-boaring ar,e, thestand had closed to tho p ;:>lnt ttbere pine coul d not reproduco. 70 The evic1once from ring count s and thP presence o~ r..cr l<lr si testhrouehc-ut tho stand i ndicate that t horo ucre \"' wo eoal:tn,,: opor<lt1ons,ono about 1864 (ooin0i d1ne with tho acquisition of tho l ot by •luntoLJtUn) and tho second about l 85. i.•09t ot the present helNhrooda arestw:ip lfprouta originating f ro:i the sec nd coal~. A f-0t1 hord\ioods date~cc t-he earlier coaling, l'U'.iv i ng beon patJsed ovor ln 1885. These datessuggest that tho aroa of the pro:sent stand was probably out \"or hnrdlfoodeanl.o~s or charcoal wood bo!'ore 1850, 1'hic'1 would hnVt' all(r+'TOO t ins forn ?1eW stand to roach coalinz size b~ 1864. Tne heal.oak ns too small f or eawt imber duri~ t'1e pc~'i..od llbentho Hunt.a Lyman salrlnill no operatinr, on '!oekerto;m f.h-ook. Si.nee theetand wu south ot e](er t.mm Road, tt was not included l.n tho P.ill.e of70 A s1m.1.lar s i tuation stil 1 prevails, for althou.gh abundant f irst-year mlito pine aeedl.ini:s were gr=-1.ng whe:i the ploto rroro ·~irst eumined, no second-year seedlinaa ware observed. I n the fall or 19S2, a !'$- ~tioo of the plots showed that all of the seodUnss that cer- oinatcd in 1951 had died. probabl.7 largoly ll8 a rosult or ckl::Jpl ng off.

TA.BLF 32. CCilPOSlTlctl ABU STBDCTUBE ~ A STAND Cl 100-ESTABLISKSD AFTI:R CU.ABCUTTING um T'J O LATER COALlliG Cl lp!tlg Pereeai .l b \l D d a D 0 e\"-loelr 11 •1 1 ttldte plDI 6).0 66.7 l~O 100...... ,,.,.....INMks.pr_,,i~ - -37.0 100.0 100Yellow birch loo.o 100.0 25 2To'6l• 'wett....perMft 2100 6oo• Bul•t 2 0.1-aere plot.a (Sl-3112).

-ll.A~ Uf..MLOCK \.ITU A Y<lJNGE.R BA.RlYllOOO CCMPONDIT•Cl'ERATIONS ( HUIT- ROBEirru-HIGLLY wr, SOUTH BLOOJt) •••7 Relgb~ cl ••• Baal u.a•t 1 Tot.al Tokl per .Aen ~ kl ;g. G. ''\"\"\"0.0 11·4 ~2 66.1 63.9 17).6 7).1).1 2.1 .1 21.4 9.0]4.J 3-1 . ,4-1 S.9 3.4 1.4 12.S 14-6 i.·.o,' lS.1 1·'14-3 14.9 6.2 4-1 1'1.8 7..5-- - -28.2 ).2 i.4.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 - - 237.5 100.0''20 160 '\"'° -

