RS815_FINAL TB OF GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != cfkm\\ gf] P6n;df Pl;ofsf] kf| sl[ ts :j¿k bv] fOPsf] gS;f x/] L kf7df lbOPsf] kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfx¿, pRr ;d:ynL tyf gbL lgldt{ db} fgx¿sf] cjl:yltsf] klxrfg ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fOal] /ofsf] db} fg / blIf0fsf] ljzfn kjt{ zª[ v\\ nf slt nfdf] xfn] f, :sn] sf] ;xofu] n] dfkg ugx{' f;] \\ . @= 5 5 hgfsf] ;dx\" agfO{ kT| os] ;dx' sf x/s] ;b:onfO{ Pl;ofsf] Ps Ps efu} fl] ns jftfj/0f lhDdf lngx' f;] \\ / kT| os] n] ;f] ;DaGwdf sIffsf7] fdf cfkm\" n] cWoog u/s] f] ljifo j:t' ;DaGwdf c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg{] ko| f; ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != lbOPsf] gS;f sfkLdf ptf//] jf Pl;ofsf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;f lsg/] ljleGg dn' s' sf gfd cªu\\ h]| Ldf nv] L sfkLdf 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . @= tn lbOPsf tYox¿nfO{ gS;fdf egx{' f;] \\ / cfkmg\\ f] lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M ofª;\\ L gbL (Yangtse river), yf/ d?el\" d, Sofl:kog ;fu/, o/' fn kxf8, :6K] ; 3f;“ ] db} fg #= Pl;ofsf] /v] fªl\\ st dfglrqdf a;e{} l/ udL{ xg' ] / kfgL kg{] Ifq] , uL| iddf dfq kfgL kg{] Ifq] , kfgL g} gkg{] Ifq] x¿ / lxpb“ d\\ f kz| :t lxp“ kg{] Ifq] x¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . $= w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df Pl;ofnfO{ slt efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5 < tL s] s] xg' \\ < %= Pl;ofnfO{ ‘ljifdtfsf] dxfbz] ’ elgG5, lsg < 142 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 ( Pl;of M efu} fl] ns tyf kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b Pl;of dxfbz] ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] dxfbz] xf] . o;n] ljZjsf] sn' Ifq] kmnsf] nueu Ps ltxfO Ifq] kmn cf6] s] f] 5 . $#,^)*,))) ju{ ls= ld= Ifq] kmn /xs] f] Pl;of dxfbz] kj\" { klZrd (,^%) ls= ld= / pTt/ blIf0f ^$$) ls= ld= ;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . of] !)) blIf0fbl] v *)) pTt/ cIffz+ tyf @%) k\"j{b]lv !*)) klZrd b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ljifdtfn] el/Psf] o; dxfbz] df ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf -**$* ld=_ / ljZjs} xfr] f] :yfg dt[ ;fu/ -;db' | ;txaf6 #($ ld= tn_ /xs] f 5g\\ . ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] tfn Sofl:kog ;fu/ -#&,!),)) ju{ ls= ld=_ / ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf ulx/f] tfn as} fn tfn -!^@) ld=_ klg Pl;odf 5g\\ . Pl;ofsf] kj\" d{ f kz| fGt dxf;fu/, klZrddf o/' fn lxd zª[ v\\ nf, pTt/df ;d' ?] dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf lxGb dxf;fu/ 5g\\ . != w/ftnLo :j¿k w/ftnLo :j¿ksf cfwf/df Pl;ofnfO{ 5 efudf ljefhg u//] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ pTt/L ;dy/ Ifq] M Pl;ofsf] pTt/lt/sf] 7n' f] ee\" fu ;fOal] /og Ifq] df w/] } hf8f] xG' 5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf tfkjm| d #)) klg kU' 5 . 140 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ dWo Pl;ofnL kjt{ >0] fL tyf pRr ;d:ynLsf] Ifq] M ed\" Wo;fu/af6 kj\" d{ f kz| fGt dxf;fu/;Dd dWo Pl;of kml} nPsf] 5 hx“F ljZj kl| ;bw\\ kjt{ >0] fLx¿ 5g\\ . rLg, ef/t / gk] fndf kg{] lxdfno kjt{ oxfs“ f] dV' o zª[ v\\ nf xf] . ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf klg oxL k5{ . oxf“ sf/fsf/] d, ;n' d] g, lxGbsz' , PNah|' cflb cGo zª[ v\\ nf klg 5g\\ . dWo Pl;of lxdfnosf] jl[ i6 5fof kg{] / ;db' b| l] v w/] } 6f9f k/s] fn] cw{ d?el\" d h:t} 5 . -u_ blIf0fL pRr ;d:ynL Ifq] M blIf0fL efudf ef/tsf] 8S] sg ;d:ynL, c/l] aof ;d:ynL, og' fgL pRr ;d:ynL cflb cjl:yt 5g\\ . ltAatsf] pRr ;d:ynL lxdfnosf] pTt/lt/ k5{ . of] ;;+ f/s} 5fgfs] f ¿kdf kl| ;bw\\ 5 . oL ee\" fux¿ k/' fgf tyf s8f r66\\ fgaf6 ags] f 5g\\ . -3_ gbLwf/L Ifq] M oxf“ gbLåf/f lgldt{ ljzfn pkTosfx¿ 5g\\ . oL pkTosfx¿ w/] } pAhfp el\" d ePsf xg' fn] JolStsf] a:tL afSnf] 5 . tL pAhfp el\" dx¿ l6lu;| , ok' m]| 6;\\ , l;Gw,' uªu\\ f, ax| d\\ kq' , ds] fg] cflb gbLåf/f ags] f xg' \\ . log} gbLsf a;“] Lx¿df g} dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf kfOG5 . -ª_ blIf0f kj\" L{ 6fkx' ¿sf] Ifq] M kj\" { / blIf0ftkm{ w/] } 6fk' / åLkx¿ cjl:yt 5g,\\ h:t} M hfkfg, dfnlbE;, lkmlnlkG; / OG8fg] l] ;of . oxf“ pi0f jf cwfi{] 0f dg;g' L ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . -r_ klZrdL d?el\" d Ifq] M Pl;ofsf] blIf0f klZrddf ;V' vf Ifq] 5 . oxf“ pi0f d?el\" dx¿ 5g,\\ h:t} M dWokj\" L{ Pl;of / yf/ d?el\" d . oxf“ pi0f d?:ynLo ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . @= xfjfkfgL / kf| sl[ ts jg:klt ed\" Wo/v] fbl] v pTt/L wj'| ;Dd g} km} lnPsfn] oxfs“ f] xfjfkfgL ;a} 7fpd“ f Psgf; 5g} . blIf0fL v08df pi0f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL 5 . OG8fg] l] ;of tyf dnl] ;ofdf ed\" Wo/v] Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ ;w“} udL{ / jiff{ xG' 5 . blIf0fL Pl;ofdf pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] blIf0f klZrd Pl;ofdf pi0f d?:ynLo ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . dWo Pl;of lxdfnosf] jl[ i6 5fof kg{] / ;db' b| l] v w/] } 6f9f k/s] fn] cwd{ ?el\" d h:t} 5 . pTt/tkm{ lxpb“ e\\ l/ tfkjm| d )) eGbf klg tn eO/xG5 eg] uL| idofddf sx] L Gofgf] xG' 5 . o; dxfbz] n] 7n' f] Ifq] cfu] 6s] fn] kf| sl[ ts jg:klt klg xfjfkfgLsf ks| f/cg;' f/ km/s km/s 5g\\ . df;} dL tyf ;dzLtfi] 0f kb| z] df ktem/ hªu\\ n / ed\" Wo/v] Lo Ifq] df 3gf ;bfjxf/ hªu\\ n, ;fOal] /ofdf ljzfn sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n kfOG5 . ;fy} pi0f d?:ynLo Ifq] df sf8“ b] f/ a6' o\\ fg / 6G' 8f« kb| z] df Hofb} sd dfq ?v la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 141

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != cfkm\\ gf] P6n;df Pl;ofsf] kf| sl[ ts :j¿k bv] fOPsf] gS;f x/] L kf7df lbOPsf] kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfx¿, pRr ;d:ynL tyf gbL lgldt{ db} fgx¿sf] cjl:yltsf] klxrfg ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fOal] /ofsf] db} fg / blIf0fsf] ljzfn kjt{ zª[ v\\ nf slt nfdf] xfn] f, :sn] sf] ;xofu] n] dfkg ugx{' f;] \\ . @= 5 5 hgfsf] ;dx\" agfO{ kT| os] ;dx' sf x/s] ;b:onfO{ Pl;ofsf] Ps Ps efu} fl] ns jftfj/0f lhDdf lngx' f;] \\ / kT| os] n] ;f] ;DaGwdf sIffsf7] fdf cfkm\" n] cWoog u/s] f] ljifo j:t' ;DaGwdf c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg{] ko| f; ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != lbOPsf] gS;f sfkLdf ptf//] jf Pl;ofsf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;f lsg/] ljleGg dn' s' sf gfd cªu\\ h]| Ldf nv] L sfkLdf 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . @= tn lbOPsf tYox¿nfO{ gS;fdf egx{' f;] \\ / cfkmg\\ f] lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M ofª;\\ L gbL (Yangtse river), yf/ d?el\" d, Sofl:kog ;fu/, o/' fn kxf8, :6K] ; 3f;“ ] db} fg #= Pl;ofsf] /v] fªl\\ st dfglrqdf a;e{} l/ udL{ xg' ] / kfgL kg{] Ifq] , uL| iddf dfq kfgL kg{] Ifq] , kfgL g} gkg{] Ifq] x¿ / lxpb“ d\\ f kz| :t lxp“ kg{] Ifq] x¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . $= w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df Pl;ofnfO{ slt efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5 < tL s] s] xg' \\ < %= Pl;ofnfO{ ‘ljifdtfsf] dxfbz] ’ elgG5, lsg < 142 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 !) Pl;of M cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjg ea\" gf6] , xfjfkfgL, df6fs] f] ks| f/, kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf tyf pkofu] h:tf kIfx¿n] JolStsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / hLjg zn} Ldf kT| oIf ke| fj kf5g{ \\ . Pl;of dxfbz] efu} fl] ns Pjd\\ kf| sl[ ts bl[ i6n] ljifdtfsf] dxfbz] xf] . To;n} ] oxf“ leGg leGg cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / hLjg zn} L kfOG5 . ;dud| f Pl;ofsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ lgDg lnlvt zLifs{ df cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M != blIf0f klZrd Pl;of -dWokj\" _{ o; Ifq] cGtu{ t dV' o ¿kdf vf8Lkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b Ifq] -;fpbL c/a tyf jl/kl/sf Ifq] _ tyf ok' m| 6] ;\\ -Euphrates) / l6lu;| (Tigris) gbLlarsf efux¿ k5g{ \\ . nueu d?:ynLo xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0fn] sl[ if pTkfbg cToGt Gog\" xg' sf ;fy} kfgLsf] klg rsf{] cefj 5 . o; Ifq] sf] hg3gTj sd 5 . e8] fafvf| tyf pm“ 6 / 3f8] f kfNg' oxfs“ f] k/Dk/fut k;] f xf] . w/] } lbg;Dd kfgLlagf afR“ g / lx8“ g\\ ;Sg] ePsfn] o; Ifq] df pm“ 6nfO{ oftfoftsf] dV' o ;fwgsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ‘d?el\" dsf] hxfh’ (ship of the desert) klg elgG5 . ljut sx] L bzsbl] v k6] f« l] nod kbfys{ f] pTvgg tyf pTkfbg ePkl5 oxfs“ f] cflys{ l:ylt / hLjg :t/df 7n' f] kl/jtg{ cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] sn' k6] f« l] nod kbfys{ f] lgoft{ sf] nueu ## kl| tzt lx:;f o; Ifq] af6 xG' 5 . oxfs“ f clwsfz+ JolStx¿ dl' :nd wdfj{ nDaL 5g\\ . @= blIf0f Pl;of Pl;ofsf] lxdfno zª[ v\\ nfeGbf tn /xs] f] ef/t tyf jl/kl/sf] Ifq] nfO{ ef/tLo pkdxflåk elgG5 . o;nfO{ blIf0f Pl;of klg elgG5 . o; Ifq] df kr| /' kfgLsf] pknAwtf, pmj/{ a;“] Lx¿ tyf gbLn] agfPsf ;dy/ ee\" fu /xs] f 5g\\ . Ct' kl/jtg{ n] ubf{ kf/} fl0fs sfnbl] v g} o; Ifq] df afSnf] cfjfbL /xs] f] 5 . oxf“ wfg, ux,“' ds} h:tf vfbo\\ afnL tyf lrof, h6' , pv,' tn] xg, bnxg, d;nf cflb gub] afnLx¿sf] kz| :t pTkfbg xG' 5 . o; Ifq] sf] cyt{ Gq sl[ if tyf kz' kfngdf a9L lge/{ 5 . pbo\\ fu] tyf snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf; dGb ultdf 5 . oxfs“ f] hg;ªV\\ of / hg;ªV\\ of jb[ l\\ wb/ pRr 5 . To;n} ] ;dud| f hLjg :t/ cem} klg dfly p7g\\ ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 143

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;ss] f] 5g} . of] Ifq] lxGb,' afb} w\\ tyf d;' ndfgx¿sf] af;:yfg xf] . lxGb' / afb} w\\ wd{ tyf ;:+ sl[ tsf] pTklt tyf k;| f/ o;} Ifq] af6 ePsfn] blIf0f Pl;ofnfO{ ‘kj\" Lo{ ;Eotfsf] pbu\\ d :yn’ dflgG5 . #= blIf0f kj\" L{ Pl;of Pl;ofsf] blIf0f tyf kj\" s{ f /fi6x« ¿, h:t} M dnl] ;of, l;ªu\\ fk/' , OG8fg] l] ;of, lkmlnlkG;, yfONofG8 cflb o; If]qcGtu{t k5{g\\ . oxf“ cfjfbL afSnf] 5 . wfg, gl/jn / /a/ kz| :t pTkfbg xG' 5 . t6Lo Ifq] df df5f dfg{] Joj;fo /fdf| ] 5 . pb\\of]u wGbf / Jofkf/ km:6fO/xs] f 5g\\ . ko6{ g pb\\of]usf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . dn]l;of, l;ªu\\ fk/' / yfONofG8sf JolStx¿sf] hLjg :t/ tn' gfTds ¿kdf pRr:t/sf] 5 . oxf“ O:nfd, afb} w\\ / lxGb' wdfn{ DaLx¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \\ . 144 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= kj\" L{ Pl;of of] If]q Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t If]q xf] . rLg, sfl] /of tyf hfkfg o; Ifq] df k5g{ \\ . oxf“ kz| :t wfg pTkfbg x'G5 . o;sf] t6Lo If]q cfw'lgs df5f Joj;fosf nflu k|l;b\\w 5 . oxf“sf] pb\\of]u wGbf tyf Jofkf/ pTsi[ 6 5 . kl| tJolSt cfo / cf;} t pd/] pRr xg' sf ;fy} hLjg zn} L cfwl' gs 5 . sl[ if tyf kz' kfngdf cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5 . kmnfd, tfdf, h:tf tyf k6] f« n] vfgLx¿ kz| :t 5g\\ . of] Ifq] ljZjs} ljsl;t Ifq] x¿df k5{ . clwsfz+ dªu\\ fn] hflt /xs] f] o; Ifq] df afb} w\\ wd{ dflgG5 . ;f:+ sl[ ts lx;fan] of] Ifq] Hofb} wgL 5 . %= dWo klZrd Pl;of ljifd xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0fn] dWo tyf klZrd Pl;ofsf] cflys{ l:ylt tyf hghLjg Tolt /fd|f] 5}g . rLgsf] klZrdL v08, sfhvf:tfg, pHa]ls:tfg, lslu{h:tfg h:tf b]zx¿df s[lif tyf pbo\\ fu] x¿ km:6fpg ;ss] f 5}gg\\ . oxf“ yf]/} dfqfdf vfbo\\ afnL pTkfbg xG' 5 / sx] L dfqfdf skf; pTkfbg xG' 5 . e8] f / afvf| kfng g} oxfs“ f w/] } JolStsf] hLljsfk] fhg{ sf] cfwf/ xf] . kz' kfng ug{] ePsfn] oxfs“ f clwsfz+ JolStx¿sf] hLjg lkm/Gt] zn} Lsf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 145

