RS815_FINAL TB OF GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES

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;g\\ !*%^ df xg] /L a;] d/] (Henry Bessemer) n] kmnfddf ePsf] czb' w\\ tfnfO{ x6fP/ O:kft agfpg] kl| jlwsf] ljsf; u/] . kmn:j¿k an] fotdf 7n' f 7n' f / l6sfp oGqx¿sf] cfljisf/ eof] . kn' tyf hxfhsf] lgdf0{ f xg' yfNof] . To;u} /L ;g\\ !*!% df xDkm]| 8eL (Humphrey Davy) n] ;Ç] 6L NofDk (safety lamp) sf] cfljisf/ u/s] fn] vfgLdf sfd ug{] dhb/' x¿sf] hLjg a9L ;/' lIft xg' ku' s] f] lyof] . cf}b\\of]lus Jf|mflGtsf bf}/fgdf a]nfotdf kSsL ;8ssf] cefjn] kl| tsn\" tf l;hg{ f u/s] f] lyof] . pTkflbt dfn;fdfgx¿ Ps 7fp“af6 csf{] 7fpd“ f hD] ; jf6n] cfljisf/ u/s] f] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lajm| L ljt/0f ug{ cK7o\\ f/f] ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ klxnf] l:6d OlGhg an] fotn] !*) dfOn kSsL ;8s agfof] . Toltdfq geO{ ;g\\ !*!$ df hh{ l:6km] g;g (George Stephenson) n] jfik zlStaf6 rNg] /n] OlGhg agfP h;n] an] fotdf csNkgLo kl/jtg{ Nofof] . cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtn] ljbo\\ t' \\ / ;~rf/sf] Ifq] df klg pNnV] o kl/jtg{ NofPsf] lyof] . aG] hfldg Ço| fªs\\ lng (Benjamin Franklin) n] lahn' Lsf] zlSt, ;g\\ !*#& df df;] {] (Morsey) n] 6l] nuf| d, ;g\\ !*&^ df cnS] hG] 8/ uf| xd an] (Alexander Graham Bell) n] 6l] nkmfg] / ldrn] km/f8] (Michael Faraday) n] lahn' L hh{ l:6km] g;gn] cfljisf/ u/s] f] aTtLsf] cfljisf/ u/] . ;fy} ul' UnPNdf] dfsfg{] L jfik zlStaf6 rNg] /n] OlGhg (Guglielmo Marconi) n] ;g\\ !*(% df /l] 8of] / cfsfzjf0fL -Wireless_ sf] cfljisf/ u/L dfgj hLjgdf csNkgLo kl/jtg{ NofPsf lyP . o;afxs] cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtn] sl[ ifdf klg cet\" kj\" { kl/jtg{ NofPsf] lyof] . k/Dk/fut sl[ if k0| ffnLsf] ;66\\ f sl[ ifdf j1} flgs k0| ffnL cjnDag ul/of] . kzx' ¿df gZn ;w' f/ u/L kl/jtg{ NofOof] . cfb} o\\ fl] us jm| flGtn] dfgj ;dfhdf kf/s] f] ke| fj cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtsf sx] L ;sf/fTds t sx] L gsf/fTds ke| fjx¿ dfgj ;dfhdf k/s] f] bl] vG5 . o;n] dfgj Oltxf;sf] uf/] 6] fn] fO{ ablnlbof] . 3/n] ' pTkfbgsf] ;66\\ f sf/vfgfdf pTkfbg xg' yfNbf j:ts' f] pTkfbgdf jb[ l\\ w eof] / cflys{ ;dG' glt Nofof] . ;x/Ls/0f, ;fdflhs :j¿kdf kl/jtg{ , dhb/' ;ªu\\ 7gsf] :yfkgf, ;dfhjfbsf] kf| /De cflb ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ lyP . 3/n] ' pbo\\ fu] sf] ljgfz, hg;ªV\\ of jb[ l\\ w, a/] fh] uf/L, dhb/' x¿sf] cj;/df xf« ;, ;fdf| Hojfbsf] lj:tf/ h:tf o;sf gsf/fTds ke| fjx¿ xg' \\ . cfb} o\\ fl] us jm| flGtn] hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fdf klg kl/jtg{ NofPsf] 190 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

lyof] . ;g\\ !&^) cl3 clwsfz+ JolStsf] a;fa] f; ufpd“ f lyof] . cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtn] ubf{ ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; eO{ To;kl5 JolStx¿ cfb} o\\ fl] us Ifq] /xs] f] ;x/df a;fO“ ;/] . cfb} o\\ fl] us jm| flGtn] ckT| oIf ¿kdf ;;+ bLo ;w' f/nfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] lyof] . o; Jfm| flGtkj\" { /fhgLlts zlSt sx] L ;Lldt hldgbf/sf] xftdf lyof] eg] o; jm| flGtkl5 pbo\\ fu] kltx¿ PsfPs zlStzfnL eP . dWod ju{ / dhb/' jus{ f] lxtdf klg ;/sf/n] ljwo] s kf; u/s] f] lyof] . ljm| ofsnfk != an] fotdf g} cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGt lsg ePsf] xfn] f, sf/0fx¿ vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= an] fotdf 7G8f xfjfkfgL xg' ] dn' s' ePtf klg oflGqs kl/jtg{ ;?' df lsg ;t' L sk8fdf ePsf] lyof] < pmgL sk8fdf lsg ePg < ts{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= æ;fdf| Hojfbsf] ljsf;df cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtsf] 7n' f] el\" dsf /xs] f] lyof] .Æ o; sygdf tkfO“{kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b sg' xb;Dd ;xdt xg' x' G' 5 < cfkm\\ gf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGt;u“ } sl[ ifdf ePsf] ljsf;n] pbo\\ fu] ljsf;df s;/L dbt k¥' ofPsf] lyof] < o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Ps ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGt egs] f] s] xf] < @= cfb} o\\ fl] us Jfm| flGtn] kf/s] f] ;fdflhs ke| fjaf/] nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= cfb} o\\ fl] us jm| flGtsf cflys{ c;/x¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= tnsf] tflnsf sfkLdf ptf/L k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ . jm| = ;=+ oGqsf] gfd cfljisf/s j1} flgssf] gfd != kmn\\ fOª ;6n @= ljbo\\ t' \\ #= 6]lnu|fd $= 6]lnkmf]g %= /]l8of] %= pbo\\ fu] sf lglDt ;o+ S' t kh“' L sDkgL -Joint Stock Company_ lsg vl] nP < o; sfon{ ] lsg dhb/' ju{ / dflnslar dgd6' fj a9fof] < ^= kh“' Ljfb tyf ;dfhjfbsf] 56' 6\\ f56' 6\\ } kl/efiff nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 191

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !) nSsL gfgLsf] jz+ fjnL nSsL s=] ;L= gk] fnsf] klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] sf] Ps uf| dL0f a:tLsL afl;Gbf xg' \\ . pgnfO{ pgsf l5ds] L / ;xkf7Lx¿ nSsL gfgL egL afn] fp5“ g\\ . xl“ ;nL / ;xofu] L efjgfsL nSsLn] cfkm\\ g} uf= lj= ;= df cjl:yt ljbo\\ fnodf sIff ( df cWoog ul5g{ \\ . Ps lbg sfofn{ oaf6 kmlsP{ kl5 cfkm\\ gf] aa' f sd' f/ s=] ;L= nfO{ nSsLn] cfkm\\ gf] jz+ sf] ljljw kIfaf/] ;fl] wg\\ . nSsL pgsf] jz+ sf] kfr“ f“} k:' tfsL ;Gtfg xg' \\ . pgL sZok ufq] sL xg' \\ . pgsf afh] a/fh' ndhª' lhNnfaf6 Toxf“ a;fO;“ /fO u/L uPsf /x5] g\\ . cflys{ bl[ i6n] pgsf k:' tf dWod ls;fg jus{ f lyP . dn\" tM sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t bl] vPtf klg cfl+ zs ¿kdf pgsf k:' tfx¿ Hofl] tif sfod{ f ;n+ Ug /xs] f lyP . pgsf aj' fsf xh/' aa' f / xh/' aa' fsf aa' f lhNnfsf] kV| oft Hofl] tifL xg' x' G' Yof] . ufpd“ f lzIffsf] jm| dzM lj:tf/ eO;sk] l5 nSsLsf xh/' aa' fx¿ k9fO nv] fOdf Wofg lbge' of] . To;n} ] pxfx“ ¿dWo] sfx] L gk] fn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;j] fdf sfo/{ t xg' x' G' 5 eg] sfx] L ef/tLo ufv] f{ ;l} gsdf ;j] f u/L lgjT[ t xg' e' Psf] 5 . nSsLsf 7n' f] aa' f, 7n' L cfdf, sfsf, km' kx\" ¿ ;a} lzlIft / cfTd lge/{ xg' x' G' 5 . nSsLsf xh/' aa' fx¿ klxnf ;o+ S' t kl/jf/df a:gx' G' Yof] t/ clxn] 5l' 66\\ P/ cnu cnu Psn kl/jf/df a:gx' G' 5 . tyflk rf8kj{ / ljzi] f cj;/x¿df ;a} a8f3/df Ps7} fp“ en] f eO{ x;fN{] nf;sf ;fy dgfp5“ g\\ . km' kx\" ¿ / pxfs“ f kl/jf/ klg ;v' bM' vdf ;fy lbg cfpg] u5g{ \\ . sg' } dxTTjk0\" f{ lg0fo{ x¿ lngk' /d] f ;Dk0\" f{ kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿sf] /fo ;e' mfjaf6 lg0fo{ xG' 5 . ufpe“ l/ Hofl] tifL afhs] f] 3/ kl/jf/ eg/] lrlgg] nSsL gfgL cfkm\\ gf] jz+ df uj{ ul5g{ \\ . /fdf| ;] u“ k9/] eljiodf pgL ;dfh;j] L aGg] nIo /xs] f] atfpl“ 5g\\ . nSsL gfgLsf aa' fsf cg;' f/ s=] ;L= jz+ fjnL o; ks| f/ 5 M 192 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

s=] ;L= jz+ fjnL /0fl;x+ l3ld/] -Ifl] qgL ljjfx u/s] f_ T T T Zofdl;x+ s=] ;L= bo' fw{] g s=] ;L= T -lgM;Gtfg_ T TT kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b rjm| axfb/' s=] ;L= si[ 0faxfb/' s=] ;L= rGba| xfb/' s=] ;L= T T kjg s=] ;L= T T ;/n s=] ;L= yj} axfb/' s=] ;L= T T TTTT ;~ho s=] ;L= odg s=] ;L= sdn s=] ;L= ljzfn s=] ;L= lrqaxfb/' s=] ;L= T T T rt} Go s=] ;L= ;l' zn s=] ;L= T sd' f/ s=] ;L= T nSsL s=] ;L= ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 193

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf zfx jz+ fjnLcGtu{ t kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxbl] v zfxsfnsf] cGTo;Ddsf] jz+ fjnL jI[ f÷jz+ ntf agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= jz+ / jz+ fjnLsf] cWoogaf6 s] s] l;Sg kfOG5, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f] cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L cfkm\\ gf] jz+ sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ kIfaf/] nV] gx' f;] \\ / sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != jz+ egs] f] s] xf] < @= cfkm\\ gf] jz+ sf] cWoog lsg ugk{' 5{ < #= tkfOs“{ f] jz+ / ldNg] ;fyLsf] jz+ lar tn' gf u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ufps“ f] ;ufq] L kfsf JolStnfO{ cfkm\\ gf] jz+ jf kv' fn{ ] Toxf“ a;fa] f; ug{ yfnb] l] vsf] tkfOs“{ f] k:' tf;Dd ljljw kIfaf/] ;fw] vfh] u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ / jz+ jI[ f÷jz+ ntf klg tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;kmf cIf/df nv] L leTt] klqsfdf 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . 194 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 !! xfdf| kj\" h{ M jtd{ fgsf dfu{ bzs{ gk] fn wflds{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtfoS' t dfl} ns k/Dk/f ePsf] ljZjs} Ps cgk' d /fi6« xf] . kf| rLgkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b sfn, dWo sfn tyf cfwl' gs sfn u/L ltg ;dofjlwdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg sfnv08df k/Dk/fut /Llt l/jfh, rfn rng / hLjg zn} Ldf jm| dzM kl/jtg{ xb“' } uPsf] 5 . xfdf| kj\" h{ n] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/s] f rfn rng, /Llt l/jfh tyf hLjg zn} L xfdf| ] lk9“ Lsf nflu clåtLo dfu{ bzg{ xg' ,\\ jtd{ fg dfgj hLjgsf kl/rfos xg' \\ . o;} ;Gbed{ f Ps 6l] nlehgdf Oltxf; 8:] s xg] {] kqsf/ ddtf 9sfn / Oltxf; tyf ;:+ sl[ tljb\\ 8f= bj] Lk;| fb ld>larsf] s/' fsfgL tn lbOPsf] 5 M ddtf M gd:sf/ 8f= ;fxa] , ;Gr} xg' x' G' 5 < bj] Lk;| fb M gd:t] ddtf Dof8d . d ;Gr} 5' . cfh s] slt sfdn] kfNge' of,] sl' Gg < ddtf M cfh d xfdf| ] 6l] nlehg sfoj{ m| dsf nflu xfdf| kj\" h{ sf af/d] f ljljw hfgsf/L lng' k/s] fn] xh/' ;u“ ;fw] k5' ug{ cfPsL x“' . sk[ of dnfO{ 5f6] f] ;do lbg ;Sgx' G' 5 < bj] Lk;| fb M eOxfN5 lg Dof8d, d ;Sbf] ;xofu] u5{' . ddtf M wGojfb ;/ . xfdf| kj\" h{ x¿sf] ;fdlhs ;/+ rgf s:tf] lyof] xfn] f < bj] Lk;| fb M xfdf| ] bz] sf] Oltxf; xb] f{ JolStx¿ j0ff>{ ddf cfwfl/t hfltcg;' f/ k;] f Joj;fo u/s] f] kfOG5 . lxGb' wdd{ f hftLo cGt/sf] efjgf lyPg . af| xd\\ 0f, Ifq] L, jZ} o / zb' | dn\" tM rf/ hftdf ljeflht ;dfh lyof] . To;} cg¿' kdf sfo{ ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . la:tf/} Tof] ;:+ sl[ tsf ¿kdf ljsl;t eof] . ddtf M gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df cToGt} dfl} ns ;:+ sf/x¿ lyP . To;af/] sx] L atfOlbgx' f;] \\ g ¤ bj] Lk;| fb M Tof] ;To xf] . gk] fn kf| rLg sfnbl] v g} dfl} ns ;:+ sf/ ePsf] Ps wgL /fi6« xf] . tL ;:+ sf/x¿ t sx] L clxn] klg ljbo\\ dfg 5g\\ . dV' otofM To:tf ;:+ sf/x¿ dNnsfnLg ;dodf a9L kr| ngdf cfO{ ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . k;+' jg -sn' bj] tfsf] kh\" f_, r8' fsd{ -jt| aGwdf skfn vf/} g_] , >Lkmn ljjfx -Ox{ L_, jb[ w\\ fj:yfdf kl| ti7f / uf/} jsf ¿kdf ul/g] ;:+ sf/ rf/} f;L kh\" f jf a9' f] hªs\\ f] -gj] f/df_, cGTol] i6 ;:+ sf/ tyf dT[ o' ;:+ sf/ cflb o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \\ . ddtf M To;u} /L pxfx“ ¿sf rfn rng / hLjg zn} L s:tf lyP t ;/ < bj] Lk;| fb M Ps cfk;df ;xofu] L efjgf kr| /' lyof] . xfdf| kj\" h{ x¿df wd,{ Pr“] fk] r“} f,] j:tn' ] j:t' ;f6f;f6 u/L cfjZostf kl/kl\" t{ ug{] h:tf cgs' /0fLo Jojxf/x¿ lyP . xfdf| k\"j{hx¿ wd{ sd{df cf:yfjfg\\ ;Trl/qjfg\\ lyP . pgLx¿ ljleGg kf6L kf}jf, dlGb/, uD' afx¿ lgdf0{ f u/L snfTds jf:ts' nf, dl\" ts{ nf Pjd\\ lrqsnfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 195

