kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gful/s stJ{ o b]zsf] zflGt / ;'/Iffsf nflu ;a} gful/sn] cfcfÇgf] If]qaf6 ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k¥' ofpg' . dn' s' df :yflkt ;a} lgsfox¿ jf ;/fs] f/jfnf JolStnfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' . ljsf;sf sfoj{ m| dx¿df ;xeflutf hgfpg' . ;/sf/n] /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu Gofofl] rt 9ªu\\ af6 nufPsf] kT| oIf / ckT| oIf s/ ltg{' . sg' } kn| fe] g / bafadf gk/L dtbfgsf] clwsf/sf] ko| fu] ug{' . hglxtsf] pRr efjgf ePsf] ;o' fU] o JolSt rG' g' . ;w“} ;To / Gofosf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg' . bz] sf] ;Ldf ldlrb“ f, dfl} ns clwsf/x¿ xgg\\ xb“' f To;sf lj?bw\\ cfjfh p7fpg' . ;fdflhs stJ{ o ;fdflhs dN\" o, dfGotf / k/Dk/fkl| t hfu?s xg' ,' rf8kj,{ ;fdflhs pT;jx¿df ;xefuL xg' ' / c¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL xg' kl]| /t xg' ' . wflds{ :yn, d7, dlGb/sf] ;/+ If0f, ;j+ wg{ / ;/;kmfOdf ;xefuL xg' ' . ;fdflhs s/' Llt, sk' y| f, cGw ljZjf; tyf ljsl[ tnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg glbg,' 9fs5fk] 5n5fd gug{' . wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f, ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj sfod ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' . ljm| ofsnfk != dfl} ns xsx¿ ;do ;Gbec{ g;' f/ kl/jtg{ xb“' } hfG5g,\\ s;/L < @= blntsf] xs jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgdf kT| ofet\" ul/Psf] 5, s;/L < #= tkfOs“{ f] ljrf/df yKgk' g{] cGo dfl} ns xsx¿ s] s] xg' k' 5,{ sf/0f;lxt pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= afn aflnsfsf] xs ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] kf| jwfgn] afn ljsf;df s;/L ;xofu] kU' g5] , cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != gful/s stJ{ onfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 < @= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsn] ;a} hfthflt, efiff, lnª\\u / ;db' fonfO{ ;dfg ;fdflhs Gofo kb| fg ug{ sltsf] ;kmn xfn] f, cfkm\\ gf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;dx\" ut sfo{ ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿lar ;dx\" agfO{ kT| os] ;dx\" n] cfcfkm\\ gf l5ds] jf ;db' fosf dflg;n] ;l+ jwfgdf pNnv] ePsf dfl} ns xs s;/L pkofu] u/s] f 5g\\ < ;fw] vfh] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 92 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 ^ ;r\" gfsf] xs ;r\" gf xfdf| ] clwsf/ nfs] tGqsf] hu ;r\" gfsf] xs ;z' f;g / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ;r\" gf dfUg' gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;fjh{ lgs lgsfo agf“} x/bd tof/ plNnlvt ;fjh{ lgs hfgsf/Lsf nflu k;| f/0f tyf ks| fzg ul/Psf ;r\" gf ;fxf/f lj= s= n]kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fjh{ lgs :yndf w/] } 7fpd“ f ;l' gg\\ / bl] vg\\ . pgLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ dfl} ns xssf] ¿kdf gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf 5 egL k9s] L lyOg\\ . o;y{ pgLnfO{ ;r\" gfsf] xssf ljifodf cem a9L hfGg] OR5f eof] . To;n} ] sIffdf Ps ;dx\" agfOg\\ . pSt ;dx\" n] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf lzIfsl;t cGt/ljm| of u¥of] . ;jk{ y| d dfl] gsf d08nn] lzIfs;u“ ‘;r\" gf’sf] cy{ :ki6 kfl/lbg cfux| ubf{ lzIfs /fdnfn tfdfªn] o;/L k:| 6o\\ fpg' eof] M ‘;r\" gf’ eGgfn] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg xg' ] jf ePsf] ;fjh{ lgs dxTTjsf] sfd, sf/afxL jf lg0fo{ ;u“ ;DalGwt sg' } lnvt, ;fduL| jf hfgsf/L xf] . pxfn“ ] ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ nfO{ o;/L j0fg{ uge{' of] M ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] s'g} lnvt ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnfs] g jf hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{] clwsf/ ;r\" gfsf] xs xf] . ;fy} sg' } ;fduL| sf] kd| fl0ft gdg' f lng] jf sg' } klg lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;r\" gf ;DaGwL ;r\" gf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;r\" gfsf] xs xf] . ;fxf/fn] ;fl] wg, æ;/, ‘;fjh{ lgs lgsfo’ / ‘;fjh{ lgs dxTTj’ egs] f] s] xf] <Æ lzIfsn] ‘;fjh{ lgs lgsfo’ leq bx] fosf sfofn{ o k5g{ \\ egL k:| 6o\\ fpge' of] M ;fjh{ lgs lgsfox¿ -s_ ;l+ jwfg cGtut{ sf lgsfo -sfofn{ ox¿_ -v_ Pg] , lgodåf/f :yflkt lgsfo -u_ gk] fn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t lgsfo ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 93
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-3_ sfgg' df :yflkt ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f kb| fg ug{] ;ªu\\ l7t ;:+ yf jf kl| ti7fg -ª_ sfgg' adfl] hd btf{ ePsf /fhgLlts bn jf ;ªu\\ 7g -r_ gk] fn ;/sf/sf] k0\" f{ jf cfl+ zs :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /xs] f] jf cgb' fgdf ;~rflnt ;ªu\\ l7t ;:+ yf -5_ gk] fn ;/sf/ jf ljbz] L /fi6« jf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfaf6 /sd kf| Kt u//] ;~rfng ePsf] u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿, ;fjh{ lgs dxTTj eGgfn] w/] } hgfsf] rf;f÷] ;/fs] f/ ePsf] ljifo xf] . o:tf ljifox¿df af6f,] wf/f,] kn' , :sn' , c:ktfn h:tf Ifq] sf] ofh] gf lgdf0{ f / sfofG{ jogsf kIfbl] v lg0fo{ sf ;a} s/' f k5g{ \\ . z/0f sd' f/ /fOn{ ] ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ n] kh| ftGqnfO{ s;/L ;b' 9[ / pTt/bfoL zf;g k0| ffnL agfp5“ egL lh1f;f /fv] . lzIfsn] pgsf] lh1f;fnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| 6o\\ fpge' of] M gful/s cfkm} “ klg ;r\" gf dfUg] / kfpg] stJ{ okl| t hfu?s Pjd\\ ;ljm| o ePdf nfs] tGq ;an tyf ultzLn aG5 . pSt kf/blzt{ f nfs] tGqsf] cfwf/ :tDe xf] . ;r\" gfsf] xsaf6 g} dn' s' df kf/blzt{ f sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . ;z' f;gsf nflu kf/blzt{ fsf] TolTts} dxTTj xG' 5 . zf;gnfO{ kf/bzL{ / lhDdj] f/ agfpg hgtfn] ;r\" gfsf] xs pkofu] ug{ kfpgk' 5{ . o;sf cltl/St ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ kf| Kt ePdf lgDgfg;' f/ kIf l;bw\\ xG' 5g\\ M -s_ hgtf ;fje{ fd} xg' s' f] cy{ l;bw\\ xG' 5 . -v_ ;fjh{ lgs lg0fo{ kl| jm| of / lg0fo{ nfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfp5“ . -u_ clwsf/ b?' kofu] , cflys{ clgoldttf / cgz' f;gxLgtfdf sdL Nofp5“ . -3_ ;a} ks| f/sf] ei| 6frf/df sdL Nofp5“ . -ª_ ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f kj| fxdf ke| fjsfl/tf Nofp5“ . -r_ zf;g k0| ffnLdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a95\\ . -5_ ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ kj| wg{ u5{ . -h_ ckmjfx / xNnfnfO{ lg?T;flxt u5{ . ;dod} ;To yfxf ePkl5 hgtf c;Tosf] kl5 gnfUg] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5{ . -em_ ljljw ks| f/sf gful/s lzIffnfO{ pmhf{ lbG5 / kh| ftflGQs zf;g k0| ffnLnfO{ ;b' 9[ Ls/0f u5{ . 94 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
;fxf/f lj= s= n] s:tf s:tf ljifo ;r\" gfsf] xsleq kg{] / s:tf s:tf ljifo ;DaGwL ;r\" gfx¿ kj| fx ug{ g;lsg] eg/] kg' M kZ| g ul/g\\ . lzIfsn] sIffdf tflnsf agfO{ k:| 6 kfge{' of] M ;r\" gfsf] xs cGtut{ sf clwsf/x¿ ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ cGtut{ gkg{] ljifox¿ sfd, sfuhft tyf clenv] xg] {] / hfR“ g] gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf, cv08tf, /fli6o« ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yf jf 8sd' G] 6 jf /s] 8s{ f] l6kf6] lng,] pbw\\ t[ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg{] cz+ lng,] kd| fl0ft kl| tlnlk lng] ks| l[ tsf ;r\" gf sg' } j:t' jf ;fdfgsf] kd| fl0ft gdg' f ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txsLsft tyf lng] cleofu] df kT| oIf c;/ kfg{] ;r\" gf d'lb|t, l8:s]6, k]g8«fOe, 6]k, lel8of] cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb|s lxt jf Sof;6] jf sg' } klg OnS] 6f« l] gs ¿kdf jf afb} l\\ ws ;DklTtsf] ;/+ If0f jf aª} l\\ sª jf db' 0| fdfkmt{ ;r\" gf kj| fx ug{] Jofkfl/s ufk] gLotfdf uDeL/ cf3ft kfg{] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lsl;dsf ;r\" gf ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;;' DaGwdf kT| oIf vnn kfg{] lsl;dsf ;\"rgf JolStut, ufk] gLotf / JolStsf] lhpHofg, ;DklTt, :jf:Yo, ;/' Iffdf vt/f k¥' ofpg] vt/f ætkfOx+{ nfO{ ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ dfUg] tl/sf yfxf 5 <Æ, lzIfsn] kZ| g ;fW] ge' of] . ttk\\ Zrft\\ ljbo\\ fyLn{ ] yfxf gePsf] atfPkl5 lzIfsn] o;/L j0fg{ uge{' of] M ;r\" gf dfUg] JolStn] ;DalGwt ;r\" gf clwsf/LnfO{ lgjb] g nv] /] lbgk' 5{ . lgjb] g nV] bf sg' ;r\" gf dfluPsf] xf] eGg] s/' f dxTTjk0\" f{ xG' 5 . kZ| g :ki6 ePg eg] hjfkm klg :ki6 cfpb“ g} . zªs\\ / kl/of/n] yk lh1f;f /fVge' of,] æ;/, ;r\" gfsf] xs ;DaGwL ;r\" gf dfUbf s] b:t/' -zN' s_ nfU5 <Æ lzIfssf] pTt/ o:tf] cfof] M sg' } klg sfofn{ o jf sfo:{ yndf ;r\" gf, clenv] , lnvt lg/LIf0f tyf cjnfs] g ubf{ klxnf] cfwf 306fsf] sg' } zN' s nfUg] 5g} . To;kl5 kl| t306f kl| tJolSt ?= %) nfU5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 95
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;fjh{ lgs k:' tsfno / ;fjh{ lgs ¿kdf lgMzN' s pknAw u/fOPsf] :yfgsf] cjnfs] g b:t/' nfUbg} . lgDgfg;' f/sf] cj:yfdf eg] b:t/' nfUg] Joj:yf 5 M -s_ ;fdfGo cfsf/ (A4) sfuhdf ul/Psf] jf /xs] f] bz ki[ 7eGbf a9L ;r\" gfsf nflu kl| tki[ 7 kfr“ ?lkof“ nfU5 . bz ki[ 7;Dd lgMzN' s lbg] / To;kl5sf] ki[ 7df dfq} kl| tki[ 7 eg/] u0fgf ul/G5 . -v_ l8:s6] , ;L8L tyf cGo To:t} lsl;dsf l8lh6n dfWod / kl| jlwåf/f kb| fg ul/g] ;r\" gfsf nflu kl| tl8:s6] krf; ?lkof“ nfU5 . o;/L lzIfs / ljbo\\ fyL{ ;dx\" lar ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ ljifodf ePsf] 5nkmnaf6 ljbo\\ fyL{ v;' L ePsf lyP . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fndf ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ kj| wg{ ug{ ePsf Joj:yfx¿ vfh] L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ ;DaGwL Joj:yfn] ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;db' fodf k/s] f] ;sf/fTds ke| fj ;d6] L Ps bl} gs klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘;r\" gfsf] xs’ nfO{ cem ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] s] sfo{ ugk{' nf{ < cfkm\\ gf ljrf/x¿ ;d6] L /fli6o« ;r\" gf cfofu] sf kd| v' ;r\" gf cfoS' tnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;r\" gf egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;r\" gfsf] xsnfO{ kl/eflift ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ;r\" gfsf] xscGtut{ gkg{] ljifox¿ s] s] xg' \\ < $= s] ;a} ;r\" gf ;fjh{ lgs ug{ h?/L 5 < cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . %= ;r\" gfsf] xssf] dxTTj :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf sg' } ;fjh{ lgs lgsfodf sfo/{ t JolSt xg' x' G' 5 xfn] f . pxfl“ ;t pxfs“ f] sfofn{ oaf6 ePsf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ s;/L kf/bzL{ agfpg] sfd ePsf] 5, ;f] ;DaGwL kZ| gfjnL tof/ kf/L kf| Kt hfgsf/L;dt] pNnv] u//] Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 96 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 & ;z' f;g ;z' f;g (good governance) zAb ;g\\ !(() sf] bzskl5 ko| fu] df NofOPsf] Ps Jofks / ;d;fdlos cjwf/0ff xf] . ;z' f;gsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfdf cToflws jb[ l\\ w ePsf] 5 . ;du| ;dfh, /fhgLlt, Joj:yfkg, gful/s ;dfh tyf ljsf;sf ;f´b] f/ ;as} f] kf| yldstfdf ;z' f;g /xs] f] 5 . ;z' f;g ;fdfGotof c;n /fHo ;~rfng kl| jm| of;u“ ;DalGwt 5 . ;z' f;gn] ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] sf] sfo{ Ifdtf tyf ke| fjsfl/tf clejb[ l\\ w u/L nfs] sNof0fL /fHo :yfkgf ug{] pbb\\ Z] o lnPsf] xG' 5 . ;z' f;gn] sfgg' sf] zf;g, dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff, ke| fjsf/L hg;xeflutf, axb' nLo /fhgLlts k0| ffnL, kf/blzt{ f / pTt/ bfloTjnfO{ ;d6] s] f] xG' 5 . ;Ifd / ke| fjsf/L ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] , ;r\" gfdf kxr“' , /fhgLlts Ifdtf, ;dfgtf h:tf ljifo klg ;z' f;gleq ;dl] 6Psf xG' 5g\\ . xfn ;z' f;g ;/sf/L÷;fjh{ lgs Ifq] df dfq ;Lldt g/xL lghL Ifq] tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] cfk;L ;xofu] tyf ;f´b] f/Laf6 ;du| zf;g Joj:yfdf ;w' f/ Nofpg ;3fp5“ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ (UN) sf] ks| fzg ‘dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ;z' f;gsf] cEof;’ (Good Governance Practice for the Protection of Human Rights) df ;z' f;g nfO{ o;/L k:| 6 kfg{ vfl] hPsf] 5 M ;j] f kb| fossf ¿kdf nf]stflGqs ;'zf;g sfgg' L zf;gsf ;:+ yfsf ¿kdf ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/ / ljsf; ei| 6frf/sf] lj?bw\\ df clwsf/sf ¿kdf @= hgtfkl| t pTt/bfoL ;/sf/ ;z' f;gsf ljzi] ftfx¿ $= dfgj clwsf/sf] kT| ofel\" t ^= ;r\" gf tyf cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf != axb' nLo kh| ftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf *= kh| ftflGqs ;:+ sf/ ePsf] ;Eo ;dfh #= kf/bzL{ lg0fo{ kl| jm| of !)= nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf %= ei| 6frf/ dS' t ;dfh !@= :jtGq / lgikIf Gofokflnsf &= ljsl] Gbt| zf;g !$= ;Ifd gful/s ;dfh (= ljlwsf] zf;g !!= Jofks hg;xeflutf 97 !#= hjfkmbx] L sdr{ f/L tGq !%= lbuf] / jftfj/0f dq} L ljsf; ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