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^= pTt/L Pl;of cToGt} lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0f o; If]qdf cfafbL Psbd kftnf] 5 . ?;sf] w/] h} ;f] efu oxL Ifq] df k5{ . o;nfO{ ;fOal] /of elgG5 . sl[ if pTkfbg guGo 5 . ns] fnL xl/0f (rein deer) kfng sx] L 7fp“df ul/G5 . ‘6fOuf’ (Taiga) hªu\\ n oxfs“ f] dV' o cfly{s ;|f]t xf] . sf]Onf, lgsn] , ;g' , tn] cflb vfgLx¿ pNn]Vo dfqfdf ePsfn] oxfs“ f] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs hLjg dWod :t/sf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lbOPsf] tflnsf eg'{xf;] \\ . P6n\\ ; tyf cGo gS;fx¿sf] ;xof]u lngx' f;] \\ M kb| z] b]zx¿ xfjfkfgL jg:klt cfly{s hg3gTj ljm| ofsnfk pTt/ Pl;of dWo klZrd Pl;of blIf0f Pl;of blIf0f kj\" L{ Pl;of kj\" L{ Pl;of dWo kj\" L{ Pl;of @= Pl;of dxfbz] sf ek\" l/jl] i7t bz] x¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . 146 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

#= blIf0f klZrd Pl;of / blIf0f Pl;ofsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk Pjd\\ hghLjgdf ePsf leGgtfx¿ cfN“} ofpgx' f;] \\ . $= Pl;ofsf] kj\" L{ Ifq] df kz| :t jiff{ xg' ' t/ klZrdL Ifq] df d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= efu} fl] ns sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ hfkfgdf df5f dfg{] Joj;fo km:6fPsf] 5 . -v_ l;ªu\\ fk/' / OG8fg] l] ;ofdf ;w“} uL| id Ct' xG' 5 / kz| :t jiff{ xG' 5 . ^= Pl;ofsf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;fdf lgDg lnlvt tYox¿ egx{' f;] \\ M :yfgx¿ M 6fl] sof,] aO] lhª, lbNnL, dªu\\ fl] nof, l;ªu\\ fk/' , >Lnªs\\ f, sfan' , l/ofb, ufj] L d?el\" d, yf/ d?el\" d, ;u/dfyf, ltAatL ;d:ynL gbLx¿ M ofªh\\ L, xj\\ fª xf,] uªu\\ f, O/fjbL, ds] fª] , lngf, ok' m| 6] ;\\ tfn tyf ;fu/x¿ M Sofl:kog ;fu/, c/a ;fu/, aªu\\ fnsf] vf8L, as} fn tfn kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 147

kf7 !! o/' fk] M efu} fl] ns tyf kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b o/' fk] 3gf a:tL ePsf] ;fgf] dxfbz] xf] . of] dxfbz] #() pTt/bl] v &!) pTt/ cfIffz+ / @)) klZrd bl] v ^%) kj\" L{ bz] fGt/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o; dxfbz] nfO{ kj\" d{ f o/' fn kjt{ / Sofl:kog ;fu/n] Pl;ofaf6 56' o\\ fPsf 5g\\ . o;sf klZrddf cfGw| dxf;fu/, pTt/df ;d' ?] dxf;fu/ / blIf0ftkm{ ed\" Wo;fu/ cjl:yt 5g\\ . of] ;;+ f/sf] bf;] f| ] ;fgf] dxfbz] xf] . o; dxfbz] n] !,)$,(*,))) ju{ ls= ld= ee\" fu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . o;sf] kj\" { klZrd nDafO ^$)) ls= ld= / pTt/ blIf0f rf8} fO $*)) ls= ld= /xs] f] 5 . ltg} tkma{ f6 kfgLn] 3l] /Psf] / Psftkm{ Pl;ofsf] ljzfn ev\" 08;u“ hfl] 8Psfn] o/' fk] nfO{ kf| olåk elgG5 . o/' fk] leq klg ltg} tkma{ f6 kfgLn] 3l] /Psf cGo ee\" fux¿ klg 5g,\\ h:t} M gj,{] l:j8g] , :kg] , kfr] u{' n, O6nL / lu;| . To;n} ] o/' fk] nfO{ ‘kf| olåkx¿sf] kf| olåk’ elgG5 . of] dxfbz] ;fgf] ePtf klg leqL efu;Dd ;db' | 3;' s] fn] o;sf] ;fdl' bs| lsgf/f nfdf] 5 . 148 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

o/' fk] sf yf/] } dfq bz] x¿ ek\" l/jl] i7t 5g\\ . oxfs“ f gbLx¿ w/] } nfdf 5g} g\\ t/ km/flsnf] eO{ dGb ultdf aUg] xb“' f cfGtl/s hn oftfoftsf nflu dxTTjk0\" f{ 5g\\ . o/' fk] k0\" f{ ¿kn] pTt/L ufn] fwd{ f kg{] ljZjsf] Ps dfq dxfbz] xf] . To;n} ] o;sf] 7n' f] ee\" fusf] xfjfkfgL ;dzLtfi] 0f 5 . w/ftnLo :j¿ksf cfwf/df o/' fk] nfO{ dV' o ltg efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5 M != pTt/ klZrdsf] pRrel\" d M of] o/' fk] sf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdWo] ;ae} Gbf kf| rLg :j¿k xf] . kf| rLg df8] bf/ kxf8nfO{ cgfjt[ Ls/0fsf tTTjx¿n] lvofP/ of] pRrel\" dsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . of] pRr el\" dnfO{ :SoflG8gl] eof (Scandinevia) elgG5 . o; Ifq] df gj,{] l:j8g] , lkmgNofG8 / 8g] dfs{ h:tf bz] x¿ cjl:yt 5g\\ . @= dWo efusf] db} fg M o;nfO{ ?;L Kn6] klg elgG5 . of] Ifq] o/' fk] sf] kj\" L{ efusf] o/' fn kjt{ bl] v cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/L efu;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . of] efu Hofb} kf| rLg kl/jltt{ r66\\ fgaf6 ags] f] 5 . of] db} fgL efudf ?;sf] ljzfn el\" d, kfN] ofG8, hdg{ L, pTt/L km| fG;, al] Nhod h:tf bz] x¿ kb5{ g\\ . efN] uf (Volga) / 8G] oa' (Dunube) gbLx¿ o;} Ifq] af6 axG5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b #= blIf0fsf] kjt{ Lo Ifq] M of] kjt{ Pl;ofsf] lxdfno kjt{ sf] ;dsfnLg kjt{ dfnf xf] . of] gof“ df8] bf/ r66\\ fgåf/f ags] f] 5 . of] kjt{ >0] fLsf] prfO / :j¿k Psgf;sf] 5g} . cfNk;\\ (Alps), ss;] ; (Caucasus) / sfkfl{ yog (Carpathian) zª[ v\\ nfx¿ oxfs“ f dV' o kjt{ >0] fL xg' \\ . ss;] ; kjt{ >0] fLdf /xs] f] PNa;'| kjt{ (Mt. Elbrus) o/' fk] sf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] kjt{ -%^## ld=_ xf] . xfjfkfgL tyf kf| sl[ ts jg:klt cjl:ylt, w/ftnLo :j¿k / ;fdl' bs| b/' Lsf sf/0fn] o/' fk] df dV' otM rf/ ks| f/sf xfjfkfgLsf Ifq] kfOG5g\\ . clwsfz+ efu pTt/L cIffz+ df kg{] sf/0fn] pTt/L o/' fk] sf] xfjfkfgL cToGt} lr;f] 5 . of] Ifq] nueu gf} dlxgf lxpn“ ] 9flsPsf] xG' 5 . uL| idofdsf] tfkjm| d nueu !))–!@) ;=] xG' 5 . of] Ifq] df g/d sf7 ePsf ;Nnf, wk' L hftsf sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n kfOG5g\\ h;nfO{ 6fOuf (Taiga) elgG5 . klZrdL jfos' f] ke| fjn] klZrdL ;fdl' bs| lsgf/sf Ifq] x¿df a;e{} l/ kfgL kb5{ / lxpb“ d\\ f sx] L lxp“ kb5{ . oxfs“ f] xfjfkfgL Gofgf] / :j:Yos/ 5 . lxpb“ \\ / uL| idsf] tfkfGt/ w/] } xb“' g} . o; Ifq] df 7n' f kft ePsf ktem/ hªu\\ n kfOG5 . o/' fk] sf] kj\" L{ Ifq] ;db' a| f6 6f9f /xs] fn] oxf“ ljifd xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . uL| idofddf udL{ xg' ] / lxpb“ d\\ f cToGt} lr;f] xg' ] o; Ifq] df jiff{ cToGt} sd xG' 5 . kmn:j¿k ?vx¿ pdg| / a9g\\ ;Sbg} g\\ . To;n} ] kj\" L{ o/' fk] df 3f;“ ] db} fg kfOG5 h;nfO{ :6K] ; (Steppes) elgG5 . blIf0f o/' fk] df ed\" Wo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df hldgaf6 axg] jfl0fHo jfos' f] sf/0fn] uL| idofddf udL{ xg' ] t/ kfgL gkg{] / ;V' vf xG' 5 eg] lxpb“ d\\ f klZrdL jfon' ] kz| :t jiff{ u/fp5“ . uL| idofddf kfgL gkg{] / lxpb“ d\\ f tfkjm| d sd xg' fn] o; Ifq] df ?vx¿ a9g\\ ;Sbg} g\\ . To;n} ] o; Ifq] df ;;fgf kft ePsf xfr] f ?vx¿sf] hªu\\ n / emf8Lx¿ kfOG5g\\ . kj\" s{ f] Sofl:kog ;fu/ jl/kl/ cw{ d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL / jg:klt kfOG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 149

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != o/' fk] df a;e{} l/ kfgL kg{] Ifq] , lxpb“ d\\ f dfq kfgL kg{] Ifq] / nfdf] ;do lxpn“ ] 9flsg] Ifq] klxrfg ugx{' f;] \\ / o;f] xg' fsf sf/0f 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != o/' fk] sf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;fdf ltg dV' o efu} fl] ns kb| z] x¿ -kjt{ Lo Ifq] , pRr el\" dsf] Ifq] / db} fgL Ifq] _ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . @= tn lbOPsf] nG8gsf] !@ dlxgfsf] jiff{ / tfkjm| dsf] tYofªs\\ nfO{ :tDelrq / /v] flrqåf/f bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M dlxgf h= km] = df= c= d]= h'= h'= c= ;]= c= gf]= l8= tfkjm| d -;=] _ $ % & ( !@ !^ !* !& !% !! * % jiff{ -ld= ld=_ %$ $) #& #& $^ $% %& %( $( %& ^$ $* #= efu} fl] ns sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ kj\" L{ o/' fk] df hªu\\ n geP/ w/] } 3f;“ ] db} fg 5 . -v_ blIf0f o/' fk] df uL| idofddf jiff{ xb“' g} . -u_ pTt/L o/' fk] df sf0] fwf/L hªu\\ n kfOG5 . -3_ lkmgNofG8nfO{ tfnt} fnsf] bz] elgG5 . $= o/' fk] sf] gS;f x/] L lgDg tYox¿ kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ km| fG; / :kg] larsf] kjt{ -v_ ;ae} Gbf a9L hg3gTj ePsf] 6fk' -u_ clkm| sfsf] clt glhs kg{] o/' fk] n] L bz] -3_ hdg{ xb“' } pTt/tkm{ aUg] gbL %= o/' fk] sf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;fdf lgDg tYox¿ egx{' f;] \\ M cfNk;\\ kjt{ >0] fL, PNa;'| kjt{ , 8G] oa' gbL, lxpb“ d\\ f kfgL kg{] Ifq] , aflN6s ;fu/, ed\" Wo ;fu/ cfg] u] f tfn, :sflG8gl] eof, pRr el\" d, cfOal] /og kf| oåLk, lhaf| N6f/ hn ;o+ fh] s, nG8g, cf:] nf,] kl] /;, lu;| , d:sf] . 150 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 !@ o/' fk] M cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs hLjg cflys{ ku| lt / cfwl' gstfsf bl[ i6n] o/' fk] dxfbz] Hofb} ljsl;t 5 . oxfs“ f clwsfz+ JolStx¿kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ljm| l:rog wd{ dfG5g\\ . oxf“ /fd] g Sofyfl] ns / kf| 6] :] 6G] 6 bj' } ;Dkb| fosf JolStx¿ Ps cfk;df ldn/] a;s] f 5g\\ . o/' fk] df kf| oMh;f] cfcfÇg} bz] sf] efiff afl] nP klg cªu\\ h]| L, km]| Gr, hdg{ nufot kd| v' ¿kn] afl] ng] efiff xg' \\ . oxf“ clwsfz+ afl;Gbf cfog{ 5g\\ / sx] L dfq dªu\\ fl] nog 5g\\ . ;dzLtfi] 0f / :j:ys/ xfjfkfgLsf sf/0fn] o; dxfåLksf JolStx¿ ldlxgt] L / l;hg{ zLn 5g\\ . c7f/f“} / pGgfO;f“} ztfAbLsf] cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtbl] v g} o/' fk] n] L dn' s' x¿n] pRr cflys{ / kf| ljlws ljsf; u/s] f lyP . ofqf, vfh] / cg;' Gwfgdf cu:| yfgdf /xs] f o/' fk] n] Lx¿n] g} pTt/ cdl] /sf, blIf0f cdl] /sf / clkm| sfsf af/d] f lj:tt[ hfgsf/L lnPsf lyP . Toxfs“ f dn' s' nfO{ cfÇgf] pklgjz] agfO{ 7n' f] cflys{ kmfObf lnPsf lyP . o; dxfbz] n] ljZjsf 7n' f j1} flgs, bfzl{ gs, snfsf/, ;flxTosf/ cflb hGdfPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿af6 ;;+ f/el/sf JolStx¿n] klg kmfObf lnPsf 5g\\ . cdl] /sf kTtf nufpg] ljm| :6fk] m/ sfn] Da;bl] v c:6l«] nof kTtf nufpg] hD] ; ss' klg o/' fk] n] L g} lyP . kl| ;bw\\ j1} flgs cNa6{ cfOG;6fOgbl] v lnP/ dxfg\\ snfsf/ lnofg] fbf{] bf leGrL, lksf;f,] dxfg\\ ;flxTosf/ ;S] ;lko/, k6] f« s{ cflb klg o/' fk] n] L g} xg' \\ . sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] , kz' kfng tyf ko6{ g o/' fk] ;fgf] t/ pRr hg3gTj ePsf] dxfbz] xf] . oxfs“ f clwsfz+ JolStx¿ lzlIft / l;koS' t xg' fn] ;dzLtfi] 0f 3f;“ ] db} fgnfO{ klg ‘;;+ f/sf] cGg e08f/’ agfPsf 5g\\ . oxf“ df;' / bU' w kbfys{ f nflu 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ufOj{ :tx' ¿ kflnG5g\\ . oxf“ cTofwl' gs kz' kfng Joj;fo km:6fPsf] 5 . ed\" Wo;fu/ jl/kl/sf Ifq] df kz| :t dfqfdf cªu\\ /' , ;G' tnf, sfutL hftsf /;bf/ kmnkmn' sf] vt] L ul/G5 . o;y{ o; Ifq] df h;' tyf jfOg pbo\\ fu] x¿sf] /fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . /d0fLo jftfj/0fsf sf/0f klZrd / blIf0f o/' fk] df ko6{ g pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . pTt/L lr;f] Ifq] df df;s' f nflu /g] l8o/ kflnG5 . ;fdl' bs| lsgf/L Ifq] df cfwl' gs kl| jlwaf6 kz| :t df5f dfl/G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 151