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;j+ wg{ ug{ dg k/fpy“ ] . cfh klg tL ;/+ rgfx¿ / snfdf xfdL gk] fnLsf] xl} ;otdf ljZjdf g} uf/} j u5f“}{ . To; an] fsf ;dfh sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t lyof] . ltAat;u“ Jofkf/ a9L lyof] . JolStx¿ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/df a:y] . el\" dsf] ljt/0f c;dfg lyof] . u7' Lx¿ kz| :t lyP . wflds{ cgi' 7fgx¿ g} dV' o lzIffsf sG] bx| ¿ lyP . kf| rLg sfndf ;:+ st[ n] /fhefiffsf] dfGotf kfPsfdf dWosfndf gj] f/L / dl} ynL efiff klg nfs] lko| lyP . wdc{ g;' f/ rf8kjx{ ¿ xG' y] / cfcfkmg\\ f] Ifdtfcg¿' k dgfOGYof] . bz] df pTkflbt sk8fx¿sf] ko| fu] xG' Yof] . bf/} f ;?' jfn, 9fsfsf] 6fk] L, k?' if / ul' gp“ rfn] L, 3ns] dlxnfx¿sf] klx/g lyP . ddtf M tTsfnLg Gofo k0| ffnL ;DaGwL sx] L atfOlbgx' G' 5 ls < bj] Lk;| fb M ;G' gx' f;] \\ ddtf Dof8d, kf| rLg sfndf wdz{ f:qcg¿' k sfgg' lgdf0{ f / ;Dkfbg ug{] ul/GYof] . t/ hftcg¿' k sd ;hfo / s7f/] ;hfo lbg] Joj:yf ePsfn] Goflos c;dfgtf bl] vG5 . uf/] vfsf /fhf /fdzfxn] Tof] rngnfO{ cGTo u/] . cleoS' tx¿nfO{ bj] L bj] tfx¿ esfO{ ;kmfO;dt] lbg] kr| ng lyof] . :yfgLo :t/sf eme} mu8fx¿ æk~r;dR' roÆ af6 xl] /GYof] . ljsl] Gbt| Gofo k0| ffnL cg¿' k ufps“ f] eme} mu8f xg] { åf/,] 6fn] xg] {] kw| fg / bz] el/sf] ed| 0f u/L Gofo lbgn] fO{ v/bf/ elgGYof] . ddtf M w/] } w/] } wGojfb 8f= ;fxa] . olt w/] } dfqfdf xfdf| kj\" h{ sf af/d] f hfgsf/L kf| Kt u/“] . d oxfk“ l| t xflbs{ cfef/ ks| 6 ug{ rfxG5' . ;fR“ rL g} xfdLn] xfdf| kj\" h{ df uj{ ugk{' b5{ . bj] Lk;| fb M n wGojfb ddtf Dof8d . 56' f“} n . ljm| ofsnfk != xfdf| kj\" h{ n] dgfpg] rf8kj{ / ljlwaf/] vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= xfdf| kj\" {hsf af/d] f ljljw kIfsf] hfgsf/L lng] pbb\\ Z] on] s'g} glhssf] ;ªu\\ x| fno jf wflds{ :ynx¿sf] ed| 0f ugx{' f;] \\ . kf| Kt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df Ps k0\" f{ kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . #= jtd{ fg xfdf| /Llt l/jfh rfn rng / ;:+ sl[ t kj\" h{ x¿af6 x:tfGtl/t xg' \\ . o; sygnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL efif0fsf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != xfdf| kj\" h{ sf] xg' \\ < @= xfdf| kj\" h{ af6 xfdL s] s] s/' f l;Sg ;S5f} < #= xfdf| kj\" h{ jtd{ fgsf dfu{ bzs{ xg' ,\\ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . 196 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M cf7 cfly{ s{ ljm| ofsnfk kf7 ! sl[ if != kl/rokf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b sl[ ifsfo{ eGgfn] vfbo\\ afnL, gub] afnL, kmnkm' n vt] L / kz,' df5f, ls/f Pjd\\ kIfL kfng h:tf sfon{ fO{ hgfp5+“ . gk] fn sl[ if kw| fg bz] xf] . oxfs“ f emG8} ^^ kl| tzt JolStx¿ sl[ if Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug 5g\\ . sn' uf| x:y pTkfbgsf] #^ kl| tzt lx:;f sl[ if Ifq] n] cfu] 6s] f] 5 . bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df sl[ ifIfq] sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf xG' 5 . sl[ ifIfq] af6 pTkflbt j:tx' ¿jf6 bl} gs hLjgdf pkofu] ul/g] vfbo\\ fGg kf| Kt xG' 5 . sl[ ifaf6 pbo\\ fu] ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ klg kf| Kt xG' 5 . bz] df cfwl' gs j1} flgs sl[ if k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L sl[ ifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ ;sd] f cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk a9g\\ uO{ ul/aL pGdn\" g ug{ ;lsG5 . @= sl[ ifsf] dxTTj -s_ vfbo\\ fGgsf] cfkl\" t{ -v_ /fli6o« cfosf] kd| v' ;f| t] -u_ cfb} o\\ fl] us sRrf kbfys{ f] cfkl\" t{ -3_ jb} l] zs db' f| cfhg{ -ª_ /fh] uf/L kf| Kt -r_ cyt{ Gqsf] d?] b08 #= k/Dk/fut sl[ if k0| ffnL k/' fgf] 9ªu\\ af6 sl[ ifsfo{ ug{] kr| ngnfO{ k/Dk/fut sl[ if k0| ffnL elgG5 . gk] fnsf] sl[ ifaf6 ;Gtfi] fhgs pknlAw xg' g;Sgs' f] Pp6f kd| v' sf/0f xfdf| ] k/' fgf] sl[ if k0| ffnL g} xf] . PSsfO;f“} ztfAbLdf cfP/ klg xfdf| ] sl[ if k/Dk/fut 9fr“ fsf] 5 . k/' fgf sl[ if cfh} f/, h:t} M xnf,] s6' f,] sfb] fnf] dfq ko| fu] ug{' / sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] gug{' k/Dk/fut sl[ ifsf ljzi] ftfx¿ xg' \\ . ;fy} cfjZostfcg;' f/ sDkf:] 6 dn / /f;folgs dn ko| fu] gug{' / pGgt laplahg ko| fu] gug{' g} k/Dk/fut vt] Lsf] dfl} nstf xf] . afaa' fhn] ] h;/L sl[ ifsfo{ rnfPsf lyP, To;/L g} sl[ ifnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgfn] ckl] Ift pknlAw xfl;n xg' ;ls/xs] f] 5g} . To;n} ] ljsl;t bz] sf] h:t} gk] fndf klg sl[ ifsf] ljsf; ug{ cfwl' gs sl[ if k0| ffnL ckgfpg' lgtfGt cfjZos xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 197

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= gk] fndf sl[ ifsf] ;d:of -s_ lgjfx{ dv' L vt] L -v_ vt] L ug{] k/' fgf] 9fr“ f -u_ l;r“ fOsf] c;l' jwf -3_ ls;fgsf] ul/aL -ª_ sl[ if ;fduL| sf] cefj -r_ ufb] fd 3/sf] cefj -5_ kh“' Lsf] cefj ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnL si[ fsx¿sf] ug' f;f] 5, æhlt bM' v ubf{ klg jife{ l/ vfg} kU' bg} .Æ pgLx¿n] o;f] eGgs' f] sf/0f s] xfn] f < @= gk] fnL si[ fsx¿sf] hLjg :t/ Gog\" xg' s' f] sf/0f s] xf] < #= gk] fnsf] lgjfx{ dv' L sl[ if k0| ffnLnfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf nh} fg s] s] ugk{' nf,{ ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . $= gk] fn sl[ if kw| fg bz] eP/ klg oxfs“ f si[ fsx¿n] sl[ ifIfq] df w/] } lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ efU] g' kl//xs] f] 5 . pSt ;d:ofx¿ kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ / tL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != sl[ if sfo{ eGgfn] s:tf] sfon{ fO{ hgfp5“ < @= sl[ ifsf] dxTTj nv] L sg' } bO' s{ f] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fndf sl[ ifsf ;d:ofx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f si[ fsx¿;u“ e6] 3f6 ugx{' f;] \\ . pgLx¿;u“ ePsf] s/' fsfgLsf cfwf/df pgLx¿ sl[ if k;] fdf nfus] f] slt eof] < s] s:tf sl[ if sfod{ f ;n+ Ug /x5] g\\ < pTkflbt j:ts' f] pkofu] s;/L ubf{ /x5] g\\ eGg] h:tf kZ| gdf cfwfl/t eO{ Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 198 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 # sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f gk] fndf k/Dk/fut lgjfx{ dv' L vt] Ln] k>| o kfpb“ } cfPsf] 5 . clwsfz+ gk] fnLn] sl[ ifsfo{ bl} gs hLjg lgjfx{ sf nflu dfq u5g{ \\ . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 dfly p7g\\ pgLx¿df sl[ ifdf Jofj;flostfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; xg' k' 5{ . sl[ ifsfod{ f gofk“ g Nofpg afnL ljljwLs/0f ug,{] axa' fnL nufpg,] pGgt dn, lap / sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] ug{] tyf cfwl' gs sl[ if cfh} f/ ko| fu] ug{] h:tf cEof;df hf8] lbg h?/L 5 . clzIff / ul/aLsf sf/0f To:tf] ;fr] fOsf] ljsf; gePsf] xg' ;S5 . bl} gs kGw| ;oeGbf a9L gk] fnLx¿ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf] vfh] Ldf ljbz] knfog eO/xs] f 5g\\ . a;s] fx¿dWo] klg cWoogkl5 clwsfz+ df hflu/] dgl:ylt 5 . cfkm\\ g} bz] df a;/] sg' } tflnd lnP/ l;k l;sL :j/fh] uf/ aGg] / c¿nfO{ klg /fh] uf/L lbg] s/' fdf w/] s} f] ;fr] fO ePsf] kfOb“ g} . To;n} ] ca hLjg wfGg] dg;fon] dfq sl[ if sfo{ ug{] xfO] g, sl[ if Joj;fo u/L cfDbfgL ug{] ;fr] sf] ;fy cufl8 a9gk' 5{ . jb} l] zs /fh] uf/af6 kmlsP{ / cfPsf oj' fx¿n] cfkm\" n] l;s/] cfPsf l;k / cge' jnfO{ pkofu] u//] cfwl' gs tyf Joj;flos 9ªu\\ n] sl[ ifsf] sfon{ fO{ cufl8 a9fO/xs] f 5g\\ . gk] fn ;/sf/n] jb} l] zs /fh] uf/af6 kmlsP{ sf oj' f oj' tLnfO{ cfÇgf] l;k :jbz] df ko| fu] ug{ rfxd] f cflys{ cgb' fg gLlt klg agfPsf] 5 . sl[ if Joj;foLs/0fsf pkfox¿ -s_ e08f/ ux[ sf] lgdf0{ f -v_ l;r“ fOsf] plrt ka| Gw -u_ Jofj;flos vt] LnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg -3_ cfwl' gs sl[ if k0| ffnLsf] cg;' /0f -ª_ ;xl' not C0f ;l' jwf -r_ sl[ if lzIff / ls;fg tflnd -5_ gk9s] fn] dfq xfO] g, k9s] fx¿n] sfd ugk{' 5{ eGg] efjgf ljsf; -h_ el\" d ;w' f/ sfoj{ m| d / ;xsf/L vt] Lsf] ;?' cft 202 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != lbOPsf] vfbo\\ afnL / gub] afnLsf] tYofªs\\ sf cfwf/df :tDelrq agfpgx' f;] \\ M vfbo\\ afnL gub] afnL sl[ if pTkfbg pTkfbg d] 6 -;g\\ @)!#÷!$_ gfd pTkfbg d] 6 -;g\\ @)!#÷!$_ wfg %)$&))) pv' #)@)))) ds} @@*#))) h'6 !%))) ux'“ !**#))) t]nxg !*%))) hf} #%))) kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcfn' @&#*))) Source: Nepal in figure 2014, CBS @= ‘sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;sd] f si[ fssf] cfDbfgLdf jb[ l\\ w ug{ ;lsG5 .’ o; egfOnfO{ k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] < s] gk] fndf sl[ ifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ePsf] 5 < @= sl[ ifdf Joj;foLs/0fsf pkfox¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /xs] f si[ fsx¿n] sl[ ifdf Joj;foLs/0f gu/s] f eP o;sf] dxTTj b;fO{ lbgx' f;] \\ / u/s] f] eP sg' 9ªu\\ af6 ul/Psf] /x5] < s;/L l;lsPsf] /x5] < s;sf] ;xofu] lnOPsf] /x5] < ;fw] /] ljj/0f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 203