2'h7ttottlrood sawtimber t.o F. E.. Bttcklq in 1897 (p. 18~) . 'l'he ~k couldeasily haft been sold dur'tng the cbe&t,nut sal.Tnge opero.tione af 1917 and1916, bu't-1 a.s noted on page 3, tbo owners of th& Forest ~~ted thi.a pro-pooal as inconstetent with their con&enattve manageaont pGl.tcies. As aresult, the stand was not dt sturbcd and the s111all ~ of blleht.-ki.lledchestnut i n the stand .was le.rt unaa.lvaged. The stand Will l\"e~in r elatively stable in caniposition dvingthe life of t he trees nO\f' in the OYerstory. Red maple tJill prob.'lbly bethe first rtpeoies to d1e out, lfhtle both the hemlock and mtito pine willporetat for several hundred mar\"e yean, barri ng disturbo.nce. The eompo-m.t.i<m and struature or tke wecoeding stand will depend en the mture oft ho openin~s th.at Will eventually devolopJ in thls NSpo:ct tb~ presentstand reae-1>1.ee the ·Rand sampled by plots S').,..15+16, discussed on pages216419,. The second example in this nec'tion differs ~om tbnt just do.. ..em1.bod in that most ( tf net all) of the hemlock has been lef't. \uxtut.'l'bis stand occupies a narrow s~tp al .ong the east &dt(e of Loll<! Sn:mp1 intho SQuth Block. At the eoutbm-n end of th.1.s etrtp is a tt:Qnll l\"'OJlBW'lt ofundisturbed old ~owth, d!Beusaed in chapter tv. Both stands nre part of Ute Al mon Howe lot,, whooo M.stocy ofownership bas been pal\"tially dlBcuased on page 125. In brio! , therccGr.fl indicates tbat some mit.ti nc t ook plaee befor. 1853. 1~ 18S5to l.869 the lot wa s owned by David Y. Hunt. and tho f-iuntG lquan. ~ CG•01'.lrl.&tian Wilma (p-. 167) bought the lot in 1669 (Nm 2<h 36S):, and itl\"Gmatncd in t he bands of t.ne • Ums talllily unt11 acquired by Childs andW4loott in 191J (NIB 28a b62).

2b8 Most of the Almon Bowe l ot was cut r epeatedly f or both beal oclcand hardwoods befo.re the end of t he ninstoenth century. 'l~le present s tandis an exception, f e>r it contai ns man.y hemlocks more tlm.'1 200 :;ear s ol dthat certainly would have been removed in any g0n&?\"al c-.rtt ii\"lZ f crr tan-'bal\"k or hemlock 88\Ytid.>er. Age doter -tln:l.t ions tshow that most of the bar<l\.'mOds originatedafter a cut ting about 1865. This cutting (or an earlier one) may haveinvolved some sa.wl ogs, but the presonoe 0£ meiler stteo till\"~t. th0stand !ndicatos that ei1arconl was !)robably the pr~ prom.tot. Tile present c ondition of the stand i s tlluetlPs:ted by f teuresus.hh a.nd and by tabl e 33, wider. combines the data .frotl threo sa\"nplepl ots (51-9•11+12) . As tbe photographs snow, the st:lnd i s t'()l,ativelyopen, eompared wi t h t he eUstt ng r emnants of undisturbad Old grot-rth..they of the hardwoods out in 1865-like the parent o! t he ehGstnut sproutssht:t'ln i n r~ 4S ,nre l arge trees, probably domtnattts (IE' oo-dam!nants.The t ting l oft sub9tant!al openings 1n the stand, la~r f illed bys~ts or, as in f i gure l.t!i., by advance or subsequent hornlock reproduction. Several features of t h'! present st.and sur-~at t.l\D.t it b:D.d beenmodified by disturbance other than the coal ing of 1865. The baeal areaof hemlock i s only 93 sqn.aro feet po:r acre, aubstantially l~ t,~an 1ntho undiatur'be<i old-growth stan<is ~ri~ed i n tables 12 and 13 (pp. ll7,120 ) ., Hemlock t.s mueh less i mp rtant in tho dominant crom1 class in thisetam than i n tne others . 1-\"urth~r, too major haro'woo' s in h.eicbt el.us 8in t'no undi:ttUrbe.d stands are beech and s ugar maple . tmile hare they arered ~ple and bl ack cherry. The 1..0.t ter two speoics aro usuall8 orockedam spt.ndly in the present otand (Ki gure 4S)• but they mtm 1tp half the

TABLB 33. CCMPC6ITI OO AID STIIJCTURE OF A STAND OF OLD-GR AFTER CO, liL.INO ( AL'<ON H<l1E LOT, P• r o•a tHelock l2 '- -4 -5tadte pine 89.7 76.6 6.3.l '2 2.6 4.2 100.0 )2. 3 22 12.8 3.1 4 2.6 1.,Sugar maple ~-White birchYellow bircb 100.0 100Total s.1 4.2 - - -2.2 100.0 100.G 100.0 67o.os• Bulat ' 0.1-ure plot. (c;t-9+11+12).**Lea• thin eq,. ft.............