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] df klg o/' fk] wgL 5 . pTt/ klZrd v08sf] ;db' L| Ifq] df kz| :t k6] f« l] nod kbfy{ pTkfbg ul/G5 . dWo tyf kj\" L{ efudf kz| :t sfO] nf / kmnfd pTkfbg ul/G5 . ;dosf] plrt ;bk' ofu] ug,{] Jo:t /xg,] ldlxgt] L tyf sg' } klg sfdnfO{ o/' fk] n] L JolStx¿n] ;Ddfg u5g{ \\ . Toxf“ pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] x¿sf] ;xL pkofu] u/L pgLx¿ pRr hLjg :t/ afR“ g ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != æo/' fk] dxfbz] n] dfgj ljsf;sf ljleGg Ifq] df cu0| fL el\" dsf vn] s] f] 5 .Æ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . @= an] fot, O6fnL / gjs{] f] cflys{ ultljlw tyf hLjg :t/af/] sIffdf ;dx\" ut 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b #= dWo o/' fk] sf] 3f;“ ] db} fgsf] cflys{ dxTTjsf] rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ljleGg ;f| t] af6 ;r\" gf ;ªs\\ ng u/L tnsf] tflnsf egx{' f;] \\ M kb| z] b]zx¿ xfjfkfgL s[lif vlgh pbo\\ fu] o/' fk] sf] pTt/L efu o/' fk] sf] klZrdL efu o/' fk] sf] dWo efu o/' fk] sf] blIf0fL efu %= o/' fk] sf] /v] fªl\\ st dfglrqdf lgDg lnlvt s/' fx¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M k6] f« l] nod pTkfbg xg' ] Ifq] , ux“' pTkfbg Ifq] , kmnkm' n pTkfbg Ifq] , 6fOuf hªu\\ nsf] Ifq] , sfO] nf pTkfbg xg' ] Ifq] , 3gf cfjfbLsf Ifq] x¿ . ^= olb tkfOn“{ ] o/' fk] df a:g] dfs} f kfpge' of] eg] sg' bz] df a;fa] f; ug{ dg k/fpgx' G' 5, lsg < efu} fl] ns, cflys{ / ;fdflhs sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . 152 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf6 !# c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] efu} fl] ns tyf kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b c:6l]« nof ;;+ f/sf] ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] dxfbz] xf] . of] dxfbz] !)) blIf0fbl] v $)) blIf0f cIffz+ / !!$) kj\" b{ l] v !%$) kj\" { bz] fGt/;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . o;sf] sn' Ifq] kmn &^,*^,*%) ju{ ls= ld= 5 . o;sf] ;Dk0\" f{ ee\" fu blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f k5{ . c:6l]« nofsf] w/] h} ;f] ee\" fu xfr] f] / ;dy/ 5 . c:6l«] nofnfO{ kf| sl[ ts :j¿kcg;' f/ dV' o ltg efudf af8“ g\\ ;lsG5 M != kj\" L{ pRr el\" d M of] efu pTt/ kj\" d{ f sk] ofs] { kf| oåLkbl] v blIf0fdf t:dflgof 6fk;' Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . kj\" t{ km{ pTt/bl] v blIf0f;Dd kml} nPsf] kxf8L efu 5 h;nfO{ u6]| l8efOl8ª /G] h (Great Dividing Range) elgG5 . o;sf] ;fnfvfnf prfO ()) ld= 5 . o;sf] blIf0fL efudf c:6l«] nofsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] kxf8 sfl] ;P:sf] (Mt. Kosciusko, @,@@* ld=_ 5 . o;sf] pTt/ kj\" d{ f u6]| al] /o/ l/km (Great Barrier Reef) k5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 153

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@= dWo efusf] xfr] f] db} fgL v08 M of] efu c:6l«] nofsf] ;ae} Gbf xfr] f] / ;dy/ ee\" fu xf] . of] kj\" L{ pRr el\" d / klZrdsf] ;d:ynLsf] lardf k5{ . of] efu pTt/df sfkG{] 6l/ofsf] vf8Lbl] v blIf0f ;db' ;| Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . d/' ] 8flnª{ gbLsf] a;“] L oxfs“ f] dxTTjk0\" f{ ;dtn el\" d xf] . oxf“ sx] L tfnx¿ klg 5g\\ . larsf] ee\" funfO{ ns] cfo/ al] ;g elgG5 . #= klZrdL pRr ;d:ynL M klZrdL pRr ;d:ynLn] c:6l]« nofsf] bO' { ltxfO{ ee\" fu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . dWoefusf] xfr] f] el\" deGbf of] efu pRr 5 / w/] h} ;f] efux¿ ;dtn 5g\\ . o;sf] dWoefudf d?el\" d /xs] f] 5 . xfjfkfgL tyf kf| sl[ ts jg:klt c:6l]« nofsf w/] h} ;f] ee\" fux¿ udL{ / ;V' vf 5g\\ . oxfs“ f] pTt/L tyf pTt/ kj\" d{ f pi0f df;} dL xfjfkfgL / pi0f ;bfjxf/ hªu\\ n kfOG5 . klZrdL v08df pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL kfOg] xb“' f d?:ynLo jg:klt / sx] L 3f;“ ] db} fg kfOG5g\\ . blIf0f kj\" L{ v08df ;dzLtfi] 0f ;fdl' bs| xfjfkfgL kfOg] xb“' f Toxf“ ;dzLtfi] 0f 3f;“ e] l\" d kfOG5 . o; 3f;“ e] l\" dnfO{ 8fpG; (Downs) elgG5 . o; Ifq] df sªu\\ f?nufot ljleGg hªu\\ nL hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\\ . ;b' /\" blIf0f tyf blIf0f klZrd Ifq] df lxpb“ d\\ f kfgL kg{] ed\" Wo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . c:6l«] nofsf] blIf0fkj\" L{ v08df Gol' hNofG8 elgg] Pp6f 56' 6\\ } bz] 5 . oxf“ ;dzLtfi] 0f ;fdl' bs| xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . of] bz] sf] dWoefudf kxf8 5 . oxf“ klg 3f;“ ] db} fg 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != c:6l«] nofsf] kj\" L,{ klZrdL, pTt/L / blIf0fL l;dfgf s] s] xg' ,\\ P6n;sf] ;xofu] n] nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= c:6l]« nofdf kfOg] oL s:tf ks| f/sf hLjhGt' xg' ,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . 154 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

#= s] tkfO“{ c:6l]« nofsf] klZrdsf] pRr ;d:ynLdf a:g tkfO“{ ?rfpgx' G' 5, sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != c:6l]« nofsf] kf| sl[ ts gS;f sf/] L kjt{ Lo v08, pRr ;d:ynL / db} fgL v08 bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . @= xfjfkfgL / kf| sl[ ts jg:kltlar s] ;DaGw xG' 5, c:6l«] nofsf] ;Gbed{ f JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . #= efu} fl] ns sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ c:6l]« nof / Pl;ofsf Ctx' ¿ l7s ljk/Lt xG' 5g\\ . -v_ ljm| ;d; kj{ c:6l]« nofdf udLo{ fddf dgfOG5 eg] o/' fk] df hf8fo] fddf dgfOG5 . -u_ c:6l]« nofsf] kj\" L{ t6Lo Ifq] df hg3gTTj w/] } 5 . $= c:6l]« nofsf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;fdf tnsf s/' fx¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M d/' –{] 8flnª{ gbL, 8flag{ , l;8g\\ L, u6]| :ofG8L d?el\" d, kz| fGt dxf;fu/, u6]| l8efOl8ª /G] h, u6]| c:6l]« nog d?el\" d, t:dflgof 6fk,' lxpb“ d\\ f kfgL kg{] Ifq] , u6]| al] /o/ l/km, u6]| c:6l]« nog afO6, sfl] ;P:sf] kxf8, Gol' hNofG8, ky,{ lSjG;NofG8, lj:jg] { . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 155

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !$ c:6l]« nof M cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdflhs hghLjg c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf] clwsfz+ 7fps“ f] efu} fl] ns jftfj/0f ;av} fn] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf nflu cgs' n\" gbl] vP klg oxfs“ f] cflys{ pGglt cToGt /fdf| ] 5 . oxfs“ f] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofsf] nueu (* kl| tzt o/' fk] n] L dn\" sf JolStx¿ 5g\\ . oxfs“ f] dV' o efiff cªu\\ h]| L xf] . oxfs“ f w/] h} ;f] JolStx¿ ljm| l:rog wd{ dfG5g\\ . oxfs“ f cflbjf;Lx¿ sl/a #),))) jif{ cl3 blIf0f kj\" L{ Pl;ofaf6 cfPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . clxn] ltgLx¿sf] ;ªV\\ of Psbd} sd 5 . nueu *) bl] v *% kl| tzt hg;ªV\\ ofsf] a;fa] f; dxfbz] sf] blIf0f kj\" l{ t/ /xs] f] 5 . cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk vt] LkftL tyf e8] f kfng M c:6l]« nof dxfbz] sf nueu % kl| tzt JolStx¿ sl[ if tyf kz' kfng sfod{ f ;n+ Ug 5g\\ . cfw'lgs j}1flgs kbw\\ ltsf] ko| fu] n] oxfs“ f] sl[ if tyf kz' kfng Ifq] cToGt ljsl;t 5 . d/' ]{ 8flnª{ a;“] L / 3f“;] d}bfgx¿df 7'nf] dfqfdf ux“' pTkfbg xG' 5 . oxf“ cfwl' gs lsl;dn] 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ufO{ tyf e8] f kfng ul/G5 . klZrdL c:6l]« nof, Go' ;fpy jN] ; / leS6fl] /ofdf klg e8] f kfngsf Ifq] x¿ 5g\\ . o; sf/0f oxf“ kz| :t bU' w kbfy,{ pmg / df;' pTkfbg xG' 5 . oxfs“ f] cwz{ i' s 3f;“ e] l\" d e8] f kfngsf nflu pkoS' t 5 . blIf0f klZrdtkm{ kz| :t kmnkm' n pTkfbg xG' 5 . pbo\\ fu] wGbf tyf vfgL M c:6l]« nof vfgL tyf vlgh kbfyd{ f w/] } wgL 5 . oxf“ ;g' rfb“ L, kmnfd, tfdf, h:tf, tn] , kf| sl[ ts Uof;, lgsn] , o/' l] god, sfO] nf cflb kz| :t kfOG5 / lgoft{ klg ul/G5 . l;8g\\ L / dn] ag{ j/k/ dfq} yk' }| pbo\\ fu] wGbfx¿ 5g\\ . vlgh, pmg, df;,' bU' whGo kbfy,{ dl] ;gx¿, :t/ Lo kmnfdsf] wfp (iron ore) / ux“' oxfs“ f dV' o lgoft{ dv' L pbo\\ fu] x¿ xg' \\ . 156 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhn ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg tyf ko6{ g M ;+;f/sf 7'nf] cfof]hgfx¿ dWosf] Ps :gfO] d/' ]{ ljsf; cfofh] gf oxfs“ f] dxTTjk0\" f{ cfofh] gf xf] . o; cfofh] gfdf :gfO] gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ pkNnf] d/' {] a;]“ Ldf nuL ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg tyf l;r“ fO sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . d/' {] – ! df (%) d3] fjf6 / d/' {] – @ df %%) d3] fjf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg xG' 5 . o; cfofh] gfsf nflu u6]| l8efOl8ª /G] hsf] leq sl/a !% ls= ld= ;?' ª agfO{ kfgL nluPsf] 5 . c:6l]« nofdf w/] } /d0Lo /fli6o« lgs~' h tyf ;fdl' bs| t6 5g\\ h;n] nfvf“} ko6{ sx¿ cfslift{ u5g{ \\ . ko6{ g Joj;fo / ;j] fdn\" s pbo\\ fu] af6 c:6l]« nofn] 7n' f] wg/fzL cfhg{ u5{ . o; ks| f/ oxfs“ f JolStx¿n] pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] ;bk' ofu] u/L pRr cflys{ pknlAw xfl;n u/s] f 5g\\ . dfgj a;fa] f; ePsf ;a} Ifq] df oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] klg Hofb} /fdf| ] ;l' jwf 5 . clwsfz+ JolStx¿ kl/>dL / Jo:t 5g\\ . t/ ;KtfxfGtdf eg] logLx¿ /fd/| L labf dgfp5“ g\\ / cfgGb lnG5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk ljm| ;d; 8,] dn] ag{ cfn] lDks, dlxnfnfO{ ef6] lbg] clwsf/ / cflbjf;Lsf] ;/+ If0f ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != c:6l]« nofsf cflbjf;Lx¿ sf] xg' \\ < @= c:6l]« nofsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf af/d] f 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= c:6l]« nofdf lsg kz' kfng Joj;fo km:6fPsf] 5 < o;sf kmfObfx¿ s] 5g\\ < $= c:6l]« nofdf kfOg] dV' o vlgh kbfyx{ ¿ / ltgsf] ljt/0f P6n; x/] L kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . %= c:6l]« nofsf] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] ljt/0f s:tf] 5 < o;sf sf/0fx¿ s] xg' ;S5g\\ < ^= c:6l]« nofsf] /v] flrq gS;fdf lgDg lnlvt s/' fx¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M Ps ;g' vfgLsf] Ifq] , Ps kmnfd vfgLsf] Ifq] , ux“' pTkfbg xg' ] Ifq] , kmnkmn' pTkfbg xg' ] Ifq] , e8] f kfngsf] Ifq] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 157

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !% Pl;of, o/' fk] , c:6l]« nof / gk] fn Pl;of / gk] fn gk] fn Pl;of dxfbz] df kg{] lxdfnosf] blIf0f sfvdf cjl:yt 5 . uªu\\ f / ax| d\\ kq' gbLsf] ljzfn db} fgsf] Ps ;fgf] v08 gk] fnsf] t/fO{ kb| z] xf] . gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj kfg{] df;} dL jfon' ] blIf0f Pl;of, blIf0f kj\" { / kj\" L{ Pl;ofsf] ljzfn v08nfO{ ke| fljt kf5{ . prfOsf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ Pl;ofdf kfOg] ;a} kf| sl[ ts jg:klt gk] fndf klg kfOG5 . Pl;ofsf dn' s' x¿ ef/t, kfls:tfg, aªu\\ nfbz] , >Lnªs\\ f, yfONofG8, dnl] ;of, rLg, ?;, sfl] /of, hfkfg, ;fpbL c/l] aof, oP' O{ h:tf bz] ;u“ gk] fnsf] /fdf| ] s6' gLlts, Jofkfl/s / ;fdflhs ;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . yk' }| gk] fnLx¿ ef/t, dnl] ;of, sfl] /of, hfkfg / c/a dn' s' df sfd ul//xs] f 5g\\ . o;u} /L Pl;ofsf dn' s' x¿;u“ gk] fnn] lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;, afn aflnsf tyf dlxnfsf lxt, kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f, ;f:+ sl[ ts cfbfg kb| fg nufotdf ;ljm| o ;xeflutf hgfpb“ } cfPsf] 5 . o/' fk] / gk] fn o/' fk] leGg} dxfbz] / gk] fnaf6 6f9f eP klg oxfs“ f w/] } dn' s' x¿;u“ gk] fnsf] ljljw kIfdf ;DaGw /xs] f] kfOG5 . gk] fn / o/' fk] bj' } pTt/L ufn] fwd{ f g} /xs] fn] ;dfg Ctx' ¿ 5g\\ . xfjfkfgLsf] :j¿kdf sx] L leGgtf bl] vP klg cfNk;\\ kjt{ Lo v08 / gk] fnsf] lxdfno v08 ;dfg ks| f/sf 5g\\ . gk] fnsf] lxdfnL v08sf] jftfj/0f o/' fk] sf] pTt/tkms{ f] jftfj/0f;u“ ldNbfhN' bf] 5 . o/' fk] n] L dn' s' x¿ cflys{ lx;fan] gk] fneGbf lgs} cufl8 5g\\ . an] fot, hdg{ L, km| fG;, 8g] dfs,{ gj{] h:tf bz] x¿;u“ xfdf| ] bfT} o ;DaGw klg sfod 5 . b;sfb“} l] v tL bz] x¿n] gk] fnsf] ofh] gf / ljsf; sfod{ f ;xofu] ul//xs] f 5g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljbo\\ t' \\ h:tf kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf; tyf k/' ftflTTjs / ;f:+ sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ug{ pgLx¿sf] ;xofu] dxTTjk0\" f{ /xs] f] 5 . o/' fk] n] L ol' gogn] gk] fndf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5 . o/' fk] n] L bz] x¿df w/] } gk] fnLx¿ lzIff cfhg{ tyf cGo cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;n+ Ug 5g\\ . logLx¿n] a;l{] g ljki]| f0f (remittance) dfkmt{ w/] } ljbz] L db' f| gk] fn leœofpgs' f ;fy} gk] fn;u“ sf] Jofkf/ a9fpg dbt u/s] f 5g\\ . gk] fnn] tof/L kf;] fs, unr“} f, Sol' /of] ;fdfg, wfts' f dl\" t{ cflb o/' fk] tkm{ lgoft{ u5{ . o;/L o/' fk] n] L bz] ;u“ gk] fnsf] ljljw kIfdf ;DaGw lj:tfl/t eO/xs] f] 5 . c:6l]« nof / gk] fn c:6l]« nof dxfbz] Pp6f l;ªu\\ f] bz] klg xf] . efu} fl] ns lx;fan] of] dxfbz] / gk] fnsf lardf vf; ;dfgtf geP klg cflys{ , zl} Ifs / Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fdf| ] 5 . a;l{] g yk' }| gk] fnL ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ c:6l]« nodf cWoog ug{ hfG5g\\ . yk' }| gk] fnLx¿ c:6l]« nofdf sfd u//] a;s] f 5g\\ . c:6l]« nofn] gk] fnnfO{ ljzi] f u/L jg ;/+ If0f, e6' fgL z/0ffyLs{ f] kg' M:yfkgf tyf ;z' f;g h:tf Ifq] df ljzi] f ;xofu] u/s] f] 5 . o; bz] ;u“ gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ ;DaGw klg alnof] xb“' } uPsf] 5 . To:t} gk] fndf c:6l]« nog ko6{ ssf] ;ªV\\ of klg lbg kl| tlbg al9/xs] f] 5 . 158 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != sIffnfO{ ltg ;dx\" df af8“ L Psn] gk] fn / Pl;of, csfn{] ] gk] fn / o/' fk] tyf t;] f| n] ] gk] fn Pjd\\ c:6l«] nofsf] ;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . ljleGg ;f| t] af6 hfgsf/L lnO{ ;dx\" ut kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnL ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ pRr lzIff chg{ ug{ hfg] u/s] f Pl;of / o/' fk] sf dn' s' x¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . gk] fnd} cWoog gu/L gk] fnLx¿ lsg tL bz] df uPsf xfn] fg,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fnLx¿n] ljbz] df sfd ugfn{ ] xg' ] kmfObf / ak] mfObfx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fn / c:6l]« nosf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf Ifq] x¿ cfN“} ofpgx' f;] \\ .kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b #= tnsf tflnsf egx{' f;] \\ M dxfb]z b]zx¿ hg;ª\\Vof ;fIf/tf kl| tJolSt sl[ if k;] fdf kl| tzt cfo nfus] f hg;ªV\\ of kl| tzt Pl;of ef/t o'/f]k rLg c:6«]lnof hfkfg sf]l/of g]kfn a]nfot km| fG; hdg{ L gj{] Gol' hNofG8 c:6«]lnof $= Pl;of / o/' fk] sf bz] x¿af6 gk] fnn] s] s] kmfObf lng ;S5, ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= gk] fn h:t} Pl;of / o/' fk] sf ek' l/jl] i7t bz] x¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kf/L gk] fn / tL bz] x¿sf] cflys{ l:yltaf/] tn' gf ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 159

