RS815_FINAL TB OF GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES

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ljm| ofsnfk != Kofuf8] f zn} L, :tk\" zn} L / lzv/ zn} Lsf] Ps Ps cf6] f gdg' f lrq sfg] x{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf dlGb/x¿n] sg' } g sg' } wflds{ ;Dkb| fosf] emns lbG5g\\ . To;sf] kd| v' sf/0f s] xg' ;S5 < #= d7, dlGb/, uD' af, ljxf/, rT} o, dl:hbx¿ xfdf| ] w/fx] /sf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\\ . o;sf] ;/+ If0f ;j+ wg{ / kr| f/ ug{ s] ugk{' nf{ < ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . $= @)&@ ;fn jz} fvdf uPsf] zlStzfnL es\" Dksf sf/0f wflds{ , Pl] txfl;s tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts w/fx] /df w/] } Iflt ku' s] f] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;dt] ;r\" Lst[ o:tf w/fx] /sf] kg' lgd{ f0{ f / ;/+ If0fsf] nflu ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b cEof; != jf:ts' nfsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fndf ljsf; ePsf] jf:ts' nf ;Dabw\\ zn} Lx¿sf] 5f6] s/Ldf kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . #= :tk' f / lzv/ zn} Llarsf] leGgtf 56' o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . $= gk] fndf /xs] f k/' fgf jf:ts' nfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;db' fosf] el\" dsf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f k/' fgf 3/, d7, dlGb/, b/af/, :tk' , rT} o, uD' af, ljxf/, dl:hb, kf6L, kfj} f, 8anL cflbsf] kT| oIf cjnfs] g ed| 0f ugx{' f;] \\ . To;sf] lgdf0{ f sg' zn} Ldf ePsf] /x5] / To;df sg' sg' ;fduL| ko| fu] ePsf] /x5] < ;fw] vfh] u/L ljj/0f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . jm| = ;=+ gfd z}nL ko| fu] ul/Psf] lgdf0{ f ;fduL| 48 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 $ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f / wd{ lg/kI] ftf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStx¿ Pp6} ynfd] f ;u“ } ldn/] a:g' / Ps csfn{ fO{ ;Ddfg ug{' g} wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f xf] . gk] fndf k/fkj\" { sfnbl] v g} wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 . gk] fndf ufk] fn jz+ / ls/ft jz+ sf /fhfx¿ zj} wd{ dfGy] eg] lnR5lj sfndf /fhf dfgbj] sf kl/jf/df zj} / ji} 0fj bj' } wd{ dflgGy] . o; ;Gben{ fO{ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . /fhf dfgbj] n] afb} w\\ wdk{ l| t >bw\\ f ks| 6 ub{} dfg ljxf/ agfpg nufPsf] pNnv] o;sf] csf{] pbfx/0f xf] . dNnsfndf kt| fk dNnn] O;fO{ kfb/Lx¿nfO{ sf7df8fd“} f a:g] cgd' lt lbPsf lyP . cem efis/ dNnn] t dl' :ndx¿nfO{ b/af/df /fvs] f lyP eGg] sYo k/Dk/f /xs] f] 5 . To;u} /L kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] xftxltof/ agfpg / ;g] fnfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu dl' :nd sfnLu9x¿nfO{ b/af/df afn] fPsf] Pl] txfl;s kd| f0f 5 . o;sf cfwf/df k/fkj\" s{ fnbl] v Psn] csf{] wdk{ l| t ;Ddfg / cf:yf /fvs] f] kl' i6 xG' 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf gk] fnLx¿lar klg wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] efj emNsG5 . kzk' lt / :joDed\" f lxGb' Pjd\\ afb} w\\ bj' } wdfj{ nDaLn] kh\" f cf/fwgf u5g{ \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 49

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b/fHon] sg' } wd{ / wflds{ cf:yf ePsf JolSt / ;db' fosf] kIf glnO{ ;an} fO{ ;dfg Jojxf/, ;Ddfg / ;defj ks| 6 ug{' g} wd{ lg/kI] ftf xf] . bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gaf6 kg' M:yflkt ;;+ bn\\ ] lj= ;=+ @)^# h7] $ ut] u/s] f] 3fi] f0ffn] gk] fn klxnf] k6s wd{ lg/kI] f /fHo ePsf] xf] . o;cl3 gk] fn ljZjdf Psdfq lxGb' /fi6s« f ¿kdf lrlgb“ } cfPsf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ df ‘gk] fn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/kI] f, ;dfjz] L nfs] tGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGdv' ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .’ egL pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;l+ jwfgdf g} ;gftgbl] v rlncfPsf] wd{ ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f nufot wflds{ / ;f:+ sl[ ts :jtGqtfsf ¿kdf wd{ lg/kI] ftfnfO{ ;D´gk' g{] s/' f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . To;u} /L gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] efu # cGtut{ dfl} ns xssf] wf/f @^ df wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wflds{ :jtGqtfcGtut{ wdk{ l| t cf:yf /fVg] kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfÇgf] cf:yfcg;' f/ wds{ f] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{] :jtGqtf xg' ] 5 . t/ s;n} ] s;s} f] wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg] jf csfs{ f] wdd{ f vnn kg{] sfd Jojxf/ ug{ jf u/fpg xb“' g} elgPsf] 5 . To;n} ] wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{' ;a} gful/ssf] stJ{ o xg' 5] . kT| os] wflds{ ;Dkb| fon] sfgg' adfl] hd dfq cfÇgf] :jtGq ultljlw ;~rfng u/L cfÇgf] wflds{ :yn / wflds{ u7' Lsf] ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ . ;an} ] cfÇgf] wd{ dfGgk' 5{ / c¿sf] wds{ f] ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sgk' 5{ . wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f bz] sf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fs“} f] afuahf/df gj] f/x¿sf] afSnf] a:tL 5 . To; :yfgdf d;' ndfgx¿ klg k/fkj\" { sfnbl] v 3/hd u/L a;fa] f; ub{} cfO/xs] f 5g\\ . sx] L jif{ otfbl] v To; 7fpd“ f kj\" { dr] Lbl] v klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf ljleGg hfthflt / wdfj{ nDaLsf JolStx¿ klg :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ul//xs] f 5g\\ . gj] f/x¿sf] 3/df dl' :nd / dl' :ndsf] 3/df gj] f/nufot cGo hfltsf JolStx¿ ef8fdf a;/] :jtGqtfkj\" s{ cfÇgf] k;] f ;~rfng u/s] f 5g\\ . cfÇgf] wd{ tyf ;:+ sf/ cjnDag u/]sf 5g\\ . afuahf/ glhs} /fgLkf]v/Lsf] lardf lxGb'x¿sf] dlGb/ 5 . /fgLkfv] /Lsf] kj\" k{ 6l\\ 6 dl' :ndx¿sf] bO' { cf6] f dl:hbx¿ klg 5g\\ . afuahf/ cf;kf;df klg lxGbx' ¿sf] d7 dlGb/, ab' w\\ wdfj{ nDaLsf :tk\" / rT} ox¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . oxf“ ljm| l:rog wdfj{ nDaLsf luhf3{ /, dG8nLx¿ klg 5g\\ . OGbr| fs] sf] kj\" L{ 6fn] nfO{ /fsL 6fn] elgG5 hxf“ O/fsL d;' ndfgx¿ a:b} cfPsf 5g\\ . afuahf/df leGg hflt / wdfj{ nDaLsf 3/x¿ Ps cfk;df hfl] 8Psf 5g\\ . pgLx¿ cfcfÇgf] ;:+ sl[ t lgjfw{ ¿kdf lgles{ tfsf ;fy dfGb} cfPsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿ Pscsfs{ f] wflds{ :yn tyf sfoj{ m| ddf pT;s' tfkj\" s{ hfg] klg u5g{ \\ . cfh;Dd To; 7fpd“ f wds{ f] gfddf sg' } eme} mu8f, snx, dteb] ePsf] 5g} . a? csfs{ f] wdk{ l| t ;Ddfg / lh1f;f /fvs] f] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ ax' hftLo Pjd\\ ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts ;dfhdf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . 50 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != tn lbOPsf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf pbfx/0fx¿ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf plNnlvt pbfx/0f afxs] sf c¿ klg wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf cEof;x¿ xg' ;S5g\\ . To;sf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . -s_ lxGbx' ¿ :joDed\" f / afb} w\\ x¿ kzk' ltgfydf bzg{ Pjd\\ kh\" f u5g{ \\ . -v_ afb} w\\ dfuL{ zfSo sn' sL 5f/] LnfO{ lxGbx' ¿n] sd' f/L agfO{ kh\" f ug{] k/Dk/f 5 . -u_ sflts{ sf] ci6dL / df3 zS' n kIfsf] rtb' z{ Ldf kzk' ltnfO{ ab' w\\ ds' 6' nufOlbg] rng 5 . @= wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] ;an kIfx¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f egs] f] s] xf] < @= gk] fndf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] ljsf; s;/L xb“' } cfPsf] 5 < #= wd{ lg/kI] ftf egs] f] s] xf] < $= gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/kI] ftfsf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 < %= clxn] gk] fndf ljleGg hflt, efiff / wds{ f lardf w/] } rrf{ xg' yfns] f] 5 . o;n] ;lbofb“} l] v /lxcfPsf] Pstfsf] efjgfdf cfr“ cfp5“ ls eg/] sltko ;zªl\\ st ePsf 5g\\ . o:tf] l:yltdf wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] efjgf cem} uf9f agfpg tkfO“{ s] ;e' mfj lbg rfxgx' G' 5 < ^= wflds{ ;lxi0ft' fsf] dxTTj pNnv] ub{} cfkm\\ gf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfO+{ a;fa] f; u/s] f] ;db' fodf sg' sg' wd{ dfGg] dfG5x] ¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \\ < pgLx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGw s:tf] /xs] f] kfpge' of] < l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 51

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 % /fli6o« JolStTj tyf ljel\" tx¿sf] ofu] bfg /fi6s« f nflu ljzi] f ofu] bfg lbg] jf s;n} ] gu/s] f] k;| z+ gLo sfd ug{] JolStnfO{ /fli6o« ljel\" tdf ;dfjz] ug{] ul/G5 . o;/L /fi6s« f] uf/} j a9fpg cfcfÇgf] Ifq] af6 ljlzi6 ofu] bfg lbgx] ¿dWo] gk] fndf /fli6o« ljel\" t 3fi] f0ff u/s] f JolStx¿ / pgLx¿sf] ofu] bfgaf/] o; kf7df rrf{ ul/g] 5 . hgs hgsk/' sf /fhf hgs cfkm\" /fhf eP/ klg ax| d\\ 1fgL lyP . pgL bx] -z/L/_ eGbf cfTdfnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbGy] / /fHodf klg of] ;Gbz] kmn} fpg rfxGy] . pgL cfÇgf] b/af/df dq} oL, ufuL,{ of1jNSo h:tf Clifx¿;u“ zf:qfy{ uy{] . To;n} ] /fhf hgsnfO{ /fhlif{ / ljbx] sf] ;1+ f lbOPsf] lyof] . pgL gk] fnnfO{ jl} bs cEof; sG] bs| f ¿kdf ljsf; u/L gk] fnsf] gfd rDsfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . cfh;Dd klg /fhf hgssf] gfd / kf/} fl0fs sfnsf] ldlynfsf] rrf{ 5b“ } 5 . ;Ltf cfbz{ gf/Lsf ¿kdf kl/lrt ;Ltf lxGb' eujfg\\ /fdsL kTgL xg' \\ . /fdnfO{ lji0f' / ;LtfnfO{ nIdLsf] cjtf/sf ¿kdf dfgL lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿n] kh\" f cf/fwgf u5g{ \\ . wtL{ kq' L / hfgsL dftfsf] gfdn] klg kl| ;bw\\ ;Ltfsf] gfdaf6 gk] fnsf] ldlynf Ifq] sf] uf/} j a9s] f] 5 . uft} d ab' w\\ zfSo dl' g uft} d ab' w\\ -l;bw\\ fy{ uft} d_ sf] hGd gk] fnsf] nl' DagLdf ePsf] lyof] . pgn] ljZjnfO{ ;To, Gofo / clx;+ fsf] dfud{ f lx8“ g\\ clekl]| /t u/] . pgn] rf/] L gu/, em' 7f] gafn] , xltof/n] 3ft kl| t3ft gu/, g;fn' kbfya{ f6 6f9f a;, ofg} b/' frf/ gu/ eGg] h:tf k~rzLnsf] ;Gbz] lbPsf 5g\\ . uft} d ab' w\\ nfO{ ljZjn] zflGtsf cub| t\" sf ¿kdf dfgs] f] 5 . cz+ j' df{ lnR5lj sfnsf kl| ;bw\\ ;df| 6\\ cz+ j' df{ bz] k/bz] df cfÇgf] gfd rDsfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . lrlgof“ ofqL xo' fg :ofªsf] ofqf jT[ tfGtdf klg pgsf] ofu] bfg pNnv] ePsf] 5 . cz+ j' df{ cfÇgf] zAbuG| y ljbo\\ f gfdsf] sl[ taf6 rlrt{ 5g\\ . pgL snf, sfz} n / ;flxTosf cg/' fuL lyP . pgn] agfPsf] elgPsf] sn} fzs6' ejg clåtLo snfsfl/tfn] el/k0\" f{ lyof] eGg] Oltxf;df pNnv] 5 . logs} sz' n zf;g Joj:yfn] ubf{ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ :j0fo{ u' elgPsf] xf] . 52 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