;z' f;gsf dxTTjk0\" f{ tTTjx¿ ;z' f;g /fHosf ;Dk0\" f{ cªu\\ x¿sf] cfd hgtfkl| tsf] ;sf/fTds ofu] bfg ePsf] cj:yf xf] . dn' s' sf] ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/ dfWod Pjd\\ lghL Ifq] n] ;z' f;gsf nflu cfwf/lznf lgdf0{ f ug{ ;S5g\\ . o;nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf] cj:yf xf] egL k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M ;xeflutf hjfkmbl] xtf j}wflgstf sfgg' sf] zf;g kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;bfrfl/tf kf/blzt{ f ;z' f;gsf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tTTjx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] cNk;ª\\Vossf] kT| ofel\" t clwsf/ Odfgbfl/tf zlStsf] gful/s ;dfh plrt ko| fu] ;r\" gfsf] xs gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f ;z' f;gsf rg' ft} L Pjd\\ ;d:ofx¿ != ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« cle;lGw tyf ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0f Pg] sf] Jofjxfl/s sfofG{ jog, ;j+ w} flgs lgsfosf ¿kdf clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] sf] Joj:yf @= ;r\" gfsf] xs ;DaGwL Pg] tyf ;z' f;g ;j] f kj| fx lgbl{] zsfsf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog #= :jtGq, ;~rf/ dfWod / cleJolSt :jtGqtfsf] Jofjxfl/s kT| ofel\" t 98 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= ;fjh{ lgs lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh, lghL Ifq] , cbfnt / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] ;fjh{ lgs xg' ] ljm| ofsnfksf] Joj:yfkg %= ;j] fuf| xLx¿sf nflu gful/s a8fkqx¿sf] ko| fu] tyf ;fc] g;' f/ nfu' u/fpg ljm| ofsnfk != ;z' f;g / ljsf; Ps csfs{ f k/\" s xg' ,\\ s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= tnsf ljifox¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . tL ljifox¿ lsg ;z' f;gleq k5g{ \\ jf kbg{} g,\\ sf/0f vn' fpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ cjw} ¿kdf pTkfbg ePsf dlb/fsf] ;j] gaf6 dflg;x¿ ax] f;] eP . -v_ ufp“kflnsfdf ePsf] ;Dk\"0f{ cfly{s ljj/0fx¿sf] hfgsf/L sfof{nosf] ;\"rgf kf6Ldf xg] { kfOG5 . -u_ afS] ;L cf/fk] df Ps uf| dL0f Ifq] sL dlxnfnfO{ d/0ff;Gg xg' ] u/L lkl6of] . -3_ rf8kjs{ f] ;dodf ;fjh{ lgs ;jf/Lx¿n] hyfefjL ef8f c;N' 5g\\ . -ª_ :yfgLo lgsfodf uPsf] /sd lxgfldgf ePsf] kfOof] . #= ;z' f;g gxb“' f tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf k/s] f] ke| fj ;d6] L Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= ;fdflhs dN\" o dfGotf / k/Dk/fn] ;z' f;gsf] cfwf/lznf lgdf0{ f ug{ s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ , cfkmg\\ f ljrf/x¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= gk] fndf ;z' f;gsf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogsf pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ ab“' fut ¿kdf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;z' f;g egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;z' f;gsf ljzi] ftfx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . #= ;z' f;g sfgg' L zf;gsf] kT| ofet\" ug{' xf,] s;/L < $= ;z' f;gsf tTTjx¿sf af/d] f rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ;/sf/L ;j] f lgjT[ t sdr{ f/L xg' ;Sgx' G' 5 . pxf;“ u“ e6] u/L hgtfnfO{ l56f,] 5l/tf] / r:' t 9ªu\\ n] ;j] f kb| fg ug{ pxfn“ ] s] s] sfox{ ¿ uge{' of] / ;j] f cjlwdf pxfn“ ] efU] ge' Psf rg' ft} L tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfo ;DaGwdf pxfs“ f ljrf/x¿ ;d6] L Ps nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 99
kf7 * sfgg' L /fHo sfgg' L /fHonfO{ ‘sfgg' sf] zf;g’, ‘ljlwsf] zf;g’, ‘sfgg' sf] ;jfR{] rtf’, ‘;j+ w} flgs ;jfR{] rtf’ cflb gfdn] ;dt] al' emG5 . sfgg' L zf;gdf sfgg' sf] ko| fu] u/L jf gu/L s;d} fly klg eb] efj ul/b“ g} . sfgg' n] ;an} fO{ ;dfg ;/+ If0f kb| fg u5{ . oxL ljlw jf lylt g} sfgg' L /fHo xf] . kT| os] JolStn] kr| lnt sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{] tyf ;a} JolStn] sfgg' sf] ;Ddfg ug{] cj:yf g} sfgg' L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff xf] . ‘tkfO+{ hlt;s' } dfly xg' x' f;] ,\\ tkfOe+{ Gbf dfly sfgg' 5’ eGg] dfGotf sfgg' L /fHosf] ;f/ xf] . sfgg' L /fHodf ;/sf/ / o;sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ sfgg' åf/f ;~rflnt xG' 5g\\ / ;a} /fHo ;~rfngsf ultljlwx¿ sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xG5g\\ . sfgg' L /fHodf ;/sf/÷/fHo jf To;sf kbflwsf/L jf lgsfox¿sf] clwsf/ jw} flgs ¿kdf kf| Kt xG' 5 / To;sf] ko| fu] sfgg' cg¿' k xG' 5 . sfgg' L /fHo jf sfgg' sf] zf;gsf] cfwl' gs cjwf/0ff an] fotL kf| Wofks P= eL= 8fo;Ln] NofPsf xg' \\ . pgn] sfgg' L /fHodf lgDg lnlvt dfGotf xg' k' g{] s/' fdf hf8] lbPsf 5g\\ M sfgg' sf] ;jfR{] rtf M /fHodf sfgg' sf] ;jfR{] rtf xg' k' 5{ . sg' } klg ks| f/sf] lg/ªs\\ z' jf :jR] 5frf/L clwsf/n] :yfg kfpg' xb“' g} eGg] xf] . sg' } klg JolSt sfgg' eGbf dfly xb“' g} . sfgg' sf] pNnª3\\ g u/s] f] cj:yfdf afxs] s;n} fO{ klg ;hfo lbg ;lsb“ g} . sfgg' sf] cufl8 ;dfgtf M kT| os] JolSt hg' ;s' } cfx] fb] fdf eP klg sfgg' sf] ;/+ If0fdf xG' 5 . leGgfleGg} JolStnfO{ leGgleGg} sfgg' nfu' xb“' g} . sfgg' sf] ;f| t] ;l+ jwfg M lnlvt ;l+ jwfg ePsf /fHodf ;l+ jwfg ;jfR{] r sfgg' xG' 5 . ;a} sfgg' x¿ ;l+ jwfgsf pkh xg' \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b sfgg' L /fHosf cfjZos cfwf/x¿ sfgg' L /fHosf] cfjZostf /fHodf sfgg' sf] zf;g eP gePsf] /fHodf ljlwsf] zf;g cfjZostf k:| 6o\\ fpg] cfwf/x¿ M k/LIf0f ug{] cfwf/x¿ M nfs] tflGqs Pjd\\ hg pTt/bfoL ;/sf/sf] zlSt ky[ sLs/0f / ;Gtn' g :yfkgf ;/sf/sf] ;Lldt el\" dsf b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ;z' f;g ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] kj| wg{ :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf sfgg' sf] ;jfR{] rtf sfod kf/blzt{ f / hjfkmbl] xtf zflGt / :yfloTj nfs] tGq / dfgj clwsf/ zf;g kl| jm| ofdf ;as} f] ckgTj cfjlws lgjfr{ g :jtGq Gofokflnsf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;dfgtf / ;dtfsf] ;Dafw] g ;l' glZrttf 100 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
gk] fndf sfgg' L /fHo kj| wg{ sf cj/fw] x¿ ei| 6frf/ / clVtof/ b?' kofu] xg' ' . ;jfR{] r cbfntn] sfgg' sf] zf;gsf] kIfdf lbPsf ;a} km;} nfx¿ sfofG{ jogdf gcfpg' . clwsf/sf] dfq vfh] L ug{] t/ stJ{ o lgjfx{ gug÷{] grfxg] kj| l[ Tt xfaL xg' ' . sfgg' nfO{ :jfyc{ gs' n\" JofVof ug{] kl/kf6L /xg' . ;a} ;d:ofsf] sfgg' L ;dfwfg vfH] g,' ;d:ofsf ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts cfofdx¿df Wofg glbg' . dn' s' sf] x/s] gLlt, sfgg' / ;:+ yfdf :yfloTj lbg] ;o+ Gqsf] cefj xg' ' . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fndf sfgg' L /fHosf] kj| wg{ ug{] pkfox¿ gk] fndf ckI] ffst[ ljlwsf] zf;g :yflkt xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . lhDdj] f/ JolStx¿n] sfgg' nfO{ cfkm\" v;' L JofVof ug{] u/s] f] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] cfjZostf bIf, Odfgbf/ / sfgg' sf] zf;gdf kl| tabw\\ oj' f k:' tf lgdf0{ f ug{' xf] . o;sf nflu oj' fnufot ;a} gful/sn] sfgg' sf] kfngf ub{} ;sf/fTds ;fr] / ;:+ sf/ ux| 0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf sfo{ ug{' ;fGbles{ xG' 5 M sfgg' L /fHosf] :yfkgf ug{ cbfntnufot Goflos lgsfon] u/s] f km;} nf ;a} lgsfon] kfngf / sfofG{ jog ug{] . ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljlwdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ df gful/s lzIff 6fn] 6fn] df k¥' ofpg] . ‘hxf“ clwsf/ Toxf“ stJ{ o’ jf lhDdj] f/L lagfsf] clwsf/ xb“' g} eGg] s/' fnfO{ ;dfhsf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;rt] agfpg] . ;dfhsf ;j} ju,{ Ifq] , lnªu\\ nfO{ kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u/L sfgg' agfpg] . sfgg' nfO{ cfGtl/s :jfyc{ g;' f/ JofVof ug{] kl/kf6L cGTo u/L sfgg' sf] ;xL dd{ / efjgfcg;' f/ ltgsf] j0fg{ ug{] . ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf sfgg' Lafxs] cGo w/] } kIfx¿ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ . dn' s' sf gLlt, lgod cg;' Gwfgsf] cfwf/df bL3s{ fnLg, :ki6 / :yfoL dful{ rq agfO{ kl/nlIft ug{] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 101
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != lsg sfgg' L /fHodf ‘sfgg' sf] ;/sf/, JolStsf] xfO] g’ (Government by law, not by men) elgPsf] xf,] :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= cbfntaf6 ePsf km;} nfx¿ lsg ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog gePsf] xfn] fg,\\ cfkm\\ gf ljrf/x¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= sfgg' L /fHo kj| wg{ df tkfOn+{ ] ug{ ;Sg] sfox{ ¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= ‘ljlwsf] zf;g M /fi6« lgdf0{ fsf] cfwf/’ eGg] zLifs{ df jStT[ j snf k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != sfgg' L /fHosf] kl/ro / ljzi] ftf nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= sfgg' L /fHosf] kj| wg{ ug{] pkfox¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . #= sg' } klg bz] df sfgg' sf] zf;g 5 jf 5g} eGg] s/' f s;/L yfxf kfpg ;lsG5, cfwf/x¿ :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;dx\" ut sfo{ sIffsf ;Dk0\" f{ ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ sDtLdf kfr“ ;dx\" df ljefhg ugx{' f;] \\ . kT| os] ;dx\" nfO{ sfgg' L /fHosf cfjZos ;tx{ ¿sf ljifodf cfcfkm\\ gf ljrf/ JoSt ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 102 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 ( nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f nfs] tGqdf ;/sf/ hgtfkl| t pTt/bfoL xG' 5 . kl| tlglwdn\" s zf;g Joj:yf xG' 5 . lgjfl{ rtkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kl| tlglwx¿ cfdhgtfsf] cfjZostf / ckI] ff k/' f ug{] lbzfdf ljm| ofzLn xG' 5g\\ . hgtfsf clwsf/x¿ ;l+ jwfg Pjd\\ sfgg' åf/f ;/+ lIft xG' 5g\\ . log} dN\" o dfGotfsf cfwf/df nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf kIfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M zf;gdf hg;xeflutf nfs] tflGqs zf;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf cfjZos xG' 5 . hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt kl| tlglwx¿sf] ;/sf/ xG' 5 . zf;gdf hgtfsf] lgoldt ;xeflutfsf nflu cfjlws ¿kdf lgjfr{ g ul/gk' 5{ . To:tf] lgjfr{ g :jR5, lgikIf / jw} xg' k' 5{ . sfgg' sf] ;jfR{] rtf nfs] tGqdf sfgg' L ;jfR{] rtfsf] ckI] ff ul/G5 . JolStåf/f geO{ sfgg' åf/f zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng xg' k' 5{ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . sfgg' ;jfk{] /L xg' ] ePsfn] ;an} ] ;l+ jwfg, sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xL cfÇgf] clwsf/sf] ko| fu] / stJ{ osf] kfngf ug{' g} nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f÷dN\" o dfGotf xf] . dfl} ns xssf] ;/+ If0f hgtfsf] cfsfªI\\ ffnfO{ kl| tlalDat ug{' / hgtfsf cfwf/et\" dfl} ns xssf] pkefu] Pjd\\ ;/+ If0f ug{' g} nfs] tflGqs zf;g k0| ffnLsf] cfr/0f xf] . ;l+ jwfgdf Jojl:yt dfl} ns xsx¿sf] ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ . ltgLx¿sf] ko| fu] ztd{ f cj/fw] gk¥' ofO{ sfofG{ jogsf nflu ;3fpgk' 5{ . ltgsf] pNnª3\\ g ePdf To;sf] ;/+ If0f u/L pkrf/ kb| fg ugk{' 5{ . axn' jfb dn' s' df Pp6} ljrf/, wf/0ff Pjd\\ bl[ i6sf0] f xb“' g} . nfs] tGqdf ljrf/sf] ljljwtf xg' ;S5 t/ To:tf] ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/gk' 5{ . ;fr] , ;:+ sf/ / ;:+ sl[ tdf xg' ] axn' tfnfO{ nfs] tGqn] cfTd;ft\\ ugk{' 5{ . axn' jfbn] ljrf/sf] ljljwtfnfO{ zf;g k0| ffnLsf] cleGg cªu\\ sf ¿kdf ;d6] s] f] xG' 5 . cNkdtsf] ;Ddfg ;fdfGotM kh| ftGqdf axd' tsf] zf;g xG' 5 . p;n] zf;g ;~rfng ug{] clVtof/L kf| Kt u/s] f] xG' 5 . axd' taf6 xg' ;Sg] ;Defljt :jR] 5frfl/tfsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu cNkdtsf] el\" dsfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . hxf“ cNkdtsf] ;Ddfg ul/G5, Toxf“ axd' t cgz' fl;t / lhDdj] f/ /xG5 . To;n} ] kh| ftflGqs dn' s' df cNkdtnfO{ axd' tsf] lg0fo{ df cfnfr] gf ug{] :jtGqtf xg' k' 5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 103