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bPsfO M ;ft xfdf| ] ljut kf7 ! Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] vfh] L, cWoog / To;sf] ;/+ If0f cl3Nnf sIffx¿df lgwfl{ /t Oltxf;sf] kf7o\\ f+ z k;| ªu\\ / Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] vfh] L, cWoog Pjd\\ ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0fdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/ kfl/Psf] kl/ofh] gf sfos{ f] Pp6f kl| tjb] gsf] gdg' f M kl/ofh] gf sfo{ kl| tjb] g, @)&@ Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] vfh] L, cWoog / ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f != kl/ro Oltxf;n] eljiosf] dfu{ lgbz{] u5{ . Oltxf; lgdf0{ f / ;To tYo s/' fx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;fduL| sf] ;ªs\\ ng, ltgLx¿sf] tn' gfTds cWoog / dN\" ofªs\\ g ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . 36gfx¿sf] cWoogaf6 lzIff lnP/ ;dfh / /fi6n« fO{ dfu{ lgwf/{ 0f ug{ klg Oltxf; clt cfjZos 5 . tyflk Pp6f dfq ;f| t] / ;fduL| sf cfwf/df nl] vPsf] Oltxf;df ;Tosf] glhs kU' g ;lsb“ g} . Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿ /fi6s« f klxrfg xg' \\ . t;y{ ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;s} f] ;/] fk] m/] fd] f cfwfl/t /xL of] kl| tjb] g tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . 160 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@= pbb\\ Z] ox¿ -s_ Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;ªI\\ fk] df j0fg{ ug{ . -v_ Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿af/] atfpg . #= cWoog ljlw -s_ kf| ylds ;f| t] M Oltxf;ljb\\ tyf ab' l\\ whLjL, ljifo lzIfs;u“ sf] cGt/jftf{ tyf kZ| gfjnL -v_ låtLo ;f| t] M ljleGg k:' tsx¿, nv] f6] / kf08l' nlkx¿sf] cWoog #= cWoogaf6 kf| Kt ;r\" gf tyf hfgsf/L -kTtf nfus] f s/' f_ cWoogkZrft\\ kf| Kt tYofªs\\ sf] ljZni] f0f u/L ;Z+ nl] ift ¿ksf tYox¿ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿ -s_ lnlvt ;f| t] x¿ (Written Sources) jz+ fjnL, hLjgL, k:' ts, db' f| , tSdf, ljei\" f0f, lnvtx¿, lznfkq, tfdk| q, lan, efr} /, efh] kq, tf8kq, kf08'lnlk, :j0fk{ q, ofqf ljj/0f, dNnsfnsf 36gfx¿sf] l6kf6] -7o\\ f;km_' cflb -v_ dfl} vs ;f| t] (Oral Sources) jL/ufyf, nfs] uLt, ;jfO,{ syf, cfVofg, cGt/jftf,{ lsj+ bGtL, sxfjt, clt{ pkbz] , vf8“ f] hufpg] dGq cflb -u_ snfsl[ t / 7f;] j:tx' ¿ (Art and Artifacts) dl\" t,{ lrqx¿, ejg, kn' , uk' mf, dlGb/, lsNnf, uf8“} f, xltof/x¿, kf;] fs, snfsl[ t, uxgf, zª[ u\\ f/x¿, eUgfjzi] fx¿, cjzi] fx¿, 3f6 cflb $= ;ªI\\ fk] df j0fg{ ljbz] Lx¿sf] ofqf j0fg{ M lrlgof,“ ef/tLo tyf o/' fk] n] Lx¿sf] gk] fn ed| 0fsf jm| ddf ljleGg afb} w\\ leIf,' /l] h8G] 6, kfb/L, ofq' tyf Jofkf/Lx¿n] gk] fnaf/] ljljw tYox¿ 5f8s] f 5g\\ . sfl} 6Nosf] cyz{ f:q, gk] fnaf/] ul/Psf] ;db' | uK' tsf] Onfxjfbsf] clenv] , kmfb/ uf| j] /, ljlnod ssk{ l] 6s« , xfofldN6g, /fd] cflbsf] l6Kk0fL pNnv] gLo 5 . To;u} /L lrlgof“ tfªj\\ T[ tfGtsf] gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs cflys{ , /fhgLlts l:yltsf] j0fg{ nfO{ ljzi] f ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fy} pSt jT[ tfGtdf gk] fndf afb} w\\ wda{ f/] ul/Psf] rrf{ klg dxTTjk0\" f{ /xs] f] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 161

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bclenv] M wft' nv] x¿, tfdk| q, /ht kq, ;j' 0f{ kq tyf lznfnv] Pjd\\ sf7 / sfuhdf nl] vPsf nv] f6] x¿af6 ljleGg Pl] txfl;s tYox¿ kmn] f k/s] f 5g\\ . db' f| M gk] fndf df6f,] 5fnf, tfdf, rfb“ L / ;g' cflbsf db' f| ags] f] kfOG5 . o;af6 ljutsf sfnv08, ltly ldlt, cfly{s ;fdflhs l:ylt kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . wdu{ G| yx¿ M ljzi] fu/L wdu{ G| yx¿ gk] fnsf] kf/} fl0fs Oltxf; tof/ kfg{] cfwf/ ePsf 5g\\ . lxGb' wd{ uG| yx¿, afb} w\\ wd{ uG| yx¿ dV' otM o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \\ . o;n] ljutsf /Llt kbw\\ ltx¿sf] ;?' cft / Gofo Joj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5g\\ . 7o\\ f;km' M of] gj] f/ zAb xf] . o;sf] cy{ bl} gs 36gf nl] vPsf] JolStut 8fo/L xf] . dWosfndf nl] vPsf o:tf 7o\\ f;km' Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿ ags] f 5g\\ . jz+ fjnL M 36gfjnLx¿nfO{ sfnjm| d ldnfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f jz+ fjnL xf] . /fhf dxf/fhfsf] gfd, jz+ , ltlyldlt, bfg, k0' o, rf8kjx{ ¿ / ;w' f/sf sfox{ ¿ o;df pNnv] xg' fn] of] Oltxf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ ;f| t] xf] . ;/sf/L sfuh kq, efif0f tyf ks| fzg M oL Oltxf;sf Ps ljZj;gLo ;f| t] x¿ xg' \\ . lj= ;=+ !(!) ;fnsf] dn' s' L Pg] , lj= ;=+ @))&, @)!&, @)#^, @)$^, @)^# sf 3fi] f0ffx¿, efif0fx¿, kq klqsfx¿ cfTd jT[ tfGtx¿, 8sd' G] 6L« x¿, k:' tsx¿ cflb o:tf ;f| t] x¿ xg' \\ . To;u} /L td;s' , /fhkq, /l;b, ;lGw ;Demft} fx¿, km;} nf, cfbz] , lr7L klg cWoogsf ;f| t] x¿ xg' \\ . snf sfz} n M of] Oltxf;sf] Ps kT| oIf bl] vg] ;f| t] xf] . dlGb/, ejg, lsNnf, :tk' , ljxf/, :df/s, dl\" t{ cflbdf nl] vPsf tYox¿ o;sf ;f| t] x¿ xg' \\ . :yfgLo hg>l' t, bGTosyf, pvfg, tyf nfs] uLt M gk] fnsf ls;fg, nfx/' ,] sdf/f sdf/Ln] kfPsf] bM' v tyf ob' w\\ sf 36gfx¿nfO{ uLt, vf8“ f,] Znfs] , syf nufotsf dfWodaf6 cfkm\\ gf ;Gtltx¿nfO{ Oltxf; atfOG5 . klxnf] / bf;] f| ] ljZjob' w\\ sf 36gf tyf kmsNofG8sf] ob' w\\ ;DaGwL uGwjs{ f uLtx¿ o; tYosf] glhs ku' s] f] bl] vPsf 5g\\ . Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf lgDg lnlvt ab“' fdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ clenv] Ls/0f u/L /fVg] . -v_ k:' tsfno tyf ;ªu\\ x| fno lgdf0{ f u/L ;/+ lIft ug{] . -u_ rf/] L xg' af6 /fS] g ;/' Iffsf] ka| Gw ug{] . -3_ ljleGg :yfgdf kf| Kt ;f| t] x¿nfO{ ;ªs\\ ng ug{] . -ª_ ;f| t] x¿nfO{ /fli6o« s/0f ug{] . -r_ ljbo\\ t' Lo kmfOnx¿ lgdf0{ f ug{] cflb . 162 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

%= lgisif{ Oltxf;sf] vfh] L / cWoog Ps l;hg{ fTds sfo{ xf] . Oltxf;n] JolStnfO{ pmhfz{ Ln agfO{ lglijm| otfnfO{ lg:th] kfg{] sfo{ ub5{ . Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿ /fi6s« } uf/} j xg' \\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f u/L eljiosf ;GtltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L dfu{ bzg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != Oltxf; hfGg] ;DaGwdf Oltxf;ljbn\\ fO{ ;fW] g] kZ| gfjnL tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf Oltxf;sf ;f| t] x¿ xg' ;S5g,\\ ltgLx¿sf] ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= cfkm\\ gf cleefjs jf ;db' fosf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ cg/' fw] u/L Ps jL/ufyf eGg nufpgx' f;] \\ . To;nfO{ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k9/] ;g' fpgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != vf8“ f] hufpg] egs] f] s] xf] < o;n] s;/L Oltxf;nfO{ atfp5“ < @= 7o\\ f;kms' f af/d] f rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘snf sfz} n Oltxf;sf] kT| oIf bl] vg] ;f| t] xf] .’ s;/L < ;fdb' flos sfo{ ljleGg sfnv08sf wfts' f db' f| tyf sfuhsf db' f| x¿ ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ . To;df cªl\\ st ;r\" gfx¿ l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 163

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 @ ab' w\\ sf] hGdel\" d slknj:ts' f] zfSojz+ Lo Oltxf; uft} d ab' w\\ sf] hGd:yn nl' DagL zfSojz+ sf] pTklTt O:jL ;j+ tk\\ j\" { cf7f“} ztfAbLdf pTt/ ef/tsf] ;fst] eGg] /fHodf cfS] sfs /fhfn] /fHo uy{] . zfSox¿ /fhf cfS] sfsnfO{ cfkm\\ gf kv' f{ dfG5g\\ . /fhf cfS] sfssf kfr“ dxf/fgLx¿ lyP . tL dxf/fgLdWo] h7] L /fgL eqfaf6 rf/ /fhsd' f/x¿ / kfr“ /fhsd' f/Lx¿sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . sx] L ;dokl5 /fhf cfS] sfs Ps dlxnf;u“ kd]| df k/L pgL;u“ 56} f“} ljjfx u/] . tL sfG5L /fgLaf6 hGt' gfd u/s] f /fhsd' f/sf] hGd eof] . oL /fgLsf] if8o\\ Gq / hfnemn] df k/L /fhfn] tL 5f/] fnfO{ /fHo lbg rfx] . /fhfn] c¿ /fhsd' f/x¿nfO{ bz] lgsfnf u/L lgjf;{ gdf k7fpg] lg0fo{ u/] . afas' f] jrg lz/fk] / u/L /fhsd' f/x¿n] klg /fHo 5f8] L jgjf; k:| yfg u/] . pgLx¿;u“ } kfr“ hgf /fhsd' f/Lx¿ klg lgjf;{ gdf uP . ltgLx¿ slkn Clifsf] jf;:yfg ePsf] :yfgdf cfOku' ] . pgLx¿nfO{ Clifn] cfkm\\ gf] s6' L j/k/sf] hUufdf gu/ :yfkgf u/L a:g ;Nnfx lbP . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] pSt :yfgsf ;fn jI[ fx¿ km“ 8fgL u//] slknj:t' /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . sx] L jifk{ l5 ;fst] /fHosf bO' { dGqLx¿ gof“ gu/ slknj:td' f cfP/ a;fa] f; ug{ yfn] . la/fgf] 7fpd“ f /fh3/fgfsf] ;:+ sf/ / ufq] hft gldNg] ckl/lrt JolStx¿ ePsfn] cfkm\\ gf] sn' Lgtf glaufg{ / hflt sn' sf] dofb{ fnfO{ arfpg h7] L /fhsd' f/L lko| fnfO{ /fhdftfsf] :yfg lbP . c¿ /fhsd' f/Lx¿n] cfkm\\ gf] jz+ jb[ l\\ wsf] pbb\\ Z] osf ;fy /fhsd' f/x¿;u“ ljjfx ug{] lg0fo{ u/] . ptf ha of] s/' f /fhf cfS] sfsn] yfxf kfP pgn] æx] /fhsd' f/x¿ xf,] ltdLx¿ ;So 5f,} lgZro klg 164 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

zSo 5fÆ} egL pbj\\ u] k0\" f{ pbu\\ f/ JoSt u/] . ttk\\ Zrft\\ slknj:ts' f] u0f/fHo :yfkgfsf ;fy} ;Sof -;ss\\ f_ af6 zfSo hftsf] kf| be{' fj ePsf] aofg ab' w\\ uG| y lqlk6s, lb3lgsfo, cDai7 syfdf pNnv] 5 . clg /fhf cfS] sfs zfSo jz+ sf dn\" kv' f{ eP . Toxfs“ f] zf;g u0ftGqfTds 9ªu\\ n] /fhfsf] pkl:yltdf /fh;efdf ljleGg ljåfgx\\ ¿sf] ;/;Nnfxn] xG' Yof] . o;/L ab' w\\ sf] hGd cufl8 / lgjf0{ f k5fl8;Dd zfSo jz+ sf] zf;g slknj:t' u0f/fHodf /lx/xs] f] bl] vG5 . kfnL ;flxTo ;f| t] cg;' f/ zfSo zAb ;Ss = ;So = ;flsosf] ¿kaf6 pTklTt ePsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;dyt{ f, :jfledfg, ;Ifd, ofU] o / zlStzfnL xf] . ;So = ofU] o ;dys{ ;Dej zfSo jz+ zfSo /fhf l;x+ xgs' f s~rgf gfds /fgL lyOg\\ . logsf] sfv] af6 zb' w\\ fb] g;lxt kfr“ bfhe' fOx¿ / Ps alxgL eP . zb' w\\ fw] g h7] f] 5f/] f ePsfn] pgL gk] fnsf] t/fO{ kb| z] df /xs] f] :jfoTt kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b u0f/fHo ‘slknj:t’' sf] /fhf eP . sl/a @^)) jif{ cufl8 pgn] Toxf“ /fHo u/s] f lyP . pgL hgtfdfem cToGt} nfs] lko| /fhf dflgGy] . logsL h7] L /fgL dxfdfofbj] Laf6 h7] f] 5f/] fsf ¿kdf eujfg\\ ab' w\\ -l;bw\\ fy{ uft} d_ sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . /fhf zb' w\\ fb] gsL sfG5L /fgL kh| fklt uft} dLsf tkma{ f6 Pp6f 5f/] f gGbsd' f/ / Pp6L 5f/] L gGbsd' f/Lsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . zfSox¿df cfkm\\ gf] /Stsf] zb' w\\ tf / hftLo pRrtfsf] cledfg lyof] . pgLx¿ cfkm\" nfO{ ;o\" j{ z+ L O:jfs' sn' uft} d ufq] sf] sn' Lg Ifq] Lo dfGy] . l5ds] sf sfn] Lo jf -bj] bx_ zfSox¿;u“ Ifq] Lo sn' Lg zfSox¿sf] cfk;df jj} flxs ;DaGw ufl“ ;g kU' of] . /fhf z'b\\wf]wgsL km'k\"sf] ljjfx sf]nLo dxf/fh c~hg;“u ePsf] lyof] . pgsf b'j} 5f]/Lx¿ dxfdfofbj] L / kh| fklt uft} dLsf] ljjfx zfSo/fh zb' w\\ fw] g;u“ ePsf] lyof] . To:t} sfn] Lo/fh c~hgsf 5f]/f ;k|a'b\\wsL 5f]/L ozf]w/fsf] ljjfx, zfSo /fhsd' f/ l;bw\\ fy{ uft} d;u“ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . /fhsd' f/ l;bw\\ fys{ f] hGd xg' f;fy slknj:td' f bj} L zlSt afl] w;TTjsf] hGd ePsf] lrxg\\ x¿ bl] vg yfns] f] lyof] eGg] lsj+ bGtL /xs] f] 5 . /fhb/af/sf ljlzi6 uft} d ab' w\\ sf] hGd ks| /0fdf cfwfl/t Hofl] tifx¿n] /fhsd' f/ l;bw\\ fyn{ ] kl5 ab' w\\ Tj kf| Kt lnR5ljsfnLg Ps kl| ;bw\\ dl\" t{ /rgf u/L ;;+ f/nfO{ g} Ps, gjLg ljrf/ wf/faf6 kb| fg ugx'{ g' ] eljiojf0fL u/s] f lyP . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 165