kf7 $ pbo\\ fu] != pbo\\ fu] sf] kl/ro JolStn] cfkm\\ gf] 1fg, kh“' L Pjd\\ l;k / ;fwgsf] pkofu] u/L j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbg ugn{' fO{ pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df dbt ldN5 . pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' sl[ ifsf] klg ljsf; xg' cfjZos 5 . bz] sf] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwgnfO{ pkofu] u/L cfh ljZjsf sltko /fi6n« ] cflys{ km8s\\ f] dfl/;ss] f 5g\\ . clxn] klg xfdf| ] bz] nfO{ rflxg] clwsfz+ cfb} o\\ fl] us j:t' xfdLn] ljbz] af6 cfoft ugk{' /s] f] 5 . o;af6 gk] fnsf] db' f| aflxl/Psf] 5 . a;l{] g c/afs“} f] jb} l] zs 3f6f ;xg xfdL afWo 5f“} . olb cfkm\\ g} bz] df pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f xfdLnfO{ cfjZos j:t' :jbz] af6} pknAw xG' 5 . xfdL cfb} o\\ fl] us j:td' f cfTd lge/{ aGg ;S5f“} . lgoft{ ug{] nIosf ;fy bz] df pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 / bz] sf] /fli6o« cfodf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . ljsl;t bz] x¿df pbo\\ fu] n] /fli6o« cfosf] %) bl] v *% kl| tzt;Dd lx:;f cfu] 6s] f] xG' 5 . t/ gk] fndf sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbgdf pbo\\ fu] sf ofu] bfg !) kl| tzt dfq /xs] f] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= pbo\\ fu] sf] lsl;d nufgLsf lx;fan] pbo\\ fu] nfO{ bO' { lsl;daf6 56' o\\ fpg ;lsG5 M -s_ 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] -v_ demfn} f tyf 7n' f] pbo\\ fu] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] cfkm\\ g} 3/df a;L cfkm\\ g} kl/jf/sf ;b:o ldn/] jf sd kh“' Ldf :yfgLo ;fduL| ko| fu] u/L rnfpg ;lsg] pbo\\ fu] nfO{ 3/n] ' pbo\\ fu] cyft{ \\ s6' L/ pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . cfb} o\\ fl] us Pg] , @)%$ cg;' f/ clwstd ltg s/f8] ?lko“ f;Dd l:y/ hy] f ePsf] pbo\\ fu] nfO{ ;fgf pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . l:y/ hy] f eGgfn] hUuf, ejg, dl] ;g, kmlgr{ / cflbnfO{ al' ´G5 . gk] fndf kf| rLg sfnbl] v g} 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ :yfg /xb“ } cfPsf] 5 . 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTj M bz] ljsf;df 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTj 7n' f] 5 . o; pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePdf :yfgLo ;f| t] / ;fduL| sf] ;bk' ofu] xG' 5 . o;n] /fh] uf/ jb[ l\\ w u/L /fli6o« cfDbfgL a9fpg ;xofu] k¥' ofp“5 . gk] fndf 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M 204 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b:yfgLo sRrf kbfys{ f] ;bk' ofu] M 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] df :yfgLo ;f| t] / ;fduL| sf] ko| fu] xG' 5 . ars] f sRrf kbfya{ f6 cGo pkofu] L j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M k/fn, 5j\\ fnL, 9ª' u\\ f, df6f] sf7, 5fnf, jt] , af;“ cflb . o:tf sRrf kbfys{ f] ko| fu] af6 bl} gs hLjgsf nflu pkofu] L j:t' lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f M gk] fndf al9/xs] f] a/] fh] uf/L ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] n] 7n' f] dbt k¥' ofpg ;S5 . Toltdfq xfO] g o;n] sl[ ifdfly /xs] f] hgef/ -cbZ[ o a/] fh] uf/L_ nfO{ x6fO{ pTkfbgzLn sfod{ f nufpg klg ;xofu] ub5{ . pbo\\ fu] ljefun] cf= j= @)^(÷&) df lnPsf] cfb} o\\ fl] us tYofªs\\ cg;' f/ pSt jif{ @#$ cf6] f ;fgf pbo\\ fu] :yfkgf ePsf lyP . o:tf pbo\\ fu] df (,#*# hgf JolStn] kT| oIf /fh] uf/L kf| Kt u/s] f lyP . :yfgLo l;k / kl| jlwsf] pkofu] M gk] fndf k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfkm\\ g} dfl} ns l;k tyf snf ePsf JolStx¿n] cfÇgf] snfsfl/tf bv] fpb“ } cfPsf] kfOG5 . o; pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePdf snfTds j:t' agfpg,] 9fsfsf sk8f agfpg,] kmnfdsf xftxltof/ Pjd\\ cfh} f/ agfpg] cflb sfon{ fO{ pbo\\ fu] sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} df6fsf ef8“ fs8“' f agfpg,] 3/n] ' sk8f agfpg] cflb sfod{ f klg :yfgLo l;k / kl| jlwsf] pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ M gk] fn 3D' g cfpg] ljbz] L ko6{ sx¿n] gk] fnL x:tsnfsf ;fdfg w/] } g} dg k/fpg] u/s] f 5g\\ . 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] dfkmt{ aGg] o:tf snfTds j:ts' f] lajm| Laf6 gk] fnnfO{ pgLx¿af6 ljbz] L db' f| kf| Kt xG' 5 . hg' ljbz] L db' f| xfdLnfO{ ljbz] af6 dl] ;g, oGq, pks/0fnufotsf j:t' cfoft ug{ cTofjZos xG' 5 . Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ M xfdf| ] bz] gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f kT| os] jif{ al9/xs] f] 5 . bz] df cfjZos j:ts' f] pTkfbg gxg' fn] ljbz] af6 cfoft ug{' k/s] f] 5 . o;n] ubf{ gk] fnsf] db' f| bz] aflx/ uO/xs] f] 5 . lgoft{ cToGt sd dfq ePsf] t/ cfoft a9L ePsfn] eS' tfgL ;Gtn' gdf ;d:of kl//xs] f] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf bz] df 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f bz] d} ags] f j:ts' f] pkefu] a9g\\ uO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ ;3fp kU' 5 . gk] fnL snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ M gk] fndf 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] af6 kf| oMh;f] x:tsnfsf j:tx' ¿sf] lgdf0{ f ul/G5g\\ . ctM o; pbo\\ fu] nfO{ kj| wg{ ug{ ;lsPdf gk] fnL snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0fdf dbt ldN5 . To;n} ] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug'{ clgjfo{ bl] vG5 . k|fb]lzs c;Gt'ng sd ug{ M xfd|f] b]zdf ef}lts k\"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefjn] / ef}uf]lns ljs6tfn] ubf{ ;a} Ifq] df 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . To;n} ] bz] sf ljleGg efux¿df /xs] f] :yfgLo ;f| t] / l;ksf] pkofu] u/L w/] } ;ªV\\ ofdf 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] ;~rfng ug{ ;sd] f ljsf;df kf| bl] zs c;Gtn' g sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To;n} ] gk] fndf o; pbo\\ fu] sf] 7n' f] dxTTj 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 205

#= 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ gk] fndf :yfgLo ;f| t] / ;fduL| kofK{ t /xs] f,] :yfgLo l;k / Ifdtf ePsf JolSt kofK{ t ePsfn] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] kofK{ t ;Defjgf 5 . t/ klg o;sf cfkm\\ gf ljljw ;d:ofx¿ 5g\\ . o;y{ 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] ;~rfngdf nfs] lko| tf / ke| fjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5g} . 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf ;d:of / To;nfO{ kj| wg{ ugs{ f nflu ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\\ M ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ != ahf/sf] cefj u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{, lj1fkg ug]{, :yfgLo / cGt/fl{ i6o« ahf/sf] vfh] L ug,{] :jbz] L pTkfbg ko| fu] ug{ kf| T] ;flxt ug{] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= 7n' f pbo\\ fu] x¿;u“ 7n' f pbo\\ fu] af6 pTkfbg gxg' ] vfnsf j:ts' f] pTkfbg ug,{] kl| t:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' j:ts' f] snfTdstfdf hf8] lbg,] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf nflu ;/+ If0f gLlt tyf s/ 56' sf] gLlt Nofpg] . #= k/Dk/fut kl| jlw ;dofgs' n\" cfwl' gs oGq pks/0f / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] ug{] . $= ul/aL clwsfz+ uf| dL0f hgtf ul/a ePsf sf/0f bl} gs uh' f/f ug{ sl7g ePsfn] /fh] uf/L pknAw u/fpg] gLlt sfoj{ m| d Nofpg] . %= kh“' Lsf] cefj artnfO{ kf| T;fxg ug,{] ;xl' nt Jofhb/df ;/n C0fsf] Joj:yf ug,{] ;/sf/L cgb' fg pknAw u/fpg] ^= cfb} o\\ fl] us gLlt af/Daf/ ;/sf/n] :yfoL k|s[ltsf] 7f]; cf}b\\of]lus gLlt agfO{ kl/jtg{ eO/xg' sfofG{ jog ug{] / cgs' n\" jftfj/0f agfpg] . &= bIf÷l;kdn\" s >ldssf] k/Dk/fut l;k / cge' jn] dfq pbo\\ fu] ;~rfng xb“' f cefj ;d:of cfPsfn] lzIff / tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{] . $= gk] fndf ;fgf tyf 3/n] ' pbo\\ fu] sf] ;Defjgf gk] fndf k/Dk/fut dfl} ns l;k / snfsf] ljsf; xb“' } cfPsf] 5 . oxf“ pknAw ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pkofu] xg' afs“ L 5 . sl[ ifhGo j:tx' ¿ klg pknAw 5g\\ . 7n' f] wg/fzL ljki]| f0fsf] ¿kdf lelqPsf] 5 . sl[ ifdf cfjZoseGbf a9L hgrfk 5 . kT| os] jif{ emG8} rf/ nfv >dzlSt pknAw xg' ] jftfj/0f 5 . ljbz] uP/ l;k l;s/] cfP/ :jbz] df sx] L u/f“} eGg] 7n' f] hdft cj;/sf] kvfO{ df 5 . To;n} ] gk] fndf yf/] } kh“' L, :yfgLo l;k / kl| jlw ko| fu] u/L cfkm\\ g} :yfgdf a;/] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] ;Defjgf kr| /' dfqfdf /xs] f] 5 . 206 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ;~rfng ePsf sg' } bO' { cf6] f 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] cj:yf cjnfs] g u/L ;f;] u“ ;DalGwt tYonfO{ tflnsf agfO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != pbo\\ fu] nfO{ tkfO“{ s;/L kl/eflift ugx{' G' 5 < @= pbo\\ fu] slt lsl;dsf xG' 5g,\\ gfd nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . $= 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] ljsf; xb“' f /fi6n« fO{ kU' g] kmfObfx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . %= gk] fndf 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] km:6fpg g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g\\ < o; pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ s] s] ugk{' nf{ < ^= ‘gk] fndf 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf kr| /'\" 5 .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] 6fn] l5ds] df sg' } 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] ;~rfng ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . Toxf“ hfgx' f;] \\ / ;~rfns;u“ s/' fsfgL ugx{' f;] \\ . pbo\\ fu] ;~rfngdf efU] gk' /s] f ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 5nkmnsf] lgisifn{ fO{ ;d6] L Pp6f l/kf6] { tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 207

kf7 % demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] != kl/ro w/] } kh“' L, bIf hgzlSt / cfwl' gs oGq pks/0fsf] ko| fu] u/L 7n' f] kl/df0fdf u0' f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] Joj;fonfO{ demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . cfb} o\\ fl] us Joj;fo Pg] , @)%$ sf cg;' f/ ltg s/f8] ?lkofb“ l] v !) s/f8] ?lkof;“ Dd l:y/ hy] f ePsf] pbo\\ fu] nfO{ demfn} f pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . ;fy} !) s/f8] ?lkofe“ Gbf a9Lsf] l:y/ hy] f ePsf] pbo\\ fu] nfO{ 7n' f pbo\\ fu] elgG5 . gk] fndf ;~rflnt pbo\\ fu] x¿, h:t} M lrgL, l;dG] 6, ko] kbfy,{ kmnfd, h:tf, 5fnf, h6' , sfuh, r/' f6] , sk8f, lrof, O6“ f 6fon, ;fag' cflb demfn} f tyf 7'nf pb\\of]usf pbfx/0f x'g\\ . o:tf pb\\of]usf] ljsf; x'g ;s]df b]zdf cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkdf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . ;fy} ckT| oIf ¿kdf sl[ if vlghnufotsf] klg ljsf; xG' 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTj bz] nfO{ cflys{ ¿kn] ;b' 9[ agfpg demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . o;n] hgtfnfO{ /fh] uf/L kb| fg ugs{' f ;fy} /fli6o« cfDbfgL a9fpg dbt ub5{ . o; pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePdf bz] nfO{ cfTd lge/{ tfsf] sfod{ f cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . demfn} f tyf 7n' f] pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cflys{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/ bz] df demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePdf kmnfd, l;dG] 6, ljbo\\ t' ,\\ oGq pks/0f h:tf cfwf/et\" pbo\\ fu] x¿sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . cfwf/et\" pbo\\ fu] sf] :yfkgf ePdf bz] df cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf;sf nflu cgs' n\" l:ylt l;hg{ f xG' 5 . -v_ /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f kofK{ t cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk gxg' fn] xfdf| ] bz] sf] 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf oj' fzlSt ljbz] knfog ePsf] 5 . Ps tYofªs\\ cg;' f/ kl| tlbg cf;} t !%)) eGbf a9Lsf] ;ªV\\ ofdf gk] fnLx¿ sfdsf] vfh] Ldf vf8L dn' s' nufot cGo bz] df eft“} fl//xs] f 5g\\ . olb :jbz] d} demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf xfdLn] tL oj' f zlStnfO{ :jbz] df g} /fh] uf/L lbg ;Sg] 5f“} . pbo\\ fu] ljefun] ks| fzg u/s] f] cfb} o\\ fl] us tYofªs\\ cg;' f/ @)^(÷)&) df !!@ 7n' f pbo\\ fu] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . pSt pbo\\ fu] x¿df !@,&$# hgfn] /fh] uf/L kfPsf lyP . To:t} ;fx] L jif{ (( cf6] f demfn} f pbo\\ fu] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] h;df ^,#&( 208 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhgfn] /fh] uf/L kfPsf lyP . o; tYofªs\\ af6 s] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 eg] demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{] xf] eg] bz] df a/] fh] uf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . -u_ hLjg :t/df ;w' f/ demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] tLj| ljsf;n] /fh] uf/Ldf jb[ l\\ w eO{ JolStx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . cfDbfgL a9k] l5 pkefU] o j:ts' f] pkofu] a9L xG' 5 . pkefU] o j:ts' f] cfkl\" t{ a9k] l5 dN\" o klg 365\\ / ;xh ¿kdf j:t' kf| Kt xG' 5 . kl/0ffd :j¿k JolStx¿sf] hLjg :t/df ;w' f/ xG' 5 . -3_ sl[ ifsf] ljsf;df dbt s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{sf nflu s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZos x'G5 . s[lif cf}hf/, /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cfi} fwL pGgt lap / ax[ t\\ l;r“ fO cfofh] gfsf nflu bz] df demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' cfjZos 5 . cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; ePdf sl[ ifdfly kl//xs] f] hgrfknfO{ pbo\\ fu] df :yfgfGt/0f u//] pTkfbg jb[ l\\ w ug{ ;lsG5 . -ª_ cfoft 36fO{ lgoft{ df jb[ l\\ w gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf xG' 5 . cfjZos j:ts' f] pTkfbg :jbz] df g} ug{ ;sd] f cfoft sd ug{ ;lsG5 . csfl{] t/ cfb} o\\ fl] us j:ts' f] pTkfbg a9fpg ;sd] f ljbz] df lgoft{ u/L ljbz] L db' f| ;dt] cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . -r_ /fli6o« cfodf jb[ l\\ w cfb} o\\ fl] usLs/0fsf] ljsf;n] Jofks dfqfdf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk a9fp5“ . /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/df jb[ l\\ w eO{ kl| tJolSt cfDbfgL a95\\ . kmn:j¿k bz] df kh“' L lgdf0{ f a9g\\ hfG5 . o;/L cfb} o\\ fl] usLs/0fn] ubf{ ;/sf/sf] cfDbfgL a9g\\ hfG5 . #= gk] fndf demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ gk] fndf cfb} o\\ fl] usLs/0fsf] ko| f; eO/xs] f] 5 t/ klg o;n] cfzf u/c] g;' f/ ;kmntf kfpg ;ss] f] 5g} . o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] pbo\\ dL, >lds, Jofkf/L, Joj:yfks cflbnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg u/L cfb} o\\ fl] us gLlt agfP/ cufl8 a9g\\ ] ko| Tg u/s] f] bl] vG5 . o; pbo\\ fu] n] ;fdgf ugk{' /s] f] ;d:of / To;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ lgDgcg;' f/ /xs] f] 5 M ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 209