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dfjz] L zf;g kbw\\ lt dn' s' df /xs] f ;a} hflt, wd,{ efiff, lnªu\\ , Ifq] , j0f{ cflbsf] klxrfg / kl| tlglwTj zf;g Joj:yfdf xg' ' g} ;dfjz] L zf;g xf] . nfs] tGqdf ;an} ] cfkm\" zf;gdf /xs] f] cge' l\" t u/fpg ;Sg' g} nfs] tflGqs dN\" o÷dfGotf xf] . ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf] cjnDag, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs / /fHosf] bfloTj tyf gLlt lgbz{] s l;bw\\ fGtx¿n] ;dfjz] L kbw\\ ltnfO{ cªu\\ Lsf/ ug{' nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f xf] . hfu?s gful/s ;dfh gful/s ;dfh hfu?s ePdf dfq sg' } klg dn' s' df nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f / nfs] tGq ;:+ yfut xG' 5 . nfs] tGqn] gful/snfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfp5“ . o;sf nflu clwsf/sf] ;xL pkofu] ug{ ;Sg] cfr/0f ePsf] gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjZostf k5{ . gful/s Pjd\\ gl} ts lzIff / rt] gfn] gful/s ;dfhdf nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . ;z' f;g nfs] tflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf x/s] ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxLsf] hgtfn] h:tfsf] To:t} yfxf kfpg] xs xG' 5 . ;/sf/n] cfkm\" n] u/s] f sfd sf/afxLsf] kl| tljm| of hgtfsf] cleJoSt ljrf/af6 yfxf kfpg] xb“' f hgtf ;;' l\" rt xg' ' clt cfjZos 5 . pTt/bfoL zf;g / kf/bzL{ sfo{ kbw\\ lt nfu' xg' ] cj:yfdf ;z' f;g :yfkgf xG' 5 . ;z' f;g nfs] tflGqs cfr/0faf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . cleJolSt Pjd\\ k;]| :jtGqtf ljrf/ tyf cleJolStsf] :jtGqtfn] nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f tyf dN\" o dfGotf :yflkt ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ultljlwsf ljifox¿df hfgsf/L kfpg' gful/ssf] clwsf/ xf] . o;n] /fi6d« f c;/, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ / ;fx] L cg;' f/sf] cfr/0f÷Jojxf/ gful/sn] agfp5“ g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f tyf dN\" o dfGotfsf] cEof; s;/L ePsf] 5 < Ps bl} gs klqsfdf ks| flzt xg' ] ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= ljleGg hf8] Ldf ljeflht eO{ dfly plNnlvt nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf kIfx¿dWo] sg' } Ps kIfdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ / hf8] Lsf] lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= nfs] tflGqs cfr/0fn] nfs] tGqnfO{ ;:+ yfut ug{ s;/L ;xofu] kU' 5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf a;fa] f; ugx{' g' ] afb} l\\ ws JolStTj xg' x' G' 5 xfn] f . pxfl“ ;t gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, kr| lnt sfgg' Pjd\\ ;fdflhs dN\" o dfGotfn] s;/L nfs] tflGqs cfr/0f cjnDag u/s] f] 5, ;fw] vfh] ugx{' f;] \\ / cfkm\\ gf] lgisif;{ lxt Ps nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 104 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 !) gful/s ;dfh ;a/' nfn gful/s ;dfhsf Ps cuj' f xg' \\ . pgnfO{ hgtf df= lj= sf lzIfs, sdr{ f/L tyf ljbo\\ fyLl{ ar gful/s ;dfhsf] cjwf/0ff, ljzi] ftf / el\" dsfaf/] :ki6 kfg{ afn] fOPsf] lyof] . lzIfs ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿sf] lh1f;fsf ljifodf pgn] kfj/ KjfOG6 (power point) dfkmt{ o;/L k:| tt' u/s] f lyP M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gful/s ;dfhsf] kl/efiff gful/s ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿ gful/s ;dfh egs] f] s/sfk gul/Psf] sfgg' sf] efjgfcGtut{ /x/] cfTd cgz' f;g dfgjLo ;db' fosf] gfd xf] . kfngf ug{] JolStx¿af6 ;~rflnt Pp6f of] :jl] R5s, :jkl/rflnt, :jlgbl{] zt, sfgg' L cfGbfn] g gful/s ;dfh xf] . cfb]z jf ;femf lgodx¿åf/f af“lwPsf] gful/s ;dfh ;/sf/eGbf km/s xf] t/ ;ªu\\ l7t ;fdflhs hLjg kbw\\ lt xf] . ;/sf/sf sfd;u“ eg] ;DalGwt xG' 5 . of] ljleGg ;fdflhs ;db' fox¿ larsf of] ;dfhsf ;ae} Gbf tNnf] txsf jus{ f] ljrf/ ljdz{ ug{] / ;ªu\\ l7t xg' ] ynf] lxtsf nflu pgLx¿s} ;xeflutfdf sfo{ xf] . ;~rfng ug{] ;dx\" xf] . gful/sx¿sf rfxgf, d\"No, dfGotf / o;n] cfkmn\" ] ug{] sfoa{ f6 gfkmf ug{] pbb\\ Z] o kl| tabw\\ tfnfO{ cleJoSt ug{] ;femf ynf] /fVbg} . g} gful/s ;dfh xf] . /fhgLltaf6 6f9f /x/] ;fdflhs hfu/0f / gful/s ;dfh u/} ;/sf/L Pjd\\ :jl] R5s kl/rfngdf hf8] lbG5 . cfGbfn] g xf] hf] ;fdflhs hLjgsf x/s] o;n] ;dfhsf] dfgjLo ;j+ b] gfsf] cleJolSt kIfx¿df cfjZostfcg';f/ lj|mofzLn phfu/ ug{] nIo /fvs] f] xG' 5 . /xG5 . o;n] hgtfnfO{ ljljw kIfdf ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 105
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gful/s ;dfhsf] pbb\\ Z] o dflg;sf] hLjg :t/ lgdf0{ fsf nflu rflxg] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] clejb[ l\\ w ug{' ;fdflhs dN\" o, dfGotf, rfxgf, cfjZostf / ;ªs\\ Nksf] cleJolSt :ynsf] lgdf0{ f ug{' ljsf;sf nflu js} lNks pkfosf nflu ;xeflutfdn\" s kbw\\ ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{' ;fdflhs pbb\\ Z] osf nflu ;fdl\" xs efjgfdf afl“ wPsf] ;~hfnsf] lgdf0{ f ug{' ;/sf/sf gLltut ljifodf JofVof / 7f;] lg0fo{ ub{} ;fdflhs 36gf jm| dnfO{ cfnfr] gfTds ¿kdf ux| 0f ug{' plNnlvt ljifodf ;a/' nfn / ljbo\\ fyLl{ ar sx] L 5nkmn eof] . tTkZrft\\ ljbo\\ fyLn{ ] gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf ;DaGwdf lh1f;f /fvk] l5 pxfn“ ] csf{] lSnk (clip) o;/L k:| tt' uge{' of] M gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf gful/s ;dfhn] /fhgLlt1, pbo\\ fu] klt, Jofkf/L / /fHosf cGo jun{ fO{ hgtfkl| t hjfkmbx] L agfp5“ . o;n] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cflys{ ¿kn] aflx/ k/s] fx¿sf] lxt / rf;fn] fO{ cleJoSt u5{ . gLlt lgdf0{ fdf kf/bzL,{ ljsl] Gbt| / axn' jfbL bl[ i6sf0] f ljsf; ug{ dbt u5{ . ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L ko| Tgx¿df dbt k¥' ofpg gful/sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg tyf l;k pknAw u/fp“5 . ;fdflhs Pstf / ljsf;sf rg' ft} LnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . ;fdflhs ;zStLs/0f / ;xeflutfsf nflu cgs' n\" lgod sfgg' agfpg dbt u5{ . cflys{ ;/' Iff, el\" d ;w' f/, nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs clwsf/nfO{ kT| ofel\" t ug{ ;3fp k¥' ofp5“ . c;n zf;gsf ljljw kIfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . bl[ i6 dxhg{ pSt 5nkmndf ;xefuL xg' x' G' Yof] . pxfn“ ] gful/s ;dfhsf] ljifosf oL lSnkx¿ x/] k] l5 ;a/' nfnnfO{ gk] fndf gful/s ;dfhsf] ljifodf lh1f;f /fVge' of] . ;a/' nfnn] o; ljifonfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' uge{' of] M pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿, ægk] fndf gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf; lnR5lj sfnaf6 g} ePsf] kfOG5 . gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fdf ;dt] gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf kfpg ;lsG5 .Æ æxfn gk] fndf gful/s ;dfh nfs] tflGqs jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug,{ ;z' f;g sfod ug,{ :jfjnDag ljsf; ug{ Pjd\\ dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf jun{ fO{ ;an kfgh{] :tf sfod{ f nfus] f] kfOG5 .Æ 106 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf kh| ftGq ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ df gful/s ;dfhsf] ljzi] f ofu] bfg 5 . ;j] fdn\" s sfo{ ug,{] nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf, lk5l8Psf] jus{ f] pTyfg ugh{] :tf pbb\\ Z] o lnPsf gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf ;fr] ] h:tf] xg' g;ss] f] ug' f;f] kfOG5 . cGTodf, lzIfs nfSkf zk] fn{ ] gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf / stJ{ osf] ljifodf ;fW] ge' of] . ;a/' nfnn] /fvs] f ab“' fx¿nfO{ gyg' Lbj] Ln] o;/L l6Kge' of] M ;dfhdf cfcfÇgf cfjZostfsf] kl\" t{ cfkm} “ ug{ ;Sg] ;fdflhs Ifdtf / bIftfdf clejb[ l\\ w Nofpg ;Sg] agfpg] . ;fdflhs dN\" o dfGotfdf ;dfhnfO{ cledv' agfpg] . /fhgLlts ljsl[ tsf ljbo\\ dfg rg' ft} LnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ cfjfh p7fpg] . bz] sf] kh“' L, ;f| t] , ;fwg / kl| jlw hgdv' L agfpg ljm| ofzLn /xg] . k/lge/{ tfaf6 :jfjnDagtkm{ hfgsf nflu ;rt] gf cleofgdf ;l/s xg' pTkl]| /t ug{] . ljm| ofsnfk != gful/s ;dfh :jl] R5s, :jkl/rflnt ;fdflhs ;dx\" xf,] s;/L < k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjZostf’ zLifs{ nfO{ bO' { ;fyLlarsf] ;j+ fbåf/f k:| 6o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fndf gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsf sg' sg' Ifq] df a9L ke| fjsf/L / sg' sg' Ifq] df sd ke| fjsf/L ePsf] 5, tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . $= gk] fndf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ cem ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] s:tf ;w' f/sf] cfjZostf 5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf s] s:tf gful/s ;dfhsf ;dx\" x¿ ;ljm| o 5g,\\ vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gful/s ;dfh egs] f] s] xf] < @= gful/s ;dfhsf] el\" dsfsf] ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= lk5l8Psf] jun{ fO{ ;an kfg{ gful/s ;dfhn] s] ugk{' nf{ < ;dx\" ut sfo{ sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ljleGg ;dx\" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \\ . To;kl5 gful/s ;dfhsf] ljzi] ftf / ks| l[ tsf cfwf/df ;dx\" n] p7fpg] ljifo vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 107
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !! zflGt ;J' oj:yf tn lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ k9g\\ x' f;] \\ M ljbo\\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gdf ;;+ bLo rg' fjsf] emNsf] slknj:t,' !$ rt} -sflGtk/' ;j+ fbbftf_ slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ?bf| If uf= lj= ;= $ l:yt /fli6o« lgDg dfWolds ljbo\\ fnosf] ljbo\\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7gdf ;;+ bLo rg' fjnfO{ la;fp{ g] u/L cEof; u/s] f 5g\\ . cleefjsx¿n] kf6Lu{ t Kofgn p7fP/ c:j:y kl| t:kwf{ ul//xs] f 5g\\ . o;/L 5flgPsf ;b:ox¿af6 lzIfs, sdr{ f/L lgol' St nufotsf ultljlwdf ljjs] eGbf ljrf/, /fdf| e] Gbf xfdf| ,] gLlteGbf gt] fsf] cfwf/df lg0fo{ xg' ] lglZrt 5 . zflGt ;J' oj:yf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf xf] . kT| os] gful/sn] JolStut / ;fjh{ lgs ¿kdf :jtGq ¿kdf afR“ g kfpg' p;sf] g;} lus{ clwsf/ xf] . sfgg' adfl] hd :jtGq Joj;fo ug{ kfpg' p;sf] dfl} ns xs xf] . ljbo\\ fno ljleGg ki[ 7el\" d afs] s] f afn aflnsf hd36 xg' ] :yn xf] hxfs“ f] jftfj/0f afndq} Lsf ;fy} lzIfsdq} L xg' k' 5{ . JolStut tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;/' Iff eGgfn] sg' } klg gful/sn] sfgg' adfl] hd :jtGq ¿kdf cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg' tyf ljgf cj/fw] cfÇgf] k;] f jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg' xf] . cfÇgf] JolStut jf ;fjh{ lgs ;DklTtsf] ;/' Iff, lagf cj/fw] pkofu] klg JolStut tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;/' IffcGtut{ k5g{ \\ . ljleGg ljbo\\ t' Lo ;~rf/, ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkm{t ul/g] bJ' oj{ xf/n] JolStut tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;/' Iffdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . sfgg' sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog / gful/s ;rt] gfn] ;dfhdf JolStut tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;/' Iff sfod ug{ ;3fp kU' 5 . ;/sf/L ;o+ Gq, gful/s ;dfh tyf ;/fs] f/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;dGjoaf6 dfq gful/s ;/' Iff sfod eO{ /fHodf b08xLgtfsf] cGTo xg' ;S5 . /fHosf ljleGg lgsfodf zflGt ;J' oj:yfsf] kT| ofel\" t xg' k' 5{ . ljbo\\ fno t ;du| zl} Ifs k0| ffnLsf] sG] b| ePsfn] ljbo\\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] sfod ul/gk' 5{ . ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] eGgfn] ljbo\\ fnosf] Joj:yfkg tyf ultljlwx¿df /fhgLlts x:tIfk] af6 dS' t /fVg' xf] . ljbo\\ fnodf xg' ] eb] efj, bJ' oj{ xf/, zfi] f0f tyf zf/Ll/s Pjd\\ dfgl;s oftgfaf6 lgisnªs\\ /fVg' ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . lgjfw{ k7g kf7gsf] cj:yf sfod ug{' g} o;sf] pbb\\ Z] o xf] . 108 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljb\\ofno xftfleq /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfd;ef, gf/f, hn' ;' , kl| zIf0f, ufi] 7L cflbn] ljbo\\ fno zflGt If]qnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . ljbo\\ fyLs{ f] k7g kf7gdf c;/ kg{] u/L ljbo\\ fno aGb x8t\\ fn ug{' xb“' g} . ljbo\\ fno ejg tyf ljbo\\ fno xftfdf /fhgLlts bnsf] gf/f kr| f/ ;fduL| nV] g / krf{ kKn6] 6f:“ g lbg' xb“' g} . ljbo\\ fnosf lzIfs, sdr{ f/L / ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ /fhgLlts pbb\\ Z] odf ;xefuL xg' ' xb“' g} . ljb\\ofno xftfdf xltof/wf/L JolSt kj| z] ug{ lbg' xb“' g} . ljbo\\ fyL{ Pjd\\ lzIfsnfO{ ql;t kfg{] tyf rGbf, cftªs\\ , ckx/0f ugh{] :tf sfoa{ f6 dS' t /fVgk' 5{ . afn aflnsfsf] efjgfdf rf6] kU' g] u/L zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s bJ' oj{ xf/ ul/g' xG' g . afn aflnsfsf] lvNnL p8fpg,] g/fdf| ] gfd sf9/] afn] fpg,] JoªU\\ o ugh{] :tf sfon{ ] ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] sf] sfofG{ jogdf c;/ kU' 5 . afn aflnsfnfO{ ofg} hGo bJ' oj{ xf/af6 dS' t /fVgk' 5{ . ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] sf] lbuf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu lgoldt cgu' dg lg/LIf0f ul/gk' 5{ . ljbo\\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfpg lzIfs, ljbo\\ fyL,{ ljbo\\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjssf] ;ljm| o ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 . afn aflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf /rgfTds sfdx¿df ;xefuL xg' kf| T] ;flxt ugk{' 5{ . ljbo\\ fno txsf] kf7o\\ jm| d tyf kf7o\\ k:' tsdf zflGt lzIffsf] ;b} w\\ flGts Pjd\\ Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbg] vfnsf ljifo j:t' ;dfjz] ugk{' 5{ . afn aflnsfsf] slnnf] dl:tis tyf :jfledfgdf 7;] kU' g] ultljlw gug{ ;bj} rgfvf] xg' k' 5{ . ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] nfO{ ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog ug{ ljleGg gLlt / /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/gk' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != zflGt ;J' oj:yf sfgg' L zf;gsf] cfwf/lznf xf,] s;/L < nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fo, 6fn] l5ds] df JolStut tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;/' Iffdf c;/ kfg{] u/L ePsf ultljlwx¿ ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 109