slknj:ts' f zfSox¿ tyf slknj:t' / bj] bxsf zfSox¿sf] ;DaGw ho;]g LL L -5f/] f_ l;x+ xg' = s~rgf bj] bxsf zfSo /fhf L LL L L L 5f]/f 5f]/L 5f]/f 5f]/L L L L L != zb' \\wf]wg @= z'Sn]bg #= zfSofv] g $= 5ft] f]bg %= cletf]bg cldtf kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b L L L L L c+hg = ozfw] /f s~rgf dxfdfof k|hfklt dxfgfd, clg?b| dxfgfd, cfgGb dxfgfd, clg?b| L L LL l;b\\wfy{ gGb, gGbf 5f]/f 5f]/L L L L /fgL ozf]wf/f != ;ka| b' w\\ f] @= b08kf0fL != dxfdfof @= kh| fklt L 5f]/f /fxn' ;f| t] M ej' gnfn kw| fg . ab' w\\ wd{ / zfSox¿, ab' w\\ sfnLg ux[ 0fLx¿ / slknj:ts' f zfSo ljm| ofsnfk != ab' w\\ sf] dxfkl/lgjf0{ fsf] @($ jifk{ l5 ef/tsf dfo} { ;df| 6\\ czfs] :jod\\ nl' DagL bzg{ ug{ cfPsf lyP . Toxf“ pgn] Ps lznf:tDe v8f u/s] f lyP . Tof] :tDe clxn] czfs] :tDesf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . of] Ps Pl] txfl;s w/fx] / xf] . :tDesf] 6K' kfd] f 3f8] f lyof] . t/ 6K' kf] 6l' jm| Psfn] clxn] 3f8] f 5g} . of] :tDe ^=& ld6/ cUnf] 5 . of] :tDe clenv] df af| DxLlnlkdf ælxbaw' ] hft] zSodl' gltÆ cyft{ \\ oxf“ zfSodl' g ab' w\\ hlGdg' ePsf] 7fp“ xf] egL nl] vPsf] 5 . kl/olt lzIff -efu #_ dfly pNnv] ul/P h:t} tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fo, ufp“ 6fn] df o:t} kf| rLg nv] f6] x¿ xg' ;S5g\\ . tL l6Kgx' f;] \\ / cy{ vfh] L sIffdf eGgx' f;] \\ . 166 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

@= ljleGg ljxf/x¿ jf uD' afx¿ ed| 0f u/L Toxfs“ f k:' tsx¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ jf kq klqsfdf ks| flzt nv] /rgfx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ / tnsf] tflnsf k/' f u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ M jm| d ;ªV\\ of :yfg ab' w\\ sf] hLjgL;u“ sf] ;DaGw != nl' DagL, gk] fn @= bj] bx, gk] fn #= afw] LjI[ f, uof ef/t $= ;f/gfy, e/ft %= sl' zgu/, ef/t kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b #= ab' w\\ sf ltg z/0fx¿ / kfr“ lznx¿ vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . ljbo\\ fyL{ / ;dfhdf ltgLx¿n] kfg{] ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ klg nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= tkfOs“{ f] cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L cfkm\\ gf] sn' -y/_ jz+ fjnLsf] jz+ jI[ f agfO{ sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fndf zfSojz+ sf] pTklt s;/L ePsf] lyof] < @= gk] fnL Oltxf;df zfSo jz+ Lo Oltxf; lsg dxTTjk0\" f{ dflgG5 < #= slknj:ts' f] gfds/0f s;/L ePsf] lyof] < ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 167

kf7 # kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx / gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |buf/] vfsf /fhf g/ek\" fn zfx L LL L h7] L /fgL – rGbk| e| fjtL dflxnL /fgL–sfz} NofjtL ;f“lxnL /fgL–a'b\\lwdlt sfG5L /fgL–z'eb|fjtL -vf“rLsL /fhs'df/L_ -kfNkfsL /fhsd' f/L_ -kjt{ sf /fhfsL elthL_ -tgx“'sL /fhs'df/L_ L L L L L L L LL lgM;Gtfg k[YjLgf/fo0f kY[ jLklt zfx z/' kt| fk zfx bndb{g zfx zfx sl[ tdxfb] b\\ d bnhLt zfx zfx kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx -5f6] s/Ldf_ hGd M lj= ;=+ !&&( k;' @& ut,] uf/] vf b/af/ lzIff M ljjfx M ;fdfGo, rGbk| e| fbj] Laf6 kb| fg ldt/] L ;fOgf] M !$ jifs{ f] xb“' f lj= ;=+ !&(# df klxnf] ljjfx OGbs| d' f/L -dsjfgk/' ] /fhf xd] s0f{ ;g] sL 5f/] L_ ;u“ . klxnf] ljjfx ;kmn gePkl5 lj= ;=+ !&(& df jgf/;sf clxdfg l;x+ sL 5f/] L g/G] bn| IdL;u“ bf;] f| ] ljjfx eStk/' sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf 5f/] f jL/g/l;x+ dNn;u“ /fhubb\\ L cf/fx] 0f M @) jifs{ f] pd/] df lj= ;=+ !&(( rt} @% ut] 168 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsLs/0f cleofg tflnsf /fHox¿÷:yfg cfjm| d0f tyf 36gfsf] lj:tt[ Ls/0f ljho ldlt g'jfsf]6 !*)) ef/bf/ dxZ] j/ kGtn] sfhL lj/fh yfkflj?bw\\ -c;kmn cfjm| d0f_ cgfjZos s/' f nufO{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pgLdfly cljZjf; /xs] f,] dxZ] j/ kGtsf] gt] T[ jdf uf/] vfnL kmfh} sf] cfjm| d0f t/ xf/ ax] f/] s] f] . lj= ;=+ !*)! c;fh]kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bklxnf] c;kmn cfjm| d0fkl5 jgf/; ed| 0f u/L !% -gj' fsf6] ljho_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljzi] f kl| zIf0f lng / lbg z]v hfj/, dx' Ddb tfsL / av] l;x+ nfO{ ;u“ } NofP . sfn' kf8“ n] fO{ sfhL kbdf lgoS' t u/] . xftxltof/ tyf cGo aGbfa] :tL ;DaGwL sf/vfgf vfn] L ;}lgs ;b' 9[ Ls/0f u/] . ;l} gsnfO{ d/j6sf] Joj:yf u/] . !@ xhf/ 3/w/' Laf6 cfkm\" ;Sbf] gub / lhG;L lbg cfux| u/] / cflys{ ;b' 9[ Ls/0f klg u/] . l5ds] L /fHo;u“ /fdf| ] ;DaGw /fv] . !))) ;g] fsf] 8kmk\\ mfn] gj' fsf6] df ltglt/af6 cfjm| d0f u¥of] . !@ jifs{ f bndbg{ zfxaf6 gj' fsf6] sf ;g] f gfos zªv\\ dl0f /fgfsf] Hofg uof] . o;/L gj' fsf6] dfly ljho kf| Kt eof] . ptf 5f/] fsf] dT[ oa' f6 zfs] fsn' hoGt /fgf an] sf6] cfO{ a;s] f lyP . uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] an] sf6] klg cfjm| d0f u/L sAhf u¥of] . bxrfs] , gfnbd' lj= ;=+ !*!! ;fpg tn' f/fd kf8“ s] f] gt] T[ Tjdf uPsf] uf/] vfnL ;g] fn] / dxfbj] kfv] /L -ljho_ sf7df8f}“af6 cfwf sf]if pTt/ klZrddf kg]{ bxrfs] df clwsf/ hdfof] . ptf sfn' kf8“ s] f] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] ;}Go bnn] gfnb'd / dxfb]j kfv] /L sAhf u¥of] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 169

sLlt{k'/ lj= ;=+ !*!$ efb| ( ;g] f gfos sfn' kf8“ s] f] OR5f ljk/Lt d9' a] ndf dsjfgk'/ -klxnf] c;kmn k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;lxtsf] uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] cfj|md0f_ sLltk{ /' df cfjm| d0f u¥of] . sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf aªu\\ fnL ltg /fHosf $))) ;o+ S' t ;g] fsf ;fd' uf/] vfsf] kmf}h;u“ sf] sx] L nfug] . sfn' kf8“ ;] lxt $)) uf/] vfnL ;g] f n8fO“ xtfxt eP . uf/] vfnL ;g] f ltt/ljt/ xg' ku' ] . 170 lj= ;=+ !*!( efb| dsjfgk/' sf /fhf lbuaGwg ;g] ;u“ uf/] vfsf] zqt' f ( -ljho_ /xs] f] / sflGtk/' sf /fhf;u“ pgsf] a9b\\ f] ;DaGw ePsfn] sf7df8fn“} fO{ cflys{ gfsfaGbLn] 3g] {] gLlt kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blnP . o;sf nflu kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] dsjfgk/' sAhf ug{' clt cfjZos 7fg] . To;n} ] jz+ /fh kf8“ ,] sx] /l;x+ a:gt] sf] ;G} obnn] dsjfgk/' cfjm| d0f u¥of] . nueu !) 306fsf] n8fOd“ f dsjfgk/' sf] kmfh} g/fdf| ;] u“ k/flht eof] . /fhf lbuaGwg ;g] / logsf dGqL sgsl;x+ aflgof“ efu/] xl/x/k/' sf] z/0fdf uP . c;f]h @@ df uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] xl/x/k/' dfly klg cfjm| d0f u¥of] / cwLgdf Nofof] . lbuaGwg;g] efu/] du' nfg k;] . uf/] vfn] &)) aGbs' / cGo rn crn ;Dklt;dt] kf| Kt u¥of] . lj= ;=+ !*!( ki' f @& lbuaGwg ;g] n] aªu\\ fnsf /fhf gafa ld/sfl;d;“u dsjfgk'/ lkmtf{sf nflu ;xof]usf] ofrgf u/] . u/' lug vfs“ f] gt] T[ jdf pgn] uf/] vfnLx¿nfO{ cfjm| d0f ug{ ;ofs“} f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ;g] f k7fP . n8fOd“ f ld/sfl;dsf kmfh} sf] sx] L nfug] . pgLx¿n] 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ;g] f / xltof/ ud' fpg' k¥of] . o; n8fOd“ f ljho kf| Kt u/k] l5 uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] pkTosfsf] 5p] 5fpdf /xs] f ;fu“ f, gfnf, kmlkª{ , ljzªv\\ ,' agk] f cflb 7fpx“ ¿ sAhf u/L pkTosf gfsfaGbL dhat' agfPsf] lyof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

sLlt{k'/ lj= ;=+ !*@! ebf} uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] z/\" kt| fk zfxsf] gt] T[ jdf sLltk{ /' sLlt{k'/ #) -bf;] f| ] c;kmn cfjm| d0f u/] t/ sLltk{ /' x] ¿n] lsNnfleq kj| z] sflGtk'/ cfj|md0f_ ug{] åf/ aGb ul/lbP . o;y{ af;“ sf] e¥ofª /fv/] nlntk'/ kvfn{ kf/ ug{] t/v/df nfus] f z/\" kt| fk zfxsf] ptfaf6 a;fO{ Psf] wgs' f8“ n] nfUbf ba] ]| cfv“ f km' 6g\\ uof] . csf{] sf8“ n] bnlht zfx ;Vt 3fOt] eP / uf/] vfnL ;g] f ltt/lat/ xg' kU' of] . lj= ;=+ !*@@ rt} # o; k6ssf] ob' w\\ sf] gt] T[ j sfhL jz+ /fh kf8“ n] ] -ljho kf| Kt_ lnPsf lyP . uf/] vfnL kmfh} n] sLltk{ /' nfO{ df3af6 3/] faGbLdf kfg{] sfo{ u/s] f] lyof] . sLltk{ /' df 7n' f] xfxfsf/ dlRrof] . t;y{ wghgsf] Ifltaf6 aRg sLltk{ /' sf /Ifs l;V+ jfn kw| fgnfO{ cfTd ;dk0{ f ug{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;Gbz] k7fP . pgn] klg rt} # ut] dWo/ftdf kj| z] åf/ vfl] nlbP . o;/L uf/] vfn] sLltk{ /' cfÇgf] sAhfdf lnof] . efl] nkN6 laxfg p7b\\ f sLltk{ /' sf hgtfn] cfkm\" nfO{ uf/] vfsf] cwLgdf ePsf] kfP . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lj= ;=+ !*@% c;fh] lj= ;=+ !*@$ df hoks| fz dNnnfO{ ;xofu] ug{ !# -ljho_ cfPsf] lsgnssf] cªu\\ h|] kmfh} nfO{ l;Gwn' L u9Lsf] kfj} fu9Ldf uf/] vf kmfh} n] cfjm| d0f u/L g/fdf| ;] u“ k/flht u¥of] . To;kl5 uf/] vfsf] xf;} nf cToGt} a9s] f] lyof] . o;y{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kmfh} n] lj= ;=+ !*@% c;fh] !# ut] OGbh| fqfsf] lbg ltg lt/af6 cfjm| d0f u/L sflGtk/' sAhf u/of] . oxfs“ f /fhf hoks| fz dNn efu/] kf6gsf] z/0fdf ku' ] . ptf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx To;} lbg sflGtk'/sf] /fhubb\\ Ldf lj/fhdfg eP . lj=;=+ !*@% c;fh] sf7df8f“} ljho ePsf] b; lbgkl5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f @$ -ljho_ zfxn] nlntk/' sf 5 kw| fgnfO{ cfTd ;dk0{ f ug{ / wghgsf] Ifltaf6 aRg egL ;Gbz] k7fP . Toxfs“ f sfhLx¿ cfTd ;dk0{ f ug{ /fhL eP . t/ sfhLx¿sf] o:tf] rfnafhL a'em]kl5 /fhf th] g/l;x+ dNn / hoks| fz dNn b/af/af6 efuL eStk/' sf] z/0fdf uP . c;fh] @$ ut] lagf ob' w\\ nlntk/' l;ªu\\ f] /fHodf ufleof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 171