/fd zfx kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b Gofokd]| L /fdzfx dWosfnLg uf/] vfsf nfs] lko| /fhf lyP . pgn] ;fdflhs, 53 cflys{ , Goflos, kz| f;lgs tyf wflds{ ;w' f/x¿ u/] . pgn] cfÇgf] zf;g sfndf Gofo kz| f;gnfO{ dhat' agfPsf lyP . /fd zfxn] u/s] f] ;w' f/n] ubf{ ‘Gofo gkfP uf/] vf hfg’' eGg] rng rns] f] lyof] . pgn] To; an] f dfgfkfyL / 9s t/fhs' f] Joj:yf u/] . pgn] Aofhsf] b/ lglZrt ul/lbP . sn' f] l;r“ fO tyf ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo ;DaGwL w/] } lgodx¿ agfO{ nfu' u/s] f lyP . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] kl/sNkgfsf/ lyP . pgn] 6j' m| f 6j' m| f /xs] f afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHonfO{ PsLs/0fsf] yfngL u/] . kmn:j¿k cfhsf] gk] fnsf] emG8} cfwf efu PsLs/0f u/L gk] fnsf] l;dfgf kj\" d{ f l6:6f;Dd k¥' ofO{ cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] lgdf0{ f u/] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf ofu] bfgnfO{ lgDg lnlvt ab“' faf6 cfs“ ng ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ :jtGq ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg gk] fn /fi6s« f] lgdf0{ f -v_ dxfg\\ /fhgLlt1 -u_ Gofokd]| L -3_ jL/ ;g] fgfos -ª_ ljbj\\ fgs\\ f] sb/ ug{] JolSt -r_ c;n+ Ug k//fi6« gLltsf hGdbftf -5_ k/Dk/fut ;:+ sl[ tsf /Ifs -h_ ;kmn ofh] gfsf/ / b/' bzL{ c/lgsf] snfsf/ c/lgsf] -anafx'_ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf] kf6gdf hlGdPsf kl| ;bw\\ snfsf/ xg' \\ . /fhf ceo dNnsf] kfnfdf lrlgof“ ;df| 6\\ sa“' nf vfn“ ] snfsf/ dfu u/s] f] xg' fn] snfsf/ c/lgsfs] f] gt] T[ jdf snfsf/sf] Ps 6fn] L ltAat uPsf] lyof] . snfsf/ c/lgsfs] f] snfsfl/tf bv] /] lrlgof“ ;df| 6\\ 5Ss k/] . o;/L pgn] gk] fnL snfsfl/tfnfO{ ljZj;fd' kl/lrt u/fP . logL snfsf/, dl\" ts{ f/, jf:tl' jb\\ / j1} flgs lyP . logn] ls6, df6f] / ;g' ld;fP/ ;of“} jif{ l6Sg] dl\" t{ agfPsf lyP . logn] agfPsf bhg{ f“} dl\" t{ clxn] klg rLgdf 5g\\ . rLgsf] /fhwfgL aO] lhªsf] Zjt] Kofuf8] f -kfOtf:t_] logn} ] agfPsf xg' \\ . c/lgsfs] f] dT[ ok' l5 rLg ;/sf/n] lognfO{ ldªxfO] { -tLj| kl| tef_ sf] pkflw kb| fg u/s] f] lyof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |beLd;g] yfkf gk] fnsf ky| d kw| fgdGqL eLd;g] yfkf xg' \\ . pgL cªu\\ h]| ;fdf| Ho;u“ 6Ss/ lng] bz] eSt kw| fgdGqL -dl' Vtof/_ lyP . pgn] cfkm\\ gf] ;dodf ;fdflhs, cflys{ / ;l} gs ;w' f/x¿ u/] . pgn] #! jif;{ Dd dl' Vtof/ eP/ dfte[ l\" dsf] ;j] f u/] . pgn] gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] afs“ L sfdnfO{ k/' f u/L gk] fnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf ;tnh;Dd k¥' ofPsf lyP . pgsf] /fi6k« d]| , kljq xb[ o / b/' blzt{ fsf ;DaGwdf >L % /0faxfb/' zfxn] egs] f lyP, æd d/L dn' s' 8A' Gof 5g} , eLd;g] d¥of] eg] dn' s' 8A' Gof 5 .Æ To:t} eLd;g] yfkfsf af/d] f rGb| zdz/] n] egs] f lyP, æPp6f eLd;g] yfkf ghGds] f] eP gk] fn plxNo} lxl“ 8;SYof] .Æ cd/l;x+ yfkf /fhelSt / bz] elStsf] efjgfn] cft] kf| t] cd/l;x+ yfkfn] gk] fn cªu\\ h]| ob' w\\ df axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8s] f lyP . pgnfO{ ;b' /\" klZrddf gk] fnsf] /Iffsf] lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn] sd' fp u9jfn xb“' } gk] fnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf sfu“ 8f;Dd k¥' ofPsf lyP . cªu\\ h]| ;g] fsf hg/n cS6/ nfg] Ln] cd/l;x+ yfkfnfO{ cgs] f“} kn| fe] g lbP klg sg' } nfe] df gk/L axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8] . aneb| sj“' / sKtfg aneb| sj“' /n] @) jifs{ f] slnnf] pd/] df cªu\\ h]| ;u“ gfnfkfgLsf] vnªu\\ f lsNnfdf 86/] ob' w\\ u/s] f lyP . pgn] l;kfxL, dlxnf / s6] fs6] L u/L ^)) JolSt lnP/ cfwl' gs xltof/ lnPsf #%)) cªu\\ h]| kmf}h;“u axfb'/Lsf ;fy n8]sf lyP . cª\\u|]hx¿n] ;d]t pgsf] jL/tfsf] kz| ;+ f u/s] f 5g\\ . pgn] cªu\\ h]| x¿;u“ cfTd ;dk0{ f gu/L ob' w\\ df g} dT[ o' j/0f ug{ tof/ ;dt] eO{ gk] fnL jL/tfsf] gdg' f kb| zg{ u/s] f lyP . efge' St cfrfo{ cflbslj efge' St cfrfon{ ] ;:+ st[ /fdfo0fnfO{ gk] fnL efiffdf cgj' fb u/] . pgn] gk] fnL efiffdf sljtf nv] g ;?' u/] . To;n} ] gk] fnL efiff / ;flxTodf pgsf] 7n' f] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . pgn] gk] fnL efiffnfO{ ;/n / zb' w\\ agfO{ efiffsf dfWodaf6 gk] fnLnfO{ eflifs PsLs/0f u/] . 54 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

dfl] t/fd e66\\ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b dfl] t/fd e66\\ n] gk] fnL ;flxTodf efge' StnfO{ lrgfpg] sfd u/] . pgn] 55 yk' }| sl[ tx¿sf] /rgf u/L gk] fnL efiff / ;flxTodf gof“ cfofd yk] . pgL slj, uhnsf/ Pjd\\ ufos klg lyP . #) jifs{ f] cNkfod' f lbjªu\\ t dft] L/fd e66\\ oj' f sljsf] pkgfdn] lrlgG5g\\ . lqej' g /fhf lqej' gn] gk] fndf !)$ jifLo{ /f0ff zf;g lj?bw\\ /fhubb\\ L Tofu/] hgtfsf] Jfm| flGtdf ;xofu] u/] . lj= ;=+ @))& ;fnsf] kh| ftflGqs cfGbfn] g ;kmn kfg{ /fhf lqej' gn] ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] xg' fn] pgnfO{ /fli6o« ljel\" tsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . zªv\\ w/ ;fVjf zªv\\ w/ ;fVjf gk] fn ;j+ ts\\ f kj| ts{ Ps ;dfh;j] L Jofkf/L lyP . pgn] ul/ax¿sf] C0f ltl/lbP/ pgLx¿nfO{ C0fdS' t ul/lbPsf lyP . zªv\\ w/ ;fVjfnfO{ lj= ;=+ @)%^ dªl\\ ;/ @ ut] /fli6o« ljel\" t 3fl] ift ul/Psf] xf] . kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{ kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{ ky| d ;u/dfyf cf/fx] L gk] fnL dlxnf xg' \\ . ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0faf6 kmsg{ ] jm| ddf lj= ;=+ @)%) jz} fv !) ut] lxp“ klx/fd] f k//] pgsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ gk] fnL ;fx;L dlxnfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . lj= ;=+ @)%( jz} fv ( ut] gk] fn ;/sf/sf] lg0fo{ cg;' f/ pgnfO{ gk] fnsf] kGwf| “} /fli6o« ljel\" t 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] xf] . dxfu?' kmfNug' Gb kmfNug' Gbsf] hGd lj= ;=+ !($@ sflTts @% ut] Onfd lhNnfsf] lnªb\\ g] kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . pgL cf7 jifs{ f] pd/] df la/fdL eP/ rdTsf/s} ¿kdf afR“ g ;kmn ePkl5 wflds{ kj| l[ Ttsf aGb} uPsf lyP . clx;+ f / wd{ pgsf] dn\" af6f] lyof] . pgn] lnDax' ¿sf] hftLo, cflys{ , ;fdflhs Ifq] , wflds{ Ifq] ;w' f/sf] b; ab“' ] wd{ dr' N' sf v8f u/s] f lyP . kmfNug' Gbsf pkbz] x¿df l/;/fu, åi} f, cxªs\\ f/af6 6f9f /xg,' /S;L, r/' f6] , df;,' hj' f, tf; cflb sn' taf6 6f9f /xg,' em6' f] gafN] g,' xTof gug,{' dftf, lktf, u?' bj] sf] elSt / ;j] fdf 6xn ug,{' k7g kf7g ug{' cflb 5g\\ . pgnfO{ lj= ;=+ @)^^ dªl\\ ;/ !^ ut] !^ cf“} /fli6o« ljel\" t 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != /fli6o« ljel\" tsf] ;Ddfgsf nflu pgLx¿sf gfddf /flvPsf ;8s dfu,{ ejg tyf ;:+ yfsf af/d] f vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfO“{ /fli6o« ljel\" tdf s;sf] gfd yKbf pkoS' t xg' ] bV] gx' G' 5 < pgnfO{ /fli6o« ljel\" tdf /fVgk' gfs{ f sf/0f ;dt] nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf /fli6o« ljel\" tsf] kmf6] f] jf lrq ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ . ;f] lrqnfO{ sf8a{ f8] { kk] /df 6f;“ L pgLx¿sf bO' { bO' { cf6] f ofu] bfg ;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fndf s:tf JolStTjx¿nfO{ /fli6o« ljel\" tdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 < @= xfdf| /fli6o« ljel\" tx¿sf] ofu] bfgsf] ljifodf Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= /fli6o« ljel\" tdf s;s} f] gfd 3fi] f0ff ug{' cufl8 JolStsf] dN\" ofªs\\ g ugk{' g{] cfwf/x¿ s] s] xg' k' nf{ < rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= xfdf| /fli6o« ljel\" tx¿sf] cWoogaf6 tkfOn+{ fO{ pgLx¿sf] sg' s/' f cg;' /0f ugk{' 5{ h:tf] nfUof,] ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . 56 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 ^ ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] -ljbo\\ fnosf] rp/df u?' cfdf / 5fqf 8fnL zk] fl{ ar ePsf] ;j+ fb ._ 8fnL M ;dfge' l\" t egs] f] s] xf,] u?' cfdf < u?' cfdf M dfgj ;j+ b] gzLn kf| 0fL ePsfn] p;n] Pscsfs{ f] efjgf a‰' 5 / Pscsfn{ fO{ ;fy lbG5 . c¿sf] efjgf, ljrf/, cfjZostf cg'ej a'‰g] dfgjLo u'0fnfO{ xfdL ;dfge' l\" t eG5f“} . JolStdf ;xfge' l\" tsf] efjgf eP c¿sf lk/dsf,{ efjgf, ;d:of jf lk8fnfO{ cfÇg} h:tf] u/L dx;;' ug{] u5{ . 8fnL M ;dfge' l\" t eGg] s/' f ;f/} /fdf| ] /x5] t/ klg lsg ;dfhdf o:tf] kfOb“ g} t < u?' cfdf M cfb} o\\ fu] Ls/0f / ;x/Ls/0fsf] tLjt| fn] JolSt cToGt} Jo:t xb“' } uPsf] 5 . cfkm\\ gf] dfq} cfjZoStf kl\" t{ ug{] / cfkm\\ gf] dfq} ;d:ofsf af/d] f ;fR] g] afgL la:tf/} a9b\\ } uPsf] 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf c¿sf af/d] f klg ;fR] g] / c¿sf ;d:ofsf] klg cge' l\" t ug{] kj| l[ Tt jm| dzM 36b\\ } uPsf] 5 . ;as} f] enf] xf;] \\ eGg] ;be\\ fj klg 36b\\ } uPsf] 5 . :jfyL{ tyf nfe] L kj| l[ Tt / ljnf;Lkgn] ;dfge' l\" t / ;be\\ fj 36fpb“ } uPsf] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b 8fnL M clg ;xofu] af/d] f klg elglbgx' G' 5 ls < u?' cfdf M JolStsf OR5f, cfsfªI\\ ff / cfjZostfsf] ;Dafw] g PSnf] ko| f;af6 dfq ;Dej xb“' g} . To;n} ] x/s] JolStnfO{ c¿sf] ;xofu] rflxG5 . sg' } sfo{ ug{ bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L JolStsf] ko| f; rflxG5 eg] o:tf] kl| jm| of ;xofu] xf] . ;xofu] :jl] R5s, afWofTds / :jfyk{ /s u/L ltg ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ . :jl] R5s ;xofu] n] ;DaGwnfO{ bl/nf] agfp5“ , afWofTds ;xofu] n] zqt' f a9fp5“ / :jfyk{ /s ;xofu] df sk6tf xG' 5 . 8fnL M ;xfge' l\" t / ;xofu] sf s] s:tf kmfObf 5g\\ < u?' cfdf M dfgj ;fdflhs kf| 0fL ePsfn] ;dfhdf a:g] ;as} f] efjgf / cj:yf a´' L ;a;} u“ ;be\\ fj /fVg' h?/L xG' 5 . xfdLn] ;dfhsf cGo JolStx¿af6 sx] L ckI] ff /fvs] f xG' 5f“} . ;dfhsf cGo dflg;df ;xfge' l\" tsf] efjgf eof] eg] p;n] c¿nfO{ bM' v jf lk8f lbg ;Sbg} . xfdLaf6 klg c¿n] ToxL rfxG5g\\ . ;xofu] af6 ;dGjo / PS] oabw\\ tf sfod xG' 5, lgs6tf / ;d' w/' ;DaGw a95\\ . kmn:j¿k sfd ;xh} ;DkGg xG' 5 . ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] n] ;dfhdf Pstf Pjd\\ ljZjf; a9fO{ / Pp6f ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ f u5{ . gk] fnL ;dfh ljljwtfk0\" f{ 5 . ;du| gk] fn / gk] fnLsf] pGglt Pjd\\ ku| ltsf nflu xfdLn] hftLo, wflds{ , eflifs, nª} l\\ us tyf Ifq] Lo ;be\\ fj tyf ;xofu] nfO{ alnof] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 57