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b#= ;fjh{ lgs ;/' Iff sfod ug{ tkfOn“{ ] s;/L el\" dsf vN] g ;Sgx' G' 5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= ‘ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] M afn aflnsfsf] eljio lgdf0{ fsf] cfwf/’ ljifodf jStT[ jsf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . %= lzIff;u“ ;/fs] f/ /fVg] lgsfon] k6s k6s ‘ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] ’ kl| tabw\\ tf bv] fPtf klg lsg ljbo\\ fno af/Daf/ aGb x8tfnsf] df/df k/s] f] xf,] sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != zflGt ;J' oj:yf egs] f] s] xf] < @= ljbo\\ fno zflGt Ifq] eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < #= ljbo\\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] sfod ug{ s] s] ugk{' 5{ < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ljbo\\ fno ‘zflGt Ifq] ’ /fVg s] s:tf ultljlwx¿ ul/Psf 5g\\ . cfkm\\ gf kw| fgfWofks jf kf| rfol{ ;t ;fW] gx' f;] \\ . pxfs“ f ljrf/ tyf cfkm\\ gf cge' j;dt] ;d6] L cfkm\\ gf] ljbo\\ fnoaf6 ks| flzt xg' ] ‘jflifs{ an' l] 6g’ sf nflu nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 110 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 !@ ljljwtfdf Pstf tn lbOPsf ljifox¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ M ax' hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax' wflds{ , ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts ljzi] ftfoS' t, efu} fl] ns ljljwtfdf /xs] f ;dfg cfsfªI\\ ff / gk] fnsf] /fli6o« :jtGqtf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf, /fli6o« lxt tyf ;db[ l\\ wkl| t cf:yfjfg\\ /xL Pstfsf] ;q\" df cfabw\\ ;a} gk] fnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] . – gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ wf/f # kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bwd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, ;:+ sf/, ky| f, k/Dk/f, kr| ng jf cGo sg' } klg cfwf/df xg' ] ;a} ks| f/sf ljeb] , zfi] f0f / cGofosf] cGTo u/L ;Eo / ;dtfdn\" s ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ f ug{] Pjd\\ /fli6o« uf/} j, nfs] tGq, hgkIfLotf, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts dN\" ox¿sf] ljsf; ug{] tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub{} ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj, PS] ojbw\\ tf / ;fd~h:o sfod u/L /fli6o« Pstf ;b' 9[ ug{] /fHosf] ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts pbb\\ Z] o xg' ] 5 . – gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f %) -@_ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd,{ efiff, ;:+ sl[ t / ;Dkb| folar kf/:kl/s ;be\\ fj, ;lxi0ft' f / PS] ojbw\\ tf sfod u/L ;ª3\\ Lo OsfOaLr k/:k/df ;xofu] fTds ;DaGw ljsf; ub{} /fli6o« Pstf kj| wg{ ug{] . – gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f %! s -@_ plNnlvt ;l+ jwfg kb| Tt kIfx¿n] 111 /fHosf gLltn] /fHodf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbO{ ljljwtfnfO{ Pstfdf Nofpg] ko| f; u/s] f] 5 . dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf u/L ;a} Ifq] df ;a} hflt, ju,{ ;Dkb| fo, lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df ;dfg cj;/ / clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . /fHosf] dn\" wf/df Nofpg] ko| f; jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfg tyf Pg] , lgodx¿n] u/s] f 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf ljleGg hfthflt, wd,{ efiff, ;:+ sl[ t / /xg;xg /xs] f] kfOG5 . oxf“ cfcfkm\\ g} wd,{ efiff, ;:+ sl[ t eP klg Psn] csfs{ f] ;:+ sl[ tkl| t ;be\\ fj /fvs] f] kfOG5 . gk] fndf ou' fo“} u' bl] v ;lxi0ft' f sfod 5 . Pp6fsf] wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, efiffnfO{ csfn{ ] ;Ddfg ug{] ;:+ sf/ 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljut jifx{ ¿df 57 kh\" f ldlynf~rnsf ;db' fodf dfq} dgfOGYof] . xfn kxf8L lhNnfx¿sf cGo ;db' fon] klg dgfp5“ g\\ . Psn] csfs{ f] rf8kj,{ hfqf cflbdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] / cfk;df ldn/] kjx{ ¿ dgfpg] ;:+ sf/af6 g} oxf“ ;lxi0ft' f sfod /xg uPsf] 5 . oxL cfk;df ldn/] a:g] ;:+ sf/n] gk] fndf ljljwtfdf Pstf 5 . gk] fnsf] /fli6o« ufgn] klg oxL s/' fnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ u/s] f] bl] vG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ls/ft ;db' fosf :j= 8f= :jfdL kk| Ggfrfon{ ] ‘jb] df s] 5 <’ gfds k:' ts ks| fzg u/s] f 5g\\ . tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf o:t} Ps ;db' fosf JolStTjn] csf{] ;db' fosf ljifodf cWoog, cg;' Gwfgsf ljifox¿ vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘gk] fn ax' hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax' wflds{ / ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts ljzi] ftfoS' t dn' s' xf] .’ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf sg' sg' dfl} ns xs, /fHosf] bfloTj, lgbz{] s l;bw\\ fGtx¿ / gLltn] ;a} gful/snfO{ dn\" wf/df Nofpg] Joj:yf u/s] f 5g,\\ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= ‘ljljwtfdf Pstf’ zLifs{ /fvL Ps /fli6o« bl} gssf nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . %= gk] fnsf] /fli6o« ufgn] ‘ljljwtfdf Pstf’ Nofpg] ko| f; u/s] f] 5, s;/L < kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ljljwtfdf Pstf egs] f] s] xf] < @= ‘km/s efiff, ;:+ sl[ t, wd,{ lnªu\\ / Ifdtf eP klg xfdL ;a} gk] fnL’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf sg' sg' hft, wd{ / efiff afN] g] JolSt a:5g\\ < pgLx¿n] dgfpg] rf8kj,{ hfqf tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts pT;j ;DaGwdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf, ljzi] ftf cflb ljifodf Toxfs“ f :yfgLo JolSt;u“ ;fw] vfh] u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 112 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 !# /fli6o« tf / /fli6o« ;/fs] f/sf ljifo gk] fnL /fli6o« tfkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fn hgtf hgtflarsf] efjgfTds Pstf / dfgl;s ;lDdng ePsf] /fi6« xf] . oxL efjgfTds Pstf / dfgl;s ;lDdngkl| tsf] ;dk0{ f jf kl| tabw\\ tf g} /fli6o« tf xf] . gk] fndf ljleGg ju,{ hflt, wd,{ lnªu\\ , Ifq] tyf efiff ePsf JolStx¿sf] a;fa] f; /xs] f] 5 . log} ;db' fox¿ larsf] efjgfTds Pjd\\ dfgl;s kl| tabw\\ tf, ;dk0{ f Pjd\\ ;f] cg;' f/sf] Jofjxfl/s k:| tl' t g} gk] fnL /fli6o« tf xf] . gk] fn /fi6s« f] lgdf0{ fdf ;as} f] ;dfg el\" dsf / ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . dw;] sf hgtfn] hldg x/fe/f agfP/ bz] el/ kU' g] cGg pTkfbg u/s] f 5g\\ . lxdfnL Ifq] sf hgtfn] kz' kfng / ko6{ g Joj;fonfO{ ;db[ w\\ agfpg el\" dsf vn] s] f 5g\\ . gk] fnL /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf] hug] f{ ug{ ls/ft / af]gx¿n] cfcfk\\mgf ;Dkbf hf]ufP/ /fv]sf 5g\\ . af}b\\wx¿n] snf sf}znsf] ljsf; u/]/ cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df gk] fnL snfsf] kr| f/ k;| f/ u/s] f 5g\\ . O:nfdx¿n] sfzL, snsTtf, sflZd/ / ltAat;Dd Jofkf/ a9fPsf 5g\\ . zª[ u\\ f/ / ;fe} fUosf ;fduL| sf] cfkl\" t{ u/s] f 5g\\ . cfwl' gs sfndf hg} x¿n] gk] fnsf] cflys{ pGgltdf ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf 5g\\ . ljm| l:rogx¿n] gk] fnLnfO{ gof“ efiff, lzIff / cfi} fwfk] rf/sf] ljlw l;sfPsf 5g\\ . lxGbx' ¿n] k/Dk/fut dN\" o dfGotf hfu] fpb“ } cfÇgf ultljlwnfO{ ljsf;;u“ hf8] s] f 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] ;lxi0ft' fsf] cgk' d bi[ 6fGt k:| tt' u/L ;an} fO{ ;dfg cj;/ kb| fg ug{ ;3fPsf 5g\\ . o; ks| f/ ljsl;t ax' cfoflds, ;dGjofTds ;:+ sl[ t, ljljw ultljlwx¿n] gk] fnLx¿sf dfem ;lxi0ft' f, ;dGjo, ;x cl:tTTjsf] efjgf hfu] fOPsf] 5. /fli6o« cv08tf / gk] fnL /fli6o« tfsf] /Iffsf nflu ;dGjo Pjd\\ ;Gtn' g Nofpg] bfloTj kT| os] ljjs] zLn tyf /fi6j« fbL gk] fnL gful/ssf] xf] . clxn] ;an} fO{ :jcl:tTTjsf] klxrfg, cfTd lg0fo{ sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtf rflxPsf] 5 . of] hfu/0f jtd{ fg ou' n] NofPsf] nx/ xf] . t/ hftLotfeGbf /fli6o« tf 7n' f] xG' 5 / hftLo uf/} jeGbf l;ªu\\ f] gk] fn /fi6s« f] ul/df tyf dlxdf dxTTjk0\" f{ xG' 5 . /fi6« dfl;of] eg] hftLo cl:tTTj klg dl] 6g] 5 . ctM xfdL ;as} f] lrGtg gk] fn /fi6« / /fli6o« tfdf sl] Gbt| xg' k' 5{ . gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;Gbed{ f bx] fosf ljifodf xfdLnfO{ :jcl:tTTjeGbf klg ;x cl:tTTjsf] a9L cfjZos 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 113
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b/fli6o« cv08tf gk] fn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/kI] f, ;dfjz] L / k0\" f{ nfs] tflGqs /fHo xf] . sg' } klg dn' s' 6l' jm| of] eg] To;sf] cl:tTTj ;dfKt xG' 5 . /fHon] ;a} hflt, efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ u/L ;an} fO{ ;dfg clwsf/ kb| fg ugk{' 5{ . gk] fn /fi6s« f] lgdf0{ fdf ;a} gk] fnLx¿sf] ;dfg el\" dsf / ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . v;, af| xd\\ 0f, du/, /fO,{ lnDa,' dw;] L, blntnufotsf ;Dk0\" f{ ;Dkb| fon] sd' df sd' hf8] /] /fi6s« f] lgdf0{ fdf cl3 a9d] f dfq xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;an /fli6o« cv08tfsf] phfu/ u5{ . To;n} ] /fHon] ;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnªu\\ , ju,{ Ifq] nfO{ ;dfgk' flts 9ªu\\ n] ljsf; / pTyfgsf nflu kf| yldstf lbgk' 5{ . /fHosf] dn\" kj| fxdf ;an} fO{ ;d6] g\\ ;Sgk' 5{ . ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ;dl' rt ljt/0fsf] sfgg' L Joj:yf ldnfO{ sfofG{ jog ugk{' 5{ . xfdL ;a} gk] fnLx¿n] cfcfkm\\ gf] klxrfgsf ;fy Pstfabw\\ eO{ /fi6« lgdf0{ f Pjd\\ cv08tf / /fli6o« tfsf] kj| wg{ Pjd\\ ljsf;df nflukg{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . gk] fn /fi6s« f] cv08tf g} xfdf| ] :jfledfg xf,] xfdf| ] klxrfg xf] . ;Ldf ;/' Iff tyf ;Ldf cltjm| d0f sg' } bz] nfO{ csf{] bz] ;u“ 56' o\\ fpg Pp6f ;Ldf/v] f lglZrt ul/Psf] xG' 5 . o:tf] ;Ldf/v] f ;lGwdf pNnv] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;Ldf/v] fsf] j1} flgs Joj:yfkg / ;/' Iff ;/fs] f/jfnf /fi6x« ¿n] l:jsfg{' g} ;Ldf ;/' Iff xf] . bO' { bz] larsf] ;Ldf/v] f gS;fªs\\ g :ki6 gePdf jf ;lGw ;Demft} f kfngf gePdf jf cfk;L ;dembf/L g/xd] f ljjfb pTkGg xg' hfG5 . To;n} ] o;nfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ ;/fs] f/jfnf /fi6x« ¿n] kxn ug{' h?/L xG' 5 . bz] sf] ;Ldf ldlrg] sf/0fx¿ hldgdf :ki6 ¿kdf efl} ts ;Ldfªs\\ g gxg' fn] ;Ldf gS;f tyf tYofªs\\ sf] cefj ePdf l5ds] L bz] n] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ldf/v] fsf] aj] f:tf u/d] f gbLn] cfkm\\ gf] kf| sl[ ts jxfj kl/jtg{ u/d] f Pl] txfl;s sfuhft tyf b:tfjh] ck/' f] /xd] f ;LdfjtL{ Ifq] df efl} ts lgdf0{ f sfo{ ul/Pdf hg;ªV\\ ofsf] rfk a9d] f 114 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
;Ldf cltjm| d0fsf kl/0ffdx¿ nfu' kbfy{ cf;] f/k;f/, cjw} Jofkf/ / rn] La6] L ar] lavg nufotsf ;fdflhs ;d:of a9b\\ } hfG5 . cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug JolStx¿ ;xh} Pscsfs{ f] bz] df kj| z] u5g{ \\ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;fwg pkofu] df ljjfb xG' 5 . bz] x¿sf gful/sx¿lar ad} g:otf a95\\ . bO' { bz] x¿lar ob' w\\ ;dt] xg' ;S5 . ;Ldf ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b bj' } bz] sf gful/s ;/fs] f/ ;dx\" u7g u//] ;o+ S' t ¿kdf kf| ljlws ;Ldf ;ldlt u7g u//] s6' gLlts txdf jftf{ u//] ;/sf/ kd| v' ÷/fi6« kd| v' lar ;j+ fb u//] cGt/fl{ i6o« ¿kdf bafa l;hg{ f u//] dWo:ytf u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg u//] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;xofu] lnO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg u//] cfTd ;Ddfg÷:jfledfg cfTd ;Ddfg jf cfTd :jfledfg xfdL gk] fnLsf] klxrfg xf] . ljutdf gk] fn / gk] fnL /fli6o« tf Pjd\\ /fli6o« cfTd ;Ddfgsf] /Iffsf nflu gk] fnL jL/ ofb] w\\ fx¿n] clj:d/0fLo ofu] bfg u/s] f 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] cªu\\ h]| tyf cGo ;fdf| HojfbL;u“ gem' sL cfkm\\ gf] axfb/' L bv] fPsf 5g\\ . ;fdf| Hojfb lj?bw\\ eLd;g] yfkfsf] cfjfh cfh;Dd klg plTts} ;fGbles{ 5 . gfnfkfgLsf] ob' w\\ df aneb| sj“' /, dnfpsf lsNnfdf elSt yfkfn] bv] fPsf] jL/tfn] gk] fnLx¿df cfTd ;Ddfgsf] efjgf pRr /xs] f] k:| 6 xG' 5 . cfTd ;Ddfg / :jfledfg gk] fnLx¿sf] uf/} j xf] . xfdLn] cfkm\\ gf] efiff, ;:+ sl[ t, k/Dk/f, dN\" o dfGotf Pjd\\ xfdf| kf| sl[ ts / Pl] txfl;s ;Dkbfkl| t uj{ ugk{' 5{ . xfdLn] cfkm\\ gf cfGtl/s ;d:of ;dembf/Lkj\" s{ cfkm} n“ ] ;dfwfg ugk{' 5{ . xfdf| kj\" h{ x¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf kn| fe] gx¿ bv] fpb“ f klg To:tf kn| fe] gsf] jf:tf gu/L /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf nflu ;fdf| HojfbLx¿;u“ jL/tfkj\" s{ n8s] f] Oltxf; xfdf| ] ;fd' 5 . xfdLn] o;af6 l;Sgk' 5{ gk] fnLx¿ :jfledfgL xg' k' 5{ . xfdLn] kv\" fs{ f] jL/tfnfO{ ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ . Pl] txfl;s ;Dkbf, dN\" o dfGotf, ;fdflhs cfr/0fcg;' f/ Jojxf/ bv] fpgk' 5{ . o;f] ePdf afxo\\ zlStn] xfdf| ] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf cgfjZos x:tIfk] ug{ ;Sbg} g\\ . o;df g} xfdf| ] dxfgtf xG' 5 . gk] fnL /fli6o« tf arfO/fVg' xfdL ;as} f] stJ{ o xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 115