eStk'/ lj= ;=+ !*@^ dªl\\ ;/ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] eStk/' df z/0f lnO/xs] f bO' { ! -ljho_ /fhfx¿ lkmtf{ ug{ Toxfs“ f /fhf /0flht dNnnfO{ cfux| u/] . t/ pgn] lkmtf{ ug{ gl} tstfn] glbg] eg] . t;y{ lj= ;=+ !*@^ sflTts @* ut] eStk/' cfjm| d0f eof] . eStk/' / uf/] vfnL kmfh} lar ltg lbg;Dd 3df;fg ob' w\\ eof] . /0flht dNnn] sf7] fsf] ‰ofnaf6 ;t] f] ku/L bv] fO{ cfTd ;dk0{ f u/] . o;/L dªl\\ ;/ ! ut] eStk/' sAhf eof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0fsf ltg cf]6} /fhfx¿nfO{ e]6L pgLx¿sf] clGtd OR5fcg¿' k hoks| fz dNnnfO{ kzk' lt cfo{ 3f6df afs“ L hLjg Joltt ug{] rfh“ fk] fh“ f] ldnfP . cfÇgf ldt afa' klg /x]sf /0flht dNnnfO{ pgsf] OR5fcg;' f/ sfzL k7fP . t/ th] g/l;x+ dNnnfO{ cfhLjg gh/aGbdf /flvof] . eStk/' ljhokl5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8fn“} fO{ l;ªu\\ f] /fi6s« f] /fhwfgL agfP . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kj\" L{ ;g] /fHox¿ lj= ;=+ !*#) klZrdL cleofgdf nfu]sf j+z/fh kf08] / -rf}bG8L, / !*#! sx] /l;x+ a:gt] sf] gt] T[ jdf k7fPsf] kmfh} n] g/fd/| L dfem ls/ft, k/fho ef]u]kl5 pgsf] Wofg k\"jL{ cleofglt/ ljhok'/_ dfl] 8of] . kmn:j¿k lj= ;=+ !*#) df klxn] dfem ls/ft / kl5 rfb} G8L sAhf ul/of] . rfb} G8Lsf /fhf s0f;{ g] efu/] ljhok/' ku' ] . lj= ;=+ !*#! ;fpgdf ljhok/' uf/] vfn] sAhf u¥of] . ljhok/' sf /fhf s0f;{ g] / dGqL ab' l\\ ws0f{ /fO{ efu/] l;lSsd ku' ] . o;/L gk] fnL kmfh} n] kj\" L{ l;dfgf l6:6f;Dd k¥' ofPsf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ !*#! df3 ! ut] kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] gj' fsf6] sf] bj] L3f6df dT[ o' ePsf] lyof] . ljm| ofsnfk != gj' fsf6] sf] klxnf] cfjm| d0fkl5 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] s] lzIff kfP < bf;] f| ] cfjm| d0fdf pgn] s;/L ;kmntf kf| Kt u/] < @= ‘kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d9' ] ann] dfq geO{ s6' gLlts sfz} nn] ljho cleofg ;kmntfdf ku' s] f] lyof’] eGg] kIfdf pbfx/0f;lxt cfcfkm\\ gf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 172 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b#= l5ds] L;u“ sf] ;DaGw ;d' w/' agfpg tkfOn+{ ] s] s] sfox{ ¿ ub{} cfpge' Psf] 5 < ;DaGw cem ;b' 9[ ugs{ f nflu ugk{' g{] ab“' fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= gj' fsf6] / uf/] vf b/af/ ;DaGwL nv] /rgfx¿, lrqx¿ tyf vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ jf OG6/g6] sf] ;xfotfn] cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . tL bO' l{ arsf leGgtfx¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . %= gj' fsf6] / dsjfgk/' sAhf ug{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf lsg a9L cfjZos lyof,] pbfx/0f;lxt sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . ^= ‘wo} { / ;fx;sf ;fy ofh] gf abw\\ 9ªu\\ af6 ldlxgt] u/L nfuL k/d] f nIodf kU' g ;lsG5’ eGg] s/' fnfO{ sLltk{ /' ljho cleofgsf] pbfx/0f lbO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . &= ljljwtfdf /xs] f] xfdf| ] /fi6n« fO{ Pstf abw\\ u/L ljsf;nfO{ bt'| ult kb| fg ug{ s] ugk{' nf,{ Ps ofh] gf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . *= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgsf ldlt / cfjm| d0f tyf ljhosf] 36gfx¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] ;do /v] f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] cleofg pkTosfkl5 kj\" t{ km{ a9g\\ s' f sf/0fx¿ :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] l;ªu\\ f] /fi6s« f] /fhwfgL lsg sf7df8f}“ agfPsf xfn] fg,\\ cfkm\\ gf ljrf/x¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfO+{ a;fa] f; u/s] f] uf=lj=;= jf gu/df ut b; jifs{ f] cjlwdf kj\" fw{ f/x¿df s] s] kl/jtg{ eP < :yfgLo ;dfh;j] L jf uf=lj=;=÷j8f ;lrjnfO{ lbOPsf kZ| gx¿ ;fW] gx' f;] \\ / kf| Kt tYofªs\\ nfO{ :tDe lrqdf bv] fO{ ljZni] f0f ugx'{ f;] \\ M -s_ ;8s slt ls= ld= lj:tf/ eof] < -v_ :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf] ko| fu] ug{] 3/w/' L ;ªV\\ of slt lj:tf/ eof] < -u_ vN' nf lb;fdS' t ufp“ 6fn] sf] ;ªV\\ of slt kU' of] < -3_ :jf:Yo ;j] f kb| fg ug{] ;:+ yfsf] ;ªV\\ of slt eof] < -ª_ hDdf ;/sf/L ah6] slt vr{ eof] < ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 173

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 $ gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] ke| fj ;ªu\\ L ljdnf w/] } w/] } ;Demgf, cfdfaa' f;u“ } cdl] /sf a;fO“ ;/L uPkl5 sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿n] tkfOn“{ fO{ w/] } w/] } ;Demgf u/s] f 5f“} . ljbo\\ fnoaf6 Ifq] ed| 0fsf an] f tkfOn“{ ] ;g' fPsf /dfOnf r8' l\\ snfx¿ clxn] klg xfdL an] f an] fdf ;Dem/] xf:“ 5f“} . c“ ;fR“ r} ¤ ljm| ;d;sf] an] f cfdfaa' f;u“ } tkfO“{ cfpgx' G' 5, xfO] g < cl:tsf] Odn] df tkfOn“{ ] gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 s] s:tf ke| fjx¿ k/s] f lyP egL nV] g eGge' Psf] /x5] . t;y{ d cfh To;s} f af/d] f sx] L s/' fx¿ nV] b} 5' . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] bx] fGtkl5 PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ pgsL h7] L ax' f/L /fhG] bn| IdL / sfG5f 5f/] f axfb/' zfxåf/f lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] sz' ntfkj\" s{ Tof] sfoe{ f/ ;Dxfns] f lyP . gk] fnsf klZrdL /fHox¿sf] ljho, dxfsfnL / dr] L gbLkf/L kj\" s{ f 7fpx“ ¿ sAhf u/L axfb/' zfxn] kj\" s{ f] l;dfgf l6:6f / klZrdsf] l;dfgf sd' fp u9jfn;Dd lj:tf/ u/L ljzfn gk] fn lgdf0{ f u/s] f lyP . kl'| ;ofaf6 hd{gL, ;lbl{ gofaf6 O6fnL / a];S] ;af6 la6| g] sf] pTklTt eP h:t} ;fgf] uf/] vf /fHoaf6 ljzfn gk] fnsf] pTklTt ePsf] lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgn] /fi6« / /fli6o« tfnfO{ ;b' 9[ agfPsf] lyof] . ;;fgf /fHox¿sf] n8fOn“ ] hgtf cflht ePsf] cj:yfdf l;ªu\\ f] /fi6« aGg' Pjd\\ ljbz] L rnvn] / x:tIfk] lgoGq0f xg' ' 7n' f] pknlAw lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f JoSt ul/Psf lbJo pkbz] x¿ ;z' f;g / ;dfh ;w' f/ sfod{ f sfz] 9] ª' u\\ f ;fljt ePsf lyP . lj= ;=+ !*#@ df ul/Psf] gk] fn ltAatsf] Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHo ;lGwn] /fi6s« } cflys{ pGgltdf 6j] f ku' s] f] lyof] . To;u} /L gk] fnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f“} 3fi] f0ff u/L /fHo ;~rfng ePsfn] kz| f;lgs vr{ sd xg' uPsf] lyof] . /fHo ;~rfngdf hgtfsf] kxr“' / ;xeflutfdf jb[ l\\ w ePsf] lyof] . hgtfx¿ ax[ t\\ gk] fnsf ;fje{ fd} gful/s ePsfdf bªu\\ bl] vGy] . pgLx¿ lardf ;xsfo,{ ;dGjo / ;xofu] ;3g xg' ku' s] f] lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx hgtfsf] /fo ;e' mfjaf6 sbd rfNg] xb“' f /fli6o« tf dhat' ePsf] Oltxf; bl] vG5 . cfhnfO{ olt dfq n ¤ wGojfb ¤ tkfOs“{ f] lxti} fL rGb|axfb'/ 174 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != Oltxf; hfgsf/ :yfgLo JolStnfO{ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf efu] s] f] ;d:ofx¿ ;DaGwdf kZ| gx¿ ;fW] gx' f;] \\ / kf| Kt pTt/ sfkLdf nv] /] sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f ;dflKtkl5 cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / cflys{ cj:yfdf s] s:tf kl/jtg{ x¿ bv] f k/s] f lyP, nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= tn lbOPsf] tflnsf k/' f u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ M /fHox¿ PsLs/0f ul/Psf] jif{ sf:sL kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kjt{ hD' nf / 8f6] L u9jfn cEof; != gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ k0\" ft{ f kb| fg ug]{ JolStTj axfb/' zfxsf] el\" dsf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= PsLs/0f cleofgn] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yfdf s] s:tf] ke| fj kf/s] f] lyof] < #= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf lbJofk] bz] ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ . sltko pkbz] x¿ jtd{ fg cj:yfdf klg ;d;fdlos 5g,\\ lsg < k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 175

kf7 % gk] fn cªu\\ h|] ob' w\\ df jL/ jL/ªu\\ gfx¿sf] ofu] bfg sIff ( sf ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ ltg ;dx\" df ljefhg u/L x/s] ;dx\" nfO{ gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df jL/ jL/ªu\\ gfx¿sf] ofu] bfg;u“ ;DalGwt ;dx\" sfo{ ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . ;dx\" sfos{ f] lgrf8] o;/L k:| tt' ul/Psf] lyof] M ;dx\" ‘s’ M gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf sf/0fx¿ – cflys{ sf/0f M cªu\\ h]| x¿ gk] fnsf] af6f] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b x'“b} ef]6;“u Jofkf/ ug{ vf]Hg' / cfly{s ;dG' gltsf] sNkgf u/s] f lyP . eLd;g] yfkf – kf| sl[ ts sf/0f M gk] fndf ;dzLtfi] 0f hnjfo' /xg] ePsfn] cªu\\ h]| x¿ ef/tdf /xb“ f udL{ 5Ng otflt/ cfpg rfxGy] . – /fhgLlts sf/0f M tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL eLd;g] yfkf ef/tdf uO{ ;fdf| Hojfb lj/fw] L efif0fx¿ u/s] f lyP . pgn] cªu\\ h]| x¿nfO{ Pl;ofaf6 wkfpg] ofh] gf agfPsf lyP . – gk] fn zlStzfnL xg' ' M PsLs/0fkl5 gk] fnsf] ;Ldf lj:tf/nfO{ l6:6fbl] v sd' fp u9jfn;Dd kml} nPsfn] zlStzfnL ags] f,] cªu\\ h]| n] vt/f dx;;' u/s] f lyP . – tTsfnLg sf/0f -a6' jn / :o/' fhsf] ljjfb_ M lal| 6; ueg/{ dfSo;{' ckm xfl:6ª;\\ n] gk] fnLn] kfNkf ljho u/L kf| Kt u/s] f] a6' jn / :o/' fh Ifq] 5f8g\\ lbPsf] bafa gdfgs] fn] lj= ;=+ !*&! sflTts !% -! gfe] D] a/ !*!$_ df g]kfn lj?b\\w ob' w\\ sf] 3fi] f0ff u/L ob' w\\ sf] kf| /De ePsf] lyof] . 176 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

;dx\" ‘v’ M gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf kl/0ffdx¿ jtd{ fg ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHo dfl] txf/L lhNnfdf ;u' fn} L eGg] 7fp“ /xs] f] 5 . o; :yfgdf lj= ;=+ !*&@ kmfug' @) -# dfr{ ;g\\ !*!^_ df zflGt / ldqtf ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . pSt ;lGwdf gf} ;q\" Lo wf/fx¿df x:tfIf/ u/L ob' w\\ sf] cGTo ul/of] . gk] fnsf] /fHo lj:tf/sf] cGTo / gk] fnn] lal| 6; /fhbt' fjf; /fVg b/af/L if8o\\ Gqsf] ljsf; ePsf] lbgk' g{] / cªu\\ h]| /l] h8G] 6 gk] fnLdf lg/fzf a9g\\ sf7df8fd“} f g} /xg a:g kfpg] uO{ ;dfh ke| fljt ePsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b w/] } hgwgsf] Iflt kl/0ffdx¿ gk] fnLx¿ sDkgL ePsf] ;/sf/sf] ;g] fdf etL{ xg' ] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ePsf] lal| 6; ;/sf/sf] cgd' lt au] / gk] fnn] gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s / sg' } klg o/' fl] kog tyf cdl] /sgnfO{ k//fi6« gLltdf cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] cfkm\\ gf] ;j] fdf /fVg gkfpg] x:tIfk] jb[ l\\ w ePsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] dxfsfnL klZrd, dr] L kj\" { / t/fOs{ f 177 ee\" fu;lxt sn' ltg v08sf] Ps v08 el\" d gk] fnn] ud' fPsf] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

;dx\" ‘u’ M vnªu\\ f gfnfkfgLsf] ob' w\\ df jL/ aneb| sj“' / gfnfkfgLsf] /Iff ug{ afns, jb[ w\\ , dlxnf / o'jf u/L ^)) hgfsf] ;d\"x tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt ;dx\" sf] gt] T[ j u//] @) a;]{ o'jf sKtfg aneb| s'“j/nfO{ lhDdj] f/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ptf cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] cf7 u0' ff zlStzfnL cfwl' gs xft xltof/n] ;;' lHht kmfh} sf] gt] T[ j dh] / hg/n /fN] ; lhn:] kLn] u/s] f] lyP . tyflk gk] fnL tfk] , ufn] f wgs' f8“ / vs' /' Lsf] ;fd' pgLx¿sf] sx] L nfug] . nl] km\\ 6gG] 6 Pln; / hg/n lhn:] kL gk] fnL ofb] w\\ faf6 dfl/P . cªu\\ h]| kmfh} lg/fz eO{ efu/] bx] /fbg' kms{] . To;kl5 dWo gfe] D] a/ ;g\\ !*!$ df 7n' f] tfk] ;lxt cªu\\ h]| kmfh} lbNnLaf6 sgn{] dfjLsf] gt] T[ Tjdf cfO{ bf;] f| ] k6s vnªu\\ fdf cfjm| d0f u¥of] . gk] fnLx¿ jL/tfkj\" s{ n8] . dlxnfx¿n] 9ª' u\\ f d9' f kx| f/ u/] . o;/L ob' w\\ lhTg] cfz df/k] l5 cªu\\ h]| x¿ 5n gLlt ckgfP . pgLx¿n] gfnfkfgLsf] lsNnfleq cfpg] kfgLsf] dx' fg aGb ul/lbP . gk] fnL ofb] w\\ fx¿ kfgL Kof;n] cfjm| fGt eP . cGTodf #) gfe] D] a/ !*!$ sf] laxfg PsfPs lsNnfsf] 9fs] f vfn] L hLljt /xs] f aneb| sj“' /;lxt ^) gk] fnL k?' if, dlxnf tyf afn aflnsf gfªu\\ f] t/af/ lnO{ aflx/ lg:s] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] ufn] f jiffs{ f] lsl~rt k/jfx gu/L ;/f;/ glhss} f] vfn] fdf uO{ kfgL lkP/ Kof; d6] ] . cªu\\ h]| gfnfkfgLsf] lznfnv] kmfh} gk] fnLx¿sf] jL/tf bv] /] gtd:ts ePsf] lyof] . aneb;| lxtsf] gk] fnL ;g] f Toxfa“ f6 hLtu9tkm{ nfUof] t/ lsNnf 5f8g\\ ' cufl8 anebn| ] uhb“{ } æbu' { lng ;Sg] s;s} f] ;fdYo{ lyPg t/ ca xfdL cfkm\\ gf] OR5fn] of] 5f8b\\ } 5fÆ“} egL cªu\\ h]| nfO{ ;Dafw] g u/s] f lyP . clg dfq cªu\\ h]| n] vnªu\\ f lsNnf Wj:t kf/] . t/ pgLx¿n] Toxf“ gk] fnLx¿sf] cbe\\ t\" jL/tfsf] kz| ;+ f ub{} ;x;| wf/f ;8ssf] 5p] df lznfnv] /fv] . o;df æxfdf| jL/ zq' aneb| sj“' / / pgsf jL/ uf/] vf ;fyLx¿sf] :dl[ tdf ;Ddfgfk] xf/Æ nl] vPsf] 5 . of] lznfnv] cfh klg Toxf“ ;/' lIft 5 . 178 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != cªu\\ h]| x¿n] gk] fnnfO{ cwLgdf /fVg rfxgs' f pbb\\ Z] ox¿ ;d6] L Ps /fli6o« klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= ægfnfkfgLdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lznfnv] df aneb| sj“' /kl| t ul/Psf] ;Ddfgn] gk] fnLx¿ jL/ xg' \\ egL kd| fl0ft u5{ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df vnªu\\ f lsNnfdf gk] fnL dlxnfx¿n] kb| zg{ u/s] f] jL/tfsf] pbfx/0f lbb“ } dlxnfx¿ k?' if;/x hg' ;s' } sfddf bIf 5g\\ egL rrf{ ub}{ Ps nv] nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != a6' jn / :o/' fh s;/L l;ªu\\ f] gk] fndf uflePsf lyP < @= anebn| ] cªu\\ h]| ;fd' cfTd ;dk0{ f ug{ lsg dfgg] g\\ < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . #= gfnfkfgL ob' w\\ df aneb| sj“' /n] bv] fPsf] jL/tfaf/] rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= hg/n lhn:] kL s;/L dfl/Psf lyP < kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 179