;d:ofx¿ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ != kh“' Lsf] cefj M oGq pks/0f, – C0f pknAw u/fpg] ljTtLo ;:+ yfsf] :yfkgf sRrf kbfy,{ >lds, ejg, ufb] fd ug,{] ;n' e pbo\\ dL shfs{ f] Joj:yf ug,{] jb} l] zs cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{ kofK{ t kh'“ L nufgLnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug,{] artdf jb[ l\\ w ug,{] rflxG5 . cfGtl/s kh“' L nufgLnfO{ kf| T] ;fxg lbg] . @= sRrf kbfys{ f] cefj – vfbo\\ tyf gub] afnLsf] pTkfbgdf jb[ l\\ w ug,{] #= ahf/sf] ;d:of kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] pkofu] ug{] . $= oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] c;l' jwf %= pmhfs{ f] ;d:of – ljb]zaf6 cfoft ug'{kg]{ sRrf kbfy{sf] ;dl' rt Joj:yf ug{] . ^= bIf pbo\\ dL / >ldssf] cefj &= cfwf/et\" pbo\\ fu] sf] cefj – ahf/sf] vfh] L ug,{] j:ts' f] u0' f:t/df jb[ l\\ w ug,{] hgtfsf] jm| ozlSt a9fpg] . *= aGb, x8t\\ fn, wgf{ – oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] tLj| ljsf; ug{] . (= cGofn] k0\" f{ /fhgLlt !)= cfb} o\\ fl] us gLlt kl/jtg{ – hn ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] pTkfbg a9fpg,] pmhfs{ f] cGo js} lNks ;f| t] , h:t} M k6] f« l] nod kbfy,{ sfO] nf, / cJofjxfl/s s/ gLlt ;fo} z{ lSt / jfoz' lStsf] ko| fu] ug{] . 210 – bIf pb\\odL / >ldssf] pTkfbg, k|fljlws lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{] . – ;fgfltgf kz| fw] g ;DaGwL pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug,{] kmnfd, :kft, l:6n, l;dG] 6 pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{] . – pbo\\ dL / >ldslar ;d' w/' ;DaGw sfod ug,{] c;n sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f ug{] . – cfb} o\\ fl] us ;/' Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{] . – /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ;dfKt ug{] – 7f;] cfb} o\\ fl] us gLlt agfO{ sfofG{ jogdf Nofpg] – ;/sf/ kl/jtg{ lkR5] cfb} o\\ fl] us gLlt kl/jtg{ ug{] k/Dk/f aGb ug{] . – :ki6 s/ gLlt cjnDag ug{] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf gk] fndf demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] kofK{ t ljsf; ePsf] 5g} . o:tf pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ePdf cGo cfwf/et\" pbo\\ fu] x¿sf ;fy} sl[ ifsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . sl[ ifsf] ljsf; xb“' f o:tf pbo\\ fu] nfO{ rflxg] sRrf kbfys{ f] cfkl\" t{ xG' 5 . gk] fndf vlgh ;fwgsf] pkofu] guGo 5 . jg ;fwg, vlgh ;fwg tyf hn ;fwgsf] pkofu] u//] o:tf pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] kz| :t ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != bO' { ;dx\" df ljeflht eO{ Ps ;dx\" n] d´fn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ;d:of eGg] / csf{] ;dx\" n] To;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfo atfpg] / of] sfd kfnk} fnf] bj' } ;dx\" n] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != jtd{ fg Pg] df demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] nfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 < @= demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] dxTTjnfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fndf demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < $= demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] n] efU] g' k/s] f ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= s] gk] fndf demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 < 5 eg] s;/L ;Dej 5, To;sf] kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ;~rflnt demfn} f tyf 7n' f pbo\\ fu] x¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ / sg' } Ps pbo\\ fu] df uP/ lgDg lnlvt kZ| gsf] pTt/ vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ pbo\\ fu] sf] gfd s] xf] < -v_ sg' j:t' pTkfbg xG' 5 < -u_ sRrf kbfys{ f] cfkl\" t{ s;/L ePsf] 5 < -3_ pTkfbgsf] dfqf / j:ts' f] ahf/ s:tf] 5 < -ª_ sltn] /fh] uf/L kfPsf 5g\\ < -r_ afwf Jojwfg s] s] 5g\\ < ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 211

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 ^ Jofkf/ != kl/ro ;fdfGotof j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] vl/b lajm| L ug{] sfon{ fO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . bz] sf] Ps :yfgdf pTkfbg ePsf] j:t' ;fx] L :yfg jf csf{] :yfg / ljbz] df lajm| L ug{' g} Jofkf/ xf] . pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;j] f lajm| L ul/g] :yfgsf cfwf/df Jofkf/nfO{ bO' { efudf af8“ /] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cfGtl/s Jofkf/ -v_ jb} l] zs jf afxo\\ Jofkf/ @= cfGtl/s Jofkf/ cfÇgf] bz] sf] efu} fl] ns l;dfgfleq ;Lldt eP/ ul/g] Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s Jofkf/ elgG5 . bz] sf] ljleGg efudf pTkfbg xg' ] ljleGg lsl;dsf j:t' tyf ;j] f Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf lajm| L ljj/0f ugk{' 5{ . Ps lhNnfsf] pTkfbg csf{] lhNnfdf, Ps ;x/af6 csf{] ;x/df lxdfn / kxf8df pTkfbg xg' ] j:t' t/fOd{ f / t/fOd{ f pTkfbg xg' ] vfbo\\ fGg kxf8 tyf lxdfndf lajm| L ug{] ul/G5 . lajm| L ljt/0fsf] kd| v' pbb\\ Z] o To; 7fpd“ f a;fa] f; ug{] JolStx¿sf] cfjZostf kl/kl\" t{ ug{' xf] . #= jb} l] zs jf afxo\\ Jofkf/ sg' } Ps bz] df pTkfbg ePsf] j:t' cfÇgf] bz] sf cltl/St cGo dn' s' df klg lajm| L ljt/0f ugn{' fO{ jb} l] zs Jofkf/ elgG5 . gk] fndf pTkfbg xg' ] lrof, 5fnf, unr“} f, h8La6' L Jofkfl/s ko| fh] gsf nflu ljbz] lgoft{ ug{' jb} l] zs Jofkf/ xf] . cfb} o\\ fl] us j:t,' OGwg, oGq pks/0f nufotsf j:tx' ¿ ef/t, rLg, hfkfg, cdl] /sf hdg{ Lnufot cGo w/] } bz] af6 cfoft ug{' klg jb} l] zs Jofkf/ xf] . $= jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] dxTTj gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljsf;df jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ :yfg 5 . gk] fnsf] sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] , oftfoft Ifq] klg jb} l] zs Jofkf/df lge/{ 5 . Toltdfq xfO] g gk] fnsf] ljsf; cfofh] gf / sfoj{ m| d ;dt] jb} l] zs Jofkf/af6 ke| fljt xG' 5g\\ . jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / ;w' f/ ug{ ;sd] f dfq xfdf| ] h:tf] ljsf;fG] dv' bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf a9/] hfG5 . jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cfwf/et\" cfjZostfsf j:tx' ¿sf] kl/kl\" t{ xfdf| ] bz] df pTkfbg gxg' ] / :yfgLo pTkfbgn] gEofpg] j:tx' ¿, h:t} M k6] f« l] nod kbfy,{ sk8f, gg' , kmnfd, sfuh, cfi} fwL, vfbo\\ kbfy,{ l;dG] 6 h:tf cfjZos j:t' xfdLn] jb} l] zs Jofkf/af6 kf| Kt u5f“{} . 212 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ bz] df pTkfbg ePsf j:t' ljbz] df lgoft{ ug{ ;sd] f ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df ljbz] L db' f| ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . -u_ /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f jb} l] zs Jofkf/df xg' ] jb[ l\\ wn] :jbz] df /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f u5{ . pTkfbg a9fpg sRrf kbfy{ ;ªs\\ ng, pTkfbg / Jofkf/df w/] } >dzlSt cfjZos k5{ . -3_ cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; jb} l] zs Jofkf/af6 bz] sf] cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; xG' 5 . gk] fndf pbo\\ fu] sf nflu cfjZos dl] ;g, oGq pks/0f, kl| jlw, sRrf kbfy{ cflb jb} l] zs Jofkf/df g} lge/{ /xgk' /s] f] 5 . cfh h] hlt cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; ePsf] 5, Tof] jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] bg] xf] . -ª_ pkefU] o j:ts' f] cfkl\" t{ xfdLn] cfh jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf sf/0fn] bz] n] pTkfbg ug{ g;ss] f j:tx' ¿sf] klg pkofu] ug{ kfO/xs] f 5f“} . jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] ;xofu] df xfdf| ] hLjg :t/df jb[ l\\ w klg ePsf] 5 . o;n] oftfoftsf ;fwg, sDKo6' /, dfa] fOn ljbo\\ t' Lo ;fdfg, oGq, pks/0f, dl] ;gsf] ko| fu] df ;xhtf NofO{ hghLjg ;/n agfPsf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf pTkflbt j:t' jf ;fdfgx¿ :yfgLo :t/df bz] sf cGo :yfgdf / cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/df lajm| L ljt/0fsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug{ :yfgLo Jofkf/LnfO{ ;fW] g] kZ| gfjnLsf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / afxo\\ Jofkf/lar km/s 56' o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnaf6 ljbz] lgoft{ xg' ] j:tx' ¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . #= jb} l] zs Jofkf/af6 gk] fnnfO{ xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] 5g,\\ aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . $= Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug{ s] ugk{' nf,{ ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f ;db' fodf sg' } si[ fs jf pbo\\ dLn] pTkfbg u/s] f] j:ts' f] ahf/ gkfPsf] l:ylt 5 ls, vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ . sg' sg' j:tn' ] ahf/ gkfPsf] kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . To; j:ts' f] ahf/ kj| wg{ ug{ s] ugk{' nf,{ ;fw] vfh] u/L ljj/0f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 213

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 & gk] fndf jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] 9fr“ f jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] 9fr“ f eGgfn] bz] n] s:tf s:tf j:t' cfoft / lgoft{ u5{ eGg] al' emG5 . cyft{ \\ xfdf| ] bz] n] ljbz] af6 sg' sg' ks| l[ tsf] j:t' cfoft u5{ / sg' sg' j:t' lgoft{ u5,{ Tof] g} jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] 9fr“ f xf] . gk] fnsf] cfoft tyf lgoft{ sf] 9fr“ f o; ks| f/ /xs] f] 5 M lgoft{ 9fr“ f gk] fndf cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; ;Gtfi] fhgs ¿kdf xg' ;ls/xs] f] 5g} . gk] fnn] lgoft{ ug{] j:t' cfb} o\\ fl] useGbf klg sl[ ifhGo sRrf kbfy{ tyf cw{ kz| fl] wt j:tx' ¿ dfq k5g{ \\ . xfdLn] unr“} f, h6' sf ;fdfg, l3p, tof/L h8La6' L, cnr“} L, kf;] fs, vfbo\\ fGg, 5fnf tn] xg, lrofh:tf j:tx' ¿ dfq lgoft{ ub{} cfO/xs] f 5f“} . cfoft 9fr“ f gk] fndf cfb} o\\ fl] usLs/0fsf] cefjsf sf/0f oxf“ kofK{ t j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg xg' ;ss] f 5g} g\\ . xfdLn] bl} gs pkefu] sf ;fdfgbl] v 7n' f 7n' f dl] ;g, oGq pks/0f;dt] cfoft ugk{' g{] afWotf 5 . gk] fnn] cfoft ug{] ljleGg j:td' Wo] sl[ if pks/0f / kf6k{ h' f,{ bU' w kbfy,{ sfO] nf, /f;folgs dn, l;dG] 6, lahn' Lsf ;fdfg, cfi} fwL, df6] / kf6;{ / k6] f« l] nod kbfy{ cflb dV' o /xs] f 5g\\ . 214 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != ;g\\ @)!!÷@)!@ sf] gk] fnsf] cfoft lgoft{ sf] Ps tYofªs\\ tn lbOPsf] 5 . o; tflnsfn] gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] af/d] f sg' sg' s/' fsf] hfgsf/L u/fp5“ < jb} l] zs Jofkf/df o:tf] l:ylt /fdf| ] xf] ls xfO] g < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ .M b]z cfoft -b; nfvdf_ lgoft{ -b; nfvdf_ ef/t @(,(#* $(,^!^ cGo bz] !,^@,@&* $,^$$ cEof; kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] 9fr“ f egs] f] s] xf] < @= kf7df lbPsf] cfoft / lgoft{ sf] 9fr“ fsf] ljZni] f0f ugx{' f;] \\ / To;sf] lgrf8] s] kfpge' of,] nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnn] cfoft ug{] j:tx' ¿ / lgoft{ ug{] j:tx' ¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf tkfOn“{ ] lsgdn] ug{] k;ndf hfgx' f;] \\ / cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \\ . To;kl5 k;n;] u“ ;fw] /] Tof] k;ndf aR] g /flvPsf sg' sg' j:t' gk] fnd} ags] f xg' \\ / sg' sg' ljbz] af6 NofOPsf /x5] g,\\ ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . To;dWo] ljbz] af6 NofOPsf t/ cfkm\\ g} bz] df pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] j:tr' flx“ sg' sg' /x5] g,\\ 56' o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 215

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 * gk] fndf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f != kl/ro Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f egs] f] km/s km/s j:t' jf ;fdfgx¿ sg' } :yfg jf bz] df dfq ;Lldt geP/ ljleGg 7fp“ / bz] df Jofkf/ a9fpg' xf] . Jofkf/sf] Ifq] hlt km/flsnf] kfg{ ;Sof] Tolt Jofkf/df jb[ l\\ w xg' uO{ bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;sf] ult a95\\ . To:t} u/L ;Lldt ks| f/sf j:tx' ¿df sl] Gbt| geO{ gof“ gof“ j:t' tyf ;j] fx¿sf] pTkfbg u/L Jofkf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;s] gk] fnnfO{ Jofkf/sf] kj| wg{ df 7n' f] ;xofu] kU' 5 . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f bO' { lsl;daf6 ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ Ifq] ÷bz] ut ljljwLs/0f -v_ j:tu' t ljljwLs/0f @= Ifq] ÷bz] ut ljljwLs/0f sg' } klg bz] sf] sg' } Ps Ifq] df pTkflbt j:t' cfGtl/s tyf afxo\\ ¿kdf lajm| L ljt/0f ug{' g} Ifq] ÷bz] ut ljljwLs/0f xf] . o;/L Jofkf/df hlt a9L ljljwLs/0f ug{ ;Sof] Tolt Jofkf/n] km:6fpg] cj;/ kfp5“ . Pl] txfl;s sfnbl] v g} gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ ef/t;u“ ;Lldt lyof] . gk] fnsf sfhL eLd dNnsf kfnfdf gk] fn ltAat jfl0fHo ;Demft} f ePkl5 gk] fn / ltAatlar klg j:ts' f] lsgar] xg' yfNof] . Toltan] f ltAataf6 gk] fndf e8] f Rofªu\\ f| , ;g' , pmg, gg' h:tf j:t' cfoft ul/GYof] eg] gk] fnaf6 rfdn, lk7f,] v;' fg{ L, lrgL h:tf j:t' lgoft{ ul/GYof] . lj= ;=+ @)@) ;fn;Dd gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ ef/t / rLgsf] ltAat;u“ dfq ;Lldt /xs] f] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)@)÷@! ;fnbl] v gk] fnn] ;db' k| f/sf bz] x¿;u“ klg cfÇgf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ a9fof] . To; an] f ;db' k| f/sf dn' s' x¿df gk] fnn] @%=@ s/f8] a/fa/sf] j:t' lgoft{ u/s] f] lyof] eg] ?= )=%) s/f8] sf j:tx' ¿ cfoft u/s] f] lyof] . gk] fnn] rfy} f] k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -@)@&–@)#@_ bl] v Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] l;bw\\ fGt cjnDag u¥of] . xfn gk] fnn] ljZjsf w/] } dn' s' x¿df lgoft{ ofU] o j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg u/L ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ul//xs] f] 5 . a9b\\ f] jb} l] zs 3f6fnfO{ sd ug{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fn] 7n' f] dbt u5{ . 216 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljleGg bz] x¿;u“ gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ jm| = ;=+ Ifq] lgoft{ -kl| tzt_ cfoft -kl| tzt_ @)!!÷)!@ @)!@÷)!# @)!!÷)!@ @)!@÷)!# != Pl;of &*=@ &*=* (&=& (@=^ @= clk|msf )=% )=@ )=% )=$ #= cd]l/sf *=( *=% #=$ #=! $= o/' fl] kog ol' gog !)=& !)=) @=# @=@ %= o'/f]k kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!=#!=(!=% !=@ Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre, CBS 2013 #= j:tu' t ljljwLs/0f sg' } bz] n] cfÇgf] Jofkf/nfO{ ;b' 9[ kfg{] xf] eg] j:tu' t ljljwtfdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos xG' 5 . ;Lldt j:ts' f] pTkfbg / lAjm| L gu//] ;docg;' f/ gof“ gof“ j:ts' f] pTkfbg / lajm| L ljt/0f a9fpgk' g{] xG' 5 . xfn gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] kj| l[ Tt xb] f{ klxns] f] tn' gfdf j:tu' t ljljwtf a9/] uPsf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)$!÷)$@ ;Dd gk] fnn] ef/ttkm{ bfn, rfdn, ds,} sf7, lkgf, vo/ h:tf j:ts' f] lgoft{ ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . xfn bfn, 7n' f] cnr“} L, h8La6' L, pgL sk8f, gk] fnL sfuh, vo/, 5fnf, tof/L sk8f, unr“} f, hLljt hgfj/, lrof, rfb“ Lsf uxgf, 5fnfsf tof/L ;fdfg, kl:dgf, x:tsnfsf ;fdfg cflb ljljw j:ts' f] lgoft{ xg' yfns] f] 5 . o;af6 gk] fnsf] Jofkf/df ;w' f/ bv] f k/s] f] 5 . ckz| fl] wt / cw{ kz| fl] wt sRrf j:t' dfq lgoft{ uge{' Gbf kz| fl] wt tof/L j:ts' f] ¿kdf lgoft{ ug{ ;sd] f jb} l] zs db' f| cfhg{ df 7n' f] ofu] bfg kU' 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] cfkmGt jf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;u“ ;fw] vfh] u/L gk] fndf s:tf s:tf lsl;dsf gof“ gof“ j:t' -sl[ if / cfb} o\\ fl] us_ pTkfbg xg' yfns] f 5g,\\ To;sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . @= kf7df lbOPsf] cfoft lgoft{ sf] tflnsfsf] cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ / tflnsfsf] ljZni] f0f u/L Pp6f cflys{ nv] tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] < @= Jofkf/ kj| wg{ sf nflu Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] lsg cfjZoStf k5{ < #= gk] fndf Ifq] ÷bz] ut Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] kfOG5, JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . $= gk] fndf jb} l] zs Jofkf/df j:tu' t ljljwLs/0fsf] 5f6] s/Ldf aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 217