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != ægk] fnLx¿df :jcl:tTTjeGbf ;xcl:tTTjsf] efjgf xg' k' 5{ .Æ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= /fli6o« cv08tf kj| wg{ ug{] pkfox¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . #= olb tkfOn“{ fO{ k//fi6« dGqL agfOof] eg] ;Ldf ljjfb ;DaGwL ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ugx{' G' 5 < cfkm\\ gf] lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ægk] fnLx¿ :jfledfg / cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy afR“ g rfxG5g\\ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ Pl] txfl;s tYox¿sf cfwf/df kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != /fli6o« cv08tf egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;Ldf ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnL cfTd ;Ddfg a9fpg s] ugk{' 5{ < ;fdb' flos sfo{ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf /fli6o« cv08tf kj| wg{ ug{ s] s:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\\ < cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fosf ab' l\\ whLjL, lzIfs jf cGo JolStl;t ;fw] vfh] u/L Pjd\\ ;l+ jwfg cWoog u/L cfkm\\ gf] lgisif;{ lxtsf] kl| tjb] g sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 116 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
PsfO M 5 xfdf| ] kY[ jL kf7 ! bz] fGt/ / ;do bz] fGt/ / ;dosf] ;DaGwkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kY[ jLsf] pTt/L wj'| bl] v blIf0fL wj'| ;Dd 5g' ] u/L lvlrPsf cw{j[Ttfsf/ sfNklgs /]vfx¿nfO{ dWofxg\\ /v] f (meridians) jf bz] fGt/ /v] f (lines of longitude) eG5g\\ . nG8gsf] lu|gljr (Greenwich) af6 pTt/ / blIf0f wj|' hf8] g\\ ] sfNklgs /v] fnfO{ kw| fg dWofxg\\ /v] f (prime meridian) elgG5 . of] /]vf )) df /x]sf] dflgG5 . kw| fg dWofxg\\ /v] fbl] v kj\" k{ 6l\\ 6 jf klZrdk6\\l6sf] sf]l0fs b'/LnfO{ b]zfGt/ (longitude) elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] kj\" L{ ufn] fwd{ f !*) cf6] f / klZrdL ufn] fwd{ f !*) cf6] f u/L hDdf #^) cf6] f bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . kT| os] bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ !) sf] km/sdf xG' 5g\\ / ltgLx¿ cwj{ T[ tfsf/ xG' 5g\\ . kT| os] !) kf/ ug{ $ ldg6] ;do nfU5 . To;n} ] bz] fGt/sf] leGgtfn] ljleGg 7fps“ f] ;do km/s km/s xG' 5 . kY[ jLn] ;o\" s{ f] jl/kl/ 3D' bf cfkm\\ gf] cIf (axis) sf] jl/kl/ klg kmGsf] dfl//xG5 . o;/L kmGsf] dfbf{ kY[ jL klZrdaf6 kj\" t{ km{ 3D' 5 / Ps kmGsf] dfg{ nueu @$ 306f nufp5“ . o;sf] Ps kmGsfs] f] b/' L $),)&^ ls=ld= cyft{ \\ sfl] 0fs b/' L #^)) xG' 5 . o;/L kY[ jLn] cfkm\\ gf] cIfdf Ps kmGsf] dfg{] ultnfO{ kl/ed| 0f (rotation) elgG5 . ;do ;a} 7fpd“ f Pp6} xb“' g} . st} laxfg * ahs] f] xG' 5 t st} /ftsf] !! ahs] f] xG' 5 . ;do kw| fg dWofxg\\ af6 kj\" l{ t/ l56f] xG' 5g\\ / klZrdlt/ l9nf] xG' 5 . olb kw| fg dWofxg\\ df lbp;“ fs] f] !@ ahs] f] 5 eg] !%) klZrddf laxfgsf] !! ahs] f] xG' 5 . To:t} !%) kj\" d{ f lbp;“ fs] f] ! ahs] f] xG' 5 . !*)) ;Dd kU' bf dWo/ft ePsf] xG' 5 . To:t} !*)) sf6/] klZrdlt/ hfb“ f Toxf“ cl3Nnf] lbg g} xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 117
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bpbfx/0f @%) kj\" d{ f /xs] f] xn] l;GsLdf lbp;“ fs] f] @ aHbf *%) kj\" d{ f /xs] f] sf7df8fd“} f slt aHnf < xn] l;GsL / sf7df8fd“} f bz] fGt/sf] km/s -*%)–@%)_ ^)) xG' 5 . !) kf/ ug{ kY[ jLnfO{ $ ldg6] nfU5 eg] !%) kf/ ug{ ! 306f nfU5 . To;n} ] ^)) kf/ ug{ -^))X$_ @$) ldg6] cyft{ \\ $ 306f nfU5 . To;n} ] xn] l;GsLeGbf sf7df8f“} kj\" d{ f k/s] fn] ;do l56f] xg' ] xb“' f xn] l;GsLdf lbp;“ fs] f] @ aHbf sf7df8fd“} f lbp;“ fs] f] -@±$_ ^ ahs] f] xG' 5 . o;/L hlt hlt kj\" d{ f uof] Tolt ;do rnfv xg' ] / klZrdk6l\\ 6 ;do l9nf] xG' 5 . !*)) bz] fGt/df kw| fg dWofxg\\ /v] faf6 kj\" l{ t/ ;do rnfv eO{ !@ 306f rf8“ f] / klZrdk6l\\ 6 !@ 306f l9nf] xg' ] xb'“ f of] /v] f kf/ ugf;{ fy ldlt / af/ klg km/s kg{ hfG5 . To;n} ] !*)) bz] fGt/nfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /v] f (International Date Line) klg elgG5 . of] /v] f l;wf geP/ sx] L afªu\\ f] l6ªu\\ f] xG' 5 . of] /v] f l;wf ePdf of] /v] fn] sf6s] f bz] x¿df bO' l{ t/ bO' { ks| f/sf ut] tyf af/ xg' ] ;d:of ePsfn] o:tf] xg' glbgsf nflu of] /v] f afªu\\ f] l6ªu\\ f] kfl/Psf] xf] . :yfgLo ;do (local time) / kf| dfl0fs ;do (standard time) :yfgLo ;do Tof] ;do xf] h;nfO{ sg' } 7fps“ f] bz] fGt/ / kw| fg dWofxg\\ /v] fsf] cfwf/df lx;fa u/L lgsflnG5 . gk] fndf *)) bl] v **) ;Dd cf7 cf6] f bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ 5g\\ . tL kT| os] bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿sf cfcfkm\\ g} :yfgLo ;do xG' 5g\\ . kf| dfl0fs ;do (standard time) rflx“ Tof] ;do xf] hg' kw| fg dWofxg\\ /v] f / tfl] sPsf] kf| dfl0fs /v] f (fixed standard meridian) sf cfwf/df lgsflnG5 . sg' } klg bz] n] cfÇgf] ;xhtfsf nflu ;a} :yfgsf] ;do lx;fa ug{ ;xhtf kb| fg ug{ lgwfl{ /t Ps jf PseGbf a9L bz] fGt/ /v] fnfO{ tfl] sPsf] kf| dfl0fs /v] f elgG5 . kf| dfl0fs ;do egs] f] sg' } klg bz] sf] cflwsfl/s ;do xf] . gk] fnsf] kf| dfl0fs ;do *^) !%’ kj\" { bz] fGt/ /v] f -uf/} Lzªs\\ / lxdfn, bfn] vf_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5 . Onfddf ;o\" fb{] o xb“' f s~rgk/' df lem;ld;] pHofnf] dfq xg' n' fO{ :yfgLo ;dosf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . 7n' f] bz] ePsfn] Pp6} kf| dfl0fs ;don] sfd grNg] xb“' f ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sfdf % cf6] f / ?;df !! eGbf a9L kf| dfl0fs ;do lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf 5g\\ . bz] fGt/ / ;dosf] leGgtf kTtf nufpg tnsf s/' fx¿ ofb u/f“} M l8uL| x ^)Æ -;s] G] 8_ = !’ -ldg6] _ / ^)’ -ldg6] _ = !) -l8uL| _ xG' 5 . ;do x ^) ;s] G] 8 = ! ldg6] / ^) ldg6] = ! 306f xG' 5 . /ftsf] !@ ahk] l5sf] ;do – kj\" fx{ g\\ , lbp;“ fs] f] !@ ah] kl5sf] ;do – ck/fxg\\ 118 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b— olb bj' } 7fpx“ ¿ kj\" d{ f 5g\\ eg] M bz] fGt/nfO{ 36fpgx' f;] \\ -–_ — olb bj' } 7fpx“ ¿ klZrddf 5g\\ eg] M bz] fGt/nfO{ 36fpgx' f;] \\ -–_ — olb Pp6f 7fp“ kj\" { / csf{] klZrddf 5g\\ eg] M bz] fGt/nfO{ hf8] g\\ x' f;] \\ -±_ — ! lbgdf @$ 306f xg' ] xb“' f @$ 306fsf] cfwf/df lbgsf] ;do u0fgf xG' 5, h:t} M ck/fxg\\ ! ah] egs] f] !# xf] / /ftsf] !@ ah] egs] f] @$ ahs] f] xf] . — lbOPsf bO' { 7fpd“ Wo] kj\" t{ kms{ f] ;do lgsfNg' k/d] f lbOPsf] ;dodf km/s cfPsf] ;do hf8] g\\ ] . klZrdtkms{ f] ;do lgsfNgk' g{] ePdf lbOsf] ;doaf6 km/s cfPsf] ;do 36fpg] . — kj\" { bz] fGt/af6 kj\" { bz] fGt/s} / klZrd bz] fGt/af6 klZrd bz] fGt/s} km/s lgsfNg 7n' fa] f6 ;fgf] 36fpgk' 5{ eg] klZrd bz] fGt/ / kj\" { bz] fGt/larsf] km/s lgsfNg klZrd bz] fGt/ / kj\" L{ bz] fGt/ hf8] g\\ k' 5{ . pbfx/0f *)) kj\" { bz] fGt/df kg{] dbf| ;df lbp;“ fs] f] # aHbf &%) klZrdL bz] fGt/df kg{] Goo' fs] d{ f slt ahs] f] xfn] f < dbf| ; M bz] fGt/ *)) kj\" ,{ ;do M # ck/fxg\\ Goo' fs] { M bz] fGt/ &%) klZrd, ;do M < -s_ bz] fGt/sf] km/s M *)) ± &%) = !%%) -v_ ;dosf] km/s M !%% X $ = ^@) ldg6] 306fdf kl/jtg{ ubf,{ ^)_ ^@) -!)M@) ^)) @) -u_ Goo' fs] { klZrdL ufn] fwd{ f k5{ . To;n} ] o;sf] ;do k5fl8 k5{ . To:t} dbf| ; kj\" d{ f kg{] xb“' f oxfs“ f] ;dodf Ps lbg jf !@ 306f hf8] g\\ k' g{] xG' 5 . -!@ ± #_ – !)M@) = $M$) -3_ ctM Goo\" fs] s{ f] ;do $M$) kj\" fx{ g\\ xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 119
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != olb tkfO“{ sf7df8fa“} f6 kj\" d{ f tfOjfg / klZrddf ba' O{ hfgx' G' 5 eg] cfkm\\ gf] 38LnfO{ ldnfpgk' nf{ ls gknf{ < k5{ eg] s;/L < @= lbOPsf] lrq /fd/| L cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . sG] bd| f lbOPsf] N n] pTt/L wj'| nfO{ bv] fPsf] 5 / ;f] laGbd' f dflyaf6 kY[ jLnfO{ xb] fs{ f] cj:yf bv] fpg vfl] hPsf] 5 . kY[ jLsf] kj\" t{ km{ hfb“ f 38L rnfv agfpb“ } hfgk' g{] / klZrd hfb“ f l9nf] kfgk{' g{] sf/0faf/] sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . #= cdl] /sfsf] Goo' fs] a{ f6 laxfg !) ah] tkfOs“{ f] ;fyLn] gk] fndf a:g] tkfOn“{ fO{ 6l] nkmfg] u/d] f tkfOn“{ ] gk] fnsf] sg' ;dodf ;fyL;u“ 6l] nkmfg] df s/' f ul//xge' Psf] xG' 5 xfn] f < cEof; != bz] fGt/sf] kl/efiff lbO{ o;n] s;/L ;dodf ke| fj kf5,{ :ki6 kfgx'{ f;] \\ . @= cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly/v] f egs] f] s] xf] < of] lsg ;a} 7fpd“ f l;wf xb“' g} < #= :yfgLo ;do / kf| dfl0fs ;dolar leGgtf pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 ugx{' f;] \\ . $= *%) kj\" { bz] fGt/df kg{] sf7df8fd“} f laxfgsf] !) ahs] f] 5 eg] !)%) kj\" { bz] fGt/df kg{] l;ªu\\ fk/' df slt ahs] f] xfn] f < kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . %= ?; / Sofg8f h:tf bz] df w/] } cf6] f kf| dfl0fs ;do lsg xG' 5g\\ < :k:6 kfgx'{ f;] \\ . ^= l;sfuf] -()) klZrd_ df kj\" fx{ g\\ ^ ahs] f] xb“' f tf;sGb -^)) kj\" _{ df slt ahs] f] xG' 5 < &= lbNnL -&%) k\"j{_ df ck/fx\\g $ ah]sf] a]nf l;ª\\ufk'/df ck/fx\\g ^ ah]sf] x'G5 . l;ªu\\ fk/' sf] bz] fGt/ kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . 120 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 @ gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k gk] fn blIf0f Pl;ofdf kg{] Ps ek\" l/jl] i7t dn' s' xf] . of] lxdfnosf] blIf0fL sfvdf cjl:yt 5 . gk] fn @^) @@’ pTt/bl] v #)) @&’ pTt/L cIffz+ df / *)) $’ kj\" b{ l] v **) !@’ kj\" L{ bz] fGt/df 5 . o;sf] pTt/ blIf0f b/' L ;fnfvfnf !(# ls= ld= 5 . gk] fnsf] ee\" fu ;db' L| ;txbl] v sDtLdf ^) ld6/ / a9Ldf *,*$* ld6/;Dd prfOdf 5 . olt ;fgf] b/' Lleq prfOsf] o:tf] leGgtf ;;+ f/df gk] fnafxs] sxL“ klg kfOb“ g} . o;leq dV' o gf} ks| f/sf xfjfkfgL / kf| oM ;;+ f/sf] ;a} ks| f/sf kf| sl[ ts jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxL leGgtfn] gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL, hghLjg tyf hl} js Ifq] df 7n' f] ljljwtf kfOG5 . w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df gk] fnnfO{ ;fdfGotof ltg efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != t/fO{ kb| z] gk] fnsf] kj\" { dr] Lbl] v klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf] nueu @% bl] v #@ ls= ld= rf8} fO ePsf] ;ae} Gbf blIf0fL ee\" funfO{ t/fO{ kb| z] elgG5 . ;db' | ;txbl] v ^) ld6/bl] v nueu ^)) ld6/;Dd prfO /xs] f] ;dy/ db} fgnfO{ t/fO{ kb| z] elgG5 . t/fOk{ l5sf] ee\" funfO{ pTt/tkm{ r/' ] kjt{ zª[ v\\ nf / To;kl5sf] ee\" funfO{ dxfef/t kjt{ zª[ v\\ nf elgG5 . r/' ] kjt{ / dxfef/t zª[ v\\ nf larsf] ee\" funfO{ leqL dwz] elgG5 . t/fOs{ f leqL dwz] sf lhNnfx¿ pbok/' , lrtjg, dsjfgk/' , l;Gwn' L, ;v' t{] / bfª xg' \\ . o; kb| z] n] gk] fnsf] sn' ee\" fusf] !& kl| tzt hldgn] cfu] 6s] f] 5 . t/fO{ kb| z] pTt/af6 aUg] gbLn] aufO{ NofPsf] pAhfp kfu“ f] df6f] yl' kP| / ags] f] xf] . To;n} ] gk] fnsf] w/] h} ;f] vfbo\\ fGg / guba] fnL oxL pAhfp xG' 5 . To;n} ] t/fOn{ fO{ ‘gk] fnsf] cGg e08f/’ klg elgG5 . oxf“ ;bfjxf/ jg kfOG5 . oxf“ l;r“ fO, oftfoft tyf cGo efl} ts ;l' jwfn] ubf{ JolStsf] a;fa] f; klg afSnf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 121