agfpgk' 5{ . o;af6 g} /fli6o« Pstf alnof] xG' 5 . hg' ;dfhdf oyi] 6 ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] xG' 5, Toxf“ zflGt xG' 5 . zflGt g} ;v' L hLjgsf] klxnf] cfjZostf / kj\" fw{ f/ xf] . To;n} ] xfdLn] ;dfh, bz] / ljZjdf ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] hufpgk' 5{ . 8fnL M ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] sf] cefjdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfp5“ g\\ t < u?' cfdf M hxf“ ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] xb“' g} , Toxf“ cfk;L dn] ldnfk / ;be\\ fj xb“' g} . o:tf] ;dfhdf cfk;L 30[ ff, ad] n] / åGå xG' 5 h;n] ob' w\\ / ljgfznfO{ lgDTofp5“ . åGå / ob' w\\ n] dfgj ;Eotf / dfgj ljsf;nfO{ ck/' 0fLo Iflt k¥' ofp5“ . JolStn] ;xofu] kfPg eg] pm PSnf] xG' 5 . JolSt PSn} ePsf] cj:yfdf eo, czflGt / c;/' Iff dx;;' u5{ . xfdLn] ky| d tyf låtLo ljZj ob' w\\ nufot cGo ob' w\\ , ljbf| x] / ux[ ob' w\\ bl] v;ss] f 5f“} . o;n] lgDTofPsf lk8f klg efl] u;ss] f 5f“} . Ps csfk{ l| t kd]| , ;be\\ fj / ;xofu] n] dfq} JolSt cfgGbdo hLjg lhpg ;Sb5 . To;n} ] dfjg hfltsf] ;db[ l\\ w / ;v' L hLjg tyf ljZj zflGtsf nflu ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] ckl/xfo{ 5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b -8fnL u?' cfdfnfO{ wGojfb lblG5g,\\ 3G6L klg aH5 / pgLx¿ sIffsf7] flt/ nfU5g\\ ._ ljm| ofsnfk != ‘;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] ljZj zflGtsf] cfwf/’ ljifodf Ps bl} gs klqsfsf nflu Pp6f nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf klg ;dfge' l\" t sdL ePsf sf/0f sg' } emu8f jf åGå ePsf xg' ;S5g\\ . To:tf 36gfx¿ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . #= tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M ;dfge' l\"\\ t / ;xofu] sf kmfObf c;dembf/L / åGåsf ak] mfObf -s_ =============================== -s_ =============================== -v_ =============================== -v_ =============================== cEof; != ;dfge' l\" t egs] f] s] xf] < ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] sfod ug{ xfdLn] s] ugk{' 5{ < @= ‘gk] fn h:tf] ljljwtfn] el/Psf] dn' s' df ;dfge' l\" t / ;xofu] ckl/xfo{ 5 .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . 58 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 & zflGt ;:+ sl[ t x/s] JolSt, ;db' fo, ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . tgfj, åGå / lx;+ fsf] jftfj/0fdf dfgj ;db' fo cfgGb;u“ /xg ;Sbg} . zflGt egs] f] emu8f jf åGå gePsf] cj:yf dfq xfO] g . sg' } klg åGå of tgfjsf] jftfj/0fdf rk' rfk a:g' of ;dfjz] gxg' ' jf ;xg' dfq zflGt ;:+ sl[ t xfO] g . ;:+ sl[ tn] xfdf| ] ;fr] , ljrf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ hgfp5“ . zflGt ;:+ sl[ tn] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdb' flos, ;fdflhs tyf /fli6o« / cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/sf dgd6' fjx¿ Gog\" Ls/0f u5{ . of] ;ljm| o ¿kdf cfk;L kd]| , ;be\\ fj tyf Pstf lgdf0{ f ug{] kbw\\ lt xf] . o;n] ;dfh / /fi6d« f eO/xs] f jf xg' ;Sg] lx;+ f, åGå tyf tgfjnfO{ ;j+ fb, 5nkmn / ;xdltsf dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkg u5{ . zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ;sf/fTds dN\" o tyf dfGotf, wf/0ff, Jojxf/ / hLjg kbw\\ lt xf] hg' lx;+ fsf] lj?bw\\ df /xG5 . o:tf] ;:+ sl[ tn] lx;+ f / åGådf cGtlgl{ xt sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg ub{} :j:y Pjd\\ zfGt ;dfh lgdf0{ f ug{ JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ ;xofu] u5{ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b zflGt ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf] cfjZostf zflGtn] l;hg{ f, lgdf0{ f, Pstf, aGwT' j, ;xofu] , kd]| / ;du| ljsf; lgDTofp5“ eg] åGån] ljgfz, ljv08g Nofp5“ . åGån] dfgjLo ;DaGw ljR5b] u5{ / 30[ ff hGdfp5“ . x/s] JolStsf hLjgsf] clGtd pbb\\ Z] o egs] f] cfgGb kf| lKt xf] . cflys{ tyf efl} ts ;db[ l\\ wn] dfq cfgGb kf| lKt xb“' g} . åGåsf] jftfj/0fdf cflys{ tyf efl} ts ;db[ l\\ w klg ;Dej 5g} . JolStn] cfgGb ta kf| Kt u5{ ha pm eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf dfl} ns clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkefu] ug{ kfp5“ . To;n} ] xfdf| ] cfkm\\ gf] dfq xfO] g, ;Dk0\" f{ ljZj ;db' fosf] pGglt, ku| lt tyf cfgGbdo hLjgsf nflu zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . xfdf| ] bz] zflGtsf cub| t\" ab' w\\ Pjd\\ dxlif{ hgssf] hGd / sde{ l\" d xf] . of] bz] Jof;sf] tkfe] l\" d xf] . gk] fndf hft, wd,{ efiff, ;:+ sl[ tsf gfddf cfh;Dd sg' } klg ks| f/sf] åGå ePsf] 5g} . To;n} ] gk] fnnfO{ cgs] tfdf Pstfsf] /fi6s« f ¿kdf ljZjel/ lrlgG5 . xfdLn] xfdf| ] Pstf / ;lxi0ft' fnfO{ sfod /flv/fVg klg zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] vfr“ f] 5 . zflGt ;:+ sl[ tdf ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/Lsf] :yfg cfhsf] ljZj åGåu:| t 5 . ha JolStn] dfgj clwsf/, :jtGqtf, ;dfg cl:tTj / ;Ddfgsf] cge' l\" t ug{ kfpb“ g} , ta åGå / ob' w\\ sf] cj:yf l;hg{ f xG' 5 . ul/aL, clzIff, c1fgtf, nfe] , 30[ ff, cflys{ Pjd\\ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf tyf cGofo, ljeb] tyf c;lxi0ft' f / zlStsf] dfx] zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf afws xg' \\ . o:tf tTTjx¿nfO{ Gog\" Ls/0f ub{} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ;a} txdf :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, kh| ftGq, ;lxi0ft' f, Pstf, ;xofu] , axn' jfb ;f:+ sl[ ts cgs] tfsf] ;Dafw] g xg' h?/L xG' 5 . o;sf nflu JolSt JolSt, ;db' fo / ;dfhsf lardf ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/L xg' cfjZos 5 . ;j+ fb / ;d´bf/Ln] g} zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 59

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dud| f zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lgdf0{ fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt sfox{ ¿ eP÷u/d] f ;fGbles{ xG' 5 M -s_ åGåsf] zflGtk0\" f{ ;dfwfg, cfk;L ;dembf/L tyf ;Ddfgsf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . -v_ kh| ftGq, dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfl} ns :jtGqtfkl| t ;Ddfg / kj| wg{ ul/gk' 5{ . -u_ jftf,{ ;j+ fb / ;xdlt ljsf;sf] dfgl;stf lgdf0{ f ugk{' 5{ . -3_ ul/aL, clzIff, c;dfgtf tyf ljeb] sf] cGTo ugk{' 5{ . -ª_ cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ;l' glZrt ugk{' 5{ . -r_ zf;g kbw\\ ltdf kf/blzt{ f tyf hjfkmbl] xtfsf] kT| ofel\" t xg' k' 5{ . -5_ hfltjfb, hftLo lje]b tyf ;ª\\s'lrt /fi6«jfbsf cfwf/df ul/g] c;lxi0f'tfsf] cGTo ul/gk' 5{ . -h_ ;a} dfgj ;Eotf tyf ;:+ sl[ tlar ;dembf/L, ;lxi0ft' f, ;xofu] tyf PS] oabw\\ tf sfod ugk{' 5{ . ;fy} eflifs, wflds{ tyf hftLo ¿kdf cNk;ªV\\ os /xs] f ;db' fodf ljzi] f ;/+ If0f tyf ;xeflutf ;l' glZrt ul/gk' 5{ . -em_ xftxltof/ pTkfbg tyf cf;] f/k;f/df kl| taGw nufpgk' 5{ . zflGtk0\" f{ Pjd\\ ;db[ w\\ jtd{ fg / pHHjn eljiooS' t efjL k:' tf xfdf| ] rfxgf xf] . åGå / ob' w\\ sf] dfglrq dfgj dl:tisaf6 ;?' xG' 5 . To;n} ] åGå / lx;+ fhGo ;fr] fOaf6 xfdLn] cfkm\" nfO{ dS' t /fVgk' 5{ . x/s] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg zflGtk0\" f{ pkfoaf6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] tYonfO{ xfdL ;an} ] cfTd;ft\\ u/L ;G' b/ ljZjsf] lgdf0{ fsf nflu zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != zflGt ;:+ sl[ t zLifs{ df Ps jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \\ . pb3\\ fi] fs, lg0ffo{ s d08n, ;do kfns / ;efklt cfkm\" x¿ dWoa] f6 g} 5fGgx' f;] \\ . @= zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;?' cft 3/ kl/jf/af6} xg' k' 5{ . o;y{ tkfO“{ / tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/n] zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf] lgdf0{ f ug{ s] s] sfo{ ugk{' 5{ < sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != zflGt ;:+ sl[ t egs] f] s] xf] < zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf ljzi] ftfx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < @= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lsg cfjZos 5 < zflGt ;:+ sl[ tsf afws tTTjx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < #= zflGt ;:+ sl[ t lgdf0{ f ug{ JolSt, ;dfh tyf /fHon] s] s:tf sfo{ ugk{' 5{ < ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ :yfgLo :t/df klg zflGt :yfkgf ug{] cfkm\\ g} dN\" o dfGotf / ;:+ sl[ t xG' 5g\\ . tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f zflGt sfod ug{] :yfgLo kr| ngx¿ ;db' fosf ka| b' w\\ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L To;sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 60 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M rf/ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfg kf7 ! ;fdflhs ;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfg gk] fnL ;dfh ljleGg ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿af6 ke| fljt /xs] f] 5 . lzIff / rt] gfsf] cefj, k/Dk/fut dN\" o, dfGotf / ;DalGwt JolStsf] u/} lhDdj] f/Lkg h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf kd| v' sf/s tTTjx¿ xg' \\ . ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kx¿ :yfg, wd,{ cf:yf, hflt, ju{ / JolStsf cfwf/df km/s xG' 5g\\ t/ ltgLx¿n] ;dfhdf kfg{] c;/x¿df ;dfgtf xg' ;S5 . To;u} /L bz] sf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] klg ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of l;hg{ f ug{ ;S5 . ;dfhdf ePsf ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿n] ;du| /fi6n« fO{ g} ke| fljt kf/s] f xG' 5g\\ . gk] fnsf] ea\" gfj6, ;fdflhs ;/+ rgf / cflys{ cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿sf sf/s tTTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f / ;:+ sl[ t jtd{ fg cj:yfdf klg sltko gk] fnL ;dfh ?l9jfb / unt ;:+ sl[ tsf] cg;' /0fsf sf/0fn] ljljw ;d:ofx¿af6 ul| ;t ePsf] bl] vG5 . ?l9jfb / cGw ljZjf;n] afS] ;L ky| f kr| ngdf /xb“ f so} f“} dlxnf Pjd\\ k?' ifx¿ lx;+ f lkl8t ePsf kz| :t pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\\ . emd' f / bp] sL h:tf ;fdflhs sk' y| f rt] gfsf] cefj / cGw ljZjf;sf sf/0f l;hg{ f ePsf 5g . ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ul/lbb“ f k0' o kf| Kt xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf / ;:+ sf/n] afn ljjfx Pjd\\ 3/n] ' lx;+ f h:tf h3Go ck/fwx¿ l;hg{ f ePsf 5g\\ . sltko hfthfltsf rf8kj{ tyf pT;jx¿df dlb/f ;j] g ugk{' g{] ;:+ sf/sf sf/0f afn aflnsf / oj' fx¿ hf8“ /S;L ;j] gsf] sn' tdf km;s] f] kfOG5 . o:tf ultljlwx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ ljsl[ ttkm{ pGdv' agfPsf] 5 . @= ljeb] x¿ nª} l\\ us, eflifs, Ifq] Lo, hftLo, juLo{ , ckfªu\\ tf cflbdf xg' ] ;fdflhs ljeb] x¿n] ;fdflhs ljsl[ t l;hg{ f u/s] f 5g\\ . k?' if, dlxnf / t;] f| ] lnªu\\ LnfO{ ul/g] ljeb] n] nª} l\\ us ;d:of l;hg{ f u5{ . gk] fnL ;dfh dn\" tM k?' if kw| fg xg' ,' ;rt] gfsf] sdL xg' ' / dlxnfx¿df cflys{ ;Ifdtf sdhf/] /xg' o;sf sf/s tTTj xg' \\ . efiffut ¿kdf xg' ] ljeb] n] sltko eflifs ;db' fox¿ ljsf;sf] dn\" wf/af6 k5fl8 kg{] cj:yf /xg ;S5 . jtd{ fg ;Gbed{ f ckfªu\\ tf, hflt, ju,{ lnªu\\ , efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ ;dfg sfgg' L clwsf/ kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 tyflk Jojxf/df k0\" f{ sfofG{ jog xg' ;ls/xs] f] cj:yf 5g} . o;y{ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfzftLt ;kmntf kf| Kt xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . #= cflys{ c;dfgtf ;dfhdf /xg] leGg cflys{ cj:yfsf sf/0f ljleGg jux{ ¿ lgdf0{ f xG' 5g\\ . o;n] ubf{ lgDg ju{ lyrfl] drfd] f kgs{' f ;fy} pRr jud{ f xk] fxf kj| l[ Tt hfut[ xg' ;S5 . rf/] L 8st} L a95\\ ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 61

/ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljbf| x] xg' ;S5 . wg a9L xg' n] ] u/s] f] kmhn' vrs{ f sf/0f ;fdflhs ljsl[ t a95\\ . sdhf/] cflys{ cj:yf ePsfn] o;sf] bv] fl;sL ubf{ pgLx¿ C0fdf 8A' g] ;Defjgf xG' 5 . $= kl| jlwsf] b?' kofu] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh / Jojl:yt agfpg kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] n] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] 5 . t/ lxhfc] fh o;sf] b?' kofu] ug{] jm| d a9b\\ f] 5 . OG6/g6] , Odn] , ja] ;fO6 cflbaf6 ljbo\\ t' Lo ck/fw (cyber crime) xg' ] u/s] f] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf dfWodaf6 afxo\\ ;:+ sl[ tsf] cfudg tLj| xg' ,] afn aflnsfx¿ sn' tdf km:g,] ck/fwsf] ;~hfn lgdf0{ f xg' ] / g/fdf| ] Jojxf/x¿ l;Sg] h:tf gsf/fTds cj:yf klg l;hg{ f xg' ;S5 . pSt cj:yf l;hg{ f xg' glbg ;fOa/ jm| fOd ugn{] fO{ ;hfo ug,{] OG6/g6] Pjd\\ km] ;as' ko| fu] ubf{ ;fdflhs ;DaGw tyf ;sf/fTds / tYout ;r\" gfsf] vfh] L ug{ b9[ / ljm| ofzLn xg' k' 5{ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/s tTTjx¿ plNnlvt :j¿keGbf km/s klg xg' ;S5g\\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] :yfg, ;do / kl/jz] cg;' f/ cfjl[ Tt, :j¿k / ;3gtf km/s km/s xg' ;S5g\\ . gk] fndf lx;+ fTds ultljlwx¿, ckx/0f, lkm/ft} L, sl7g a;fa] f; cflb cGo ;d:ofx¿ klg bl] vPsf 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} u/L tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M afn ljjfxsf oj' f÷afb} l\\ ws dfbs kbfy{ w\"dkfg OG6/g]6, c;/x¿ knfogsf ;]jgsf ;]jgsf km];a's -pbfx/0fsf nflu_ c;/x¿ c;/x¿ c;/x¿ Pjd\\ dfa] fOn b?' kofu] sf c;/x¿ – lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt – ljljw :jf:Yo ;d:of – hg;ªV\\ of jl[ bw\\ – 3/fo;L eme} mu8f – clglZrt eljio #= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿ l6kf6] ugx{' f;] ,\\ sIffsf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/L tL ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf nv] L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 62 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= :yfgLo PkmPd jf bl} gs klqsf jf 6l] nlehgdf k|;fl/t jf ks| flzt ;fdflhs ljsl[ t ;DaGwL rf/ lbgsf ;dfrf/ ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f;] \\ / ;ªs\\ lnt ;dfrf/nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ tflnsfdf k:| tt' u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ M lbg ;fdflhs ljsl[ tsf] ks| l[ t l;lht{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgdf ePsf ko| f;x¿ klxnf] bf];|f] t;] f| ] rf}yf] cEof; != ;fdflhs ljsl[ t egs] f] s] xf] < @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f] ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= ‘x/s] ljsl[ tn] ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg u/fp5“ .’ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ‘;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tx¿ ljsf; Pjd\\ ;dG' gltsf afws tTTjx¿ xg' ’\\ eGg] zLifs{ df ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . %= jtd{ fg gk] fnL ;dfhnfO{ ljsl[ taf6 dS' t ug{ ;/sf/sf tkma{ f6 rfNgk' g{] sbdx¿ / gful/sn] ugk{' g{] sfox{ ¿sf] 56' 6\\ f56' 6\\ } ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fo jf lhNnfsf sg' } Ps ;fdflhs sfos{ tf{ e6] /] dV' o ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ / o;sf sf/0fx¿, lgbfgsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwL 5nkmn u/L pxfx“ ¿n] JoSt u/s] f ljrf/ / cfkm\\ gf] wf/0ff klg ;dfjz] u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 63