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 ( Jofkf/ kj| wg{ / ahf/Ls/0f bz] df Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug{ Jofkf/ ljljlws/0fdf hf8] lbgk' b5{ eGg] s/' f o; cufl8 g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . t/ gk] fnsf] Jofkf/nfO{ kj| wg{ ugs{ f nflu To;df bl] vPsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg u//] cufl8 a9g\\ ' cfjZos xG' 5 . pTkflbt j:tx' ¿nfO{ ahf/;Dd k¥' ofpg' cfjZos xG' 5 . To;sf nflu gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ kj| wg{ / ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg' cfjZos xG' 5 M != u0' f:t/Lo j:ts' f] pTkfbg ug{] . @= k/Dk/fut l;kdf cfwfl/t snfTds j:t' pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] . #= >lds tflnd / lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{] . $= ;Ldf Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg] . %= ljZj ahf/sf] dfu cWoog u/L j:ts' f] pTkfbg ug{] / gof“ uGtJosf] vfh] L ug{] . ^= ek\" l/jl] i7t /fi6n« ] kf| Kt ug{] ;l' jwf / ;xl' notsf nflu kxn ug{] . &= Ifq] ut / j:tu' t Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf hf8] lbg] . *= ;/sf/n] ;/n s/ gLlt / Jofkf/ kj| bw\\ g{ Pjd\\ ahf/Ls/0fsf /0fgLlt lgdf0{ f ug{] . gk] fn ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ kj| wg{ / ahf/Ls/0f ug{ cf= j= @)&!÷)&@ df ;~rfng u/s] f sfox{ ¿ M != gk] fnL k:| t/ dl\" ts{ nf pTkfbg jb[ l\\ wsf nflu of;] u“ ;DalGwt bIf sflnu9 pTkfbg ug{ nlntk/' x:tsnf ;ª3\\ sf] nfut ;xeflutfdf dsjfgk/' lhNnfdf bO' { dlxg] tflnd ;~rfng @= bIf hgzlSt pTkfbgsf nflu unr“} f pbo\\ fu] ;ª3\\ tyf ;/fs] f/jfnf ;:+ yfsf] ;dGjodf gk] fnsf] kfr“ } ljsf; Ifq] df %)÷%) hgf kl| zIffyLx{ ¿nfO{ unr“} f ag' fO ;DaGwL tflnd kb| fg #= gk] fnL tof/L kf;] fs pbo\\ fu] df >ldsx¿sf] >d zlSt pTkfbg ug{ gk] fn tof/L kf;] fs pbo\\ fu] df ;ª3\\ ;u“ nfut ;xeflutfdf tof/L kf;] fs pTkfbgsf] tflnd ;~rfng $= uf/] vfdf nfS] tf tyf cNnf] kz| fw] g tyf gk] fnL xft] sfuh pTkfbg ;DaGwL tflnd sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng %= sG] b| / t/] yd' pbo\\ fu] jfl0fHo ;ª3\\ sf] nfut ;xeflutfdf t/] yd' lhNnfdf cNnfsf] wfuf] pTkfbg, ljsf; tyf sk8f ag' fO ug{ dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L / a/] fh] uf oj' fx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ Ps dlxg] tflnd ;~rfng 218 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^= 68]« an' l] 6g (Trade Bulletin) ks| fzgsf] ;?' cft &= gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/ tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng sfos{ f] ;?' cft *= gk] fnaf6 lgsf;L sfo{ ub{} cfO/xs] f lgsf;L stfx{ ¿sf] lj:tt[ ljj/0f ;ªs\\ ng u/L ‘gk] fn PS;kf6] { 6]8« 8fO/S] 6f/] L’ (Nepal Export Trade Directory) ks| fzg (= gk] fn;u“ bO' { kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demft} f ePsf !& /fi6;« u“ sf] Jofkf/ ;Demft} fx¿, l6kmf, ljld:6s] , ;fÇ6f, cfÇ6f;lxtsf] gk] fn ‘gk] fn afONof6/n 68«] PG8 6f« lGh6 Plud| ]G6;\\’ (Nepal's Bilateral Trade and Transit Agreements) ;u“ fnf] kl' :tsf ks| fzg !)= ‘gk] fn 68]« :6o\\ fl6S;’ (Nepal Trade Statistics) ks| fzg !!= ;g\\ @)!% df ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sfsf] nf; eu] f;df cfofl] ht ‘;/km] ; @)!%’ (Surface 2015) df sG] bs| f] ;o+ fh] sTjdf gk] fnL kmd÷{ sDkgLnfO{ ;xeflutf u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg -Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L kj| wg{ sG] b| kN' rfs] , nlntk/' _ ljm| ofsnfk != Psl5g tkfO“{ Ps pbo\\ dL xg' x' G' 5 eg/] ;fR] gx' f;] \\ . tkfOn“{ ] pTkfbg uge{' Psf] j:t' lajm| Lsf nflu ahf/sf] Joj:yf s;/L ldnfpgx' G' 5, hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿n] /fdf| ] ahf/ kfPsf 5g\\ ls 5g} g\\ < olb 5g} eg] /fdf| ] ahf/ kfpg s] s] ugk{' nf,{ ;db' fosf JolStx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/L cfkm\\ gf] lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ‘gk] fndf Jofkf/ kj| wg{ / ahf/Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 .’ o; egfOsf] cfl} rTo kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . @= Jofkf/ kj| wg{ / ahf/Ls/0fsf] dxTTj k:| 6o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f] ljrf/df gk] fndf s;/L Jofkf/ kj| wg{ ug{ ;lsG5, pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ . $= Jofkf/ kj| wg{ sf nflu ;/sf/n] rfns] f sbdx¿sf] 5f6] sf/Ldf aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 219

kf7 !) sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/df cfk;L ;DaGw jm[ lif pbo\\ fu] kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bJofkf/ sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/sf lardf 3lgi7 cGt/;DaGw xG' 5 . sl[ ifaf6 pTkflbt j:t' pbo\\ fu] df sRrf kbfys{ f ¿kdf ko| fu] xG' 5 . pbo\\ fu] af6 pTkfbg ePsf] j:t' ahf/df lajm| L ljt/0f ul/G5 . To;u} /L sl[ ifsf nflu cfjZos j:t,' h:t} M sl[ if cfh} f/, /f;folgs dn, pGgt lap, sL6gfzs cfi} fwL ahf/af6} lsGgk' g{] xG' 5 . To;n} ] oL ltgsf lardf cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw /xs] f] s/' f kl' i6 xG' 5 . ;dud| f sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/ ltg} s/' fsf] ljsf; ePdf dfq bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf; bl/nf] aG5 . si[ fsn] pbo\\ fu] af6 pTkflbt sl[ if ;fduL| ahf/af6 lsg/] Nofp5“ / sl[ if sfo{ u5{ . sl[ ifaf6 pTkfbg ePsf j:t,' h:t} M ;gkf6, h6' , pbo\\ fu] n] sRrf kbfys{ f ¿kdf ko| fu] u5{ . pbo\\ fu] n] To;af6 af/] f, 8f/] L, emfn] f, b/L cflb h:tf j:t' pTkfbg u5{ . oL j:t' lajm| Lsf nflu kml] / ahf/df nluG5 . o;/L sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/sf] lgs6 ;DaGw xG' 5 . dgfªsf :ofp pTkfbs ls;fg cfÇgf] :ofpn] ahf/ gkfPsfn] x/} fg eP . bz] df c¿ bz] af6 ef/tLo ahf/af6 cfoft ul/Psf] :ofp dxu“ fd] f lajm| L eO/xs] f] lyof] . oftfoftsf] c;l' jwfn] cfÇg} bz] df pTkflbt :ofp lajm| L ug{ gkfP/ sl' xP/ v/] hfg] tyf j:te' fpnfO{ Vjfpgk' g{] cj:yf eof] . To;n} ] sx] L :yfgLo si[ fsn] 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ fu] sf] :yfkgf u/L :ofpsf] rfgf sf6/] ;s' 6' L agfpg / :ofpsf] h;' pTkfbg ug{] sfo{ ;~rfng u/] . o; sfon{ ] sx] L xb;Dd eP klg To; Ifq] sf ls;fgnfO{ /fxt kb| fg u¥of] . pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf klg jb[ l\\ w eof] . 220 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bsl[ ifsf] ljsf; xg' sf nflu pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' h?/L 5 . To;u} /L pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' Jofkf/sf] klg ljsf; xg' ' h?/L 5 . pbo\\ fu] af6 pTkflbt j:t' lajm| L ePg eg] pbo\\ fu] aGb xG' 5 . pbo\\ fu] ePg eg] sl[ if kb} fjf/af6 pTkflbt j:ta' f6 pkofu] L j:t' aGg ;Sbg} . To;n} ] sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/lar cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw 5 . Pscsfs{ f] ljsf;sf nflu oL ltg} cf6] f kIfsf] ljsf; xg' ' plTts} cfjZos xG' 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] a;fa] f; Ifq] df sl[ ifaf6 pTkflbt j:t' ko| fu] u//] sg' } pbo\\ fu] ;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ eg] To;sf] 5f6] s/Ldf kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf pbo\\ fu] sf nflu s] s:tf sl[ ifhGo sRrf kbfy{ 5g,\\ hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != sl[ if / pbo\\ fu] larsf] cfk;L ;DaGw 5f6] s/Ldf aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . @= bz] df sl[ if / pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf;n] s;/L Jofkf/ km:6fpg ;xofu] u5{ < #= ‘sl[ if vfbo\\ fGgsf] dV' o ;f| t] dfq xfO] g, pbo\\ fu] sf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfys{ f] ;f| t] klg xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . $= pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf;n] s;/L sl[ ifsf] ljsf;df dbt k¥' ofp5“ , cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf sl[ ifaf6 pTkfbg ePsf j:tx' ¿ ;a} si[ fs cfkm“} n] pkefu] ub5{ g\\ ls ahf/df lajm| L klg ub5{ g\\ < olb ahf/df lajm| L ub5{ g\\ eg] ahf/af6 tL j:t' sg' sg' ko| fh] gsf nflu ko| fu] ePsf] kfpge' of] < Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 221