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@= kxf8L kb| z] t/fO{ kb| z] bl] v pTt/tkm{ ^)) bl] v ##)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO ePsf] ee\" funfO{ kxf8L kb| z] elgG5 . of] klg dr] Lbl] v dxfsfnL;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . of] Ifq] df bO' { kjt{ >0] fLx¿ kb5{ g\\ . leqL t/fOe{ Gbf blIf0ftkm{ sf] !%)) ld6/;Ddsf] kxf8L Ifq] nfO{ r/' ] kjt{ >0] fL elgG5 . leqL dwz] / r/' ] >0] fLsf] pTt/lt/ yk' }| kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . lognfO{ dxfef/t kjt{ >0] fL elgG5 . logLx¿sf] prfO ##)) ld6/;Dd 5 . *) bl] v !#) ls= ld= rf8} fO ePsf] of] efun] gk] fnsf] nueu ^*% hlt ee\" fu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . lxdfno kjt{ af6 ;w“} alu/xg] gbLx¿n] o; Ifq] df pj/{ a;“] Lx¿sf] lgdf0{ f u/s] f 5g\\ . oxf“ gbLn] agfPsf pj/{ pkTosfx¿ klg yk' }| 5g\\ . sf7df8f“} / kfv] /f bO' { 7n' f pkTosfx¿ oxL“ k5g{ \\ . o; Ifq] sf] tNnf] efudf ktem/ hªu\\ n kfOG5 eg] dflyNnf] efudf sf0] fwf/L ;Nnf, wk' L cflbsf] hªu\\ n kfOG5 . #= lxdfnL kb| z] ;db' | ;txbl] v ##)) ld6/eGbf dflysf] Ifq] nfO{ lxdfnL kb| z] elgG5 . lxd/v] f -%))) ld6/bl] v_ dfly ;w“} lxp“ hld/xG5 eg] ;fe] Gbf tn lxpb“ d\\ f dfq lxp“ /xG5 . o; Ifq] df ;;+ f/sf kl| ;bw\\ cUnf kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfx¿ / 6fs/' fx¿ 5g\\ . oxf“ cUnf lxd zª[ v\\ nfx¿ / pTt/k6l\\ 6 sx] L pRr lxdfnL pkTosfx¿ 5g\\ . ltgnfO{ ef6] klg elgG5, h:t} M dgfª, d:' tfª / 8fN] kf . of] kb| z] sf] dfgjLo a:tL vf;u/L log} pkTosfdf sl] Gbt| 5 . o;n] gk] fnsf] sn' e\"efusf] !%% hlt cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxf“ n]sfnL jg:klt tyf tNnf] efudf 3f“;]e\"ld kfOG5 . lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of eu\" e{ zf:qLx¿sf] egfOcg;' f/ sl/a ;ft s/f8] jifc{ l3 6l;o{ /L ou' sf] (Tertiary period) ;?' sfndf cfªu\\ /fNofG8 -dWo ;fOal] /of_ / uG8jfgfNofG8 -blIf0f ef/t_ sf] lardf Pp6f 7n' f] et\" nLo ;fu/ (geosynclinal sea) /xs] f] lyof] . To;nfO{ 6l] y; ;fu/ (Tethys sea) elgGYof] . pTt/L tyf blIf0fL ee\" fusf gbLx¿n] aufO{ NofPsf] 9ª' u\\ f, afnj' f, df6f,] emf/kft cflb kbfy{ (sediments) yl' kb“| } uP/ To; ;fu/sf] lkw“ df cgs] f“} txbf/ r66\\ fgx¿ ag] . 6l;o{ /L ou' sf] dWofjlwdf pTt/tkm{ af6 kjt{ lgdf0{ f ug{] 7n' f] zlSt (Tectonic force) blIf0ftkm{ cfof] . Tof] zlStnfO{ blIf0f ef/tsf] 8S] sfgsf] l:y/ ee\" fun] /fl] slbPsf] xb“' f pSt ;db' s| f] lkw“ sf r66\\ fg dflylt/ p7/] cfO{ dV' o lxdfno (Greater Himalayas) sf] lgdf0{ f eof] . To;sf] sx] L sfnkl5 To:t} csf{] zlSt pn/{] cfof] / To;n] ubf{ dxfef/t kjt{ sf] pTklTt eof] . oL kjt{ x¿ aGbf 7fp“ 7fpd“ f hldg efl;g uO{ cgs] f“} 3f6“ L, a;“] L / pkTosfx¿ ag] . o;n] ubf{ gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf 7n' f] leGgtf kfOPsf] 5 . 122 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b6l;o{ /L ou' sf] clGtd sfndf csf{] zlSt kb} f eO{ 6l] y; ;fu/sf] pTt/ v08af6 r/' ] kjt{ sf] lgdf0{ f eof] . ox“F 9ª' u\\ f, sªs\\ 8, afnj' f cflb v;f| ] kbfy{ yk' s]| f] lyof] . To;n} ] of] lxdfno / dxfef/t hlt vl“ bnf] 5g} . ltg cf6] } kjt{ >0] fLx¿sf] lgdf0{ fkl5 klg 6l] y; ;fu/sf] sx] L efu h:tfsf] t:t} ;db' | g} /xo\\ f] . clg Kn:] 6f;] g] ou' (Pleistocene period) sf] cGTolt/ log} kxf8L Ifq] af6 hf8] ;u“ aUg] gbLx¿n] aufO{ NofPsf kbfyx{ ¿ yl' kb|“ } uof] . To;kl5 6l] y; ;fu/sf] afs“ L efu klg el/of] / pTt/ ef/tsf ljzfn ;dtn el\" dsf] ;fy;fy} gk] fnsf] t/fO{ k6] Lsf] lgdf0{ f eof] . ldlxg kbfy{ yl' kP| / ags] f] Ifq] xg' fn] efu} les{ bl[ i6af6 o;sf] leGg} ljzi] ftf /xs] f] 5 . pkofl] utf gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf pkofl] utfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/sf 5g\\ M gk] fnsf kjt{ x¿ kj\" { klZrd eO{ km} lnPsfn] uL| iddf lxGb dxf;fu/af6 axg] aflkmnf] df;} dL jfos' f sf/0f tL pRr kxf8x¿df 7fl] Ssb“ f kfgL k5{ . olb kxf8 gePsf] eP oxf“ kfgL kbg{} Yof] / gk] fn d?el\" d em} “ aGg] lyof] . lxpb“ d\\ f dWo Pl;ofaf6 axg] cToGt lr;f] atf;nfO{ klg of] kjt{ n] gk] fnleq k:g lbb“ g} . kmn:j¿k lxdfnodf afxs] cGo efudf c;xo\\ hf8f] xb“' g} . gk] fndf lxdfn, kxf8 Pjd\\ t/fO{ ePsfn] 7G8f Gofgf] / udL{ ;a} ks| f/sf xfjfkfgLx¿ kfOG5g\\ . kxf8L w/ftn ePsf] xb“' f gk] fn hnzlSt, hªu\\ n, vfgL, dgfx] / kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bon{ ] wgL 5 . bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df o;n] 6j] f k¥' ofPsf] 5 . ko6{ g Joj;fo klg km:6fPsf] 5 . lxdfnL kb| z] sf] 7fp“ 7fpd“ f ljleGg vlgh kbfyx{ ¿, h:t} M tfdf, sfO] nf, kmnfd, h:tf, l;;f cflb kfOG5g\\ . ljleGg prfOdf ljleGg ks| f/sf kf| sl[ ts jg:kltx¿ klg 5g\\ . lxdfnL zª[ v\\ nf / gbLx¿n] gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts l;dfgfsf] klg sfd u/s] f 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] kT| os] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] dxTTjsf af/d] f ;dx\" ut 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts gS;f vfh] L ljleGg kf| sl[ ts :j¿kx¿ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOs{ f] ee\" fu bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . @= leqL dwz] egs] f] s] xf] < #= gk] fnsf] sg' Ifq] nfO{ ef6] elgG5, pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 123
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= gk] fnsf] gS;f sf/] L ljleGg kf| sl[ ts :j¿ksf] cjl:ylt bv] fpgx' f;] \\ / tkfO“{ sg' Ifq] df a;fa] f; ugx'{ G' 5, bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . %= blIf0fbl] v pTt/;Ddsf] gk] fnsf] e:\" j¿ksf] l:ylt bv] fOPsf] tnsf] lrq xg] x'{ f;] \\ / cfkm\\ gf] cEof; kl' :tsfdf ptf/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . ^= gk] fnnfO{ kf| sl[ ts lx;fan] slt efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5, kT| os] sf] 5f6] f] aofg ugx'{ f;] \\ . &= gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo lgdf0{ f kl| jm| ofsf af/d] f nV] gx' f;] \\ . *= gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo pkofu] s] s:tf 5g,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k ;dx\" ut sfos{ f ¿kdf bv] fpg df6f,] sfuh, KnfOp8 cflb ko| fu] u/L Ps gdg' f tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . 124 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 # gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL gk] fnsf] cIffz+ sf] cjl:ylt -@^) @@’ – #)) @&’ pTt/_ cg';f/ g]kfndf cwfi]{ 0f df;} dL (sub-tropical monsoon) ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . t/ o;nfO{ klg blIf0f / blIf0f kj\" { Pl;ofsf] cGo bz] x¿ h:t} pi0f df;} dL (tropical monsoon) xfjfkfgLcGtut{ g} /flvG5 . bz] sf] cIffz+ sf] cGt/ sj] n $) dfq 5 . Pp6} w/ftnLo prfOsf Ifq] x¿df of] $) sf] cGt/n] xfjfkfgLdf Tolt 7n' f] leGgtf Nofpg ;Sbg} . t/ oxf“ dV' o ¿kdf prfOsf] sf/0fn] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yfdf 7n' f] ljljwtf /xs] f] gk] fnuGh / gfDr] ahf/ Pp6} cIffz+ /v] fdf k5g{ \\ . t/ uL| iddf gk] fnu~hdf cf;} t tfkjm| d #)) ;=] / gfDr] ahf/df !@) ;=] dfq xG' 5 . prfOcg;' f/ ljljw ks| f/sf xfjfkfgLx¿ kfOPtf klg o;df dg;g' n] ljzi] f ke| fj kf5{ . Pl;ofsf] w/] } ee\" fu kz| fGt dxf;fu/ / lxGb dxf;fu/;u“ hfl] 8Psfn] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] xfjfkfgL dg;g' L ks| f/sf] 5 . c¿ dg;g' L Ifq] df h:t} gk] fndf klg uL| idofddf kz| :t jiff{ xG' 5 eg] lxpb“ d\\ f yf/] } jiff{ xG' 5 . uL| id / lxpb“ \\ Cts' f] tfkjm| d / jiffs{ f] cj:yfsf] cWoogaf6 gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != uL| idsfnLg dg;g' (Summer Monsoon) g]kfnsf] pTt/tkm{ kg]{ lxdfno 125 kj{tx¿n] g]kfnsf] dg;'gL jiff{ x'g'df dxTTjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf v]n]sf xG' 5g\\ . uL| idsfnLg cj:yf rq} df ;?' eP/ ebf;} Dd /xG5 . klxnf] ltg dlxgf bz] el/ udL,{ ;V' vf / wn' f] p8g\\ ] xG' 5 . ;?' sf] dlxgf tj“' fnf] klg nfU5 . kl5Nnf] ltg dlxgf udL{ / jiff{ xG' 5 . rt} sf] bf];|f] xKtfaf6 ;\"o{sf] ls/0f pTt/L ufn] fwd{ f l;wf kg{] ePsfn] hldgsf] v08df xfjfsf] rfk sd xG' 5 / lgs6df /xs] f lxGb dxf;fu/ tyf k|zfGt dxf;fu/df xfjfsf] rfk a9L xG' 5 . To; sf/0f a9L rfk ePsf] ;d'b|af6 sd rfk ePsf] hldgtkm{ aflkmnf] xfjf axG5 . To:tf] xfjf kxf8 tyf lxdfndf 7fl] SsP/ lrl;G5 / jiff{ x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bt/fO{ kb| z] sf] cf;} t tfkjm| d #)) ;=] , dWo kxf8L v08sf] @)) bl] v @%) ;=] , sf7df8f“} pkTosfsf] @$) ;=] tyf lxdfnL kb| z] sf] prfOcg;' f/ km/s xG' 5 . pRr lxdfnL Ifq] df !)), %) ;=] xb“' } )) ;=] ;Dd xG' 5 . gk] fndf sl/a ()% jiff{ uL| idsfnLg dg;g' sf] sf/0fn] xG' 5 . aªu\\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] hnjfik oS' t df;} dL jfo' gk] fnsf] blIf0f kj\" { v08af6 kj| z] u/L jm| dzM pTt/tkm{ nfU5 . o;nfO{ lxdfnL kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfn] 5s] L pTt/tkm{ hfg gkfO{ klZrdtkm{ ;b{} jiff{ u/fp5“ . o;af6 kj\" L{ gk] fndf @)) ;=] ld=, dWo gk] fndf !%) ;=] ld= / klZrd gk] fndf !)) ;=] ld= cf;} t jiff{ xG' 5 . lxdfnL kjt{ zª[ v\\ nflarsf] ee\" fu ef6] kb| z] df eg] kfgL Hofb} g} sd k5{ . @= zLtsfnLg dg;g' (Winter Monsoon) zLtsfnLg cj:yf c;fh] bl] v kmfug' ;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] . o; an] f hf8f] / ;V' vf xG' 5 . ;\"o{ blIf0ffog ePsf] a]nf dWo Pl;of / gk] fnsf] lxdfnL e]udf xfjfsf] rfk (air pressure) vfl“ bnf] / pRr /xG5 . of] lr;f] / ;V' vf xfjf Pl;ofsf] pRr rfk Ifq] af6 blIf0fsf] dxf;fu/tkm{ axg] xb“' f of] lxpb“ ] dg;g' L xfjfn] kfgL kfb}{g . t/ ed\" Wo;fu/ tyf 7'nf] tfn tno} faf6 axg] klZrdL jfo' tyf rjm| jftn] sx] L kfgL k5{ . of] klZrdaf6 kj\" l{ t/ 36b\\ } hfG5 . o; an] f t/fOs{ f] ;fnfvfnf tfkjm| d !)) – !*) ;=] , sf7df8fd}“ f !)) ;=] / kxf8L v08df prfO a9c] g;' f/ tfkjm| d 36b\\ } uO{ lxdfnL v08df )) ;=] eGbf sd x'G5 . ljm| ofsnfk != olb Pp6f JolSt nfxfgaf6 pTt/ gfDr] ahf/lt/ nfU5 eg] p;n] s] s:tf] xfjfkfgLsf] leGgtf dx;;' u5{ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= tfkjm| d )), !)), @%) / #%) xb“' f tkfOn“{ ] s] s:tf] cge' j ugx{' G' 5 < of] kf7 k9b\\ f tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf7] fsf] tfkjm| d slt xfn] f < 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL ;DaGwL gS;fdf xfdLsxf“ kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf lsl;daf/] sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 126 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
$= gk] fnsf] e:\" j¿k / xfjfkfgLsf] :j¿kdf s] s:tf] ;DaGw bl] vG5 < kxf8L / t/fO{ efudf lsg a9L kfgL k5{ < lsg ef6] kb| z] df kfgL sd k/s] f] xfn] f < lxdfndf kfgLsf] ;66\\ f lxp“ kg{] sf/0f s] xfn] f < sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != uL| idsfnLg / zLtsfnLg dg;g' lar leGgtf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnu~h / gfDr] ahf/ Pp6} cIffz+ /v] fdf k5g{ \\ t/ xfjfkfgL km/s km/s kfOG5, lsg < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf] kj\" L{ efueGbf klZrd efu lsg a9L ;V' vf 5, sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . $= ædg;g' L jiff{ gk] fnLsf] ldq / zq' bj' } xfÆ] , s] tkfO“{ o;df ;xdt xg' x' G' 5 < sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= tn lbOPsf] lrqsf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ^= ltAatL Ifq] df cToGt} sd kfgL kgfs{ f] sf/0f / pRr lxdfnodf w/] } lxp“ kgfs{ f] sf/0f kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 127
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 $ gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns ljljwtf / jg:klt efu} fl] ns ljljwtfn] ubf{ gk] fndf ljleGg k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL, jg:klt tyf hl} js ljljwtf kfOG5 . df;} dL xfjfkfgLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ JolStsf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk tyf dfgjLo :jf:Yo / sfd ug{] Ifdtfdf klg km/s bl] vG5 . prfOcg' ;f/ ljleGg xfjfkfgL / jg:klt kfOG5 . gk] fndf kfOg] dV' o kfr“ ks| f/sf] jg:kltnfO{ tnsf] lrqn] k:| 6 kf5{ . != cwfi{] 0f ;bfjxf/ hªu\\ n blIf0flt/sf] t/fO{ ee\" fudf -^), ld= – !@)) ld=_ cwfi]{ 0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ cwfi]{ 0f ;bfjxf/ hªu\\ n kfOG5 . oxf“ sd prfO ePsfn] cToGt udL{ xG' 5 / tfkjm| d udLd{ f $%) ;=] ;Dd kU' 5 . t/fO{ kb| z] df jiff{ @)) ;=] ld= ;Dd xG' 5 t/ jiff{ kj\" a{ f6 klZrdlt/ 36b\\ } hfG5 . oxf“ 7n' f, cUnf, s8f vfnsf / ;fne} l/ xl/of] xg' ] ?vx¿, h:t} M ;fn, l;;f,} vo/, s;' d' , hfdg' cflb kfOG5g\\ . @= ktem/ df;} dL hªu\\ n r/' ] kjt{ sf] dflyNnf] efu, dWoel\" d tyf dxfef/t kjt{ sf] dWoefu -!@)) ld= – @!)) ld=_ df Gofgf] ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL / ktem/ hªu\\ n kfOG5 . prfO a9s] fn] oxf“ uL| idofddf tfkjm| d @$) – #)) ;=] ;Dd kU' 5 . uL| idofddf !)) – @)) ;=] ld= jiff{ xG' 5 . oxfs“ f ?vx¿sf kft 128 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blxpb“ df em5g{ \\ . xfr] f] efudf ktem/ ?v Pjd\\ pRr efudf ktem/ / sf0] fwf/L ?vx¿sf] ldl>t hªu\\ n kfOG5 . oxf“ ;fn, ;Nnf,] rfk“ , cfv] /, lrnfpg,] plTt;, nfs/' L h:tf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\\ . #= ;bfjxf/ sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n dxfef/t kjt{ sf] pRr efu / lxdfno kjt{ sf] tNnf] efu -@!)) ld= – ##)) ld=_ df 7G8f ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL / ;bfjxf/ sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n kfOG5 . oxf“ uL| idsf] tfkjm| d @)) ;=] / lxpb“ s\\ f] tfkjm| d )) ;=] ;Dd cfl] nG{ 5 . oxf“ pRrel\" ddf xfjfkfgL 7G8f ePsfn] ;Nnf,] wk' L, efh] kq, u/' f;“ , af;“ , lgufnf] tyf sx] L emf8L h:tf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\\ . $= ns] fnL t0[ fel\" d lxdfno kjt{ sf] lxd/v] fbl] v tNnf] efu / leqL lxdfno -##)) ld= – %))) ld=_ df ns] fnL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . Toxf“ tfkjm| d lxpb“ d\\ f )) ;=] eGbf tn kU' 5 . jiff{ nueu %) ;=] ld= dfq lxps“ f ¿kdf k5{ . To;n} ] oxf“ 3f;“ sf kmf6“ x¿, v;f| emf8L, u/“' f; / h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g\\ . of] Ifq] kz' kfngsf nflu pkoS' t dflgG5 . %= 6G' 8f« jg:klt lxd/v] f -%))) ld=_ af6 dfly clt lr;f] 6G' 8f« xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ ;we“} l/ lxp“ kl//xg] xg' fn] zLt d?el\" dsf] jg:klt kfOG5 . lxp“ /fd/| L yl' kg| gkfpg] 7fpd“ f dfq sfO,{ np] m / clncln 3f;“ kfOG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO“{ a:g] 7fpd“ f s] s:tf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g,\\ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfO“{ a:g] 7fpd“ f x/s] dlxgf / Ctd' f jg:kltdf s] s:tf] kl/jtg{ cge' j ugx'{ G' 5, l6kf6] u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns ljljwtf / Toxf“ kfOg] jg:kltlar s] s:tf] ;DaGw 5, ljZni] f0f ugx{' f;] \\ . @= 7fpc“ g;' f/ km/s km/s jg:klt kfOgs' f sf/0f s] s] xg' ,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= tkfO{“ a:g] 7fpd“ f kfOg] jg:kltsf ljzi] ftf 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= ki[ 7 el/g] u/L gk] fnsf] gS;f agfO{ kf| sl[ ts jg:kltsf] ljt/0f bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 129