RO-n'H ~OClt• ~\"ITH 8S-IEA&-OLD HARIJ~OOOS F.3TABL.ISHED LONU ~1JAV,P• SClJTH BLOCK) .*Hel1b\ Claea llsal. Aft& !9s-'eal T-..i paAae7- - - -68 !!: ft. .,.,.......&~ 1..a2.0 41..9 2S.O SO., ?8.4 9).0 l..O2.3 .,., 10.6 20.0 5.2 18.2 10--3 1.0 6.2 8.2 4.6 2.4 22.9 12.9 1.9 .2 .6 ·' '·' 2.1 2.1 .s .1 10.6 6.0 4.0 ~.6 a.1 8 .. 4 ·' TH \"'*--- ·' .1 JO.O 11.3 0.0 100.0 100.0 4.0 ~s -- - -1.0 17'1.l 100.0 100.0 100.0

F'i~e hli. Old-Rrowth hemlock, wtth 85- year-ol d hardwoods establ ished art.era. cool1.ng operation. This stand adjoins the east ad~ or Loniv ~\"W, northo~ the small rem,...ant of undisturbed ol d-p,r01rth <!escribed in chapt\"!r I V. Inth l s st.and the hemli:>cks were left , wh ile all the hardw~s wer e cut f ar char-coal about 1865. The beech at the r iv.ht, now 15.9 inches o. b. h., originatedat. the t ~~ of the coaling. The ho111lock r l'tororluct1.on in the cent.Pr is 40 to70 yo~ rs old. The l ar ge haml.oeks becamo e stabl19hed early in the oip;hteenthcentury. (South of plot Sl-9, photo 25- 2. )Fi eurf'J L.5. 8$- year-0l ri hardwood srirout e near the edge of t •le oame stand.'l'he bl ack cherry wt th the cal!~rs is 11. 7 inches in d ia1118ter. In thecent.rr :l9 a partiall y conoeul ed ~oup .or red oak sprout!'l• The f'our chest-nut snarr.a at the r ight sproute~ f r om a stno:le l argn 1ttump, cut about 1865.A row wi del y scatter~d ol d hemlock etumps near t his plot mark the nox-thernliait of t he strip 1n which hemlock was l eft uncut. (Plot in- 12. photo26-t>. )



btrobes also occur in the overatory, an additional. tndioation of thef.01.\"IOOJ' erlatenoo of larg.e open1ngs. The abundance and position of these sub-cliJaa:x sp&oios QrO b.ardtio reeonci le with the dual hypothcsi& that (1) the ~tting of 1865 waat\"OtJtv.loteO t o hudwo<Xls, and (2) t.be stand bofore t bat cut raoomhled theexisting undisturbed stand.$• dominated largely by ham.look and t olerant,lo!.lfl-livod hardwoods . If tile f irst as8Ullpt1on ie t'?'l.l)# thon th,$ secondcannot oo,. er tbe present etaau would c ontain a big~ ~on ordnmnant hemlock and tolerant bardwoods. On the other band., the cut.ting in 1865 may have included s~large beinlocke, whoso stumps have since r otted c Giapl.6tal;y. I n itacb aca.so, pi.onear epeoiee mtght have establ 1.ahed t nemselws on bare hemlocklitte1~, as postulated in the discussion of pl ots 51-23+24 oa pages 225-226. '!Wo ntaJor objections mny be raised aga1net thie a lternatiw1 (l)the sprout origin of' moat ot tbe existi ng h&r'dwoods, and (2) the lack ofan ap~nt reas.on f ar cu~~i.ng some hemlocks While l e:xvina ~\"' thatappear to be of reasonably good quality• It seems mGst probable, thor etare .; t hat the c1.~tt\"~ ot 1865 wuUtnited to hardwoods• but tnat t ile starw bad been subject- to an e!ll'lie rdisturbo.nce that ponatttod the develo!Jtllent of t ho abundant ~oedc~nt ft-<la1 whicb most o! the present hardWood& sprouted aft.or thecoaling. This dist-urbance nd.ght haV!\" been produced b.'r natural f wces(sueh ~wind) , an Gal'lier {Xlrtlal cutt!nc, or oot .hemlocb ebOlf release about :L83h and again in 18$1-J thooo dntea. par-tic~ly the latter, aro reru.onable for part.1al cutting uo tc:t as tho