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !! cflys{ ofh] gf != kl/ro ;fwf/0ftof sg' } ;dodf lglZrt pbb\\ Z] ox¿ k/' f ugs{ f nflu cgd' flgt ;do ;Ldf, nufgL, hgzlSt / kl| tkmnsf] lx;fa;dt] u/L agfOg] sfoj{ m| dnfO{ ofh] gf elgG5 . sg' } klg ;rt] JolStn] cfÇgf] pbb\\ Z] o ;kmn agfpgsf nflu ofh] gf agfp5“ . To;u} /L ;/sf/n] klg cfÇgf] lglZrt pbb\\ Z] o k/' f ug{ pknAw ;f| t] / ;fwgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kf| yldstf lgwf/{ 0f u/L vr{ ug{] u/fpg] ofh] gf agfp5“ . cyz{ f:qsf] efiffdf o;nfO{ cflys{ ofh] gf elgG5 . cflys{ ofh] gfsf] ;?' cft tTsfnLg ;fl] eot ;ª3\\ n] ;g\\ !(@* df u/s] f] lyof] . ;fl] eot ?;df ofh] gfsf] ;kmn sfofG{ jog ePkl5 ljZjsf w/] } bz] x¿n] cflys{ ofh] gf agfO{ ljsf;sf sfoj{ m| d agfpg yfn] . xfn ljZjsf clwsfz+ bz] x¿n] cflys{ ofh] gf agfO{ nfu' ug{] u/s] f 5g\\ . ;fdfGotof cflys{ ofh] gf kfr“ jifs{ f] agfOg] ePsfn] gk] fndf o:tf] ofh] gfnfO{ k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf klg eGg] ul/G5 . gk] fndf ltg a;{] ofh] gfx¿;dt] agfO{ nfu' eO;ss] f 5g\\ . @= gk] fndf ofh] gfsf] ;?' cft gk] fndf ofh] gfabw\\ cflys{ ofh] gfsf] yfngL lj= ;=+ @)!# ;fnaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;eGbf cufl8 klg ofh] gf ;DaGwL sx] L ko| fu] ePsf] kfOG5 . gk] fndf xfn;Dd t/] cf6] f ofh] gf sfofG{ jog eO;ss] f 5g\\ . lj= ;=+ @)!# ;fn cl3 ePsf cflys{ ofh] gfsf] ko| f;x¿ – /f0ff kw| fgdGqL hb' w\\ zDz/] n] gk] fnsf] nflu @) a;{] ofh] gf tof/ ug{] 3fi] f0ff eP klg To; ;DaGwL sg' } 7f;] sfo{ ePsf] kfOPg . – lj= ;+ !((@ ;fndf gk] fndf ;jk{ y| d sDkgL Pg] nfu' eof] . To;} jif{ pbo\\ fu] kl/ifbs\\ f] :yfkgf eof] . – lj= ;=+ @))% ;fndf /f0ff kw| fgdGqL dfx] g zdz/] sf] kfnfdf /fli6o« ofh] gf ;ldlt u7g eof] . o; ;ldltn] oftfoft, sl[ if, pbo\\ fu] tyf cGo cflys{ Ifq] sf] ;l' gofl] ht 9ªu\\ n] ljsf; ug{ Ps !% jifLo{ ¿k/v] f tof/ u¥of] . – lj= ;=+ @))& ;fndf ofh] gf ;ldlt u7g eof] . o;n] klg !% jif{] ofh] gf agfPsf] lyof] t/ ;fjh{ lgs ePg . – lj= ;=+ @)!@ df tTsfnLg /fhf >L % dxG] ba| f6 k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] 3fi] f0ff eof] . 222 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bxfn;Dd sfofG{ jog ePsf cflys{ ofh] gfx¿ != ky| d ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)!#–@)!*_ ofh] gfljxLg jif{ -lj= ;=+ @)!*–@)!(_ @= bf;] f| ] ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)!(–@)@@_ – lqjifLo{ ofh] gf #= t;] f| ] ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)@@–@)@&_ $= rfy} f] ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)@&–@)#@_ %= kfr“ f“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)#@–@)#&_ ^= 56} f“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)#&–@)$@_ &= ;ftf“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)$@–@)$&_ ofh] gf ljxLg jif{ -lj= ;=+ @)$&–@)$(_ *= cf7f“} k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)$(–@)%$_ (= gjf“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)%$–@)%(_ !)= b;f“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)%(–@)^$_ !!= P3f/f“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)^$÷)^%–@)^^÷)^&_ – lqjifLo{ ofh] gf !@= af/f“} ofh] gf -lj= ;=+ @)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ – lqjifLo{ ofh] gf !#= t/] f“}] ofh] gf -cflys{ jif{ @)&)÷)&!– @)&@÷)&#_ – lqjifLo{ ofh] gf t/] f“} ofh] gf M lj= ;=+ @)&)÷)&! – @)&@÷)&# bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] M lj= ;=+ @)&( ;fn -;g\\ @)@@_ leq gk] fnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6a« f6 ljsf;zLn /fi6d« f :t/fG] glt ug{] . pbb\\ Z] o M bz] df JofKt cflys{ tyf dfgjLo ul/aL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg :t/df kT| oIf kl/jtg{ sf] cge' l\" t lbnfpg] . nIo M ofh] gfsf] kd| v' nIo ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g /xs] f] hg;ªV\\ of !* kl| tztdf emfg{] /xs] f] 5 . /0fgLlt M != ljsf; kl| jm| ofdf lghL, ;/sf/L / ;xsf/L Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg clejb[ l\\ w u/L ;dfjz] L, km/flsnf] / lbuf] cflys{ jb[ l\\ w ug{] . @= efl} ts kj\" fw{ f/sf] ljsf; ug{] . #= ;fdflhs ;j] fsf Ifq] x¿df kxr'“ , pkofu] / u0' f:t/ clejb[ l\\ w ug{] . $= ;fjh{ lgs tyf cGo Ifq] x¿df ;z' f;g clejb[ l\\ w ug{] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 223

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%= nlIft ju,{ Ifq] / ;dx\" sf] cflys{ / ;fdflhs ;zStLs/0fdf clejb[ l\\ w ug{] . ^= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;u“ cgs' l\" nt xg' ] u/L ljsf; sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{] . kf| Kt sfoj{ m| d != hn ljbo\\ t' \\ tyf pmhf{ ljsf; @= sl[ if Ifq] sf] pTkfbsTj jb[ l\\ w, ljljwLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f #= ko6{ g, pbo\\ fu] / Jofkf/ Ifq] sf] ljsf; $= cfwf/et\" lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, vfgk] fgL tyf Ifq] sf] ljsf; %= ;z' f;g kj| wg{ ^= ;8s tyf cGo efl} ts kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf; &= kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ljm| ofsnfk tkfOs“{ f] 3/df klg cflys{ ofh] gf aGg] u/s] f] xg' ;S5 . ags] f] 5 eg] ;f] ofh] gf slxnb] l] v / s;/L aGb} cfPsf] 5, cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L ;fs] f] ljj/0f sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != cflys{ ofh] gfsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df ofh] gfsf] dxTTj b;fp{ gx' f;] \\ . #= lj=;=+ @)!# ;fnbl] v gk] fndf ofh] gf abw\\ cflys{ ljsf;sf] yfngL ePtf klg cfzf u/c] g;' f/ ;kmntf kf| Kt xg' g;Sgs' f sf/0f s] xfn] fg\\ < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ‘lagf ofh] gf sg' } klg sfd ;kmn xg' ;Sbg} ’ eGg] s/' fnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . %= t/] f“} lqjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] s] /xs] f] 5 < ^= t/] f“} ofh] gfn] ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' gsf] hg;ªV\\ of 36fP/ !* kl| tztdf emfgs{ f nflu s] s] /0fgLlt Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfO{“sf] ;d'bfosf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;“u 5nkmn u/L cfjZostfsf] kf| yldsLs/0f / sfoj{ m| d;lxt Pp6f ofh] gfsf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 224 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 !@ ul/aL lgjf/0f / /fh] uf/ kj| wg{ df cflys{ ofh] gfsf] ofu] bfg ofh] gf abw\\ 9ª\\un] yflnPsf ljsf; sfo{ ldtJooL ¿kdf tfl] sPsf] ;dodf k/' f xG' 5g\\ . o;af6kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ;xL ;bk' ofu] xG' 5 . cflys{ ofh] gf agfP/ cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ bz] df ljbo\\ dfg ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;xofu] kU' b5 . gof“ gof“ /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ /fdf| ] cflys{ ofh] gfs} sf/0fn] l;hg{ f xG' 5g\\ . xfdf| ] h:tf] ljsf;fG] dv' bz] df ke| fjsf/L cflys{ ofh] gf sfofG{ jog ePdf dfq bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf; bt'| ultdf cufl8 a9g\\ ] 5 . cflys{ ofh] gfn] ul/aL lgjf/0f / /fh] uf/ kj| wg{ df ofu] bfg k¥' ofpg] s/' fsf] rrf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ul/Psf] 5 . != cflys{ jb[ l\\ w b/ a9fpg cflys{ ofh] gf agfP/ cufl8 a9b\\ f bz] sf] ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ;dl' rt ko| fu] xG' 5 . ;Lldt ;f| t] / ;fwgaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df cfd ul/aLsf] cj:yf JofKt 5 . htftt} a/] fh] uf/L 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xL ofh] gfn] dfq cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf jb[ l\\ w eO{ /fh] uf/L, art Pjd\\ kh“' Lsf] l;hg{ f u/fp5“ / bz] nfO{ ;DkGgtflt/ 8f¥] ofp5“ . @= Ifq] Lo c;Gtn' g x6fpg xfdf| ] bz] df ljsf;sf bl[ i6n] Ifq] Lo c;Gtn' g Jofks ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . oftfoft tyf ;~rf/nufot ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/ ;x/L Ifq] df dfq} sl] Gbt| ePsfn] uf| dL0f Ifq] ljsf;df lk5l8Psf] 5 . To:t} lxdfnL Ifq] sf] tn' gfdf kxf8df a9L / kxf8df eGbf t/fOd{ f a9L cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ljsf;df bl] vPsf] o:tf] Ifq] Lo c;Gtn' gnfO{ sd ug{ cflys{ ofh] gfsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ :yfg xG' 5 . #= ul/aL / c;dfgtf 36fpg cflys{ ofh] gfdf bz] sf] ul/aL / cfo c;dfgtfdf sd ug{] ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;dfjz] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ljsf;fG] dv' / ul/a /fi6d« f JofKt ul/aLnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ofh] gfdf lzIff, tflnd, /fh] uf/L, :j/f]huf/ sfoj{ |md ;dfjz] u//] of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M t/] f“} lqjifLo{ ofh] gfn] ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g /xs] f] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ @#=* af6 !* kl| tztdf emfg{] kd| v' nIo lnPsf] 5 . $= /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f ljsf;fG] dv' bz] df ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] plrt ko| fu] ePsf] xb“' g} . kh“' Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f cfb} o\\ fl] usLs/0f sd xG' 5 . kmn:j¿k bz] df a/] fh] uf/L JofKt xG' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cflys{ ofh] gfdf /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ l;hg{ f ug{] /0fgLlt sl[ if / pbo\\ fu] ljsf; Pjd\\ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng tyf /fh] uf/Ldn\" s cfofh] gfsf] 5gf6] u/L sfofG{ jog ug{ ;sd] f ofh] gfn] Jofks /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f ug{ ;S5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 225

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%= kh“' L lgdf0{ fdf jb[ l\\ w ug{] ;kmn cflys{ ofh] gfn] bz] df hgtfsf] l;k / /fh] uf/L, Ifdtf a9fp5“ . kmn:j¿k cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf cfDbfgL jb[ l\\ w eO{ gof“ gof“ /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ l;hg{ f xG' 5g\\ / hgtfsf] art ug{] Ifdtf a9b\\ } hfG5 . kmn:j¿k bz] df kh“' L lgdf0{ fdf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . cGttM yk kh“' L lgdf0{ fn] nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xg' hfG5 / yk /fh] uf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xG' 5 . ^= sl[ if / cfb} o\\ fl] us Ifq] sf] ljsf; ug{ xfdf| ] bz] sf] cyt{ Gqsf] d?] b08 sl[ if xf] . t/ bIf hgzlSt, efl} ts kj\" fw{ f/sf] sdL, kh“' Lsf] cefj h:tf sf/0fn] g t oxf“ sl[ ifsf] ljsf; xg' ;ss] f] 5 g t pbo\\ fu] sf] ljsf; xg' ;ss] f] 5 . To;n} ] ofh] gfdf sl[ if / pbo\\ fu] nfO{ ljsf; ug{] sfoj{ m| d 7f;] ¿kdf ;dfjz] ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 . &= jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ xfdf| ] bz] n] a;l{] g jb} l] zs Jofkf/df 3f6f ;xg' kl//xs] f] 5 . cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf;sf] cefjsf sf/0f lgoft{ eGbf cfoft a9L eP/ of] l:ylt bv] fk/s] f] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ofh] gf agfpb“ f lgoft{ dv' L Ifq] df nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfpgk' 5{ . lzIff / tflnd lbg,] s/ gLlt cgs' n\" agfpg] ko| f; u/d] f ofh] gfn] jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/ ug{ yk dbt kb| fg u5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != ofh] gfn] bz] df s;/L /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f ug{ ;S5, k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= ofh] gfsf] cjlw ;fdfGotof kfr“ jifs{ f] xg' ] ePtf klg nuftf/ P3f/f“} ofh] gfbl] v t/] f“} ofh] gf;Dd ltg a;{] ofh] gf agfOgs' f] sf/0f s] xfn] f < cEof; != cflys{ ofh] gfsf] dxTTj 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= Ifq] Lo c;Gtn' g 36fpg cflys{ ofh] gfn] s] el\" dsf vN] 5 < $= t/] f“} ofh] gfn] klxnf,] bf;] f| ] / t;] f| ] kf| yldstfdf sg' sg' s/' fnfO{ /fvs] f] 5 < %= /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ a9fpg cflys{ ofh] gfdf s:tf] /0fgLlt agfpgk' nf,{ ofh] gf cfofu] nfO{ ;e' mfj lbgx' f;] \\ . ^= ‘ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] kd| v' dfWod /fh] uf/L xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . &= gk] fnsf] ul/aL 36fpg ofh] gfn] s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] Onfsfsf] ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdf hfgx' f;] \\ / Toxfs“ f] kd| v' nfO{ e6] /] lgDg lnlvt kZ| gsf] pTt/ vfh] L ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ /fh] uf/ kj| wg{ sf nflu s] s:tf ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ePsf /x5] g\\ < -v_ tL ofh] gfx¿ slt ;doodf k/' f xg' ] /x5] g\\ < -u_ tL ofh] gfsf] sfofG{ jog ePkl5 To;af6 s] s] kmfObf kU' g] /x5] < 226 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 !# pbo\\ dzLntf pbo\\ dzLntf zAbsf] ljsf; pbo\\ dLaf6 ePsf] xf] . To;n} ] pbo\\ dzLntfsf af/d] f yfxf kfpg pbo\\ dLsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 xg' ' h?/L xG' 5 . != pbo\\ dL sfl] ng a/f] (Collin Barrow) sf cg;' f/ ‘Ps hgf pbo\\ dL To:tf] JolSt xf,] h;n] dg' fkmf ug{ Jofkfl/s sf/fa] f/ u5{ .’ o; kl/efiffsf cfwf/df To:tf] JolStnfO{ pbo\\ dL eGg ;lsG5, h;n] gfkmfsf nflu nufgL;u“ ;DalGwt ;a} lsl;dsf hfl] vd :jLsf/ u5,{ gof“ cj;/x¿sf] vfh] L u5,{ ;f| t] sf] klxrfg u/L nufgL u5{ . o; cfwf/df pbo\\ dLn] ug{] dV' o sfo{ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b -s_ gof“ gof“ j:ts' f] klxrfg ug{] . -v_ pTkfbgsf gof“ tl/sf ckgfpg] . -u_ gof“ ahf/sf] vfh] L ug{] . -3_ sRrf kbfys{ f] gof“ ;f| t] klxrfg ug{] . -ª_ ;ªu\\ 7g / Joj:yfkgdf km/s tyf gof“ 9ªu\\ n] kl/jtg{ Nofpg] . @= Pp6f ;kmn pbo\\ dLsf nflu cfjZos u0' fx¿ -s_ gof“ 9ªu\\ n] ;fR] g] -sfo{ ug_{] Ifdtf xg' k' 5{ . -v_ vfH] g,] a‰' g] / ljZni] f0f ug{] Ifdtf xg' k' 5{ . -u_ kt} s[ ;DklTtsf e/df dfq pbo\\ dL xg' ;lsb“ g} eGg] ;fr] xg' k' 5{ . -3_ pbo\\ dL aGgsf nflu hftLo aGbh] xb“' g} eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; xg' k' 5{ . -ª_ Joj;fodf cfOkg{ ;Sg] hfl] vd axg ug{] cf6“ xg' k' 5{ . -r_ sNkgf dfq ug{] xfO] g, To;nfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{] xf;} nf / sfo{ Jojxf/ xg' k' 5{ . #= pbo\\ dzLntf Pp6f pbo\\ dLn] u/s] f] pbo\\ d ;DaGwL ;Dk0\" f{ sfon{ fO{ pbo\\ dzLntf elgG5 . pbo\\ dzLntfnfO{ s;} s;n} ] hfl] vd jxg egs] f 5g\\ eg] s;n} ] vfh] dn\" s sfo{ klg eGg] u/s] f 5g\\ . ;ªI\\ fk] df pbo\\ dL xg' sf nflu ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf ko| f; / sfo{ g} pbo\\ dzLntf xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 227