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 ^ gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ / gk] fnL jL/tfsf] ufyf o; kf7df gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ ePsf ljleGg 7fp“ / Toxf“ gk] fnLn] bv] fPsf] lj/tfsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. dnfp /fdu9sf] ob' w\\ df cd/l;x+ yfkf ‘g]kfnsf] Ho'“bf] af3’ pkgfdn] lrlgg] cd/l;+x yfkfn] PsLs/0fsf] a]nf afO;] / rf}la;] /fHox¿dfly ljho kf| Kt u/s] f lyP . pgn] gk] fnsf] l;dfgf klZrd sfu“ 8f;Dd k¥' ofpg gt] T[ jbfoL el\" dsf klg lgjfx{ u/s] f lyP . gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf] an] f dxfsfnL kf/Lsf] Ifq] sf] /Iff / Toxfs“ f] ob' w\\ ;~rfng ug{] clwsf/ logn} fO{ ;l' DkPsf] lyof] . logn] dnfpsf] lsNnfdf a;/] klZrd gk] fnsf] ;Dk0\" f{ Ifq] sf] ob' w\\ ;~rfng ul//xs] f lyP . t/ o;af6 dnfpdf kz| :t xltof/ ;lxtsf] cªu\\ h]| kmfh} ;u“ gk] fnsf] k/fho ePkl5 ;u' fn} Lsf] ;lGw ugk{' ¥of] . pgL ddfx{ t eP/ uf;] fO“ s0' 8lt/ nfu] / ToxL bx] Tofu u/] . elSt yfkf / bp] ynsf] ob' w\\ pd/] n] &) gf3s] f ;/bf/ elSt yfkf gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df sd' fp / u9jfnsf] dWoefudf kg{] bp] yn lsNnfsf] ;/' Iff cleef/f lnPsf lyP . dnfpdf cªu\\ h]| ;g] fn] cfjm| d0f ;?' cft u¥of] . Tof] yfxf kfPkl5 cd/l;x+ yfkfn] elSt yfkfnfO{ gk] fnL ;g] fsf] gt] T[ Tj ub{} bp] yn lsNnf cfjm| d0f ug{ k7fP . ;g\\ !*!% clkn| !^ df xftdf v8“' f, vs' /' L, t/af/ lnP/ ;l} gs hjfgx¿nfO{ ænf} cl3 a9 jL/ xfÆ] egL kf| T] ;fxg lbb“ } cªu\\ h]| lj?bw\\ hfOnfu] . 7n' f] ob' w\\ eof] t/ be' fU{ o elSt yfkfsf] 5ftLdf ufn] L nfUg kU' of] . ob' w\\ el\" dd} pgn] jL/ult kf| Kt u/] . o; ob' w\\ df gk] fnLtkm{ sf ;ft ;osf] Hofg uof] . cªu\\ h]| tkm{ klg Ps hgfafxs] tfk] vfgfsf ;a} clwst[ dfl/P . elSt yfkfsf] ;fx;, stJ{ o lgi7f / axfb/' Lsf] sb/ ub}{ cªu\\ h]| x¿sf tkma{ f6 dh] / cS6/nfg] Ln] pgsf] dt[ z/L/df dN\" ojfg\\ bf;] Nnf cf9] fO{ ;Ddfg ck0{ f u/] . gk] fnn] o; ob' w\\ df k/fho ax] f/] ] klg gk] fnL jL/x¿sf] el\" d xf] eGg] s/' f cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] dg dl:tisdf cdL6 5fk kfl/lbof] . hLtu9Lsf] ob' w\\ df plh/l;x+ yfkf eLd;g] yfkfsf dfOnf efO gogl;x+ yfkfsf] 5f/] f plh/l;x+ yfkf kfNkfsf ueg{ / eP . gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf] l;nl;nfdf a6' jnsf] ltgfp gbLsf] blIf0f klZrd lsgf/df /xs] f] hLtu9L gfds lsNnf sAhf ug{] cªu\\ h]| sf] ofh] gf lyof] . o; jm| ddf cªu\\ h]| ;g] fklt /xs] f hg/n hfg] ;n' e] fg p8sf] gt] T[ jdf rf/ xhf/sf ;ªV\\ ofdf cªu\\ h]| x¿n] cfjm| d0fsf] tof/L u/s] f lyP . of] s/' f yfxf kfP/ sgn{] plh/l;x+ yfkfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf tg} fy gk] fnL kmfh} n] sz' ntfkj\" s{ cªu\\ h]| x¿dfly wfjf afN] of] / cªu\\ h]| kmfh} k/f:t eof] . gk] fnL kmfh} n] bO' { k6s cfjm| d0f u/L bj' } k6s ljho rD' g ;kmn ePsf] 180 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blyof] . kfNkf lng] bfpdf cfPsf cªu\\ h]| x¿ gk] fnL ;g] f;fd' l6Sg ;sg] g\\ / cGttM pgLx¿ uf/] vk/' lt/ sn' n] d 7fs] ] . o;/L plh/l;x+ yfkfsf] ofu] bfg gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df clj:d/0fLo /xs] f] 5 . hy} ssf] ob' w\\ / /0fhf/] l;x+ yfkf gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf] l;nl;nfdf dxfsfnL kf/L hy} ssf] lsNnfdf kfr“ ;o gk] fnL ;g] f lyP . To; kmfh} sf ;g] fgfos /0fhf/] l;x+ yfkf lyP . kGw| ;osf ;ªV\\ ofdf /xs] f] cªu\\ h]| ;g] fn] gf} k6s cfjm| d0f ubf{ klg gk] fnLn] lsNnf 5f8] g] g\\ . ha cªu\\ h]| sf ufn] L ;lsP ta gk] fnLx¿ lsNnfaf6 lg:s/] hfOnfu] / cªu\\ h]| x¿nfO{ 3/] faGbLdf kf/] . ltg hgf cªu\\ h]| ;g] fgfos dfl/P . Oltxf;sf/ lkG| ;k] n] hy} ssf] c;kmntfkl5 cªu\\ h]| x¿ gfxfgtkm{ nflu knfog ePsf] pNnv] u/s] f 5g\\ . k;f{ dsjfgk/' sf] ob' w\\ df /0flj/l;x+ yfkf gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df eLd;g] yfkfsf sfG5f efO /0fjL/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ k;f{ dsjfgk/' sf] ob' w\\ df gk] fnL ;g] fsf] gt] T[ j ;l' DkPsf] lyof] . cªu\\ h]| ;g] fklt ag] 6] dfnn{] ] sf7df8f}“ pkTosf ljho ug{] pbb\\ Z] osf ;fy cfkm\\ gf ;g] fnfO{ ltg ;dx\" df ljefhg u/L cfjm| d0fsf] tfgfjfgf al' g/xs] f lyP . of] ;r\" gf kfP/ /0fjL/l;x+ yfkfn] cfkm\\ gf] kmfh} nfO{ zdz/] /f0ff / ;jl{ ht yfkfsf] gt] T[ jdf k;fd{ f cªu\\ h]| x¿ dfly Psr} fl] 6 cfjm| d0f ug{ k7fP . cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] efufefu eof] . gk] fnLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] xftxltof/ sAhf u/] . o; ob' w\\ df dfns{] f] cofU] otfsf sf/0f xf/ ax] fg] {' k¥of] egL hg/n xl] :6ªn] pgnfO{ avf:{ t u/L hh{ p8nfO{ gt] T[ j ;D' ks] f lyP . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df gk] fnL jL/x¿n] bv] fPsf] ;fx; / axfb/' L Pjd\\ cªu\\ h]| ;g] fx¿nfO{ wkfPsf,] ob' w\\ u/s] f] ;DaGwdf el\" dsf clego (simulation) cEof; ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf] Oltxf; ;DaGwL k:' tsx¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ jf Oltxf;ljbn\\ fO{ e6] L 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 5nkmndf cfPsf vf; vf; ab“' fx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . #= ‘pd/] n] jL/tfnfO{ 5S] bg} , JolStdf ;fx;, lg8/tf / /fi6e« lStsf] efjgf xg' k' 5{ .’ eGg] ljifodf elSt yfkfsf] ;Gbe{ k:| tt' ub{} ljbz] df /xs] f] ;fyLnfO{ j0fg{ u/L k7fpg] lr7L jf Odn] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ sf ;dodf olb tkfO“{ xg' e' Psf] / ob' w\\ df klZrd dfr] fs{ f] gt] T[ Tj lbOPsf] eP gk] fnLsf] ljhosf nflu s] s:tf ;G} o / /0fgLlts ofh] gfx¿ agfpgx' G' Yof,] nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= bx] /fbg' sf] ;x;| wf/f ;8s glhs anebs| f] lznfnv] /fv] h:t} cGo ob' w\\ :yn glhssf] gk] fnsf] ee\" fudf cGo ofb] w\\ fx¿af/] j0fg{ ul/Psf] lznfnv] /fVg cg/' fw] ub}{ gk] fn ;/sf/ nfO{ Ps cg/' fw] kq nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 181

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcEof; != cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ lsg ‘gk] fnsf] Hob“' f] af3’ (the Living Lion of Nepal) elgPsf] xf,] rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= dnfp lsNnfsf] /Iff ug{' lsg cfjZos lyof] < #= klZrdsf] ob' w\\ df xf/ t/ dWo Ifq] df gk] fnLsf] hLt xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' ,\\ rf/ ab“' fdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ cl3sf] gk] fnsf] gS;f / jtd{ fg gk] fnsf] gS;f 56' 6\\ f 56' 6\\ } agfpgx' f;] \\ . tL bO' l{ ar tn' gfTds cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= hLtu9Ldf gk] fnL ;g] f s;/L ljho ePsf lyP < kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] uf= lj= ;= jf gu/kflnsfdf /xs] f sg' } Ps /fi6e« St÷/fi6« ;j] s jb[ w\\ nfO{ e6] g\\ x' f;] \\ . pgn] oj' f cj:yfdf u/s] f ;fxl;s / jL/tfk0\" f{ sfon{ ] l;ª\\uf] /fi6« / hgtfnfO{ ku' s] f] kmfObfaf/] ;fw] k5' ugx{' f;] \\ . tkfO“{ h:tf slnnf oj' fjun{ fO{ pgsf] sfoa{ f6 s] lzIff kf| Kt xG' 5, ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d6] L Ps nv] tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . o;df ;fl] wPsf kZ| gfjnLsf] cg;' r\" L agfO{ nv] sf] cGTodf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 182 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 & /f0ff zf;gsf] pbo / ktgsf sf/0fx¿ /f0ff zf;gsf] pbosf sf/0fx¿ != /fhgLlts cl:y/tf M kt| fkl;x+ zfxsf] dT[ ok' l5 aLhf/fk] 0f ePsf] /fhlglts cl:y/tf eLd;g] yfkfsf] ktg;u“ } rl' nof] . gf} jifs{ f] cjlwdf cf7 cf]6f dlGqd08n u7g lj36g eP . /fhgLlts bfpkr] / zlStsf nflu rflnPsf sbdx¿n] dfgjLo dN\" o, gl} tstf, ;DaGw / ;+j]bgfnfO{ w'hf w'hf kg{] sfd eof] . clg xTofsf08n] 8/nfUbf] ¿k wf/0f u¥of] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf afxo\\ x:tIfk] M hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff ;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5 cªu\\ h]| /l] h8G] 6 sf7df8fd}“ f /xg yfn] . o;kZrft\\ gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s gLltdf af/Daf/ x:tIfk] xg' yfNof] . pgLx¿n] gk] fnL ef/bf/x¿ k/:k/ lj/fw] L u6' x¿nfO{ kf| T] ;fxg u/L dt leGgtfnfO{ emg\\ km/flsnf] agfpg] uy{] . s;n} fO{ prfNg] / s;n} fO{ /0fgLlt ckgfP/ gk] fndf cfGtl/s czflGt l;hg{ f u/L cfkm\\ gf clei6x¿ k/' f ug{ pbw\\ t /xGy] . #= /fhf /fhG] bs| f] sdhf/] :jefj M /fhG] b| ljjm| d zfxsf] sdhf/] :jefjsf sf/0f pgn] ef/bf/x¿sf] u6' aGbLnfO{ ;Gtn' g / lglijm| o kfg{ ;sg] g\\ . pgn] cfkm\\ gf bO' { >LdtLx¿ larsf] ;ft} g] L emu8fnfO{ klg zfGt kfg{ ;sg] g\\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k b/af/df if8o\\ Gq / xTofn] r/d ¿k lnof] . o;sf] kmfObf jL/g/l;x+ sj“' / hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ eof] . $= ef/bf/x¿sf] xTofsf] zª[ v\\ nf M b/af/df hfnemn] / if8o\\ Gq JofKt lyof] . dfyj/l;x+ yfkf kw| fgdGqL ePkl5 kf08x] ¿sf] ;Togfz eof] . kl5 uugl;x+ / hªu\\ axfb/' ldn/] lj= ;=+ !()@ h7] ^ ut] /ftsf] !! ah] /fgLnfO{ ;n' ePsf] axfgfdf afn] fO{ xgd' fg9fs] f b/af/df dfyj/l;x+ yfkfsf] xTof u/] . pSt xTofkl5 crfgs zlStzfnL ef/bf/ ags] f uugl;x+ vjf;sf] lj= ;=+ !()# ebf} #! ut] /flt xTof eof] . o;df hªu\\ axfb/' sf] xft /xs] f] Oltxf;sf/x¿ atfp5“ g\\ . o;/L 7n' f / cge' jL ef/bf/x¿sf] xTof eof] / /f0ffx¿sf] pbo xg' ] jftfj/0f tof/ xg' kU' of] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 183