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 % w/ftnLo ljljwtf / hghLjg w/ftnLo :j¿k / xfjfkfgLn] JolStsf] a;fa] f;, /xg;xg / cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf w/] } ke| fj kf5{ . gk] fnsf] pTt/bl] v blIf0f;Dd w/] } yl/sf w/ftnLo :j¿k / xfjfkfgL kfOG5g\\ . ;fx] Lcg;' f/ ljleGg kb| z] df leGg leGg vfnsf /xg;xg / cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ xG' 5g\\ . != lxdfnL kb| z] lxdfnL kb| z] n] bz] sf] sn' ee\" fusf] !%% Ifq] kmn cfu] 6s] f] 5 . clt 7G8f xfjfkfgL / hl6n w/ftnLo :j¿ksf sf/0f bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofsf] ^=&#% hg;ªV\\ of o; kb| z] df a:5 . zk] f,{ NxfN] df,] ysfnL, 8fN] kf,] ef6] ] cflb o; Ifq] sf kd| v' afl;Gbf xg' \\ . clt 7G8f xfjfkfgL xg' s' f ;fy} ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ / sl[ ifofU] o hldgsf] cefjsf sf/0f oxfs“ f] hghLjg si6s/ 5 . oxf“ sx] L dfqfdf hf,} pjf, kmfk/ / :ofp pTkfbg xG' 5 . cfn' o; kb| z] sf] dV' o pTkfbg xf] . o; Ifq] df w/] } cfsifs{ ko6{ sLo :ynx¿ 5g\\ . oxfs“ f afl;Gbfx¿n] xf6] n Pjd\\ nh ;~rfng u5g{ \\ . o; l;nl;nfdf ky kb| zs{ eO{ jf ko6{ sx¿sf] ;j] f u//] hLljsfk] fhg{ u5g{ \\ . rf/“} LufO,{ e8] f / 3f8] f kfngaf6 klg oxfs“ f afl;Gbfx¿n] hLljsfk] fhg{ u5g{ \\ . h8La6' L Jofkf/ klg oxf“sf] cfDbfgLsf] dV' o ;f| t] xf] . @= kxf8L kb| z] lxdfnL kb| z] / t/fO{ kb| z] sf lardf kxf8L kb| z] /xs] f] 5 h;n] gk] fnsf] sn' ee\" fusf] nueu ^*% lx:;f cfu] 6s] f] 5 . gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofsf] $#% hg;ªV\\ of o; kb| z] df a;fa] f; u5{ . af| xd\\ 0f, Ifq] L, /fO,{ lnDa,' du/, u?' ª, tfdfª, gj] f/ cflb o; kb| z] sf kd| v' afl;Gbf xg' \\ . o; kb| z] df vt] L ofU] o hldg sd 5 tyflk kxf8sf sd le/fnf kfvfx¿df ds,} sfb] f,] ux“' h:tf vfbo\\ afnLx¿ pAhfOG5 . prfO sd ePsf / gbL 5p] sf l;r“ fO ;l' jwf ePsf a;“] Ldf / pkTosfx¿df wfg, ux“' / ds} pAhfOG5 . ufO,{ e;“} L / afvf| kfng klg oxfs“ f] cfDbfgLsf ;f| t] xg' . cnr“} L, lrof, skmL, cbj' f, ;G' tnf, hg' f/ cflb o; kb| z] sf gub] afnL xg' \\ . oxfs“ f afl;Gbfx¿sf] dV' o k;] f sl[ if g} xf] . sx] L gj] f/x¿ Jofkf/df nfus] f 5g\\ eg] sx] L /fO,{ lnDa,' u?' ª, 3n] cflb ef/tLo tyf an] fotL ;g] fdf sfo/{ t 5g\\ . oxfs“ f oj' fx¿ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/ / gfs] /Ldf nfus] f 5g\\ . clxn] eg] hfltut ¿kdf k;] f cu“ fNg] kbw\\ lt sd xb“' } uPsf] 5 . #= t/fO{ kb| z] t/fO{ kb| z] n] gk] fnsf] sn' ee\" fusf] nueu !&% el\" d cfu] 6s] f] 5 . sl[ if ofU] o hldg, ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿sf] ;xhtf tyf pbo\\ fu] wGbf / Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf sf/0f o; Ifq] sf] 130 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhg3gTj a9L 5 . gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofsf] %)=@& kl| tzt afl;Gbf o; kb| z] df a:5g\\ . Gofgf] jf u/d xfjfkfgL, kz| :t uL| idsfnLg jiff,{ pmj/{ df6f] / l;r“ fO ;l' jwfsf sf/0f of] kb| z] sl[ ifsf nflu pkoS' t 5 . oxf“ wfg / ux“' 7n' f] kl/df0fdf pTkfbg ul/G5 . h6' , ;t' L,{ pv,' tn] xg, skf;, kmnkmn' , t/sf/L o; kb| z] sf dV' o gub] afnL xg' \\ . lj/f6gu/, bx' aL, nfxfg, hgsk/' , jL/uGh, e/} xjf, a6' jn, wgu9L gk] fnuGh oxfs“ f cfb} o\\ fl] us tyf Jofkfl/s sG] bx| ¿ 5g\\ . kz' kfng tyf df5f kfng klg cfDbfgLsf /fdf| ;f| t] xg' \\ . ofbj, yf?, d;' ndfg, dw;] L, af| xd\\ 0f, tn] L, s;' jfxf, sd' L,{ rdf/, d;' x/ cflb o; Ifq] sf kd| v' afl;Gbf xg' \\ . lxdfnL tyf kxf8L Ifq] af6 a;fO;“ /fOsf] sf/0fn] kxf8L dn\" sf af| xd\\ 0f, Ifq] L, /fO,{ du/ cflb hfltx¿sf] klg oxf“ pNnV] o a;fa] f; 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] lxdfnL kb| z] bl] v t/fO{ kb| z] ;Ddsf] hg3gTj tyf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk km/s km/s xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= xfjfkfgLsf] bl[ i6sf0] fn] tkfO“{ gk] fnsf] sg' Ifq] df a;fj] f; ug{ dg k/fpgx' G' 5, lsg < atfpgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != lxdfnL kb| z] sf JolStx¿sf] hLljsfk] fhg{ sf] ;f| t] x¿ s] s] xg' \\ < oxfs“ f] hghLjgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg / hLjg :t/ psf:g s] s] ugk{' nf{ < @= t/fO{ kb| z] nfO{ gk] fnsf] cGg e08f/ elgG5, lsg < #= kxf8L kb| z] / t/fO{ kb| z] df pTkfbg xg' ] kd| v' gub] afnLx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . $= gk] fnsf] lxdfnL tyf kxf8L kb| z] df sl[ if pTkfbg sd xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] Onfsfdf pTkfbg xg' ] afnL / ;do tyf To;sf ;d:ofx¿ s] s] 5g\\ < ls;fgx¿;u“ ;fW] gx' f;] \\ / To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ Ps klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 131
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 ^ gk] fnsf] hn;f| t] sf] cj:yf / pkofu] gk] fn hn;f| t] sf bl[ i6sf0] fn] ckf/ ;Defjgf ePsf] /fi6« xf] . bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf; hn;f| t] sf] pkofu] df klg e/ k5{ . hn;f| t] dV' otof bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ M ;txL -surface_ / el\" dut -underground_ . pkofu] sf bl[ i6sf0] fn] ;txL hn;f| t] a9L dxTTjk0\" f{ xG' 5 . o;cGtut{ gbL, lxdgbL, jiff,{ tfn / dn\" nufot k5g{ \\ . el\" dut hn;f| t] w/ftnleq ns' s] f] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ Ogf/, sj' f vg/] / kfOkåf/f tfg/] ;txdf lgsflnG5 . gk] fndf 5 xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\\ eg] Ps xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnf !! ls= ld= eGbf nfdf 5g\\ . gk] fnsf ;Dk0\" f{ gbLx¿sf] hn e08f/ Ifdtf bO' { nfv bO' { xhf/ ldlnog Sol' as ld6/ /xs] f] cgd' fg 5 . sf;] L, u08sL / s0ffn{ L gk] fnsf kd| v' gbLx¿ xg' \\ . ltgsf] hn e08f/ Ifdtf sn' hn e08f/ Ifdtfsf] &$ kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf gbLgfnfx¿af6 sn' *# xhf/ du] fjf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cflys{ tyf kf| ljlws ¿kn] klg $@ xhf/ du] fjf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ ;lhn} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . gbLx¿sf] kj| fx, hn e08f/ / pkofl] utfsf bl[ i6n] gk] fnsf gbLx¿nfO{ ltg >0] fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . != klxnf] :t/sf gbLx¿ o; ks| f/sf gbLx¿ lxdfnoaf6 pTklTt eO{ 7n' f] hn/fzLsf ;fy kj| flxt xG' 5g\\ . o:tf gbLx¿ :yfoL xG' 5g\\ . sf;] L, s0ffn{ L / u08sL klxnf] :t/sf gbLx¿ xg' \\ . oL gbLx¿ 7n' f hn ljbo\\ t' \\ / l;r“ fO cfofh] gfsf nflu pkofu] L dflgG5g\\ . 132 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@= bf;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ dxfef/t >0] fLaf6 pTklTt eO{ aUg] gbLx¿ bf;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ xg' \\ . o:tf gbLx¿ jiffo{ fddf w/] } 7n' f] xg' ] t/ ;V' vfofddf kfgLsf] dfqf lgs} 36g\\ ] xG' 5 . dr] L, sGsfO,{ lqou' f, sdnf, jfudtL, af0fuªu\\ f, ltgfpm, /fKtL, aaO,{ dfx] gf cflb bf;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ xg' \\ . o; ks| f/sf gbLx¿ klg ;fgf hn ljbo\\ t' ,\\ vfgk] fgL / l;r“ fOsf nflu pkofu] L xG' 5g\\ . #= t;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ t;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ dxfef/t >0] fLaf6 blIf0ftkm{ r/' ] kxf8 -lzjflns kjt{ dfnf_ af6 pTklTt eO{ dg;g' L jiffo{ fddf 7n' f] ¿k lnO{ aU5g\\ . t/ lxpb“ s\\ f] ;V' vfofddf cToGt} sd kfgL xg' ] jf ;S' g] xg' fn] c:yfoL ks| l[ tsf xG' 5g\\ . l;l;o{ f, ltnfj] ,] hdg' L, xlbg{ fy, dfx] gf, 8G' 8j' f, chg{' vfn] f cflb t;] f| ] >0] fLsf gbLx¿ xg' \\ . gbLgfnf afxs] gk] fndf w/] } tfn tno} fx¿ klg 5g\\ . bf;] f| ] / t;] f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ klg ;fgf hn ljbo\\ t' ,\\ l;r“ fO / vfgk] fgLsf nflu pkofu] L xG' 5g\\ . gk] fnsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df xft] kDksf] ko| fu] u/L Ogf/af6 hldgdl' gsf] kfgL lgsfnL vfgk] fgLsf] nflu ko| fu] ul/G5 . hn;f| t] sf] pkofu] , hn pTkGg ks| fk] tyf Joj:yfkg gk] fnsf gbLgfnfaf6 7n' f] dfqfdf ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf ePtf klg xfn;Ddsf] hn ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg !))) d3] fjf6 gf£g ;ss] f] 5g} . /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf kmlkª{ / ;G' b/Lhnaf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ul/Psf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf sflnu08sL ‘P’ af6 !,$$ d3] fjf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 . 7n' f;fgf u/L gk] fndf nueu #) cf6] f hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gfx¿ 5g\\ . uf| dL0f :t/df klg :yfgLo vfn] faf6 n3' ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gfx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\\ . dfucg¿' ksf] ljbo\\ t' \\ cfkl\" t{ gxb“' f pbo\\ fu] wGbfx¿ /fd/| L rNg ;ss] f 5g} g\\ . gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu hn ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] pTkfbg a9fpg' cToGt} cfjZos 5 . hn;f| t] sf] csf{] dxTTjk0\" f{ pkofu] l;r“ fOsf nflu xG' 5 . sl[ if kw| fg bz] gk] fnsf] nflu l;r“ fO ckl/xfo{ 5 . /f0ffsfnLg gk] fndf lqou' f / dgi' df/f gbLaf6 l;r“ fOsf nflu gx/ agfOPsf] lyof] . Tofe] Gbf klg klxn] sf7df8f“} pkTosfdf /fhsn' fx¿ lgdf0{ f ul/Psf lyP . ky| d lqjifLo{ cGtl/d ofh] gf -@)^^÷)^&_ sf] cGTo;Dddf ;a} k0| ffnLaf6 hDdf !@, %@,$&^ xS] 6/ hldgdf l;r“ fO ;l' jwf k¥' ofOPsf] lyof] hg' sn' vt] LofU] o hldgsf] %)% eGbf sd xf] . zf/bf -sn} fnL, sGrgk/' M ^*)) xS] 6/_, jfudtL -af/f, /ft} x6, ;nfx{ L M %), @)) xS] 6/_, /fKtL -afs“ ] M #))) xS] 6/_, sGsfO{ -emfkf M *))) xS] 6/_, l;S6f -afs“ ] #^,))) xS] 6/_ sf;] L -;Kt/L M @@,))) xS] 6/_, u08s -af/f, k;f,{ /ft} x6, gjnk/f;L %!,))) xS] 6/_ aaO{ -albo{ f M !#,))) xS] 6/_ gk] fnsf kd| v' l;r“ fO cfofh] gfx¿ xg' \\ . o;afxs] ¿kGbx] L, slknj:tn' ufot sx] L :yfgx¿df el\" dut kfgL lgsfnL l;r“ fO ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 133