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= pbo\\ dzLntfsf kmfObf -s_ pTkfbgdf jb[ l\\ w M pbo\\ dzLntfsf] ljsf; ePdf ;dfhdf 5l/P/ /xs] f] art ;ªs\\ ng eO{ cefju:| t Ifq] df ;dt] kl/rfng xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{ dfgjLo ;f| t] tyf ;fwgsf] ljsf; xG' 5 / cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . -v_ pTkfbgsf] u0' f:t/df jb[ l\\ w M pbo\\ dLn] gof“ ;fr] / 9ªu\\ sf ;fy j:ts' f] pTkfbg u5{ . ahf/df bL3s{ fn;Dd cfkm\\ gf] j:ts' f] ahf/ l6sfO{ /fVg u0' f:t/df jb[ l\\ w ug{ h?/L xG' 5 . #= kl/jtg{ sf] jfxs M ;dfhdf Ph hgf dfq pbo\\ dLn] cfÇgf] Joj;fo :yfkgf ubf{ klg sx] L gof“ s/' f cjZo lbG5 . gof“ 9ªu\\ n] gof“ j:t' pTkfbg u/L leGg ahf/sf] ;fr] /fVbf ;dfhdf cfjZos kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ . $= kh“' Lsf] jb[ l\\ w M pbo\\ dzLntfsf] ljsf;n] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk a9b\\ } hfb“ f cfDbfgLdf jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . kmn:j¿k kh“' L a9g\\ uO{ kg' M nufgL xb“' } hfb“ f kh“' L lgdf0{ fsf] b/ klg a9b\\ } hfG5 . ljm| ofsnfk lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ /fdf| ;] u“ k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ lbgx' f;] \\ M af]lwlrTt agk] f, @# kmfug' – sfek]| nf~rfs] lhNnfdf nfvf“} dN\" odf vl/b lajm| L xg' ] afl] wlrTtsf] la?jfsf] dfu bfA] a/ a9s] f] 5 . ljZje/df g} o; lhNnfsf] ltdfn Ifq] df kfOg] afl] wlrTtsf] ?vsf] dN\" o kfr“ nfvbl] v #@ nfv;Dd kg{ yfns] f] 5 . o;af6 cfslif{t ePsf si[ fsn] Jofj;flos ¿kdf o;sf] vt] L ug{ la?jfsf] vfh] L u/k] l5 o;sf] dfucg;' f/ cfkl\" t{ xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . Ps si[ fsn] eg,] ædn} ] bO' { xhf/ la?jfsf] g;/{ L /fvs] f] lyP,“ ;a} ;lsof] / ca kfr“ xhf/ la?jfsf] g;/{ L /fVg] tof/Ldf 5' .Æ kl| t la?jf kfr“ ;o ?lkofd“ f lajm| L ePsf] / hlt afl] wlrTtsf] dfnfsf] dN\" o a9L eof] Tolt g} o;sf] la?jfsf] vfh] L xg' yfns] f] pgn] atfP . ;fy} eStk/' lhNnfsf] s6~' hd] f afl] wlrTtsf] 7n' f] ?v #@ nfvdf / /fd5] fksf] ehj' fdf #^ nfvdf lajm| L ePsf] pgn] atfP . la?jf ar] /] cfkm\" n] emG8} !) nfv ?lkof“ cfDbfgL u/s] f] klg To; si[ fsn] atfP . lhNnfsf] pur| 08L gfnf, sz' fbj] L, sf7df8f,“} eStk/' , nlntk/' , kfr“ y/, wgs6' f, kfv] /f, tgx,“' afUnª' , uf/] vf nufotsf lhNnfaf6 si[ fsx¿n] afw] LlrTtsf] la?jf vl/b ug{] u/s] f 5g\\ . afw] LlrTtsf] dfnf rLg, yfONofG8, e'6fg, ef/t, sf]l/of nufotsf b]zdf lgoft{ xg' ] u5{ . Pp6f ?vaf6 emG8} %) lsnfu] f| d dfnf pTkfbg xg' ] atfOG5 . != tkfOn“{ ] slxNo} afw] LlrTtsf] gfd ;G' ge' Psf] lyof] < tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] ;G' ge' Psf] jf bV] ge' Psf] lyof] ls < 228 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@= lsg o; kf7df of] ;dfrf/ /flvPsf] xfn] f, cgd' fg u//] nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= afw] LlrTtsf] pkofl] utf s] /x5] < $= afw] LlrTt h:t} ;dfhdf csf{] sg' } gfn} f] t/ clws ¿kn] dxTTjk0\" f{ j:ts' f af/d] f tkfOn“{ fO{ hfgsf/L 5 eg] To;sf] gfd / dxTTj nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= afw] LlrTtsf] dfnf agfP/ Jofkf/ ug{] Joj;fosf] ;q\" kft ug{] sfo{ pbo\\ dzLntf leq k5{ ls kbg{} , cfkm\\ gf] ts{ nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != pbo\\ dzLntfsf u0' fx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < @= pbo\\ dzLntfsf] kmfObfx¿sf] 5f6] s/Ldf j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ != tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf a/] fh] uf/ oj' f oj' tLx¿ xg' ;S5g\\ . sfd gkfP/ eft} fl//xs] f ltgLx¿ sn' tdf km:g,] 3/k;n rfxg,{] hj' ftf; vN] g,] g/fdf| sfod{ f nfUg] ug{ ;S5g\\ . :j/fh] uf/ dv' L tflnd lbP/ Pp6f ;kmn pbo\\ dL agfpg s] ugk{' nf,{ Pp6f ofh] gf tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= pbo\\ dzLntf bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ M ;fdflhs / cflys{ pbo\\ dzLntf . ;fdflhs rt] gf hufpg,] afn Snadf cfabw\\ /xL ljm| ofzLn /xg' ;fdflhs pbo\\ dzLntf xf] eg] ;fgfltgf cflys{ ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug eO{ cflys{ cfhg{ ug,{' art ug{' cflbnfO{ cflys{ pbo\\ dzLntf elgG5 . tkfOs“{ f] ljbo\\ fnodf tkfO“{ sg' ks| f/sf] pbo\\ dzLntfdf ;n+ Ug xg' x' G' 5 < cfkm\" nfO{ bj' } ks| f/sf pbo\\ dzLntfdf ;n+ Ug /xg ;fyL, lzIfs / cleefjs;u“ ;Nnfx u/L ofh] gf agfpgx' f;] \\ / sfofG{ jog ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 229

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !$ sfdsf] l;hg{ f / Joj:yfkg ljzfnk/' ufps“ f] ;8s 5p] d} Pp6f lrof k;n lyof] . ufpn“ ] tyf a6j' fx¿ Toxf“ lrof vfhf vfg] uy{] . k;nn] ] k;ndf cfpgx] ¿n] dgf/] ~hg u¿g\\ eg/] Sof/d] af8] { / gfukf;sf] klg Joj:yf ul/lbPsf lyP . ufps“ f a/] fh] uf/ oj' fx¿ ;w“} Sof/d] af8] d{ f / jo:sx¿ n8' fd] f eml' Ddg] uy{] . kl5 uP/ gfukf; dgf/] ~hgsf nlu geP/ hj' fsf ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ k;} f afhL /fv/] vN] y] eg] vn] ;lsPkl5 k;nn] fO{ lglZrt /sd axfn :j¿k lty{] . sfx] L lrof k;nleq tf; vn] /] ;do latfpy“ ] eg] sfx] L hf8“ /S;L vfP/ a:y] . To; sfod{ f a/] fh] uf/ dfq xfO] g, si[ fs / hflu/x] ¿ klg km;' b{ sf] ;dodf Toxf“ en] f xG' y] . k;n] dVv lyP . pgsf] Jofkf/ /fdf| ] rns] f] lyof] . k;n leq / aflx/ ;w“} le8ef8 xG' Yof] . la:tf/} ufpd“ f eme} mu8f, n6' kf6, rf/] L, 3/ snx a9g\\ yfNof] . o;n] ubf{ j/k/ To; ufps“ f] gfd abgfd xg' yfNof] . Toxf“ a;fa] f; ugx{] ¿nfO{ cfkm\\ gf] ufps“ f] gfd eGg klg nfh nfUg yfNof] . ufpd“ f a/flng] ;dx\" df sx] L lzlIft oj' fx¿ klg lyP . pgLx¿ cfkm\\ gf] ufps“ f a/] fh] uf/x¿nfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ vfh] L ug{] af/d] f lrGtg ug{ yfn] . pgLx¿n] cfkm\\ g} ufpd“ f /xs] f] ;xsf/L ;:+ yfsf cWoIfnfO{ e6] /] cfkm\\ gf k:| tfj /fv] . ;xsf/Ln] klg ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltdf s/' f /fVof] . ;xsf/L / ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltn] ;o+ S' t ¿kdf ufpn“ s] f] rfxgfcg;' f/ To;/L a/flnP/ a;s] f oj' fx¿nfO{ l;kdn\" s tflnd lbg] lg0fo{ u¥of] . tflndkl5 Joj;fo ug{ rfxgn] fO{ ;xsf/L ;:+ yfn] ;xl' not Aofhdf C0f pknAw u/fpg] lg0fo{ u¥of] . ufps“ f ;a} a/] fh] uf/ oj' fx¿nfO{ dfucg;' f/sf] tflnd lbOof] . x:tsnf, sDKo6' /, kz' kfng, gub] afnL, 3/n] ' pbo\\ fu] , l;sdL,{ 8sdL,{ Onl] S6l« ;og, KnlDaª cflb ljifodf tflnd ;~rfng eof] . tflnddf oj' fx¿sf] ;ljm| o ;xeflutf eof] . tflndkl5 pgLx¿n] ;xsf/L;u“ C0f lnP/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . s;n} ] Rofp vt] L, s;n} ] ad] f;} dL t/sf/L, s;n} ] Soa' L vt] L, s;n} ] k;n, s;n} ] kmlgr{ / pbo\\ fu] , s;n} ] ufn] e8“] f vt] L, s;n} ] crf/ pbo\\ fu] , s;n} ] aªu\\ /' kfng, s;n} ] ;fOa/ / at] af;“ sf Joj;fo ;~rfng u/] . ;an} ] cfcfkm\\ gf] Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu ofh] gf agfP . el\" d, kh“' L / >ldssf] Joj:yf u/] . ahf/sf] vfh] L / ka| Gw ldnfpg] sfo{ u/] . clxn] pgLx¿nfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfngdf EofO{ gEofO{ ePsf] 5 . lxhfs] f tL a/] fh] uf/ oj' f cfh :j/fh] uf/ ePsf 5g\\ . cfkm“} sfd vfH] b} lx8“ g\\ ] pgLx¿n] cfh cfkm\\ gf] Joj;fodf c¿nfO{ klg /fh] uf/L lbg ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] cflys{ l:ylt ;l' wb|“ } cfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] ;xsf/Lsf] ;fj“ f Aofh lgoldt ¿kdf ae' mfpb“ } cfPsf 5g\\ . clxn] ljzfnk/' ufpd“ f zflGt 5fPsf] 5 . of] ufpn“ ] kg' hLj{ g kfPsf] 5 . lxhfs] f lbgdf h:tf] ljsl[ t cfh To; ufpd“ f 5g} . ;a} cfcfkm\\ g} sfddf Jo:t 5g\\ . cndlnP/ a:g] km;' b{ s;n} fO{ 5g} . j/k/sf ufpn“ x] ¿n] klg cfkm\\ gf] ufpn“ fO{ ljzfnk/' h:tf] gdg' f ufp“ agfpg] ko| f;df nfus] f 5g\\ . 230 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf oj' fx¿ sfd gu//] a/flng] cj:yf 5 jf 5g} < 5 eg] To;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ s;n] s] s] ugk{' nf,{ ;dx\" ut lgrf8] lgsfnL sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != ljzfnk/' ufp“ ;?' df lsg abgfd lyof] < @= ljzfnk/' ufps“ f] dV' o ;d:of s] lyof] < #= lzlIft / ;rt] oj' fx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] s:tf] pkfo vfh] ] < $= To; ufpd“ f /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f s;/L eof] < %= ljzfnk/' sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L eof] < ^= ufps“ f] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] >o] s;nfO{ lbg rfxgx' G' 5 < &= pgLx¿n] cfcfkm\\ gf] Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg s;/L u/,] ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf klg a/] fh] uf/ oj' f oj' tLx¿ xg' ;S5g\\ . 5g\\ eg] pgLx¿sf] tYofªs\\ lnO{ pgLx¿nfO{ :j/fh] uf/ agfpgsf nflu ofh] gf agfpgx' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 231

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 !% >d != kl/ro ;fdfGo afn] LrfnLsf] efiffdf zf/Ll/s ldlxgt] jf kl/>dnfO{ >d eGg] ul/G5 . ef/L afS] g,' vt] vGg,' 3/ agfpg,' sf/vfgfdf sfd ug,{' dhb/' L ug'{ cflbnfO{ >d elgG5 . t/ cyz{ f:qLx¿n] eg] s8f kl/>d ubd{} f To;nfO{ >d dfGbg} g\\ . pgLx¿sf cg;' f/ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ldlxgt] u/a] fkt Hofnf kf| Kt xG' 5 eg] dfq To:tf] ldlxgt] nfO{ >d elgG5 . ‘JolStn] cfÇgf] xft cyjf 6fpsfå] f/f sg' } j:t' kf| Kt ug{] pbb\\ Z] on] ;DkGg ug{] ko| TgnfO{ >d elgG5 .’ – df;n{ ‘afR“ gsf lgldTt wg sdfpg ul/Psf ;a} ljm| ofsnfkx¿ >ddf ;dfjz] ul/G5 .’ – P= Pr= l:dy >lds jf sfdbf/;u“ ;DalGwt xg' fn] >d Pg] , @)$* df sfdbf/sf] kl/efiff o;/L lbPsf] kfOG5 M ‘sfdbf/’ eGgfn] kl| ti7fgsf] pTkfbg sfo{ jf ;j] f kb| fg ug{] sfo{ jf ;f] sfos{ f] lgldTt ko| fu] ePsf] 3/hUuf jf dl] ;g/L jf To;sf] sg' } efudf sfo{ ug{] JolStnfO{ hgfp5“ . ;fy} >lds eGgfn] To:tf] sfo;{ u“ ;DalGwt sfd jf c¿ sg' } cfsl:ds sfd u/a] fkt kfl/>lds lbO{ sfd nufOPsf] JolSt xg' k' 5{ . >lds zAbn] lk;/6] , 7S] sf jf s/f/cGtut{ sfd ug{] sfdbf/ ;dt] nfO{ hgfp5“ . @= >dsf] ks| f/ >dnfO{ dV' otof ltg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 M -s_ pTkfbs tyf cgT' kfbs >d 232 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