%= ltg kjx{ ¿Mkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b sft] kj{ M sfG5L /fgL /fHonIdL cfÇgf ljZjf;kfq uugl;x+ sf] xTofsf] ;dfrf/n] jm| fl] wt algg\\ . ck/fwL kTtf nufpg] jm| ddf pgn] hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff;u“ ;Nnfx lnOg\\ . hªu\\ axfb/' sf] ;Nnfxadfl] hd ;a} ef/bf/x¿nfO{ lagf xftxltof/ sft] df clgjfo{ pkl:yt xg' ' egL ljun' km' sfOg\\ . ptf hªu\\ axfb/' n] cfkm\" dftxt /xs] f ;g] f / efOx¿nfO{ xltof;lxt sft] sf] kvfn{ 3g] { cfbz] lbPsf lyP . ;Dk0\" f{ ef/bf/sf] pkl:yt ePkl5 æxTof/f sf] xf] <Æ egL hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ ;fl] wg\\ . pgn] jL/ sz] / kf8“ l] t/ O;f/f u/] . /fgLn] lghsf] 6fpsf] sf6g\\ egL sdfG8/ Og lrkm cledfg l;x+ nfO{ cfbz] lbOg\\ . t/ pgn] cGo axfgf agfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] . l:ylt eofjx eO;sk] l5 cledfg l;x+ aflx/ lg:sg vfh] ] t/ u6] df g} pgLdfly ;ªu\\ Lg kx| f/ eof] / xTof ul/of] . kvfn{ jl/kl/ /xs] f xltof/wf/L hªu\\ axfb/' sf] efO elthfsf] 8kmk\\ mf leq k;] hªu\\ axfb/' sf] O;f/fdf nueu %% hgfsf] xTof ul/of] . lj= ;=+ !()# c;fh] @ ut] /flt ePsf] o; 36gfnfO{ sft] kj{ egL gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df lrlqt 5 . o; kjk{ l5 hªu\\ axfb/' n] sdfG8/ Og lrkmsf] sfoe{ f/ kfP . e08f/vfn kj{ M zlStdf NofPkl5 cfkm\\ gf] OR5f k¥' ofpg /fgLn] hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ oj' /fh ;/' G] bs| f] jw ug{ cfbz] lbOg\\ . t/ hªu\\ axfb/' n] x/s] kIfaf6 of] cgl' rt xg' ] eGb} k:| tfj c:jLsf/ u/] . ca pgL hªu\\ axfb/' sf] xTof ug{] ofh] gfdf nflug\\ . jL/Wjh a:gt] nfO{ xTofsf] ofh] gf agfpg nufOg\\ . ofh] gfcg;' f/ e08f/vfndf efh] sf] cfofh] gf ug{] / hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ ljifSt vfgf vj' fO{ xTof ug{] ofh] gf aGof] . kl08t ljho/fh kf08a] f6 of] s/' f ;O' sf] kfPsf hªu\\ axfb/' efh] sf] :yndf cfpg l9nf] u/] . jL/Wjh a:gt] cfkm}“ pgnfO{ lng lgjf;lt/ hfb“ } ubf{ lar af6fdf hªu\\ axfb/' ;u“ e6] eof] . ædnfO{ dfg{] ofh] gf aG' g] t“} xfO] g;\\ <Æ eGb} hªu\\ axfb/' n] jL/Wjh a:gt] nfO{ bO' { 6j' m| f kf/L xTof u/] . bnan;lxt e08f/vfn ku' s] f hªu\\ axfb/' n] ;l} gs 3/] faGbLdf kf/L sft] kjd{ f ars] f nueu ## hgf lj/fw] Lx¿nfO{ 5fgL 5fgL xTof u/] . lj= ;=+ !()# sflTts !@ ut] ePsf] of] sf08df w/] } a:gt] ef/bf/x¿sf] Hofg uPsfn] o;nfO{ a:gt] kj{ klg elgG5 . ef/bf/L ;efsf] cfofh] gf u/L dfg{] ko| f; u/s] f] cf/fk] df hªu\\ axfb/' n] /fgLnfO{ bz] lgsfnf ug{] lg0fo{ u/L sfzLjf; k7fP . /fhf /fhG] b| ljjm| d zfxn] hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ kw| fgdGqLdf lgoS' t u/] / tLy{ ofqf ug{] egL sfzLtkm{ uP . cnf} kj{ M /fhf sfzL uPkl5 sft] kja{ f6 efu/] Toxf“ uPsf cGo ef/bf/x¿ /fhfsxf“ en] f eP . Toxfa“ f6 hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ dfg{ egL sx] L dfG5x] ¿ gk] fn k7fP t/ hªu\\ axfb/' sf uK' tr/x¿n] pSt s/' f kTtf nufP . ttk\\ Zrft\\ hªu\\ axfb/' n] oj' /fh ;/' G] bn| fO{ /fhf agfO{ /fHofleifs] klg u/fP . jgf/;df /xs] f gk] fnLx¿sf] ;xofu] lnP/ hªu\\ axfb/' ;u“ n8g\\ ] lg0fo{ u/L bnan;lxt /fhG] b| ljjm| d zfx jL/uGh glhss} f] cnf} gfds 7fpd“ f cfO{ lsNnf afw“ L a;] . otfaf6 hªu\\ axfb/' n] cfÇgf ;g] f To;tkm{ k7fP . lj= ;=+ !()$ ;fpgdf sf7df8fa“} f6 uPsf ;g] fn] /fhG] bs| f] kmfh} dfly cfjm| d0f u/L k/flht u/] . xfTtLdf r9/] efUb} 184 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ubf{ /fhG] b| ;g] fåf/f ;dfltP . pgnfO{ sb} Lsf ¿kdf eStk/' NofOof] / aGbL agfOof] . o; kja{ f6 hªu\\ axfb/' gk] fnsf jf:tljs zf;s aGg ku' ] . ^= nfn dfx] /x¿ M lj= ;=+ !()^ df hf/L nfn dfx] /n] hªu\\ axfb/' n] /f0ffhLsf] pkflw kfP . /f0ff kl/jf/n] h:tf;] s' } ck/fw u/] klg ;hfoaf6 dS' t xg' ] eP . lj= ;=+ !(!# ;fpg @$ uts] f] nfn dfx] /n] hªu\\ axfb/' nfO{ sf:sL / ndhª' sf] >L # dxf/fh 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . o; nfn dfx] /af6 hªu\\ axfb/' n] ljzi] f clwsf/ kf| Kt u/] / To;sf] lg/Gt/tf pgsf ;Gtlt;DdnfO{ kf| Kt u/] . &= /fh kl/jf/;u“ sf] jj} flxs ;DaGw M hªu\\ axfb/' n] u?' k;| fb zfxsL alxgL;u“ ljjfx u/] . cfÇgf] cf7 jifs{ f h7] f 5f/] f huth\\ ªu\\ sf] ljjfx /fhf ;/' G] bs| L 5 jifs{ L h7] L 5f/] L;u“ ul/lbP . hªu\\ axfb/' n] cfÇgf 5f/] Lx¿sf] ljjfx oj' /fh qn} fS] o ljjm| d / /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o wL/G] b| ljjm| d zfx;u“ ul/lbPsf lyP . o;/L /fh kl/jf/;u“ sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwn] ;fdflhs cflys{ pGgltsf ;fy /f0ffx¿ emg\\ zlStzfnL eP . /f0ff zf;g ktgsf sf/0f /f0ff zf;g ktgsf sf/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kfl/jfl/s ;ª3\\ if{ ;L jus{ f /f0ffx¿sf] /f0ff zf;g lj/fw] L /fhf lqej' gsf] b/af/ Tofu / ;z:q lgisfzg cfGbfn] g ;ª3\\ if,{ @))& – /fn] jm| d lgdf0{ f u/L rGbz| dz/] n] /f0ff – hªu\\ axfb/' s} ;dodf ef6] l' ;x+ , – hgtf / /fhfsf] ;fc] g;' f/ pTt/flwsf/L kl/jf/df P, aL / ;L nvg yfkfnufotn] Ps} ks| f/sf] ljbf| x] ;?' u/s] f ;d:of lyof] . tfS] g' emu8fsf] dV' o jud{ f juLs{ /0f u/] . lyP . ljZjob' w\\ kl5 /f0ffx¿sf x/s] hfus] f] hgrt] gfn] s/' f ;xg afWo lap eof] . o;n] ;L jus{ f cfGbfn] gx¿ ePsfn] /fhf ;ªu\\ l7t xb“' } lyP . lqej' gn] lj= ;=+ /f0ffx¿ kw| fgdGqLsf] @))& sflTts – lj= ;=+ !(#* / !($@ sf] /fn] jm| daf6 jl~rt – rvf{ kr| f/ @! ut] b/af/ cfGbfn] gdf kr| 08 Tofu u/L ef/tsf] kjx{ ¿n] wL/zdz/] sf eP . sltkonfO{ bz] uf/] vf, nfOa/]| L kj,{ z/0fdf ku' ] . 5f/] fx¿ zlStzfnL eP . lgsfnf;dt] ul/of] . kh| f kl/ifb,\\ hot' ;:+ st[ d\\ cflb /f0ff – gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;]| sf] kmn:j¿k /f0ff lj/fw] L cfGbfn] g gt] T[ jdf bz] el/ ePsf lyP . ;z:q ;ª3\\ ifs{ f] kl/jf/leq} /f0ff lj/fw] L zªv\\ 3fi] f u/L /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dx\" sf] kf| be' fj{ eof] . cGTo eof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 185

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] Oltxf; ;DaGwL k:' ts cWoog jf vfh] cg;' Gwfg u/L hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff ;DaGwL tnsf tYox¿ /xs] f] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff hGd M lj= ;+= =========================== 7fp“ M ==================================== a'jfsf] gfd M ===================================================== cfdfsf] gfd M ==================================================== Gjf/fgsf] gfd M ================================================== afNosfnsf] hLjgL M============================================== kw| fgdGqL aGg kU' gs' f dV' o /x:ox¿ M ======================== dT[ o M lj= ;+= ============================ @= /f0ff zf;g pbo xg' s' f dV' o 36gfx¿ / ldlt ;dfjz] u/L Ps ;do /v] f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= sft] kjd{ f ef/bf/x¿sf] xTof xg' ' cl3sf] cj:yfnfO{ gf6s agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != /f0ff zf;g pbo xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ ;lj:tf/ rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= /f0ff zf;g cjlw gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df cW“ of/f] cjlwsf ¿kdf lrlqt ul/G5 . lsg, k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= tTsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfdf hªu\\ axfb/' sf] pTklTt cfjZos lyof] < tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= /f0ff zf;g sfndf gk] fnLx¿ bz] lgsfnf ul/Pkl5 lsg sfzLtkm{ nfUy] < %= /f0ff zf;g ktgdf /f0ffx¿ cfkm“} lhDdj] f/ lyP, s;/L < ^= /f0ff zf;gsf] pTklTt;u“ } /f0ff lj/fw] L cfGbfn] g jf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ gePsf xfO] gg\\ t/ ltgLx¿ ;kmn ePgg,\\ lsg < rf/ cf6] f sf/0fx¿ nv] L j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . 186 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 * /f0ff zf;gsf ke| fjx¿ !)$ a;{] /f0ff zf;g sfndf gk] fnsf] ;Dk0\" f{ zf;g / zlSt kw| fgdGqLdf lglxt lyof] . pgLx¿kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b /fi6s« f ;j;{] jf{ lyP . of] xs' d' L zf;gdf pgLx¿ cfkm\\ gf ;Gtfg, cfkmGt / s6' D' asf] /fdf| ] eljio ;l' glZrt ugl{] t/ Wofg lbGy] . t/ hghLljsfsf ;d:ofx¿kl| t ;/fs] f/ lbb“ g} y] . hgtfx¿ zfi] f0fsf] df/df lyP . /fli6o« cfDbfgL /f0ff zf;sx¿ :jfy{ kl\" ts{ f nflu vr{ xG' Yof] . ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cToGt} ;:' t lyP . cfwl' gs ou' df klg dfgjsf hGdl;bw\\ clwsf/x¿, h:t} M jfs\\ :jtGqtf, lx8“ 8\\ n' ug{] :jtGqtf, ;ª3\\ ;:+ yf vfN] g] :jtGqtf cflbaf6 hgtf jl~rt lyP . o:tf sfon{ ] ljsf;df uDeL/ cj/fw] v8f u/s] f] lyof] . /f0ff zf;sx¿sf] afn] L g} sfgg' lyof] . /f0ffx¿sf] JolStut rfxgf / OR5fcg;' f/ hf] sfx] LnfO{ dT[ ob' 08 h:tf] s7f/] / cdfgjLo ;hfo klg lbOGYof] . hgtfnfO{ ljefhg u//] zf;g ug{] O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] gLltnfO{ /f0ffx¿n] cgs' /0f u/] . afxo\\ x:tIfk] nfO{ lz/fw] fo{ u/] . hfthfltlar b/f/ pTkGg u/fO{ ;lbofb“} l] v ldn/] a;s] f] gk] fnL ;dfh ljeflht u/] . afn ljjfx, cgdn] ljjfx, axl' jjfx h:tf sk' y| fnfO{ k>| o lbO{ gf/L lx;+ f / zfi] f0f lgDtfP . 5f/] f] geP kTgLsf] bfi] f dfgL csf{] ljjfx ug{] k/Dk/f rnfP . lzIffsf] cj;/af6 ;j;{ fwf/0f jl~rt ul/P . kmn:j¿k lj= ;=+ @))& ;fn;Dd ;fIf/tf b/ bO' { kl| tztdf ;Lldt lyof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k ;fdGtjfb xfjL ePsf] lyof] . hgtfsf] cflys{ l:ylt cToGt} sdhf/] lyof] . /f0ffx¿ clt wgL lyP / hgtfx¿ clt ul/a lyP . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg cfkm\\ gf] zf;g l6sfpg / nDafpg jm| dzM pgLx¿n] sx] L ;fdflhs / cflys{ sfox{ ¿ u/] h;nfO{ /f0ff zf;gsf] ;w' f/sf pknlAw dflgG5 . != ;fdflhs ke| fj M hªu\\ axfb/' sf] an] fot ed| 0fkl5 lj= ;=+ !(!) df gk] fnsf] ky| d lnlvt dn' s' L Pg] sf] hf/L eof] . o;n] bz] df sfgg' L Ps¿ktf Nofof] . #% jif;{ Dd ljjfx gu/L a;s] L 5f/] LnfO{ kt} s[ ;DklTtdfly clwsf/ kb| fg ul/of] . ;ltky| fh:tf] ck/fwnfO{ lj= ;=+ !(&& df rGbz| d;/] n] sfgg' agfO{ k0\" f{ kl| taGw nufP . To;u} /L lj= ;=+ !(*! dªl\\ ;/ !$ df bf;ky| fsf] cGTo eof] . bj] zdz/] n] uf/] vf kqsf] ks| fzg / jL/ zdz/] n] jL/ c:ktfn tyf jL/ k:' tsfnosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . /f0ffsfndf cfkm\\ g} ;GtfgnfO{ k9fpg eP klg lj= ;=+ !(!) df yfkfynL b/af/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] b/af/ :sn' n] cªu\\ h]| L lzIff kf| /De u/s] f] lyof] . bj] zdz/] n] bz] e/ !)) eGbf a9L kf7o\\ zfnfx¿ vfN] g nufP . lqrGb| snh] tyf sGof ljbo\\ fno :yfkgf ul/of] . lj= ;=+ !(() df P;Pn;L af8] s{ f] Joj:yf ul/of] . @= cflys{ ke| fj M /f0ffsfndf dn' s' df sg' } j1} flgs cflys{ ljsf;;Dabw\\ sfox{ ¿ vf;} ePgg\\ . /f0ffx¿n] cfkm\\ gf] ;DklTt ljbz] L aª} s\\ df hDdf ug{] xg' fn] gk] fnsf] kh“' L ljbl] ;of] . cflys{ ;ªs\\ 6x¿ kb} f eP . tyflk hb' w\\ zdz/] n] u/s] f sx] L pNnV] o cflys{ sfox{ ¿ kz| ;+ gLo dflgG5g\\ . pgn] sl[ if :sn' :yfkgf u/] . pbo\\ fu] kl/ifb\\ :yfkgf u/] . lj/f6gu/ h6' ldn, s6g ldn, hb' w\\ dr} ÇofS6L« tyf cGo 3/n] ' pbo\\ fu] x¿ :yfkgf u/L cfb} o\\ fl] us ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 187

ljsf;df 6j] f lbP . pgn] lj= ;=+ !(($ sflTts & df gk] fn aª} s\\ lnld68] :yfkgf u/L aª} l\\ sª ;j] f kf| /De u/] . l;r“ fOtkm{ rGbz| dz/] n] ;Kt/Lsf] lqou' f gbLaf6 rGbg| x/ lgdf0{ f u/] . o;} an] f ?= !)), ?= !) / ?= % sf sfuhL gf6] x¿ kr| ngdf NofOof] . ljm| ofsnfk != olb tkfO“{ /f0ffsfndf xg' x' G' Yof] eg] tTsfnLg /f0ff kw| fgdGqLnfO{ s] s:tf /fhgLlts k0| ffnLut ;w' f/ ug{ ;e' mfj lbgx' G' Yof,] nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= /f0ffsfnsf] !)$ a;{] zf;gnfO{ lsg cW“ of/f] sfn elgG5, ;fyLx¿lar hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . pTsi[ 6 pTt/ / k:| tl' tnfO{ k/' :st[ ugx{' f;] \\ . #= tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b jm| = ;=+ /f0ff kw| fgdGqLx¿ ;w' f/sf sfox{ ¿ != hª\\uaxfb'/ @= jL/zd;/] #= bj] zd;/] $= rGbz| d;/] %= h'b\\wzd;]/ ^= kb\\dzdz]/ $= /f0ff zf;gsf sg' sg' s/' fx¿ clxn] klg ko| fu] df jf kr| ngdf kfOG5g,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != /f0ffx¿nfO{ sfgg' nfUbg} Yof] eg/] lsg elgPsf] xfn] f < @= /f0ff zf;gsf /fdf| g/fdf| kIfx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . #= /f0ff zf;g sfnsf] pbo\\ fu] ljsf; sfox{ ¿ kz| ;+ gLo dflgG5g,\\ lsg < $= ‘km' 6fpm / zf;g u/’ eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < %= dn' s' L Pg] , !(!) n] /fi6d« f s] s:tf ke| fjx¿ kf/s] f] lyof,] nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ /f0ff zf;g j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t hxfl“ gof, xs' d' L / lg/ªs\\ z' zf;g k0| ffnL lyof] . o; ;Gbed{ f k:| 6 xg' sf nflu tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f Oltxf;ljb,\\ ab' l\\ whLjL jf /f0ff zf;gsf] cge' j kf| Kt hi] 7 gful/snfO{ e6] L 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 5nkmn, ;fw] k5' af6 cfPsf] lgisifn{ fO{ eGg] klqsfdf ks| fzgfy{ Ps nv] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 188 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9