251~hip record is cone~nod-.. but the <iuaation ~ larg&]q conjecturalin the liebt of prrese-nt evidence. It is -.lsc not clear 1Jhy the exis'tiing 0~cmth b.e??!look wasl eft l:no-ut. The site is a less diffi~ult loit~~ altancro than Qal\V otherparts ef tho HOlfe l ot.• ihc faot tbat the present stand is in the partt4 the let .f'urthest. from Meekort-omi Road is of douottul ~\"lee., sincel omrJ.ng operations ware ~extended into m.ach lo::in accessible areas.I t. is possible that the nason may have been urwelated to tho &~n<iitself , but connected wi.th tho scheduling and conduct of lo~ oper-atione01.' m.th the requ1remonts of tanneries or the Hunts ~ sm101u.. The tut.ure of the etand Will prOO&bl.7 be s~<it dif.terentfrco that of tho .N:ret stand di30US8ed in this scoticn. In that casetl\".e dom.:Lmint hemlock s are seldom aare than 120 years old, whcrnas intho ~sent stand m.9ny of tho hetalook dominants are more than twiel'o asold, and a £e- already show signs of OV'4ll\"maturit y lllVJ lMk or vi.em-.Som· of these t rees Will pPobablJ' t ail to outlive tbei..r ht.trdwo~ associates,leading to a stage in whioh hemlock Will pl ay a leSSQr ?Gle in thooverstory. :rn the. l ong run, nom:'lver, t he position of h .!nil.OCk ae~asaured, f ar it alr.ea~.1 d<:md.n4t8s the ~r portions Of the etand endcontinues to 9M in abundant}¥, espeoiall,y in par1Wll1.y 'Obaded opcni~s.trregµlm' Partial CuttiMS 11'1th few ooroepticmo, -too pre.sent stands in tho l orest are even-$g0d t;I' two.aged, the \"8Ul.t of fairly uniform troa~ts applied O'feJ'Ilar.~ areas. C0&llng operation:> n~ve been particularl y ott-<rott ve. i.ncNati'ng tbe$S ~d ata.\"lda. H~, there arc also aretlS that

~ remained 1n f Ol\"est but appear t o bnw escaped cool.i.Jlg and othert ypos ot i ntensive cut ting. Ona aucti st.and was exa:d.nod <lu.ring thopz-eoont study and Wil l be d1.scussed here. The stand covers part of a steep north el opo ooi1th or Ohattl etonRoad, at tho northeast corner of the Woo11n-'1ean farm. The o:mersbipbistor-.; of this farm h-ae c:ill'cady been suman..sed on pogo 206. 'ibt> presonoeot old s tone walls and barbed W'!.:re west of tho stand indicate& that thoarco mio exol udetd from tbc ortensi ve pasturoe on tho r Thi& wasan understandable aot io.l, since the stand oocup1os a stoop, rocey etteWith n ahallorr ao11.The r es t of the bill supports b.ar-Owood-sprout st.lnd:J eontainiAgan 'irregular admixture of hc.'.1lock1 mostly in tbo undarataey. Agodeta'minAt\ons show that the ~ was cut f er hardwood9 in the late18801s, when the t aro rdB ~ by tho Hunts Lymon !ron Co. •be presenceor mailer sites •u\"geeta th'1t this cuttlne l\'8.S prioari)Q tor <.' barcoaltrood. The coaling was not extended to evory part of the' hill , howovw,and tho present stand is one oi' the small patches that ororo oxooptod,. figure 4J (.following p. 240) shc:Ms a portion o!' tho preson1.Ju.s to.ndJ data t r om two s~plo pl ots (51-27+28) are cor.i> ' nod i n tat)l -0As the table i nd1catoa, the sta.\"ld is c.,·\"lposed of an crdinal\"J' ~ orhetliook and hardwoodo, tho cost important of lShich are bc-oeh, red ?Gaple,~ maple• '>nd yel lo':f birch. ~bite ash, bl ack cherry, cur! i\"Ud oak ElOOnS tbc minor cocuponeata. '.ibe structuro or tho stlnd i s o~ttlllU:Jual in tb:it the <ii s trilmtion o:l trees by height cl..'.lss is lmm ~trat­U iod tha11 in most. of tha otbar s.tantls studied. 1'ht.o atatcoont is ar elnUve one, or cour se,, t or tho preacnt stand still has a cont:Gntration