kf7 @ ei| 6frf/ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fjh{ lgs ;f| t] , ;fwg / clwsf/nfO{ JolStut :jfy{ jf ko| fh] gsf nflu u/} sfgg' L ¿kdf pkofu] ug{' ei| 6frf/ xf] . cflys{ ljsf;, ;fdflhs pGglt, gl} ts dN\" o / efl} ts ku| ltdf cj/fw] pTkGg ug{] dfgj l;lht{ ljm| ofsnfk ei| 6frf/ xf] . ljsf;fG] dv' /fi6x« ¿df ei| 6frf/ a9L xg' ] u/s] f] tYo ljleGg cWoog kl| tjb] gx¿n] k:| tt' u/s] f 5g\\ . ei| 6frf/ /fHo / ;dfh lj?bw\\ sf] Zjt] ck/fw xf] . ei| 6frf/ JolStut / ;:+ yfut ¿kdf xg' ] u5{ . o;n] ;fdflhs åGå, c;dfgtf / ;d:ofx¿ l;hg{ f u5{ . 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gnn] ljZjsf d'n'sx¿sf] ‘l;lkcfO{’ (Corruption Perception Index - CPI ) cªs\\ ;lxt -) – !))_ tflnsf kT| os] jif{ ks| fzg u/L ;an} fO{ ;rt] agfpg] sfo{ u5{ . ;fdflhs÷;f:+ sl[ ts sf/0f /fhgLlts sf/0f 7fnk' g, t8se8s, kmhn' ckf/bzL{ /fhgLlts rGbf, /fhgLlts x:tIfk] , vr,{ ljbz] L ;:+ sl[ tsf] ke| fj dfkb08 ljxLg /fhgLlts lgol' St ei| 6frf/sf sf/0fx¿ Goflos sf/0f Joj:yfksLo sf/0f Goflos lg0fo{ df Ps¿ktf gxg' ,' hjfkmbl] xtfsf] cefj, clgoldt Gofo ;Dkfbgdf l9nf;:' tL xg' ' lgol' St / ;?jf, s/5nL, :jljjs] Lo clwsf/ 64 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu ul/Psf ko| f;x¿ != gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ df clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] nfO{ ;j+ w} flgs cªs\\ f ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ o;n] ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ pkrf/fTds / kj| wg{ fTds /0fgLlt cjnDag ub{} cfPsf] 5 . -v_ c=b=' c=cf= Pg] , @)$* sf] -;z+ fw] g @)%(_ / ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sfofG{ jogdf cfPkl5 ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ sf] sf/afxLx¿nfO{ ;zSt agfPsf] 5 . -u_ ;j+ w} flgs lgsfosf ¿kdf sfo/{ t o; cfofu] sf sfd sf/afxLn] hg;fwf/0fdf ei| 6frf/ ugn{ fO{ sf/afxL xG' 5 eGg] ;Gbz] lbPsf] 5 . @= /fli6o« ;tst{ f sG] bs| f] :yfkgf M ;z' f;g kj| wg{ / ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf ;fjh{ lgs lgsfosf] l9nf;:' tLnfO{ Gog\" ug{] pbb\\ Z] on] lj= ;=+ @)%( ;fpg @& df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . kw| fgdGqLsf] kT| oIf /v] bv] / lgoGq0fdf of] ;:+ yf /xg] kf| jwfg 5 . #= gk] fndf ;DklTt ;b' 9[ Ls/0f Pg] , @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . $= gk] fnn] ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« dxf;lGw, @))# df x:tfIf/ u/s] f] 5 . ;g\\ @)!! df gk] fnsf] ;;+ bn\\ ] o;nfO{ cgd' fb] g u/s] f] 5 . %= u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfaf6 ;fdflhs ;rt] gfsf sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . ^= ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿af6 hgrt] gfdn\" s sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;Dkl]| ift tyf k;| fl/t xb“' } cfPsf] 5 . &= ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ ph/' ug{] ph/' stfn{ fO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug{] Joj:yf sfofG{ jogdf /xs] f] 5 . *= ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0f;u“ ;DalGwt ljifo j:t' ljbo\\ fno lzIffsf] kf7o\\ jm| ddf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffsf ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ kfr“ ;dx\" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \\ . Pp6f ;dx\" n] 3;' ng] bg] ug,{] csf{] ;dx\" n] 3;' ng] bg] sf] ufK] o ¿kdf /s] 8{ ug{] / clVtof/df ph/' L lbg,] t;] f| ] ;dx\" clVtof/sf ¿kdf kj| z] u/L ei| 6frf/LnfO{ kjm]| / sf/afxL ug,{] rfy} f] ;dx\" n] hgtfsf ¿kdf ei| 6frf/ lj?bw\\ gf/f hn' ;' ug,{] kfr“ f“} ;dx\" n] ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;dfhdf a:g glbg] tyf ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{] el\" dsf clego tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ei| 6frf/ ;DaGwL nv] /rgf jf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L ;r\" gf af8] d{ f 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ / To;sf] cfwf/df jtd{ fgdf ei| 6frf/sf] l:ylt kTtf nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘gftfjfb / sk[ fjfb klg ei| 6frf/ xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 65

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] n] ub{} cfPsf] ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfon{ fO{ yk ke| fjsf/L agfpg cg/' fw] ub{} clVtof/ kd| v' nfO{ nV] g] lr7Lsf] gdg' f tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ei| 6frf/sf] cy{ vn' fpgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fndf ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ko| f;x¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gnsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . o;sf sfox{ ¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . %= ei| 6frf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of xf,] lsg < pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fdf gful/s ;dfh, ;db' fo / ljbo\\ fyLs{ f ltg ltg cf6] f el\" dsfsf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . &= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . *= ei| 6frf/ lgjf/0fdf clVtof/ b?' kofu] cg;' Gwfg cfofu] sf] el\" dsf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ei| 6frf/ ;DaGwL s] s:tf wf/0ffx¿ 5g\\ < ;db' fosf sx] L hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L pgLx¿sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;d6] b\\ } Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . 66 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ M bx] Jofkf/, bJ' o;{ g / bJ' oj{ xf/ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿af/] ;dx\" ut 5nkmnkZrft\\ k:| tt' ul/Psf ;dx\" lgisifx{ ¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\\ M zLifs{ M bx] Jofkf/ -Prostitution_ kl/ro M ;fdfGotof cfo cfhg{ sf lglDt z/L/ aR] g' jf cgl} ts sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' ' jZ] ofjl[ Tt jf bx] Jofkf/ xf] . of] ofg} b/' frf/ klg xf] . gk] fndf o;sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf M hg;ªV\\ ofsf] rfk a9L ePsf dV' o ;x/x¿df ;/' Iff ;o+ GqnfO{ 5SofP/ bx] Jofkf/ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . sx] L dflg;x¿n] o;nfO{ k;] fsf ¿kdf ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . of] sfgg' ljk/Ltsf] c;fdflhs ultljlw ePsfn] o;nfO{ t?' Gt /fS] g kxn ;?' ugk{' 5{ . kd| v' sf/0fx¿ M ul/aL, kfl/jfl/s ad] n] , clzIff, a/] fh] uf/L cflb o;sf kd| v' sf/0fx¿ xg' \\ . k:| tft] f M /ljg lj= s= ;dx\" M 3fn] f;{ L ;xefuL ;ªV\\ of M & kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b zLifs{ M bJ' o;{ g -Addiction_ ‘gvn] f“} hj' f / tf;, wgsf] gfz, hLjgsf] jgaf;’ g/fd|f afgL, JolStsf] :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ / -3_ aRrfsf] efjgf ae' mL ;fc] g¿' k Jojxf/ ;db' fodf gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg{] Jojxf/x¿, ug{] . x/s] ks| f/sf sn' tx¿ bJ' o;{ g xg' \\ . -ª_ ;fdflhs tyf cGo lgodx¿ kfngf ug{] xfdf| ] ;dfhdf kfOg] bJ' o;{ gx¿ M u/fpg] -s_ nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g bJ' o;{ g lgoGq0fsf ke| fjsf/L pkfox¿ M -v_ hf8“ /S;L, ufh“ f, ;t' Lh{ Go kbfy{ ;j] g -s_ /fh] uf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{] . -u_ hj' f tf; vN] g] afgL -v_ k/fdz{ lbg] / ;l' wP| sfnfO{ k/' :sf/sf] Joj:yf ug{] . -3_ km;] as' sf] nt jf b?' kofu] -u_ l;hg{ fTds sfod{ f ;n+ Ug u/fpg] . bJ' o;{ gaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ M -3_ dfof / :gx] kb| fg ug{] . -s_ r/' f6] ;t' L{ ;j] gaf6 ;w“} 6f9f /xg] -ª_ kfl/jfl/s åGå lg¿k0f ug{] -v_ bJ' o;{ gLsf] ;ªu\\ taf6 6f9f /xg] k:| tft] f M ul/df sfkm\\ n] ;dx\" M dfnf/L -u_ kl/jf/df dfof / :gx] sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] ;xefuL ;ªV\\ of M % ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 67

zLifs{ M bJ' oj{ xf/ (Bullying) wDSofpg,] ysfp{ g,] cgfjZos Pjd\\ grflxg] s/' fsf] xNnf ug,{] s/' f sf6g\\ ,] efl} ts cyjf zflAbs cfjm| d0f ug{] h:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ bJ' oj{ xf/ (bullying) elgG5 . ;fy} ;dx\" af6 PSNofpg,] 3dG8L xg' ] cxªs\\ f/ kb| zg{ ug,{] c¿nfO{ xf;“ fs] f] kfq agfpg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ klg bJ' oj{ xf/ xg' \\ . of] afNosfndf a9L JofKt /xg] / To;kl5sf cj:yfdf afgLsf ¿kdf ljsf; xg' ;S5 . bJ' oj{ xf/n] ubf{ eme} mu8f, czflGt, abnfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf;, c;xofu] L jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xG' 5 . o;n] JolStut tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf lr;fk] g Nofpg,] cfb/, ;Ddfg / ;xcl:tTj h:tf dfl} ns u0' fx¿ sdhf/] xg' ,] JolStdf PSnfk] g jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . ;fy} ;fdflhsLs/0fdf klg ;d:of xG' 5 . bJ' oj{ xf/ xg' glbg ljbo\\ fno tyf 3/ kl/jf/df c;n sfos{ f] kf| T] ;fxg / v/fa sfdnfO{ b?' T;flxt ugk{' 5{ . ;ak} l| t ;dfg Jojxf/ kb| zg{ / ;fyLx¿kl| t ;dfge' l\" tk0\" f{ Jojxf/ k:| tt' ug{] u/fpg,] km/s ljrf/, Ifdtf, sfo{ zn} LnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ljm| ofsnfknfO{ u/fpgk' 5{ . k:| tft] f M lgdn{ a9' f ;dx\" M ;k' fbp] /fnL ;xefuL ;ªV\\ of M ^ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xs] f] bJ' oj{ xf/ lj?bw\\ rt] gf hfut[ ug{] Ps ;fjh{ lgs clkn -cg/' fw] _ sf] gdg' f tof/ kf/L ljbo\\ fnosf] gfl] 6; af8] d{ f 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fndf lx;+ fhGo dT[ os' f sf/0fx¿sf] tYofªs\\ lgDgcg;' f/ /xs] f] 5 M sf/0fx¿ ;ªV\\ of -kl| tztdf_ hah:{ tL ansf] ko| fu] @$ wfl/nf] xltof/sf] ko| fu] @! 3f6“ L lyr/] !! hnfP/ @ k8s\\ g] xltof/ $ c1ft !# cGo @% ;f| t] M ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\\ 7g, @)!$ 68 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-s_ lx;+ f lgoGq0fdf gk] fn ;/sf/n] u/s] f] ;:+ yfut ko| f;x¿ / o; sfod{ f tkfOn“{ ] lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sg] el\" dsfx¿ 56' 6\\ f56' 6\\ } ab“' fdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . -v_ plNnlvt tflnsfsf] tYofªs\\ nfO{ :tDelrqdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/ jf ;db' fodf bJ' o;{ gL lelqg glbgsf nflu s] s:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\\ < cfkm\\ gf cleefjs jf ;fdflhs sfos{ tfn{ fO{ ;fw] /] l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= tkfOs“{ f] ;dfhsf ljut / jtd{ fgsf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L tn' gfTds ljj/0f k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . %= tn lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ . o;n] ;dfhdf kfg{ ;Sg] ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . ofg} lx;+ f kLl8t ;/+ If0f sfgg' agfpg k/dfbz] sf7df8f,“} kmfug' @) ;jfR{] r cbfntn] ofg} lx;+ fdf k/s] f dlxnfsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ cnu} sfgg' agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ cfbz] lbPsf] 5 . bO' { GofofwLzx¿sf] ;o+ S' t Ohnf;n] lx;+ faf6 lkl8tnfO{ ;/+ If0f / bfi] fLnfO{ sf/afxLsf nflu 56' 6\\ } sfgg' agfpg ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfbz] hf/L u/s] f] xf] . ;jfR{] rn] dlxnf lx;+ f lj?bw\\ sf] cGt/fl{ i6o« 3fi] f0ff kqdf gk] fnn] x:tfIf/ u/s] f] cj:yfdf ofg} lx;+ fdf k/s] f dlxnfnfO{ k/' fg} sfgg' cg;' f/ ;/+ If0f xg' g;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/df afn aflnsf / dlxnf lkl8t xg' ] jm| d hf/L /xs] f] / pgLx¿ ;dfhdf kg' M:yfk{ gf xg' ;Sg] cj:yf gbl] vPsf] tyf pgLx¿sf] ;/+ Ifs gePsf] bl] vPsfn] tTsfn sfgg' lgdf0{ f u/L /fHon] cleefjsTj ux| 0f ugk{' g{] ;jfR{] rsf] km;} nfdf elgPsf] 5 . ofg} lx;+ f lkl8t dlxnf tyf afn aflnsfsf] sfgg' L /Iffsf nflu cnUu} ;o+ Gq agfpg /fli6o« dlxnf cfofu] n] l;kmfl/; sfofG{ jog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;jfR{] rn] cfbz] lbPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbed{ f cgu' dg ug{ ;jfR{] rn] dlxnf cfofu] nfO{ lgbz{] g u/s] f] 5 . cEof; != bJ' oj{ xf/ egs] f] s] xf] < o;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < @= JolSt lsg bJ' o;{ gL aG5 < sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= JolStnfO{ bJ' o;{ gaf6 s;/L dS' t u/fpg ;lsG5 < tkfOs“{ f] ;dfhdf sg' sg' ;:+ yfx¿ o; sfod{ f ;n+ Ug ePsf 5g\\ < ltgLx¿sf] gfd / sfos{ f] ks| l[ t;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ‘bx] Jofkf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . %= nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ gn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf kfg{] c;/x¿sf] cnu cnu ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . ^= ;fjh{ lgs :yfgdf wd\" kfg ug{ gkfOg] sfgg' L Joj:yf /fHosf] pbfx/0fLo sbd xf,] lsg < &= ‘cfkm\" n] ;Ddfg kf| Kt ug{ c¿nfO{ klg ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sgk' 5’{ eGg] zLifs{ df cfkm\\ gf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 69