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fnsf gbLx¿ hn ljxf/sf nflu ljZjd} kl| ;bw\\ 5g\\ . xfdLn] hn;f| t] sf] ;dl' rt ;/+ If0f / pkofu] ugk{' 5{ . jg ljgfzn] kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ ;S' b} uPsf 5g\\ . cJojl:yt kmfx] f/] Joj:yfkgn] xfdf| gbLgfnfx¿ kb| l\" ift ePsf 5g\\ . o;sf] kT| oIf c;/ xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf k5{ . a;l{] g af9L klx/fh] :tf hn pTkGg ks| fk] tyf emf8f kvnf, xh} f, hlG8; h:tf /fu] n] ;of“} JolStx¿n] Hofg ud' fO/xs] f 5g\\ . o;n] ubf{ w/] } kl/jf/x¿ 3/jf/ ljxLg ePsf 5g\\ . o;df xfdL ;a} ;rt] xg' k' 5{ / hn ;Dkbfsf] plrt ;/+ If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L tx dfq geO{ ;db' fo, u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] klg ljzi] f el\" dsf vN] gk' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf kd| v' gbLx¿ ;Ktsf;] L, ;Kt u08sL / ;Kt s0ffn{ Lsf ;xfos gbLx¿ kTtf nufO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf s] s:tf hn pTkGg ks| fk] af6 dflg;x¿ ;d:ofdf 5g\\ < ;db' fosf sg' } rf/ JolStnfO{ e6] L pgLx¿sf] ljrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo ;dt] vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != hn pTkGg ks| fk] eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s] s] ugk{' 5,{ nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= pTklTt / hn e08f/sf bl[ i6n] gk] fnsf gbLx¿nfO{ slt :t/df /fVg ;lsG5 < o:tf gbLsf ljzi] ftf s] xg' ,\\ pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf gbLgfnfsf rf/ dV' o pkofl] utf nv] L 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= gk] fndf hn ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] kr| /' ;Defjgf eP klg sn' dfusf] cfwf klg cfkl\" t{ xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . o;sf] sf/0f s] xfn] f < %= kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ ;S' g glbg / o:tf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ kb| i\" f0f dS' t /fVg s] ugk{' 5{ < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ljbo\\ t' \\ tyf vfgk] fgLsf] cfkl\" t{ / kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿sf] cj:yfaf/d] f Ps nv] tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 134 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf7 & gS;f sfo{ kY[ jLsf] ;Dk0\" f{ efu jf sg' } Ps efunfO{ :sn] sf] ;xfotfåf/f 7n' f] jf ;fgf] kf/L Pp6f ;Dd k/s] f] ;tx jf sfuhdf ptfg{] sfon{ fO{ gS;f sfo{ elgG5 . gS;f agfpg] snfnfO{ sf6fu{] f| kmL -cartography_ elgG5 . hldgsf] b/' L / ;f] b/' L sfuhdf bv] fpb“ f ko| fu] ul/g] b/' Lsf] cgk' ft g} gfkf] jf :sn] (scale) xf] . gS;fdf ;ªs\\ t] / :sn] sf] 7n' f] dxTTj xG' 5 . lxhfc] fh ljsl;t gS;fsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . gof“ gof“ kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ kY[ jLsf] sg' } efu tyf ;Dk0\" f{ kY[ jLs} af/d] f w/] } ;r\" gf kfOG5 . ep\" kux| sf dfWodåf/f lvlrPsf kmf6] fx] ¿af6 klg ljleGg ks| f/sf gS;fx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L &)) bl] v !&)) ls= ld= dfly;Ddaf6 ep\" kux| n] lnPsf] kmf6] fn] fO{ sDKo6' /sf] ;xofu] n] gS;f agfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;8s lgdf0{ f ubf{ jf cGo o:t} ko| fh] gsf lglDt 7n' f] :sn] sf] gS;f lvRgk' 5{ . oxf“ gk] fnsf] /v] fªl\\ st dfglrq sfg] {] tl/sf atfOPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] gS;fdf l;dfgf /v] fx¿ sxL“ leq / sxL“ aflx/ uPsf efux¿ 5g\\ . tkfOn“{ ] ltgLx¿nfO{ b?' :t} sfg] { g;s] klg o;sf] cfsf/ / cjl:yltdf ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' 5{ . gS;f lvRgsf nflu tnsf s/' fx¿df Wofg lbgx' f;] \\ M Pp6f !) ;=] ld= nDafO / ^ ;=] ld= rf8} fO -10cm × 6cm) ePsf] cfoftsf/ sf7] f lvRgx' f;] \\ . -ofe] Gbf 7n' f] agfpgk' /] dfly lbOPsf] gfknfO{ bfA] a/ tA] a/ ug{ ;lsG5 ._ bj' } lsgf/df @ ;=] ld= df wsf{ tfGg] To:t} v r = @ ;=] ld=, u h = @ ;=] ld=, s ª = @ ;=] ld=, 3 5 = @ ;=] ld=, ª em = # ;=] ld=, 5 em = 3 ;=] ld= wsf{] tfGg] . To:t} sv / u3 df klg @ ;=] ld= sf km/sdf @ cf6] f wsf{ tfGg] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b To;kl5 w/] } k6s dflysf] gS;f sfg] {] cEof; ugx{' f;] \\ . clg gx/] Lsg sfg] {] ko| f; ugx{' f;] \\ . To;df P6n; (atlas) sf] ;xfotfn] ljleGg ;x/, lxdfn, gbLsf ;fy} cfkm\" a:g] 7fpx“ ¿ egx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 135
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgS;f cWoog ubf{ gfkf] (scale) sf] 1fg xg' cToGt h?/L 5 . hldgsf] !) ls= ld= nfO{ sfuhdf ! ;=] ld= df bv] fpgk' bf{ :sn] ! ;=] ld= !) ls= ld= xG' 5 . cGt/fl{ i6o« gS;f sfo{ ljZjsf] gS;fdf P6nf;sf] ko| fu] åf/f ljleGg tYox¿ egx{' f;] ,\\ h:t} M lug| NofG8 6fk,' ;fxf/f d?el\" d, /sL kjt{ , PlG8h kjt{ , Sofg8f, ;fOal] /of, lhjf| N6/ hn ;o+ fh] s, cfGb| dxf;fu/, kz| fGt dxf;fu/, af| lhn, ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sf, gk] fn, kfgfdf gx/ cflb . ljm| ofsnfk != ! ;=] ld= ! ls= ld= sf] syfgfTds :sn] nfO{ kl| tlglw leGgdf abNbf ! M !,)),))) xG' 5 . of] leGgdf cz+ ;w“} ! / sfuhsf] b/' L bv] fpg] xG' 5 eg] x/n] w/ftnLo b/' L ;fx] L PsfOdf bv] fp5“ . o;df ! ;=] ld= sfuhsf] b/' Ldf ! nfv ;=] ld= hldgsf] b/' L xG' 5 . ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ % ls= ld= xG' 5 eGg] :sn] nfO{ kl| tlglw leGgdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . :sn] sygfTds, kl| tlglw leGg / lrqfTds u/L ltg ks| f/sf] xG' 5 . P6n;sf] cWoog u/L oL ltg ks| f/sf :sn] af/] hfgsf/L lngx' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf7] fsf] nDafO Pjd\\ rf8} fO gfKgx' f;] \\ / Ifq] kmn kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . 136 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
#= Pp6f :sn] lgwf/{ 0f u//] tkfOs“{ f] cfkm\\ gf] sIffsf7] fsf] gS;f sfg] x{' f;] \\ . o:tf] :sn] / ;fs] f cfwf/df agfOPsf gS;f jf lrqsf] dxTTj s] 5, 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . $= tnsf gS;fdf ko| fu] xg' ] ;ªs\\ t] x¿sf] cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . o:tf ;ªs\\ t] agfpgx' f;] \\ tyf gS;f sfod{ f ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \\ M ;ª\\s]t ljzi] ftf ;ª\\s]t ljzi] ftf kjt{ xjfO{ dfu{ ;8s dlGb/ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b k'n 3f“;]e\"ld gbL eGHofª tfn /]ndfu{ ;x/ kjt{ >0] fL %= tnsf] lrqdf dfl] gsfn] xftn] agfPsf] gS;f lbOPsf] 5 . To;df sg' } gfk lbOPsf] 5g} . To;n} ] To;df bv] fOPsf 3/, k;n, vfn] f gfnf sx] L dfqfdf eP klg otfptf kg{ ;S5g\\ . t/ Pp6f gfn} f] JolSt To; gS;fsf] ;xfotfn] dfl] gsfsf] 3/af6 ljbo\\ fno ;lhn} hfg ;S5 . tkfO“{ klg cfkm\\ gf] 3/bl] v ljbo\\ fno hfg] gS;f sfg] x{' f;] \\ / dV' o 7fpx“ ¿ pNnv] u/L lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M ^= dfly pNnv] ul/Psf afxs] sf klg gS;f lgdf0{ f ug{] tl/sfx¿ vfh] L u/L gS;f agfpg] cEof; ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 137
kf7 * b/' L ;DaGwL 1fg :sn] ko| fu] u/L gS;f sfg] {] tl/sf lrq :sn] !M!)) sg' } klg j:ts' f] k/' f cfsf/ h:tfsf] t:t} sfuhdf b]vfpg c;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ :s]ndf gS;f bv] fpgk' g{] xG' 5 . :sn] n] kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] sg' } klg efusf] jf:tljs b/' LnfO{ sfuhdf gS;fsf ¿kdf cfjZostfg;' f/ 7n' f] / ;fgf] kf//] bv] fpg ;xofu] u5{ . Pp6f l;ªu\\ f] 6a] nsf] jf:tljs cfsf/ Ps kGgf vfnL sfuhdf sfg] { ;lsGg . To;sf nflu :sn] s} ;xfotfn] 6a] n' sf] ! ld6/ a/fa/ sfkLdf ! ;]= ld= df b]vfpg ;lsG5 . :s]nnfO{ ltg ks| f/n] JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != sygfTds dfks M o;df sfuh / w/ftnsf] b/' Lsf] cgk' ftnfO{ zAbåf/f JoSt ul/G5, h:t} M ! ;=] ld= = !) ld6/, ! OGr = %) dfOn @= kl| tlglw leGg dfks M o;df sfuh / w/ftnsf] b/' Lsf] cgk' ft leGgdf lbOPsf] xG' 5 . o; leGgsf] cz+ n] sfuhsf] b/' L / x/n] w/ftnsf] b/' L hgfp5“ . cz+ ;w“} ! / x/ hg' ;s' } ;ªV\\ of eP klg To;n] w/ftnsf] b/' L hgfp5“ . dfglrqdf kl| tlglw leGg bv] fpg] dfksn] ! n] ! ;=] ld= dflgof] eg] w/ftnsf] b/' L klg !)) ;=] ld= xG' 5 . o;nfO{ !M!)) nl] vG5 . #= lrqfTds dfks jf /v] flrqLo dfks M o;df sfuh / w/ftnsf] b/' Lsf] cgk' ft Pp6f ;/n/v] f lvr/] To;nfO{ ;l' jwfcg;' f/ ljefhg ul/G5 . o;df afofs“ f] klxnf] v08nfO{ ;xfos ljefhg u/L bv] fOPsf] xG' 5, h:t} M 138 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
ljleGg :sn] df lvlrPsf] gS;fx¿ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b dflysf lrqx¿df sf7df8f“} pkTosfsf] sx] L efux¿ bV] g ;lsG5 . olb xfdLn] gS;fdf ! ;=] ld= df 7n' f] :sn] -h:t} M ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ @) ls= ld=_ ko| fu] u¥of“} eg] o:tf] gS;fn] w/] } 7fp“ cfu] 65\\ . t/ gS;fdf ePsf ;a} 7fpx“ ¿ 5nª{ u\\ bl] vb“ g} g\\ . To:t} ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ )=% ls= ld= ko| fu] u¥of“} eg] o:tf] gS;fn] w/] } 7fp“ cfu] 6b\\ g} . t/ gS;fsf tYox¿ 5nª{ u\\ bl] vG5g\\ . To;n} ] gS;fdf bv] fpgk' g{] cfjZos efux¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;fx] Lcg;' f/ ;x' fpb“ f] ¿kdf :sn] sf] ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ . sg' } klg gS;f sfg] s{' f] vf; pbb\\ Z] o xG' 5 / o;n] g} sg' :sn] ko| fu] ug{] eGg] s/' fsf] lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . b/' Lsf] gfk -Measuring Distance_ sg' } bO' { cf6] f 7fpx“ ¿ larsf] jf sg' } l;wf ;8ssf] 5f6] f] b/' L kTtf nufpg Pp6f ?n/sf] ;xfotfn] gfk lngx' f;] \\ / jf:tljs gfknfO{ ;l] G6ld6/df kl/0ft ugx{' f;] \\ . gS;fdf lrl8ofvfgfbl] v kN' rfs] sf] :tk' f;Ddsf] b/' L hDdf !=# ;=] ld= 5 / :sn] !M%)))) 5 . To;n} ] !=# x� %),))) a/fa/ ^%,)))=) xG' 5 . To; sf/0f tL bO' { 7fpl“ arsf] jf:tljs b/' L ^%))) ;=] ld= cyft{ \\ ^%) ld6/ 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pTt/ kTtf nufpg dfly lbOPsf] lrqx¿ ko| fu] ugx'{ f;] \\ M -s_ olb d clxn] czfs] :tk' glhs 5' eg] yfkfynL vfH] g dn} ] sg' lbzflt/ xg] k{' 5{ < -v_ 5f6] f] af6fa] f6 hfb“ f nugvn] af6 yfkfynL slt b/' Ldf kb5{ < -u_ ;fe] mf] /v] faf6 xb] f{ sLltk{ /' af6 rfe] f/ / kf6g ahf/af6 xl/l;bl\\ w slt 6f9f k5{ < -3_ gS;fdf rjm| kysf] efudf k/' } wfufn] 9fSbf o;sf] rjm| ky k/' s} f] gfk slt lgl:sG5 < ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 139
kf7 ( Pl;of M efu} fl] ns tyf kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b Pl;of dxfbz] ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] dxfbz] xf] . o;n] ljZjsf] sn' Ifq] kmnsf] nueu Ps ltxfO Ifq] kmn cf6] s] f] 5 . $#,^)*,))) ju{ ls= ld= Ifq] kmn /xs] f] Pl;of dxfbz] kj\" { klZrd (,^%) ls= ld= / pTt/ blIf0f ^$$) ls= ld= ;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . of] !)) blIf0fbl] v *)) pTt/ cIffz+ tyf @%) k\"j{b]lv !*)) klZrd b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ljifdtfn] el/Psf] o; dxfbz] df ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf -**$* ld=_ / ljZjs} xfr] f] :yfg dt[ ;fu/ -;db' | ;txaf6 #($ ld= tn_ /xs] f 5g\\ . ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] tfn Sofl:kog ;fu/ -#&,!),)) ju{ ls= ld=_ / ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf ulx/f] tfn as} fn tfn -!^@) ld=_ klg Pl;odf 5g\\ . Pl;ofsf] kj\" d{ f kz| fGt dxf;fu/, klZrddf o/' fn lxd zª[ v\\ nf, pTt/df ;d' ?] dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf lxGb dxf;fu/ 5g\\ . != w/ftnLo :j¿k w/ftnLo :j¿ksf cfwf/df Pl;ofnfO{ 5 efudf ljefhg u//] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ pTt/L ;dy/ Ifq] M Pl;ofsf] pTt/lt/sf] 7n' f] ee\" fu ;fOal] /og Ifq] df w/] } hf8f] xG' 5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf tfkjm| d #)) klg kU' 5 . 140 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9
kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ dWo Pl;ofnL kjt{ >0] fL tyf pRr ;d:ynLsf] Ifq] M ed\" Wo;fu/af6 kj\" d{ f kz| fGt dxf;fu/;Dd dWo Pl;of kml} nPsf] 5 hx“F ljZj kl| ;bw\\ kjt{ >0] fLx¿ 5g\\ . rLg, ef/t / gk] fndf kg{] lxdfno kjt{ oxfs“ f] dV' o zª[ v\\ nf xf] . ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf klg oxL k5{ . oxf“ sf/fsf/] d, ;n' d] g, lxGbsz' , PNah|' cflb cGo zª[ v\\ nf klg 5g\\ . dWo Pl;of lxdfnosf] jl[ i6 5fof kg{] / ;db' b| l] v w/] } 6f9f k/s] fn] cw{ d?el\" d h:t} 5 . -u_ blIf0fL pRr ;d:ynL Ifq] M blIf0fL efudf ef/tsf] 8S] sg ;d:ynL, c/l] aof ;d:ynL, og' fgL pRr ;d:ynL cflb cjl:yt 5g\\ . ltAatsf] pRr ;d:ynL lxdfnosf] pTt/lt/ k5{ . of] ;;+ f/s} 5fgfs] f ¿kdf kl| ;bw\\ 5 . oL ee\" fux¿ k/' fgf tyf s8f r66\\ fgaf6 ags] f 5g\\ . -3_ gbLwf/L Ifq] M oxf“ gbLåf/f lgldt{ ljzfn pkTosfx¿ 5g\\ . oL pkTosfx¿ w/] } pAhfp el\" d ePsf xg' fn] JolStsf] a:tL afSnf] 5 . tL pAhfp el\" dx¿ l6lu;| , ok' m]| 6;\\ , l;Gw,' uªu\\ f, ax| d\\ kq' , ds] fg] cflb gbLåf/f ags] f xg' \\ . log} gbLsf a;“] Lx¿df g} dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf kfOG5 . -ª_ blIf0f kj\" L{ 6fkx' ¿sf] Ifq] M kj\" { / blIf0ftkm{ w/] } 6fk' / åLkx¿ cjl:yt 5g,\\ h:t} M hfkfg, dfnlbE;, lkmlnlkG; / OG8fg] l] ;of . oxf“ pi0f jf cwfi{] 0f dg;g' L ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . -r_ klZrdL d?el\" d Ifq] M Pl;ofsf] blIf0f klZrddf ;V' vf Ifq] 5 . oxf“ pi0f d?el\" dx¿ 5g,\\ h:t} M dWokj\" L{ Pl;of / yf/ d?el\" d . oxf“ pi0f d?:ynLo ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . @= xfjfkfgL / kf| sl[ ts jg:klt ed\" Wo/v] fbl] v pTt/L wj'| ;Dd g} km} lnPsfn] oxfs“ f] xfjfkfgL ;a} 7fpd“ f Psgf; 5g} . blIf0fL v08df pi0f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL 5 . OG8fg] l] ;of tyf dnl] ;ofdf ed\" Wo/v] Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ ;w“} udL{ / jiff{ xG' 5 . blIf0fL Pl;ofdf pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] blIf0f klZrd Pl;ofdf pi0f d?:ynLo ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dWo Pl;of lxdfnosf] jl[ i6 5fof kg{] / ;db' b| l] v w/] } 6f9f k/s] fn] cwd{ ?el\" d h:t} 5 . pTt/tkm{ lxpb“ e\\ l/ tfkjm| d )) eGbf klg tn eO/xG5 eg] uL| idofddf sx] L Gofgf] xG' 5 . o; dxfbz] n] 7n' f] Ifq] cfu] 6s] fn] kf| sl[ ts jg:klt klg xfjfkfgLsf ks| f/cg;' f/ km/s km/s 5g\\ . df;} dL tyf ;dzLtfi] 0f kb| z] df ktem/ hªu\\ n / ed\" Wo/v] Lo Ifq] df 3gf ;bfjxf/ hªu\\ n, ;fOal] /ofdf ljzfn sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n kfOG5 . ;fy} pi0f d?:ynLo Ifq] df sf8“ b] f/ a6' o\\ fg / 6G' 8f« kb| z] df Hofb} sd dfq ?v la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 141
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