TlBIJl 3la. COfJP<S?TtON t\ND S'J'RUCTURf' OF A C (\!OOl'Dl-DEAU YARU, Po rcont Abundau o• SRtcien -! 2 l A i iHulook 33.3 48.0 60.7 86Beeah S.6 8.0 22.2 100. 0 27.a 13·Beel oat 8.0I.cl mpl8 .))·l 8.0 5 .5 S.6 12. 0SUpl\" ..,i. --Yellow ld.rell Tl·•22.2 12.0l1Mlt olaei'J' -- -4-0Wbit.• . .Mal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.llmlber of tneeper MN 1_8(1) 2500 900 200 90

CULLRD, UNEVR»-AG!m HEiJLOO~Ut.P~(XJ) STAHi>, CABUU BLOCK) . * b7 H• i gh t Cl a ae Bual Area peJ\" .lcre z Tot.al Total §9· tt.. PtEffDS:i lt 2::! 1-8 128.) 10.96.7 ?J..4 sv.2 69. 8 )6.)3· 3 19.0 19.019· • 26.6 14-? \",·.,'2.4 1.0 ]..) 0.1 S·?lC). O 4-2 U.9 10.3 3.1 4. 2,...2.4 4-8 2.1 7. 0 6.8 - 2.1 ~o 7-' 100.0 i.o .1 .o -- - - -1..1 180.90.0 100.0 1.00.0 100.0 100.0.,, 105

2Shot tree crOlftS in height claseee 7 and 81 with a ~tng scarcityo.f &tems ta height oluees 3 to 6t The edettng belDlooks became eatabliahed at variawl ~lmB duringthe nineteenth and early twentieth oenturiea• The Ct-ldeat Mmloek baredcd.gi.nated a tew yeare bofon 1811, Wbi.ch strongly su,gcsts that the old-growth hemlock was l\"&.llOTed durtne an early outting,. The hllrdm)ods aregont;1'31.ly of sprout origin, but they, too, became esta.bli elwd 4t ftrl~t iflf.·S £Jtem about 1830 to 1900. Kore intensive atudy1 ino1uding et.emaml.ysetJ1 might nwal a pattem in the ostabllshment of reprodu~ion andtho release of cnertopped treos. At present, f\o~, i t appears thatthe stand bas been cut. sevoral t i me, but that the euttingo haw beenlight, with the possiolo exception of a heavy sawla~ oper ation eat\"l y inthe t'lineteenth century. 1-' :W!t t t such a heavy eutt.ing d1d tnko place,aubsequent treatment bas been light enough to permit tlre stand to regai nmu.ob of its original charaof.Gr. The later cuttings J1robably involvedhigh-grading for sawlogs , but then ls no direct evidence on tltia ca•ation.Oeooral C<>nClWttane The diacuseion of the ~le pl.ots t n the . ~ding ,sections has1neluded as much generalization on the e ~ fe~te ot tl\"Oata3nt as the eYidenceGJ)pOarOO to justify. Stme of the ttiecusoion has ObviOUSl:f been franklyepaaulative, based on f'loa.gmentary int'Ol\"IDat !on and 1ntendod cat nly to~t working hypotheses- that ay perbapa guide or st1mulo.t.& ~t.nveottgation. HowM'&r, the f'iel d st udies ba also oontributcd to~ eenorill. conclusions tha t rest on firmer s:rounct.. 1'hG!!e conelunell\Imay be br1.etly reatated hen•