kf7 $ ;fdflhs ;w' f/df :yfgLo / /fli6o« ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfsf] ofu] bfg ;du| ;dfhsf] ku| lt, pGglt / ;w' f/ dfkm{ t /fi6s« f] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;dfhdf ljleGg ;:+ yfx¿ sfo/{ t /xG5g\\ . ltgLx¿dWo] sg' } :yfg ljzi] fnfO{ dfq sG] b| agfO{ sfo{ u/s] f xG' 5g\\ eg] s;n} ] /fi6J« ofkL sfo{ Ifq] agfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;j] f kb| fg u/s] f xG' 5g\\ . ltgLx¿ ;a} ;dfhdf ax[ Tt/ Pjd\\ ;fdl\" xs lxtsf nflu ljm| ofzLn /xG5g\\ . ;fdlhs ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfsf gfdn] lrlgg] o:tf ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] Ifq] df sg' } g sg' } Ifq] df ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf xG' 5g\\ . oL ;:+ yfx¿n] ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f, rt] gf clejb[ l\\ w, cfo cfhg{ , zflGt, dn] ldnfk, cdgrog tyf rft} kmL{ ljsf;df dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f 5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fndf sfo/{ t sx] L :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿ / ltgLx¿n] k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfg ;:+ yfsf] gfd ofu] bfgsf IFq] zlSt ;dx\" al] rPsf / al] rg nfus] f rn] Lx¿sf] pbw\\ f/ ug,{] kg' M:yfkgf ug{] . l;ljg -Child Workers in afn clwsf/ ;/+ If0f / afn>d lj?bw\\ rt] gf jb[ l\\ w ;DaGwL Nepal-CWIN_ cleofg jf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{] . dfgj clwsf/ ;/fs] f/ sG] b| dfgj clwsf/ ;/+ If0f / k/} jL ug{] . cfdf ;dx\" , gf/L ;dx\" ljleGg lx;+ f lj?bw\\ sfo{ ug,{] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t lgoGq0fdf ;xofu] ug{] . dfOtL gk] fn dfgj ar] lavg lgoGq0f, pbb\\ f/ / cfo cfhg{ l;k kb| fg tyf kg' M:yfkgf ug{] . Snax¿ l;hg{ fTds l;k lasf; ug{] tyf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t lj?bw\\ sfo{ ug{] . k/fk] sf/ ;:+ yf c;xfo Pjd\\ 6x' /' f afn aflnsfnfO{ cfjf;;lxt lzIff kb| fg ug{] . :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] . oftgf kLl8t ;/fs] f/ sG] b| ;g\\ !(() df :yflkt o; ;+:yfn] oftgf lkl8tx¿nfO{ kg' M:yfkgf ug,{] oftgf lj?bw\\ cfjfh p7fpg] . (Centre for Victim Torture Nepal - CVICT) wgi' ff lhNnfdf uf| dL0f Ifq] sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] l;Gwk' fNrfs] , sfek]| nf~rfs] , nlntk/' / dsjfgk/' lhNnfdf /rgf ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] Pjd\\ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f l;Gsfnfdf sfoj{ m| d sfo{ ug{] . 70 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fndf ;dfh ;j] fsf Ifq] df sfo/{ t ljleGg ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{] kljq pbb\\ Z] osf ;fy klxnf] k6s ;fdflhs ;j] f /fli6o« ;dGjo kl/ifb\\ Pg] , @)#$ hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn ;dfh ;j] fsf nflu :yflkt ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\\ Pg] , @)$( hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . lghL Ifq] sf] :jtM:km\" t{ :jod;\\ j] L efjgfnfO{ /fli6o« ljsf;sf] dn\" kj| fxdf cfabw\\ ug{] ;/sf/L gLlt 5 . tyflk u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;ªV\\ ofTds jb[ l\\ w ePsf] t/ u0' ffTdstfdf ckl] Ift ke| fj kfg{ g;ss] f] rft} kmL{ ug' f;f ;l' gG5g\\ . dV' otM oL ;:+ yfx¿ ;x/ sl] Gbt| xg' ,] bu' d{ / uf| dL0f Ifq] df kl/rflnt gePsf] ug' f;fx¿ ;jq{ /xs] f] 5 . o:tf ug' f;fx¿nfO{ lrb{} bu' d{ uf| dL0f j:tL;Dd o:tf ;:+ yfx¿sf] el\" dsfnfO{ a9fpb“ } hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf sfo/{ t :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ u/L ltgLx¿sf ofu] bfg ;dt] pNNv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ;fdflhs ;w' f/df ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ / ljbo\\ fnon] s] s:tf el\" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ ;S5g,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ lgoGq0f ug{] pkfox¿ ;d6] L Ps /fli6o« klqsfdf ks| fzg ug{ ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f agfpgx' f;] \\ . $= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ePsf] sg' } Ps u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿nfO{ uf| dL0f / bu' d{ Ifq] df ljsf; cleofgdf Ps cfk;df ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9g\\ cg/' fw] ub{} Ps kq nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;fdflhs ;ª3\\ ;:+ yf eGgfn] s] ae' m\\ gx' G' 5 < @= dfOtL gk] fnsf] sg' } Ps ofu] bfg pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ cfkm\\ gf] ;dfh jf lhNnfdf sfo/{ t ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] sfof{ nodf uO{ ;:+ yf :yfkgfsf] ki[ 7el\" d, pbb\\ Z] o / sfox{ ¿ tyf cflys{ ;f| t] x¿ ;DaGwdf ;fw] vfh] u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 71

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 % gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu ePsf ko| f;x¿ ;jf/L Pg] sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogn] b3' 6{ gfdf sdL kfNkf, rt} !) ;jf/L Pg] sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogaf6 ltg jifs{ f] cjlwdf b3' 6{ gfsf sf/0f Hofg ud' fpg] / 3fOt] xg' s] f] ;ªV\\ of xj\\ fTt} 36s] f] 5 . kx| /Ln] lhNnfdf ;jf/L Pg] ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog u/k] l5 b3' 6{ gf Gog\" xb“' } cfPsf] bfaL u/s] f] 5 . kx| /Ln] nfk/afxL;fy ;jf/L rnfpg] rfnsnfO{ sf/afxL / pgLx¿sf] cgd' lt kq;dt] /bb\\ u/s] f] atfPsf] 5 . ut jifs{ f] tn' gfdf o; jif{ b3' 6{ gf / Ifltdf zt kl| tztn] sdL cfPsf] 5 . kx| /Lsf] ;ljm| otf tyf ;jf/L Pg] nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ubf{ b3' 6{ gfdf sdL cfPsf] xf] . o;sf nflu 3d' j' f kx| /Laf6 Pg] sfofG{ jogsf] lgu/fgLsf ;fy} ;fbf kf;] fssf kx| /L;dt] vl6Psf 5g\\ . ;jf/L Pg] df nfk/afxL ug{] kx| /LnfO{ ;dt] sf/afxL u/k] l5 b3' 6{ gfdf pNnv] gLo sdL cfPsf] 5 . gk] fndf ;dfh ;w' f/sf ko| f;x¿ lnR5lj sfnsf /fhf dfgbj] n] cfkm\\ gL cfdfnfO{ ;tL hfgaf6 /fs] s] f, To; sfndf gf/Lsf] pRr ;Ddfg / wflds{ :jtGqtf /xs] f] . dNnsfnsf /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] vfgkfg /xg;xg, sk8f / u/uxgf nufpg] / hGd, ljjfx, dT[ oa' f/] klg lglZrt lgod agfPsf] . /fhf dxLGb| dNnn] :yfgLo em} emu8fx¿ :yfgLo ;dfwfg ug{ kf| T] ;flxt u/s] f . ljsl] Gbt| Gofo k0| ffnLcg¿' k ufps“ f] emu8f xg] { 6fn] df kw| fg / bz] JofkL ¿kdf xg] { v/bf/ kb l;hg{ f u/L lhDdj] f/L tfl] sPsf] . zfxjz+ Lo /fhf /fdzfxn] ;dfh ;w' f/sf lglDt 9s, t/fh,' gfktfn} , bfdk;} fsf] k0| ffnL ;?' cft u/s] f . logn] Gofo k0| ffnLsf] klg kf| /De u/s] f . kY[ jLgf/fof0f zfxn] æ3;' lng] / 3;' lbg] bj' } /fi6s« f zq' xg' Æ\\ egL ei| 6frf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/s] f . eLd;g] yfkfn] 3;' ky| fsf] lj/fw] ub{} bw' vfg] / l3p vfg] 3;' vf/] L ky| f cGTo u/s] f . gj] f/ hfltn] ug{] kmhn' vr{ / cGo hfltdf /xs] f] cJofjxfl/s ljjfx rng aGb u/s] f . hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ffn] lj= ;=+ !(!) df dn' s' L Pg] hf/L u/L ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] ko| f; u/s] f . 72 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

bj] zd;/] n] 5f6] f] cjlwdf bz] e/ !%) eGbf a9L ljbo\\ fno vfn] s] f tyf rGbz| dz/] n] lj= ;=+ !(&& df ;tL ky| f / lj= ;=+ !(*! df bf; ky| f cGTosf] 3fi] f0ff u/s] f . k~rfotL Joj:yfn] lj= ;=+ @)@) ebf} ! df dn' s' L Pg] / lj= ;=+ @)@! df el\" d ;w' f/ Pg] NofO{ sfofG{ jog u/s] f] . lj= ;=+ @)@* ;fndf /fli6o« lzIff kbw\\ lt ofh] gf nfu' u/L lzIff Ifq] df ;w' f/sf] ko| f; ul/Psf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] klxnf] hgcfGbfn] gkZrft\\ hf/L ul/Psf] gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& n] hgtfnfO{ dfl} ns xsx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf u/s] f] lyof] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lj= ;=+ @)%& ;fpg @ ut] dWo klZrd / ;b' /\" klZrdsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df ljbo\\ dfg sdo} f ky| fnfO{ cGTo ug{] 3fi] f0ff ul/of] . bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] ;kmntfkl5 lj= ;=+ @)^# h7] $ ut] kl| tlglw ;ef 3fi] f0ffn] bz] nfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f 3fi] f0ff / cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# df To;s} f] lg/Gt/tf;lxt cltl/St dfl} ns xsx¿sf] Joj:yf u//] oyi] 6 ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ko| f; u/s] f] bl] vG5 . o;u} /L gk] fn ;/sf/n] lj= ;=+ @)^% ebf} @! ut] u/s] f] lg0fo{ cg;' f/ gk] fnaf6 xlnof ky| fsf] pGdn\" g ePsf] 5 . pSt ky| f ;b' /\" klZrdsf gf} cf6] f lhNnfdf kr| ngdf /xs] f] lyof] . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] sIffdf sx] L ;d:ofx¿ x'g ;S5g\\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ ;w' f/sf nflu lgodx¿ k:| tfjsf ¿kdf k;] ugx{' f;] \\ / 5nkmn u/L sfofG{ jogdf nh} fgx' f;] \\ . @= ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ljsl[ tx¿ / ltgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf nfs] uLt, sljtf jf lrqsf] /rgf u/L ;fjh{ lgs ;r\" gf kf6Ldf 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . #= ljleGg sfnv08df ljljw sk' y| fx¿sf] pGdn\" gsf] 3fi] f0ff ul/P klg l56km6' ¿kdf To:tf ;d:ofx¿ bV] g jf ;G' g kfOG5 . lsg o;f] ePsf] xfn] f < /fli6o« klqsfsf nflu Ps ljZni] f0ffTds nv] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# n] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu u/s] f ;j+ w} flgs kf| jwfgx¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 73

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%= gk] fndf u0ftGq :yfkgfkl5 ;/sf/n] u/s] f ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ko| f;x¿ ;fw] vfh] u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . ^= jtd{ fg gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf nflu u/s] f ;j+ w} flgs kf| jwfgx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ cEof; != /fhf hol:ylt dNn / /fd zfxn] u/s] f ;fdflhs ;w' f/sf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf tflnsfdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= ;lt ky| f / bf;ky| f pGdn\" gn] ;fdflhs Gofo kf| Kt eof,] o;nfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . #= sdo} f ky| f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < $= ‘Pg] sfgg' sf] 3fi] f0ffn] dfq ;fdflhs ;w' f/ gxg' ] /x5] , o;sf] ke| fjsf/L dfWod sfofG{ jog kIf xf’] eGg] egfOdf ;xdltsf ts;{ lxt cfkm\\ gf] /fo k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . %= gk] fndf ;fdflhs ;w' f/df ePsf ko| f;x¿nfO{ ;do /v] fdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ljut !% jifo{ tf s] s] s/' fdf kl/jtg{ eP < ;dfhsf] hfgsf/ JolSt;u“ ;f] wk5' u//] / cfkm\" n] kT| oIf ¿kdf efu] s] f] jf bv] s] f] cfwf/df ePsf kl/jtg{ x¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . 74 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 ^ åGå rjm| / lg¿k0f tfKnh] ª' lhNnfsf] bO' { ufpd“ f lkpg] kfgLsf] ;d:of /xs] f] 5 . Ps ufpd“ f kfgLsf] dx' fg 5 t/ ljt/0fdf ;d:of 5 . csf{] ufp“ klg ToxL dx' fgdf lge/{ /xs] fn] bO' { ufpl“ ar an] f an] fdf emu8f eO/xG5 . o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ ufpn“ x] ¿lar egfeg, xft xfnfxfnsf] cj:yf;dt] k6s k6s l;hg{ f ePsf] lyof] . ljjfbn] pu| ¿k lnPkl5 uf= lj= ;= sf et\" kj\" { cWoIf / jtd{ fg uf= lj= ;= ;lrjsf] dWo:ytfdf jftf{ eO{ emu8f ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 . emu8f ;dfwfg eP klg To;sf] c;/ sx] L ;ftf;Dd /xo\\ f] . o;y{ :yfgLo l;hg{ zLn oj' f Snan] åGåkl5sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg b'j} ufp“sf a'b\\lwhLjL / eb| enfb\\dLsf] pkl:yltdf cGt/ljm| of;dt] ;~rfng u/s] f] lyof] . ;f] cGt/ljm| ofn] bj' } ufpl“ ardf ;sf/fTds ;DaGw la:tf/df ;xofu] ku' s] f] 5 . clxn] bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿ cfk;df vn' /] s/' fsfgL ug{ yfns] f 5g\\ . cGo ufpd“ f ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf cGo sfo{ ubf;{ dt] bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿sf] ;ljm| o ;xofu] , ;dGjo / ;xeflutf pNnV] o bl] vPsf] 5 . xfn bj' } ufps“ f JolStx¿lar laxj] f/L / ;fdflhs sfod{ f cfphfp a9b\\ } uO/xs] f] 5 . ;fy} ;fdb' flos jg ;/+ If0fdf bj' } ufps“ f oj' f / dlxnfx¿sf] ;ljm| otf a9s] f] kfOG5 . bO' { ufps“ f oj' flar ;do ;dodf vn] sb' kl| tofl] utfn] bj' } ufps“ f] ;DaGw ;d' w/' ags] f] dx;;' ePsf] ufpn“ x] ¿ atfp5“ g\\ . o;n] la:tf/} bj' } ufps“ f dflg;x¿df cfTdLotf, ;xofu] / ;xsfos{ f] dfut{ km{ cl3 al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . c;/' Iff, cljZjf; kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b eb] efj, zfi] f0fdS' t åGårj|m lx+;f÷åGå cj:yf zflGt åGåkl5sf] cj:yf ;D´ft} f÷5nkmn, ;D´ft} f / zflGt lgdf0{ f JolSt jf ;dx\" n] cfkm\\ gf] :jfy,{ cfjZostf / pbb\\ Z] o k/' f ug{] jm| ddf csfn{ fO{ c;lhnf] kfg{' / 6s/fjsf] l:ylt l;hg{ f xg' ' g} åGå xf] . bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L kIfx¿n] cfkm\" x¿ lardf kl| tålGåtfsf] cge' j dx;;' u/s] f] sg' } klg cj:yf åGå xf] . åGå dV' otM JolStut, ;fdl\" xs / ;ªu\\ 7gfTds xG' 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 75