(1) Tbe •jor aertcultural uae or la.rid in the Forest has beenfor pasture. Almost all t his pasture bas beon &bandonod1 uaua.lly morethnn $0 years ago, wttb t.he snbsequent dewlapment ot two prlncipal typesof sooondvy stands. l'll\ore cin adequate source of lrtlt te pioo socd wasavailable, typical old-tield pine stands arose. In tha absence ot whitepine seed, abandoned past.ureo \'flare 1nftded by a ~et-.1 oi pioneer ba.rd-woods, chiefly gray birch and alder . Continued gJ'aBi.n{! of l>:lBt B aftertho &tart or invasion by woody plants t&TOl\"ed such species as mountainlaurel, ground juniper, and, perhape, beech. (2) The greater part of the t'arest, ineludint; v.1.rt.ual.lJ' nll ott he l and more than :i quarter of a 11ile from a road, was nonr clG3redi'or agricu1tare, but tns Umber was 1nt.eneively cut f or l unf'>cr,, ta.nbok,and,, most important, oharcml wood. Existtng at.ands JOi'lect tho eff'ectsof vari ous combi natione or these treatments, which tzere conoentr..\teddurin~ the l atter half of t *lo ninoteontb century. (3) tbe main result o! coaling operations has boon to favorthe dovelopmsnt of epeeies that sprout. ngol\"Oaslyt 1.noludinc rod maple,tho ~a, and, fcrmerly, chestnut. Coaled areas wore often i nvaded byp10lleor hardwoods, notably ?1n cherry, gray birch, t\nd quakina Qt;pen,1'111c?l h3ve since larr.ely- died out. (u) 'The abundance of cwerstcry hemlock t!aS Geller 117 rodueedseverely ey cutting. Ho'lre'Wr1 in the absence of fire, n f(f\"J scatteredrenidual homloeks haw often f ttrnishad seod !'or tho establisllincnt o r aher\"...l.ock understory 1n outover areas. Tbe abundaooe and position ofho::ilook i n erlsti.ng stands appear t o have been determ!nod by the presenceot advance reproduction,, the condition ot the seedbed, tho naturo o.f the

1'0-Gidual stand, and, t o s e,xtent, tho aequence of cuttini..oS ror h...,.lock ll.nd hardwoods . Regardless of wriation among t.heee ractoi~s, b~,hotal.ook occupies an important place 1n tbe understory or owr::;tocy of allthese i ntensively out stands, tmleeu they have beon b~. (5) Fire i s the mni.n reason why henil.ock i s virtu.3lly ab5entb-an large part.s or the Forest. Sinc e a sinp:l e soYOre fire ctln haveprolonged effects on the abundance and distribution of bomlook, theabooneo of hemlock doee not mean tho.t f i res were troquent. On thocontrary, the availabl e evidence susgest s that f1.ros wro -;ot C<Xlm<>n andthat mu.oh of t he Forest •o~ never burned. ( 6) Al though s ome of the dota.ile are obscure Cir' unprodictubl e ,the general f uture course of aucceasion in the Foroat see_, clear. Barringr:njor disturbance , the cl:lmtic climax on all tbo ~ sitos studiedWill be a hemlock-hardwood association. The devolopr.nnt of t his olimaJCt1i.ll take l oneest on burned areas (Where hemlock i o '10W sbaant ) and onso:e reco:iU y abandonad ol d f i elds now dc>!2i.n4'lted b.. ®nse, peraistonts}u;-ubs. Uoat or the i.·orest that hae not. been b'1l\"nod 1.s ~ at an 1nter-mdi'1te eta.go, havtng a more or l osa well-developed ho:Uock undorstor.,.In a few cases, where a l one; poriod naa elapsed after relat~vely lightcuttin&s, the existing s tands already approach the climlr ll$SOCiationln species oo:nposition.