åGåsf ljzi] ftfx¿ -s_ åGå tgfj / ;ª3\\ ifs{ f] cj:yf xf] . -v_ åGådf bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L kIfsf] ;n+ Ugtf xG' 5 . -u_ åGån] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg ;S5 . -3_ åGå ;dfhsf] cleGg kIf xf] . -ª_ åGånfO{ rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf ux| 0f ugk{' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf7] f, ljbo\\ fno jf ;db' fodf s] s:tf åGå ePsf 5g\\ < åGå xg' sf sf/0fx¿ ;d\"x 5nkmnaf6 klxrfg u/L lg¿k0fsf pkfox¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= ‘åGå ljsf;sf] Ps cfwf/ klg xf’] eGg] zLifs{ df sIffdf jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \\ . #= bO' { ;fyLlarsf] emu8fdf dWo:y stfs{ f] el\" dsf lgjfx{ ugx{' f;] \\ / el\" dsf lgjfx{ ubfs{ f] cge' jnfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= :jdN\" ofªs\\ g ugx{' f;] \\ M jm| = ;=+ ljm| ofsnfk ;w“} w/] } h;f] slxn]sfxL“ != c¿;u“ emu8f ulbg{ “ . @= emu8fn] /fdf| ] ubg{} eGg] ae' mfO Jojxf/df ptf5{' . #= cGofosf] lj?bw\\ cfjfh p7fp5“ ' . $= emu8fdf dWo:ytf u5{' . %= emu8fkl5 dn] ldnfk / ;fx} fbt{ fsf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5'{ . cEof; != ;dfhdf åGåsf] l;hg{ f lsg xG' 5 < @= åGå lg¿k0f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < #= åGå lg¿k0fsf kl| jm| ofx¿ ;ªl\\ IfKt ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= bj' } kIfn] lhTg] åGåsf] ;dfwfgaf/] pbfx/0f;lxt aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fodf åGå lg¿k0f ePsf] sg' } Ps 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;f;] u“ hfgsf/ JolStTj;u“ 5nkmn u/L kf| Kt ;r\" gfnfO{ ;d6] /] kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 76 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M kfr“ gful/s rt] gf kf7 ! ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro ;l+ jwfg bz] sf] dn\" sfgg' xf] . o;n] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;/sf/sf] :j¿knfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . o;n] ;/sf/L zlStnfO{ ;Ldfªs\\ g u/L /fHosf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ jw} tf kb| fg u5{ . ;l+ jwfgn] hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;/+ lIft ug,{] /fHosf cªu\\ x¿lar zlStsf] ljt/0f / ;DaGw lglZrt u5{ . /fHosf] /fhgLlts k0| ffnL, /fHosf cªu\\ x¿sf] u7g, /fHo zlStsf] ko| fu] sf ;DaGwdf pNnv] ul/Psf] lnvt g} ;l+ jwfg xf] . cfwl' gs nfs] tflGqs /fHosf] dfGotfcg;' f/ hgtf g} /fHosf dV' o zlStsf ;f| t] xg' ,\\ hgtf g} ;Dke| ' xg' \\ . hgtfsf] xs, clwsf/ / :jtGqtf /fHo;Ttfaf6 lg/ªs\\ z' lsl;dn] vf:] g g;lsof;] \\ eGg] pbb\\ Z] ocg¿' k ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . /fHodf c/fhstf, lg/ªs\\ z' tf / :jR] 5fsfl/tfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;j+ w} flgs kbw\\ ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfgn] zf;snfO{ gful/skl| t pTt/bfoL / lhDdj] f/ agfp5“ . ;l+ jwfgåf/f l;lht{ lgsfon] cfcfÇgf] Ifq] flwsf/leq /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ o;n] lgbz{] u5{ . sg' } klg dn' s' n] ;l+ jwfgadfl] hd zf;g k0| ffnL ;~rfng ubd{} f ;f] /fHo nfs] tflGqs xG' 5 eGg] xfO] g . :j;/sf/ / ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ u/s] f] /fHo nfs] tflGqs sxnfp5“ . ;l+ jwfg thd{' f ul/b“ f oL s/' fnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ul/gk' 5{ eGg] cfwl' gs dfGotf xf] . k|To]s d'n'ssf] cfcfÇgf] /fhgLlts l:ylt, cflys{ cj:yf, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z, efu} fl] ns cj:yfh:tf s/' fx¿n] ;l+ jwfgsf :j¿kx¿df ke| fj kf/s] f] xG' 5 . ;j+ w} flgs k/Dk/fsf] ljZj Oltxf; nfdf] eP klg lnlvt ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of c7f/f“} ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/af6 ePsf] bl] vG5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;l+ jwfgsf] dV' o sfd zf;s lgwf/{ 0f ug{' xG' Yof] . cfh ljZjsf clwsfz+ /fi6x« ¿n] cfcfÇgf] dN\" o / dfGotfcg;' f/ lnlvt ;l+ jwfgsf] thd{' f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf 5g\\ . cfwl' gs ;l+ jwfgn] ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff / gful/s clwsf/sf] ;l' glZrtfnfO{ cjnDag u/s] f] kfOG5 . zlSt ;Gtn' g / lgoGq0fsf] cj:yf tyf hgrfxgf cg¿' ksf] dfGotfnfO{ ;do ;fkI] fcg¿' k agfpb“ } ;z+ fw] g kbw\\ ltnfO{ cjnDag u/s] f] ljZj ;j+ w} flgs cEof;n] bv] fPsf] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 77

5 . ;l+ jwfg /fHosf] zlStlrq xf] . ;l+ jwfg hLjGt xg' To;kl| t hgtfsf] ckgTj xg' k' 5{ . ;an} ] ;l+ jwfg ;Ddt sfo{ ug{] ;j+ w} flgs cfr/0f xg' k' 5{ . ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t ;l+ jwfg nfs] tflGqs xG' 5 . ljZjdf klxnf] lnlvt ;l+ jwfg ;g\\ !&*( bl] v nfu' ePsf] cdl] /sfsf] ;l+ jwfg xf] . an] fotdf lnlvt ;l+ jwfg 5g} t/ k/Dk/fut ;j+ w} flgs sfgg' , dN\" o / dfGotfdf Toxfs“ f] zf;g k0| ffnL rns] f] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ‘nfs] ;Ddlt’ sf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . nfs] ;Ddltsf cfwf/df ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ul/gk' 5{ eGg] dfGotfn] lsg kf| yldstf kfO/xs] f] 5, :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= nfs] tflGqs dn' s' df ‘;Lldt ;/sf/’ sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/Psf] xG' 5, s;/L < pbfx/0f;lxt ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= sIffsf ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ ljleGg ;dx\" df ljeflht xg' x' f;] \\ . ;an} ] lnlvt / clnlvt ;l+ jwfg ljifodf cfcfkm\\ gf ljrf/ k:| tt' u/L To;nfO{ clGtd ¿kdf tnsf] tflnsfdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ M lnlvt ;l+ jwfg clnlvt ;l+ jwfg cEof; != ;l+ jwfg egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;l+ jwfgsf] dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘;Lldt ;/sf/’ egs] f] s] xf] < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfO{“sf] ;d'bfodf a'b\\lwhLjL, sfg'gljb\\ jf /fhgLlt1 x'g'x'G5 . pxf“x¿;“u ;+ljwfgsf ljljw cfofd -kl/ro, ljzi] ftf, cfjZostf_ ;DaGwdf s/' fsfgL ugx{' f;] \\ . pxfa“ f6 kf| Kt ljrf/ / cfkm\\ gf ljrf/lar tn' gfTds cWoog u/L lgisif{ ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 78 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 @ gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf; jm| d efOalxgLx¿, xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro / ljzi] ftfsf af/d] f 5nkmn u¥of“} . tkfOx+{ ¿n] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ Gofo, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/et\" ;o+ Gqsf ¿kdf ae' ms] f] xg' k' 5{ . ;l+ jwfgn] hgtfsf clwsf/ tyf ;/sf/sf] zlStnfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f] xG' 5 egL al' em;ss] f 5f“} . ;l+ jwfg ;dli6df /fhgLlts, sfgg' L, cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts b:tfjh] xf] eGg] s/' fdf tkfO“{ hfgsf/ xg' x' G' 5 . ;l+ jwfg sfgg' x¿sf] sfgg' jf dn\" sfgg' xf] . ;a} dn' s' df kl| jm| of cjnDag u/L ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ePsf] kfOb“ g} . ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f cfofu] , ;ldlt, ;l+ jwfg;ef jf cGo pkoS' t dfWodaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . Ps} dn' s' n] sof“} k6s ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f jf ;w' f/ u/s] f] kfOG5, h:t} M eg] h] P' nfdf @&, xfO6Ldf @) tyf yfONofG8df !( k6s ;l+ jwfg km/] abn ePsf lyP . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf;sf] Oltxf; nfdf] 5g} . gk] fn ;/sf/ jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$ af6 dfq} gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs Oltxf; kf| /De ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fndf xfn;Dd & cf6] f ;l+ jwfgx¿ hf/L ePsf 5g\\ . of] kl/jtg{ nfO{ xb] f{ cf;} t !) jifd{ f Pp6f ;l+ jwfg kg{ cfp5“ . t;y{ gk] fn klg l56f] l56f] ;l+ jwfg kl/jtg{ xg' ] dn' s' df k5{ . ca, xfdL gk] fndf xfn;Dd hf/L ePsf ;l+ jwfgsf] ljifodf rrf{ ug{] 5f“} M != gk] fn ;/sf/ jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$ /f0ff kw| fgdGqL kbd\\ zdz/] n] lj= ;=+ @))% jz} fv ! utb] l] v nfu' xg' ] u/L lj= ;=+ @))$ df3 !# ut] k~hfkqsf cfwf/df klxnf] ;l+ jwfg 3fi] f0ff u/s] f lyP . ef/tLo sfgg' lj1x¿ >Lks| fz ux' f, /3g' fy l;x+ / 8f= /fdpu| l;x+ ;lDdlnt ;dx\" n] ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f agfPsf] lyof] . To; sfgg' df ^ efu, ^* bkmf / ! kmx] l/:t -cg;' r\" L_ lyP . dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf – /f0ffx¿df lglxt >L # clwsf/sf] – zlSt k[ysLs/0fsf] l;b\\wfGt cfTd;ft\\ dV' o ;f| t] gu/]sf] – sfo{sfl/0fLnufot ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/ – >L # n] dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] u7g / lj36g ug{] Joj:yf u/L /fHo kd| v' , /fhfsf] el\" dsf >L # df lglxt – ef/bf/L ;ef -pkNnf] ;bg_ /xg] Joj:yf gu/s] f] Joj:yf – ;n' e OG;fkmsf] xs, wflds{ :jtGqtf nufotsf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf – k|wfg hf“rsL, b/vf:t kl/ifb\\h:tf lgsfosf] kl/sNkgf ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 79

@= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo tyf cfGbfn] gaf6 kh| ftGqsf] cEob' osf sf/0f of] ;l+ jwfg NofOPsf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs Oltxf;df of] zf;g ljwfg klxnf] k6s /fhfaf6 hf/L ePsf] xf] . gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg lj= ;=+ @))& rt} , !& ut] kfl/t u/L rt} @( ut] nfu' ePsf] xf] . of] zf;g ljwfg * k6s ;z+ fw] g ePsf] lyof] . o; zf;g ljwfgdf & efu &# bkmf / ! cg;' r\" L lyP . dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf – sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ /fhf / – /fhfn] dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g / lj36g ug{ ;Sg] dlGqkl/ifbd\\ f /xg] Joj:yf – zlSt ky[ sLs/0fsf] l;bw\\ fGt cfTd;ft\\ – /fHosf lgbz{] s l;bw\\ fGtsf] Joj:yf gePsf]kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b – lgbz{] s l;bw\\ fGtleq dfl} ns xssf] – ;z+ fw] g Joj:yf gePtf klg /fhfn] ;do Joj:yf ;dodf ;z+ fw] g ug{] u/s] f – kw| fg Gofofno, ;jfR{] r Gofofno xg' ] Joj:yf #= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!% an] fotL df]8n] sf] ke| fjdf ag]sf] of] ;l+ jwfg tn' gfTds ¿kdf kh| ftflGqs dflgG5 . >L eujtLk;| fb l;x+ sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f sld;gn] ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f tof/ kf/s] f] lyof] . o; sld;gn] lal| 6; ;l+ jwfgljb\\ ;/ cfOef/] hl] gªu\\ ; (Sir Ivor Jennings) sf] ;Nnfx lnOPsf] lyof] . /fhf dxG] bn| ] lj= ;=+ @)!% kmfug' ! ut] hf/L u/s] f] o; ;l+ jwfgdf !) efu / && wf/f lyP . o; ;l+ jwfgsf wf/f &# / wf/f &% tTsfn} / afs“ L ;a} wf/fx¿ @)!^ ;fn c;f/ !^ utb] l] v nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] . dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf – ;l+ jwfg dn\" sfgg' sf ¿kdf ;l+ jwfgdf – dfl} ns xsnfO{ Joj:yflksfn] lg:th] ug{ klxnf] k6s nl] vPsf] ;Sg] Joj:yf – ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf >L % df lglxt – k:| tfjgfdf ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGq pNnv] ePtf – >L %, dxf;ef / kl| tlglw ;ef ;lxtsf] klg ;l+ jwfgdf /fhfsf] ;ljm| o el\" dsf /xg] ;;+ bs\\ f] Joj:yf Joj:yf – sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g kl| tlglw ;efaf6 – ;l+ jwfgnfO{ dn\" sfgg' dflgPtf klg /fhubb\\ L xg' ] Joj:yf pTt/flwsf/L ;DaGwL sfg'g abNg g;Sg] Joj:yf 80 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

$= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!( of] ;l+ jwfg bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ki[ 7 kfi] f0f ug{ /fhfåf/f NofOPsf] xf] . of] ;l+ jwfg lg/s+ z' rl/qsf] ePtf klg gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf a9L ;do nfu' ePsf] lyof] . >L Clifsz] zfxsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f cfofu] n] tof/ kf/s] f] ;l+ jwfg /fhf dxG] bn| ] lj= ;=+ @)!( ;fn kfi} f ! ut] hf/L u/s] f lyP . of] ;l+ jwfg hf/L xb“' f @) efu, (& wf/fx¿ / ^ cg;' r\" Lx¿ lyP . of] ;l+ jwfg klxnf] k6s lj= ;=+ @)@# df3, bf;] f| ] k6s lj= ;=+ @)#@ dªl\\ ;/ / t;] f| ] k6s lj= ;=+ @)#& k;' df ;z+ fw] g ul/Psf] lyof] . dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf – gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf >L % df – hgtfkl| t pTt/bfoL geO{ /fhfkl| t pTt/bfoL lglxt ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b – ;l+ jwfg dn\" sfgg' – bnljxLgtfsf] Joj:yf k:| tfjgfdf pNnv] ePsf] -ky| d ;z+ fw] g_ . – bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yf – ;jfR{] r cbfntnfO{ clGtd cbfntsf ¿kdf – ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] gdfgL /fhfn] db' b\\ f bfx] f¥] ofO{ xg] { cfbz] lgol' St >L % sf] :jljjs] df xg' ] lbg] Joj:yf /xs] f] . %= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& lj= ;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ kZrft\\ hf/L ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfgdf ;l+ jwfgjfbsf] dfGotf ;dl] 6Psf] lyof] . hgtfsf /fo ;´' fj ux| 0f u/L >L ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;l+ jwfg ;'wf/ ;´' fj cfof]un] tof/ u/s] f] d:ofb} f dlGqkl/ifb\\n] kl/dfh{g u/L lj= ;=+ @)$& sflTts @# ut] hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhf jL/G] ba| f6 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] o; ;l+ jwfgdf @# efu, !## wf/f / # cg;' r\" L lyP . dV' o Joj:yf sdhf/] kIf – ;l+ jwfg dn\" sfgg' – kh| ftflGqs ;l+ jwfg elgPtf klg hgdt ;u+ x| sf] Joj:yf gePsf] – klxnf] k6s ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf gk] fnL hgtfdf lglxt – ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGqsf w/] } dfGotf ;dfjz] ePtf klg sltko c:ki6tfn] /fhfn] – aflnu dtflwsf/, sfg'gL zf;g, :jljjs] ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xs] f] dfl} ns xssf] kT| ofel\" t, ;j+ w} flgs /fhtGqnufotsf kIfnfO{ k:| tfjgfdf – ;fdflhs Gofosf dfGotfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNnv] u/L c;z+ fw] gLo agfOPsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;ss] f] – b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yf / :jtGq Gofokflnsf ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 81

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^= gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# lj= ;=+ @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ kZrft\\ cGtl/d ;dosf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu of] ;l+ jwfg NofOPsf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)^# df3 ! ut] nfu' ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfg 5f6] f] ;dodf w/] } k6s ;z+ fw] g ePsf] lyof] . &= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg lj= ;=+ @)^@÷^# sf] bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] dd{ / b; jif{ nfdf] ;z:q åGånfO{ zflGt kl| jm| ofdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;kmn b:tfjh] sf] ¿kdf ‘gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@’ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj= ;=+ @)&@ c;fh] # ut] hf/L ePsf] of] ;l+ jwfg ;l+ jwfg ;efn] tof/ kf/s] f] xf] . lgDg lnlvt kIfx¿nfO{ o; ;l+ jwfgsf] ljzi] ftfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M -s_ bz] sf] cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;z+ fw] g ug{ ;lsg] kf| jwfg /flvPsf] -v_ Ifq] Lo, juLo{ , nª} l\\ us, hftLo, eflifs ljeb] sf] cGTosf] kT| ofel\" t ul/Psf] -u_ zlSt ky[ sLs/0f, lgoGq0f / ;Gtn' gsf] kbw\\ ltnfO{ ckgfPsf] -3_ gk] fnnfO{ axh' ftLo, ax;' f:+ sl[ ts, axw' flds{ , axe' flifs dn' s' sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] -ª_ ;ª3\\ Lotf / nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq kT| ofet\" ul/Psf] ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fndf l56f] l56f] ;l+ jwfg kl/jtg{ xg' s' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!% eGbf a9L nfs] tflGqs lyof,] s;/L < ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ ;xdltsf] b:tfjh] xf] .’ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . $= gk] fnsf] ;j+ w} flgs ljsf;df tn' gfTds ¿kdf a9L nf]s ;Ddltdf cfwfl/t ;l+ jwfgx¿ j|mdab\\w ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . tkfOn+{ ] nfs] tflGqs ;l+ jwfg dfGgs' f sf/0fx¿;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != gk] fn ;/sf/sf] jw} flgs sfgg' , @))$ sf dV' o Joj:yfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= jtd{ fg gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fosf /fhgLlt1, sfgg' ljb\\ jf jfl} bw\\ s JolStTTj e6] g\\ x' f;] \\ / pxf;“ u“ gk] fndf hf/L ePsf ;l+ jwfgx¿ ;fje{ fd} ;Ttfsf] ko| fu] s;/L / lsg To;/L ePsf] xf] egL ;fw] vfh] ugx{' f;] \\ . pxfs“ f ljrf/ / cfkm\\ gf] dN\" ofªs\\ g ab“' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 82 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # ;l+ jwfg ;ef sIff ( df cWoog/t /ljnfn rfw} /Ln] ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf ljleGg ljlw jf kl| jm| of ;DaGwdf vfh] LgLlt uge{' of] . vfh] Lsf jm| ddf ‘;l+ jwfg ;ef’ Ps dxTTjk0\" f{ kl| jm| of ePsf] kfpge' of] . pxfn“ ] ‘;l+ jwfg ;ef’ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng vfH] bf ;/fs] f/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] cflwsfl/s ja] ;fO6 (Website) df ‘a/fa] / ;fl] wg] kZ| gx¿’ (FAQs) / cGo ;Gbe{ ;fduL| cWoogjf6 lgDg lnlvt hfgsf/L kfpge' of] M ;l+ jwfg ;ef egs] f] s] xf] < ;l+ jwfg ;ef ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] ljlw xf] . o;nfO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] gful/sx¿sf] ;ef eGg] cyd{ f klg ae' m\\ g ;lsG5 . hgOR5fadfl] hd gof“ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf nflu hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt ul/Psf hgkl| tlglwx¿sf] ;ef ;l+ jwfg ;ef xf] . of] nfs] tflGqs jm| flGtsf] pkh xf] . o; ljlwdf a9L hg;xeflutf xg' ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ fsf] nfs] tflGqs cEof; dflgG5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj lsg 5 < gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;ef cfÇgf] ;l+ jwfg cfkm} “ lgdf0{ f ug{] / nfs] tflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;:+ yfut ug{] pbb\\ Z] osf ;fy u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . hgtfdf /x]sf] ;fje{ fd} ;TtfnfO{ ;:+ yfut ug{ / gful/snfO{ cem a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg of] ljlw pTtd ljlw dflgG5 . /fHosf ;a} cªu\\ df ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj ;l' glZrt ug{ of] ljlwdf ;xh xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 lgdf0{ f xg' ] ;l+ jwfgkl| t lsg a9L hg ljZjf; xG' 5 < ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] nfs] lko| tf, ;kmntf / hg ljZjf; a9g\\ d' f o;sf] u7gdf xg' ] ;dfjz] L kbw\\ lt g} kd| v' sf/s tTTj xf] . ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] kl| jm| ofdf hgtfsf] a9L ;xeflutf / ;dfjl] ztf xG' 5 . hg;ªV\\ ofsf] agf6] , Ifq] Lotf, hflt, efiff, lnªu\\ sf] ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u5{ . ;l+ jwfgsf] d:ofb} f / To;nfO{ jw} flgstf kb| fg ug{] ljleGg cgd' fb] gsf kl| jm| ofx¿ kr| ngdf /xs] f] kfOG5g\\ . gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g s;/L eof] < gk] fndf ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g bx] foadfl] hd ldl>t lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ xg' ] Joj:yf lyof] M -s_ kT| os] lgjfr{ g Ifq] af6 Ps hgfsf b/n] klxnf] xg' ] lgjfl{ rt xg' ] lgjfr{ g k0| ffnL cg;' f/sf] lgjfl{ rt ;b:o @$) hgfsf] kl| tlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf lyof] . -v_ ;Dk0\" f{ bz] nfO{ Ps Ifq] dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ lgjfl{ rt xg' ] ;b:o ##% hgf /xg] Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] . -u_ /fli6o« hLjgsf dxTTjk0\" f{ ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf ljlzi6 JolStx¿ / dflysf bj' } lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cflbjf;L, hghfltdWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifba\\ f6 dgfg] og xg' ] ;b:o @^ hgf /xg] Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 83

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bo;y{ plNnlvt ;a} ;b:ox¿sf ;fy gk] fndf ^)! hgf ;b:o /xs] f] ;l+ jwfg ;ef u7g xg' ] Joj:yf /xs] f] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ ;dfjz] L agfpg s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] < ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf] kl| tlglwTjaf6 ;dfjz] L agfpg] ko| f; ul/Psf] lyof] . -s_ klxnf] xg' ] lgjfr{ g xg' ] lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLsf] nflu pDdb] jf/ rog ubf{ ;dfjz] L l;bw\\ fGtcg¿' k nª} l\\ us, efu} fl] ns / hg;ªV\\ ofsf cfwf/df kl| tlglwTj xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . -v_ ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/sf] lgjfr{ gdf kT| os] ju÷{ Ifq] af6 dlxnf pDdb] jf/sf] ;ªV\\ of sDtLdf %)% kl| tlglwTj xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . -u_ bj' } k0| ffnL u//] dlxnfsf] sn' ;ªV\\ of sDtLdf Ps ltxfO xg' k} g{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . -3_ ;dfgk' flts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ /fhgLlts bnn] pDdb] jf/ ;r\" Lst[ ubf{ plTkl8t ;dx\" , ul/a, ls;fg, dhb/' tyf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStsf] ;dt] kl| tlglwTjnfO{ Wofg k¥' ofpgk' g{] tYonfO{ ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] u7g slt cjlwsf nflu ePsf] lyof] < ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] sfos{ fn klxnf] a7} s a;s] f] ldltn] rf/ jifs{ f nflu xg' ] Joj:yf lyof] . t/ dn' s' df ;ªs\\ 6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3fi] f0ff eO{ ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{] sfd k/' f xg' g;sd] f yk ^ dlxgf;Dd sfos{ fn a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf lyof] . ljm| ofsnfk != hgcfGbfn] g @)^@÷^# kZrft\\ ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 g} ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ugk{' g{] cfjZostf dx;;' ul/gs' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘;+ljwfg ;efsf] nf]slk|otf / ;kmntf o;sf] u7gdf x'g] ;dfj]zL kb\\wlt g} xf] .’ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;efn] lgdf0{ f ug{] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ jw} flgstf kb| fg ug{ cjnDag u/s] f] kl| jm| ofx¿ vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g k|lj|mof s;/L ljutdf hf/L ePsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cfofu] ÷sld;geGbf leGg 5 < ts{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;l+ jwfg ;ef egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ s;/L ;dfjz] L kl| tlglwTj xg' ] ynfs] f] ¿kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 < ;dx\" ut sfo{ sIffsf ;Dk0\" f{ ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ sDtLdf kfr“ ;dx\" df ljefhg ugx{' f;] \\ . kT| os] ;dx\" nfO{ dfGo xg' ] lsl;dn] Ps hgf 6fn] L gt] f 5fGgx' f;] \\ . ljbo\\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] Pjd\\ afndq} L agfpg s] ugk{' nf,{ 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ / lgrf8] k:| tt' ugx' f;] \\ . 84 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 $ dfl} ns xs ;Ddfghgs ¿kdf afR“ g kfpg,] dofl{ bt hLjgofkg ug{] / sg' } /fi6s« f] gful/s eO{ a;fa] f;kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b u/s] f] gftfn] JolStnfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] cfwf/et\" clwsf/nfO{ dfl} ns xs elgG5 . dfl} ns xs /fi6s« f] dn\" sfgg' ;l+ jwfgn] g} kT| ofet\" ug{] xb“' f /fi6l« eq dfq nfu' xG' 5 . o;df dfgj clwsf/h:tf] ljZjJofkstf xb“' g} . dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf /fi6s« f] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yfcg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ;S5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf £ffi] f0ff ePsf /fhgLlts, cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\\ ;f:+ sl[ ts kl| tabw\\ tfx¿ xfn dfl} ns xsdf ¿kfGtl/t xb“' } uPsf 5g\\ . dfl} ns xssf lgDgfg;' f/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ /xG5g\\ M -s_ dfl} ns xs JolSt÷gful/snfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] xs xf] . -v_ dfl} ns xssf] kb;fk] g (hirearchy) xb“' g} . -u_ dfl} ns xssf] ;j+ w} flgs kT| ofel\" t xG' 5 . -3_ dfl} ns xssf] pNnª£\\ fg ubf{ cbfntdfkmt{ cfjZos ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . -ª_ dfl} ns xssf] ;/+ Ifs ;jfR{] r cbfntnfO{ dflgG5 . -r_ ;ª6\\ sfnLg cj:yfsf] £ffi] f0ff xb“' f clwsfz+ dfl} ns xsx¿ lgnDag xg' ;S5g\\ . lj= ;=+ @)!( sf] ;l+ jwfgdf dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf eP klg cgl' rt ¿kdf aGbh] nufpg ;Sg] ;l+ jwfgn] g} kl/sNkgf u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& n] ;l+ jwfgsf] cfwf/et\" tTTjsf ¿kdf dfl} ns xsnfO{ efu # df Jojl:yt u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# n] ;l+ jwfgsf] efu # df ljutsf] ;l+ jwfgdf kT| ofet\" dfl} ns xsdf yk u/L dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)&@ sf] efu–# df wf/f !^ bl] v $^ ;Dd Joj:yf ul/Psf dfl} ns xsx¿ M ;Ddfgkj\" s{ afR“ g kfpg] xs kT| os] JolStnfO{ ;Ddfgkj\" s{ afR“ g kfpg] xs xg' 5] . s;n} fO{ klg dT[ ob' 08sf] ;hfo lbg] u/L sfgg' agfOg] 5g} . :jtGqtfsf] xs jo} lSts :jtGqtf xg' ,] kT| os] gful/snfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf, zflGtkj\" s{ en] f xg' ] :jtGqtf, /fhgLlts bn vfN] g] :jtGqtf, bz] sf] sg' } klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;fa] f; ug{] / Jofkf/ ug{] :jtGqtf h:tf :jtGqtf o; dfl} ns xsleq k5g{ \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 85