Acacia: see black locuatAlder 6lPuJ epp•.Apple Pnw Mal\18 i.•.lllb bv!na app.Uh, black !·em Manti.nd l• p&nfllnn1ct Marah· l• !1!11'1cay L. \lbite Pmul.ua szaM14tntata M!chx.A9pen, bigtooth l · tmn!loid!e Miohx. quaking \"Buai eee beeswood TU1f 19ticg L.Bauvood FyM mpdUo11a EhJ'h.hech Bttpla llJ'I'•B!rch !•~ta L.Bhdl, black ! . populitol.S! Marah.gr8J !!· pmrUm Marah. ! · lµts Mich» t .liiite VMCM!,s cprni>oap! L.,.uow ! . nclllape 'lorr.BluebezT7, hJ.Fbush C0!'!3!1 Cf!!!d!Mit L· lovbuah pimUla L9fi0!!'! MUl•.Bozwood; see dogwood lugl.ane eP!!£!! L.Bunchberry -· Pla!tnup fCC14eptal1a L.Bueh-honeyttuckleBut ternut J\l!dpmJp yirgin4H1 L.Buttonvoo4 ClJ!!!H!ZP!£U th:v>Uu (L. ) BSP.Cedar, Atlanti c lli11te1 Qaulljler!a prompbepa L. \iliite cedarCedar, redCedar, \lh1t:eCheck.erbei171 Unlese othendse noted, sciant 1t1c namea are tl\"CD F•rnald (1950) .

...CUn7 frgnu• \"PP•Chen;y, blaok ?• 1R9t ipa lhrll. pSa l• !k!Sn1nea Le l• ptpglnplog L. t.vilclt MO bl.oak oh0J7Cheatnt QytapM d!ptttl (Marab• ) Borkhe bnt Ror1bup4a L1Ddl•Chokebwty, purpleCbriat-.e fem Pok•~1ohm aorost i choi dts (M~) Sohot tClub •oae, llhinSna Lnopod!qa lvp1du19 ~·07Pft••• - mite o~Deenood• - bq:Miombesm Corpus florUa L.DogvoodBldw SUi?MM llPP•Ila11111 Amrioan !Pm 8PP• bl.eek• see red ela .Y• WK!ttM L.Jedeite•· . . American el.aFire ... balsa.a firF1r, balaamIS:1\"=HardlleeJDliaokmetaoka see balaam popl.81' Oe t-m (Mill.) K. Koch or Can_ _ -'-~ 3p3a1!9 Wal t .Havtborn Cptauut 8PP•8-1.ock 'Itup o, R£1dtn•il (L. ) Carr.Bioko.17 Cam epp.BobblebwlhHcp-hombem VlburplD M9itol11Je lvsb. o0v xBBW9 (Mill. ) K. KochHol'DbKm CmSpug gnroJ.1n1anp l!al~Indian-pipe >:.qngtJ\"Optt AAinorp L.lYJI oee mountain-l aurelJao~ -in-tho-pulpit

Juniper, ground Jm3wne C05!!!UPif L. var. deprosaa Pm'llh lcR1x laric!na (Dulloi) 1. lochLarohLaur.l, llOUDtoin Ka1m1a 1ft 1fol.1a Le aheep ! • ppmt UoliA LeLllao SlfiDa wlmS1 t .L117•ot-t.he-valley, wild l<iai'!ptb!!n,ur> onnad!RB Oeat.Loouet, black Rs>binift PnudO-Ag!Oia L•l'•pl• Je!l \"PP•Maple, hards see 8Ug81\" JMplemours t a i n A· &ioatum ta• ! • nbg!!! t .redsott a 88e red maple ! • pevlnnim t.atl'1pedsugar A• pubarum t!anb.\"11te Ji.• ffosAAr1npl LeOak Q!m!W! BPP•Oak, black _g. J!lut w l4- 3. Pr!gus Le c h e s t nu tgreJI eee red oekredrocks see cheat.nut oakSVUJP I see ~it• oaksvawp-\tllte .Q• b¥olor willd.\lhite S• ~L·,.J.lov .2• Mt!!hJ!JlbmdJ Ellcelm•Partr1d&e-ben7 Mitgh!lla nptps LePepperidp lllff qlnt!ca ah.Pine fSpgp 8PP•Pine, p1tah l • £itz!da Mill. red Virginia ?• rn•moe Ai t . J!• ykg1nlmn Mille