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dfgtfsf] xs ;a} gful/s sfgg' sf] bl[ i6df ;dfg xg' ] 5g\\ . s;n} fO{ klg sfgg' sf] ;dfg ;/+ If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5g} . /fHon] sfgg' sf] ko| fu] df sg' } klg gful/s dfly wd,{ j0f,{ lnªu\\ , hfthflt, pTklTt, efiff jf jr} fl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] sg' } s/' fsf] cfwf/df eb] efj ul/g] 5g} . dlxnf / k?' ifsf lar kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf eb] efj gul/g] s/' f ;dfgtfsf] xsdf k5g{ \\ . To:t} kt} s[ ;DklTtdf nª} l\\ us eb] efj lagf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs xg' ] 5 . ;~rf/sf] xs ljbo\\ t' Lo ks| fzg, k;| f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf hg' ;s' } dfWodaf6 sg' } ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, nv] , /rgf jf cGo sg' } kf7o\\ , >Jo, >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] ks| fzg tyf k;| f/0f ug{ jf ;r\" gf kj| fx ug{ jf 5fKg kj\" { kl| taGw nufOg] 5g} . sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] sg' } 5fkf, ljbo\\ t' Lo k;| f/0f tyf 6l] nkmfg] nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?bw\\ gul/g] s/' fnfO{ ;~rf/sf] xsn] hf8] lbPsf] 5 . Gofo ;DaGwL xs sg' } klg JolStnfO{ kjm| fp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;r\" gf glbO{ yg' fdf /flvg] 5g} . kjm| fp ul/Psf] JolStnfO{ kjm| fp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6fsf] Dofbafxs] rfl} a; £f06fleq db' b\\ f xg] {] clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpgk' g{] 5 . kjm| fpdf k/s] f JolStnfO{ kjm| fp k/s] f] ;dobl] v g} cfkm\" n] /fh] s] f] sfgg' Joj;foL;u“ ;Nnfx lng kfpg] tyf sfgg' Joj;foLåf/f kk' I{ f ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . To:tf] JolStn] cfÇgf] sfgg' Joj;foL;u“ u/s] f] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ufK] o /xg] 5 . ck/fw lkl8tsf] xs ck/fw lkl8tnfO{ cfkm\" lkl8t ePsf] db' b\\ fsf] cg;' Gwfg tyf sf/afxL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ck/fw lkl8tnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd ;fdflhs kg' M:yfkgf / Ifltkl\" t{ ;lxtsf] Gofo kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . oftgf lj?bw\\ sf] xs kjm| fp k/s] f] jf yg' fdf /xs] f] JolStnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;u“ lgdd{ , cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ gul/g] / To:tf sfo{ ePdf sfgg' åf/f b08gLo xg' 5] / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolStnfO{ sfgg' n] lgwf/{ 0f u/] adfl] hdsf] Ifltkl\" t{ lbOg] Joj:yf o; xsdf ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?bw\\ sf] xs gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf jf ;fjh{ lgs zflGt Pjd\\ Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg{] kofK{ t cfwf/ geO{ s;n} fO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5g} . lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /xs] f] JolStsf l:yltsf af/d] f lghsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf glhssf] gftb] f/nfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd tTsfn hfgsf/L lbgk' g{] 5 . lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfgg' ljk/Lt jf ablgotkj\" s{ s;n} fO{ gh/aGb /fvd] f gh/aGb /xs] f] JolStn] sfgg' df tfl] sPadfl] hd Ifltkl\" t{ kfpg] 5 . 86 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

5j' f5t' tyf hftLo eb] efj lj?bw\\ sf] xs sg' } klg JolStnfO{ lghsf] pTklTt, hft, hflt, ;db' fo, k;] f, Joj;fo jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df sg' } klg lghL tyf ;fjh{ lgs :yfgdf sg' } ks| f/sf] 5j' f5t' jf eb] efj gul/g] s/' f o; xsdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . sg' } j:t,' ;j] f jf ;l' jwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] j:t,' ;j] f jf ;l' jwf sg' } vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ vl/b jf kf| Kt uga{ f6 /fs] nufOg] jf To:tf] j:t,' ;j] f jf ;l' jwf sg' } vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolStnfO{ dfq lajm| L ljt/0f jf kb| fg gul/g] kf| jwfg o; xscGtut{ /flvPsf 5g\\ . ;a} ks| f/sf 5j' f5t' tyf eb] efjhGo sfo{ uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf sfgg' adfl] hd b08gLo xg' ] 5g\\ . To:tf] sfoa{ f6 lkl8t JolStnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ifltkl\" t{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ;DklTtsf] xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklTt cfhg{ ug,{] efu] ug,{] ar] lavg ug,{] Jofj;flos nfe kf| Kt ug{] / ;DklTtsf] cGo sf/fa] f/ ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . t/ /fHon] JolStsf] ;DklTtdf s/ nufpg / ku| ltzLn s/sf] dfGotfcg¿' k JolStsf] cfodf s/ nufpg ;Sg] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b wflds{ :jtGqtfsf] xs wdd{ f cf:yf /fVg] kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfkm\\ gf] cf:yfcg;' f/ wds{ f] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug{] :jtGqtf xg' ] 5 . kT| os] wflds{ ;Dkb| fonfO{ wflds{ :yn tyf wflds{ u7' L ;~rfng ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . ;r\" gfsf] xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ cfkm\\ gf] jf ;fjh{ lgs ;/fs] f/sf] sg' } klg ljifosf] ;r\" gf dfUg] / kfpg] xs xg' 5] . t/ sfgg' adfl] hd ufK] o /fVgk' g{] ;r\" gfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;n} fO{ afWo kfl/g] 5g} . ufk] gLotfsf] xs sg' } klg JolStsf] lhp, cfjf;, ;DklTt, lnvt, tYofªs\\ , kqfrf/ / rl/q ;DaGwL ljifosf] ufk] gLotf sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] cgltjm| Do xg' ] 5 . zfi] f0f lj?bw\\ sf] xs kT| os] JolStnfO{ zfi] f0f lj?bw\\ sf] xs xg' ] / wd,{ ky| f, k/Dk/f, ;:+ sf/, kr| ng jf cGo sg' } cfwf/df sg' } klg JolStnfO{ sg' } lsl;dn] zfi] f0f ug{ gkfOg] s/' f o; xscGtut{ /flvPsf 5g\\ . To:t} s;n} fO{ klg ar] lavg ug,{ bf; jf afwf agfpg gkfOg] s/' f / s;n} fO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?bw\\ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] kf| jwfg o; xscGtut{ k5g{ \\ . :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afR“ g kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 eGg] s/' fnfO{ o; xsn] kT| ofet\" u/s] f] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kb| i\" f0f jf xf| ;af6 xg' ] Ifltafkt lkl8tnfO{ kb| i\" fsaf6 Ifltkl\" t{ kfpg] xs klg o; xscGtut{ xg' ] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 87

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |blzIff ;DaGwL xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e\"t lzIffdf kx'“rsf] xs x'g] 5 . k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/et\" tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMzN' s tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMzN' s kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf / cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s pRr lzIff kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . bl[ i6ljxLg gful/snfO{ an]| lnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ jf afn] fO ;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf ePsf gful/snfO{ ;fªs\\ l] ts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s lzIff kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 eg/] ;l+ jwfgdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fndf a;fa] f; ug]{ kT| os] gk] fnL ;db' fonfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd cfÇgf] dfte[ fiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljbo\\ fno tyf zl} Ifs ;:+ yf vfN] g] / ;~rfng ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ædfl} ns xsn] gful/ssf] ;Ddfgkj\" s{ afR“ g kfpg] clwsf/sf] kT| ofet\" u5{ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ædfl} ns xsx¿ ;do ;Gbe{ cg;' f/ kl/jtg{ xb“' } hfG5gÆ\\ , lsg < ;dx\" df /xL ;dx\" ut lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ;l+ jwfgdf /flvPsf] lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] sfoG{ jog cj:yf tkfO“s{ f] ;db' fodf s:tf] 5 < ;db' fosf] hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != dfl} ns xsnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 < @= :jtGqtf ;DaGwL xsdf s] s:tf :jtGqtfx¿ k5g{ ,\\ ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= ;l+ jwfgdf plNnlvt lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolStnfO{ lzIff ;DaGwL xsn] s;/L ;Dafw] g u/s] f] 5 < o:tf kf| jwfg /flvg' Gofosf bl[ i6n] sltsf] ;fGbles{ 7fGgx' G' 5 < cfkm\\ gf] ts{ k;] ugx{' f;] \\ . 88 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 % dfl} ns xs / gful/s stJ{ o efiff tyf ;:+ sl[ tsf] xs kT| os] JolSt / ;db' fonfO{ cfÇgf] efiff ko| fu] ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] JolSt / ;db' fonfO{ cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fosf] ;f:+ sl[ ts hLjgdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . gk] fndf a;fa] f; ug]{ kT| os] gk] fnL ;db' fonfO{ cfkm\\ gf] efiff, lnlk, ;:+ sl[ t, ;f:+ sl[ ts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;j+ wg{ Pjd\\ ;/+ If0f ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . /fh] uf/Lsf] xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] xs xg' ] 5 . /fh] uf/Lsf] ;t,{ cj:yf / a/] fh] uf/ ;xfotf ;ª3\\ Lo sfgg' adfl] hd xg' ] 5 . kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] 5gf6] ug{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . >dsf] xs kT| os] >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] >ldsnfO{ plrt kfl/>lds, ;l' jwf tyf ofu] bfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] >ldsnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd 68«] ol' gog vfN] g,] To;df ;xefuL xg' ] tyf ;fdl\" xs ;fb} fafhL ug{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/et\" :jf:Yo ;j] f lgMzN' s kf| Kt ug]{ xs xg' ] 5 . s;n} fO{ klg cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;j] faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5g} . kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfÇgf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg] xs xg' 5] . kT| os] gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo ;j] fdf ;dfg kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] gful/snfO{ :jR5 vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b vfbo\\ ;DaGwL xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ vfbo\\ ;DaGwL xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] gful/snfO{ vfbo\\ j:ts' f] cefjdf hLjg hfl] vddf kg{] cj:yfaf6 ;/' lIft xg' ] xs xg' 5] . kT| os] gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd vfbo\\ ;Dke| t' fsf] xs xg' ] 5 . cfjf;sf] xs kT| os] gful/snfO{ pkoS' t cfjf;sf] xs xg' ] 5 . sfgg' adfl] hd afxs] sg' } klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf /xs] f] jf;:yfgaf6 x6fOg] jf cltjm| d0f ul/g] 5g} . dlxnfsf] xs kT| os] dlxnfnfO{ nª} l\\ us eb] efjlagf ;dfg jz+ Lo xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] dlxnfnfO{ ;/' lIft dftT[ j / kh| gg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs xg' ] 5 . dlxnf lj?bw\\ wflds{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/f, kr| ng jf cGo sg' } cfwf/df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ofg} hGo, dgfj] 1} flgs jf cGo sg' } lsl;dsf] lx;+ fhGo sfo{ jf zfi] f0f ul/g] 5g} . To:tf] sfo{ sfgg' adfl] hd b08gLo xg' ] 5 / lkl8tnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ifltkl\" t{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 89

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bafn aflnsfsf] xs kT| os] afn aflnsfnfO{ cfkm\\ gf] klxrfg;lxt gfds/0f / hGdbtfs{ f] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] afn aflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kfi] f0f, plrt :ofxf/, vn] sb' , dgf/] ~hg tyf ;jfª{ u\\ L0f JolStTj ljsf;sf] xs xg' ] 5 eGGf] s/' fnfO{ jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgn] kT| ofet\" u/s] f] 5 . kT| os] afn aflnsfnfO{ kf| /lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn ;xeflutfsf] xs xg' ] 5 . sg' } klg afn aflnsfnfO{ sn sf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hfl] vdk0\" f{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5g} . sg' } klg afn aflnsfnfO{ afn ljjfx, u/} sfgg' L cf;] f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws /fVg kfOg] 5g} . blntsf] xs /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf blntnfO{ ;dfgk' flts ;dfjz] L l;bw\\ fGtsf cfwf/df ;xefuL xg' ] xs xg' ] 5 . ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f nufotsf /fh] uf/Lsf cGo Ifq] df blnt ;db' fosf] ;zStLs/0f, kl| tlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf nflu sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ kf| yldsbl] v pRr lzIff;Dd sfgg' adfl] hd 5fqjl[ Tt;lxt lgMzN' s lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . kf| ljlws / Jofj;flos pRr lzIffdf blntsf nflu sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ;db' fonfO{ :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;/' Iff kb| fg ug{ sfgg' adfl] hd ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blnt ;db' fonfO{ cfkm\\ gf] k/Dk/fut k;] f, 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] , ;/+ If0f / ljsf; ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . /fHon] blnt ;db' fosf k/Dk/fut k;] f;u“ ;DalGwt cfwl' gs Joj;fodf pgLx¿nfO{ kf| yldstf lbO{ To;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] l;k / ;f| t] pknAw u/fpg] 5 . /fHon] el\" dxLg blntnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ps k6s hldg pknAw u/fpgk' g{] 5 . Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] xs Hoi] 7 gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 ljzi] f ;/+ If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/s] f dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf¿, cNk;ªV\\ os, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolSt, ;LdfGtLst[ , dl' :nd lk58f ju,{ nª} l\\ us tyf ofl} gs cNk;ªV\\ os, oj' f, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] Ifq] sf gful/s tyf cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfon{ fO{ ;dfjz] L l;bw\\ fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs xg' ] 5 . cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nfk] fG] dv' ;db' fosf gful/ssf] ;/+ If0f, pTyfg, ;zStLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf; /fh] uf/L, vfbo\\ fGg / ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf ljzi] f cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ;lxt dofb{ f / cfTd ;Ddfgkj\" s{ hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f tyf ;l' jwfdf ;dfg kxr“' sf] xs xg' ] 5 . kT| os] ls;fgnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd sl[ if sfos{ f nflu el\" ddf kxr“' , k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ko| fu] / cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo lap lahg / sl[ if kh| fltsf] 5gf6] / ;/+ If0fsf] xs xg' ] 5 . gk] fndf cuu| fdL nfs] tflGqs kl/jtg{ sf nflu ePsf ;a} hg cfGbfn] g, ;z:q ;ª3\\ if{ / jm| flGtsf jm| ddf hLjg pT;u{ ug{] ;lxbsf kl/jf/, ak] Ttf kfl/Psf JolStsf kl/jf/, nfs] tGqsf ofb] w\\ f, åGå lkl8t / lj:yflkt, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolSt, 3fOt] tyf lkl8tnfO{ Gofo Pjd\\ plrt ;Ddfg;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/L, cfjf; / ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf sfgg' adfl] hd kf| yldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg] xs xg' 5] . 90 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg, czSt / c;xfo cj:yfdf /xs] f, c;xfo Psn dlxnf, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf, afn aflnsf, cfkm\\ gf] x/] rfx cfkm} “ ug{ g;Sg] tyf nfk] fG] dv' hfltsf gful/snfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] xs xg' ] 5 . pkefS] tfsf] xs kT| os] pkefS] tfnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f kf| Kt ug{] xs xg' ] 5 . u0' f:t/xLg j:t' jf ;j] faf6 Iflt ku' s] f] JolStnfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd Ifltkl\" t{ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . bz] lgsfnf lj?bw\\ sf] xs sg' } klg gful/snfO{ bz] lgsfnf ul/g] 5g} . ;j+ w} flgs pkrf/sf] xs o; efuåf/f kb| Tt xssf] kr| ngsf nflu wf/f !## jf !$$ df nl] vPadfl] hd ;j+ w} flgs pkrf/ kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . gful/s stJ{ o dfl} ns xs gful/ssf] ;du| JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dfl} ns xssf] pkofu] ubf{ gful/sn] cfÇgf] stJ{ osf] kfngf ugk{' 5{ . ;l+ jwfg / kr| lnt sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{' ;a} gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] . sfgg' sf] kfngf ugs{' f cltl/St x/s] gful/ssf stJ{ ox¿ o:tf xG' 5g\\ M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gl} ts stJ{ o sfgg' L stJ{ o – cfdfafa,' u?' hg, hi] 7 gful/s, afn – bz] sf] ;l+ jwfgsf] kfngf ug,{' kr| lnt aflnsfx¿nfO{ dfof / c;xfokl| t ;Ddfg sfgg' sf] kfngf ug,{' ug'{ – sfgg' sfofG{ jogdf ;/fs] f/jfnfO{ ;xofu] – ;a} dflg;kl| t dq} Lefj Pjd\\ ;Ddfghgs k¥' ofpg,' Jojxf/ ug{' – sfg'gsf] cfjZos ;'wf/df ;xof]u – s;n} fO{ cjxn] gf gug,{' cfbz,{ :jR5 k¥' ofpg' . Pjd\\ kljq hLjg latfpg' nufotsf Jojxf/ ug{' ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 91