;dfhnfO{ kmfObf kU' g] u/L ul/Psf] jw} flgs sfdnfO{ pTkfbs >d elgG5 . ;dfhnfO{ xflg kU' g] u/L ul/g] u/} sfgg' L sfd, h:t} M rf/] L, t:s/LnfO{ cgT' kfbs >d elgG5 . -v_ lgk0' f tyf clgk0' f >d sg' } klg sfd ;DkGg ugs{ f nflu rflxg] ljzi] f 1fg, l;k, tflnd / lzIff;u“ ;Dabw\\ >dnfO{ lgk0' f >d elgG5, h:t} M 8fS6/, jlsn, lzIfs, OlGhlgo/ cflb . hg' sfd ;DkGg ug{ ljzi] f lzIff / tflndsf] cfjZostf kbg{} To:tf] >dnfO{ clgk0' f >d elgG5 . -u_ zf/Ll/s >d tyf dfgl;s >d hg' sfd ug{ dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s cªu\\ a9L ko| fu] xG' 5, To:tf] >dnfO{ zf/Ll/s >d elgG5, h:t} M dhb/' , ls;fg cflbsf] >d . hg' sfd ug{ zf/Ll/s >deGbf a9L dfgl;s zlStsf] cfjZostf k5,{ To:tf] >dnfO{ dfgl;s >d elgG5, h:t} M 8fS6/, jlsn, OlGhlgo/, lzIfsnufotsf] >d . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b -v_ >dsf] dxTj bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df >dsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . >dljgf j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbg ;Dej xb“' g} . lglijm| o /xs] f] kh'“ L / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{] ;ljm| o ;fwg g} >d xf] . To;n} ] x/s] >ldsnfO{ lzIff / tflnd lbg ;sd] f p;sf] sfddf u0' ffTds jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 / Pp6f lgk0' f Pjd\\ ofU] o >lds aG5 . >dsf] clwstd ko| fu] ug{ ;sd] f cfjZos j:ts' f] pTkfbg xG' 5 . a9L ePsf j:t' lgoft{ u/L ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . bz] df cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk jb[ l\\ w eO{ hgtfsf] cfDbfgLdf jb[ l\\ w xg' sf ;fy;fy} /fli6o« cfDbfgLdf ;dt] a9fT] t/L xG' 5 . gk] fnsf] >d ahf/df kl| tjif{ rf/ nfveGbf a9L >lds sfdsf nflu tof/ xG' 5g\\ . of] >dsf] ;bk' ofu] u//] :jbz] d} To;sf] pkofu] xg' ] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug{ ;sd] f To;af6 gk] fn / gk] fnLsf nflu cToGt nfebfos xg' ] lyof] . t/ gk] fnaf6 Tof] >d zlSt knfot eO{ ljbz] L el\" dnfO{ l;l~rt ul//xs] f] 5 . -u_ sfdsf] ;Ddfg xfdf| ] bz] df kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwg kofK{ t dfqfdf ePtf klg kh“' Lsf] cefj / bIf hgzlStsf] cefjsf sf/0f To;sf] ;xL ;bk' ofu] xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . lbg kl| tlbg a/] fh] uf/Lsf] ;ªV\\ of a9b\\ f] 5 . clwsfz+ JolSt /fh] fuf/Lsf] vfh] Ldf eft“} fl/Psf xG' 5g\\ . pgLx¿ h:tf;] s' } sfd ug{ lxlRsrfp5“ g\\ . a? pgLx¿ a/] fh] uf/ g} a:g ?rfp5“ g\\ . of] /fdf| ] ;:+ sf/ xfO] g . sg' } klg sfd ;fg] jf 7n' f] eGg] xb“' g} . xfdLn] sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug{ hfGgk' 5{ . /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] sfdsf] cfwf/df hft ljefhg u/s] f lyP . ToxL ;:+ sf/sf] 5fk cfwl' gs gk] fndf cem;} Dd k/s] f] 5 eGbf cGoyf xg' ] 5g} . hg' sfd ug{ :jb] zdf lxrlsrfx6 xG' 5 Tofe] Gbf klg lgDg bhfs{ f] sfd jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf uP/ ug{] u/s] f] xfdLn] ;G' b} cfPsf 5f“} . cflv/ ToxL sfd ljbz] df ug{ xG' 5 eg] gk] fndf a;/] ug{ lsg ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 233

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgxg' ] < xfdf| ] bz] ljZjsf] clt sd ljsl;t dn' s' df kgs{' f] Pp6f kd| v' sf/0f klg oxL xf] . ha;Dd sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug{] ;:+ sl[ tsf] ljsf; gk] fndf xg' ;Sbg} ta;Dd xfdL k5fl8 kg{] 5f“} . To;n} ] xfdLn] xfdf| ] sfdnfO{ dfof ugk{' 5{ eg] c¿n] u/s] f] sfdsf] ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ . cfkm\" n] klg gug{] / csfn{] ] u/s] f] sfdsf] l6sf l6Kk0fL ug{] afgL /fdf| ] xfO] g . l;kdn\" s tflndx¿ l;s/] :jbz] d} :j/fh] uf/sf] kofK{ t cj;/ kf| Kt ug{ ;S5f“} . nfvf“} ?lkof“ bnfnnfO{ ae' mfP/ :jbz] df gu/s] f] sfd ljbz] df uge{' Gbf cfÇg} hGdel\" ddf kl;gf aufpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . xfn bl} gs !%)) eGbf a9L gk] fnL oj' f sfdsf] vfh] Ldf ljbz] knfog eOxs] f 5g\\ . of] >d zlStnfO{ cfÇg} bz] df pkofu] ug{ ;sd] f ;as} f] cflys{ l:yltdf ;w' f/ cfpg] 5 . To;sf nflu ;fgf] xf;] \\ 7n' f] xf;] \\ d/] f] sfd dxfg\\ xf] eGg] kj| l[ Ttsf] ljsf; xg' k' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != >d Pg] df >d jf sfdbf/sf] kl/efiff s;/L lbOPsf] 5, vfh] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= x/]s lbg ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf] >dzlStnfO{ /f]s]/ :jb]zd} Tof] l;k pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ >d dGqLnfO{ Pp6f kq nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= ;fgfl] tgf] sfd ug{ grfxg,] ‘c¿ h:tf] xf] / o:tf] sfd u5’{' eGg] JolStnfO{ sg' } klg sfd ;fgf] xb'“ g} , sfdsf] ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ eg/] s;/L ;Demfpgx' G' 5 < ;Demfpg] ab“' fx¿sf] Pp6f ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= tkfOs+{ f] ;db' fodf sd dg k/fOg] k;] fx¿sf] ;r\" L ;dx\" ut ¿kdf tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != >dsf ks| f/x¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt 5f6] s/Ldf aofg ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘>d lagf pTkfbg ;Dej 5g} .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ‘>dn] /fh] uf/sf] l;hg{ f u5{ .’ o; egfO;u“ tkfO“{ sltsf] ;xdt xg' x' G' 5, k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . $= pTkfbg jb[ l\\ wsf nflu >dsf] cfjZoStf k5{ eGg] s/' f pbfx/0f;lxt k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . %= ‘sfdsf] ;Ddfg xg' ;sd] f w/] } xb;Dd a/] fh] uf/Lsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg xg' ;S5 .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] l5ds] df /xs] f sDtLdf kfr“ cf6] f 3/df ku' L tL 3/sf JolStx¿ sg' sg' k;] f;u“ ;n+ Ug ePsf 5g,\\ ;fw] k5' / s/' fsfgLsf cfwf/df To;sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fy} ;dfhdf s:tf sfdnfO{ a9L / sd ;Ddfg lbOb“ f/] x5] , kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ . 234 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M gf} xfdf| ] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / ;xofu] kf7 ! gk] fnsf bft[ /fi6« tyf ;:+ yfx¿ ;g\\ !*!^ df ;o+ S' t clw/fHo -an] fot_kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;u“ ePsf] s6' gLlts ;DaGwaf6 gk] fnsf] cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;db' fo;u“ sf] ;DaGw ;?' ePsf] xf] . o;kl5 cfwl' gs ljZj;“u g]kfnsf] lgoldt ;Dks{ eO/x]sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @))& ;fncl3 gk] fnsf] s6' gLlts ;DaGw ePsf dn' s' x¿ an] fot, ef/t, cdl] /sf / km| fG; xg' \\ . ;g\\ @)!# clkn| !@ tfl/vdf kkj' f Gol' ugL;u“ gk] fn s6' gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 o:tf dn' s' x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of !#* ku' s] f] 5 . o;l} ar gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf] cfk} rfl/s ;?' cft ePsf] @)) jif{ k/' f ePsf] cj;/df /fhwfgLdf Ps ax[ t\\ kb| zg{ L cfofh] gf ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt kb| zg{ Ldf, gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf cfwf/x¿ ;DaGwL an' l] 6g ks| flzt ePsf] lyof] . pSt cj;/df ljleGg ldq /fi6x« ¿af6 ePsf ;xofu] sfoj{ m| dsf gdg' fx¿ kb| zg{ ul/Psf lyP . ljleGg ljTtLo tyf axk' IfLo ;:+ yfaf6 ePsf ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿sf gdg' f klg k:| tt' ul/Psf lyP . wgLnfn kf;jfg\\ zflGt dfWolds ljbo\\ fnodf sfo/{ t lzIfs xg' x' G' 5 . pxfn“ ] sIff ( sf ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ pSt kb| zg{ L :yndf ed| 0f u/fpgc' l3 cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf ljifodf ljbo\\ fno kf| ªu\\ 0fdf o;/L k:| 6o\\ fpge' of] M efOalxgLx¿, h;/L dflg; ;dfhdf PSnf] eP/ afR“ g ;Sbg} , To;/L g} ;;+ f/sf] sg' } bz] PSn} /xg ;Sbg} . ;;+ f/sf] sg' } klg bz] k0\" f¿{ kn] cfTd lge/{ xg' ;Sbg} . cfhsf] ou' df ljleGg bz] x¿n] cfkm\\ gf] pbo\\ fu] , Jofkf/ a9fpg Pscsfd{ f ;DaGw sfod ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . To;n} ] Ps csfs{ f] bz] sf dflg;x¿lar ;f:+ sl[ ts cfbg kb| fg, vn] sb' , lzIff, ko6{ g / /fh] uf/ kj| wg{ ug;{ dt] cfk;L dn] ldnfk / ;xofu] a9fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . gk] fnsf] cfk} rfl/s cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw ;u' fn} L ;lGwkZrft\\ an] fotaf6 ;?' ePsf] xf] . gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw ;?' cft ePsf] of] jif{ @)) jif{ k/' f xb“' } 5 . o; cj;/df xfdL Ps kb| zg{ L :yndf hfb“ } 5f“} . pSt kb| zg{ L :yndf ljleGg kb| zg{ L sIf -:6nx¿_ /flvPsf 5g\\ . Toxf“ tkfOx“{ ¿n] gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt, ljleGg /fi6x« ¿af6 ePsf ;xofu] sf Ifq] x¿ tyf cGo ;:+ yfx¿af6 ePsf ;xofu] sfoj{ m| daf/] hfgsf/L kfpgx' g' ] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 235

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿ kb| zg{ L :yndf kU' 5g\\ / ljleGg :6nx¿df o:tf ;r\" gf jf hfgsf/L kf| Kt u5g{ \\ M :6n g=+ ! M lj= ;=+ @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw cyft{ \\ k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x¿ – c;+nUgtf – k~rzLnkl| t cf:yf – ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkqkl| t kl| tabw\\ tf – lgMz:qLs/0f – ek\" l/jl] i6t dn' s' x¿sf] xslxt ;/' Iff – cGt/fl{ i6o« sfgg' , dN\" o / dfGotf :6n g=+ @ M gk] fn / ;o+ S' t clw/fHo bfT} o ;DaGw :yfkgf M ;g\\ !*!^ ;o+ S' t clw/fHoaf6 gk] fndf ePsf ;xofu] – gf/fo0fu9–a6' jn, w/fg–wgs6' f ;8s v08 – sl[ if cg;' Gwfg sG] b,| kfvL| af; -wgs6' f_ / nD' n] -sf:sL_ – a9' fgLns07 :sn' , sf7df8f“} – lal| 6; nfOa/]| L – lal| 6; ;g] fdf etL{ 236 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

:6n g=+ # M gk] fn / ef/t bfT} o ;DaGw :yfkgf M ;g\\ !($&, hg' !# ef/taf6 gk] fndf ePsf ;xofu] – lj= kL= sfO] /fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg kl| ti7fg, w/fg – /fli6o« 6d« f ;G] 6/ / jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8f“} – kj\" –{ klZrd /fhdfus{ f sx] L efu – lqzn\" L / bj] L3f6 hn ljbo\\ t' \\ sG] b,| gj' fsf6] – dgdfx] g dd] fl] /on kfl] n6l] Sgs, df/] ª – dxG] bg| u/–6gsk/' lnªs\\ /f8] – kmf/la;u~h–lj/f6gu/ /N] j] lnªs\\ – ljleGg c:ktfn / ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfnfO{ PDan' G] ; ljt/0f – ljbo\\ fnox¿nfO{ a; ljt/0f – ef/tdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu 5fqjl[ Tt kb| fg kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b :6n g=+ $ Mgk] fn / rLg bfT} o ;DaGw :yfkgf M ;g\\ !(%%, cu:6 ! rLgaf6 gk] fnnfO{ ePsf ;xofu] – kY[ jL /fhdfu,{ c/lgsf] /fhdfu,{ sf7df8f}“ rj|mkynufotsf /fhdfu{ lgdf0{ f tyf ltgsf] :t/fG] glt – lqk/' Z] j/–;o\" l{ jgfos 6l« na; ;j] f – ;g' sf;] L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ kl/ofh] gf – x6] f8“} f sk8f pbo\\ fu] , es[ 6' L sfuh sf/vfgf, eStk/' O6“ f sf/vfgf, xl/l;bl\\ w O6“ f 6fon sf/vfgf, af;“ af/L 5fnf hT' tf sf/vfgf – lghfdtL c:ktfn, la= lk= sfO] /fnf SofG;/ c:ktfn – jL/G] b| cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] g sG] b| – rLgdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu ljleGg 5fqjl[ Tt ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 237

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bplNnlvt /fi6x« ¿sf cltl/St ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sf, hfkfg, o/' fl] kog ol' gognufotsf låkIfLo ;DaGw tyf ;xofu] sf cªx\\ ¿sf ljifodf ljbo\\ fyLn{ ] hfgsf/L Pjd\\ cjnfs] g ug{ kfP . o; afxs] ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿n] ljleGg ;:+ yf tyf lgofu] sf] ;xofu] ;DaGwdf o;/L hfgsf/L lnP . :6n g=+ !) M gk] fn / ljZj aª} s\\ gk] fnn] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldlt M ;g\\ !(^!, ;K] 6D] a/ ^ ljZj aª} s\\ sf] ;xofu] df ;DkGg ePsf cfofh] gf – ljleGg /fhdfu,{ l;r“ fO, vfgk] fgL tyf 9n lgsf;;u“ ;DalGwt kl/ofh] gfx¿ – gk] fn cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; lgud – sn' v] fgL hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf – sl[ if hgzlSt ljsf; – es\" Dk lkl8t Ifq] ljbo\\ fno kg' Mlgdf0{ f – cfwf/et\" tyf kf| ylds lzIff :6n g=+ !! M gk] fn / Pl;ofnL ljsf; aª} s\\ gk] fnn] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldlt M ;g\\ !(^^ Pl;ofnL ljsf; aª} s\\ af6 ePsf ;xofu] Ifq] x¿ – ;fjh{ lgs Ifq] sf] nv] f k/LIf0f :t/ ;w' f/ – ;fdb' flos vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfofh] gf – sf7df8f“} pkTosf vfgk] fgL ko| fu] df Ifdtf jb[ l\\ w – lzIf0f kl| zIf0f sfoj{ m| d – ljbo\\ t' \\ Ifq] sf] ;:+ yfut ;xofu] plNnlvt ;:+ yfx¿ afxs] cGt/fl{ i6o« db' f| sfi] f, gk] fn ljsf; ;xfotf ;dx\" , cfk] s] (OPEC), ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu\\ 7g, ;fkm\\ 6f, laD;6s] (BIMSTEC) nufotsf ;:+ yfn] gk] fndf k¥' ofPsf] ;xofu] ;DaGwdf ;dt] ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿n] cjnfs] g u/L hfgsf/L lnP . 238 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw, ;dGjo / ;xofu] sf] cfjZostfdfly rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M gk] fndf ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] /fi6« tyf ;:+ yfx¿sf] gfd ;xofu] sf Ifq] x¿ != @= cEof; != cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / ;dGjosf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf] ljsf; jm| dnfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= gk] fndf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xofu] dn\" tM sg' Ifq] df a9L ePsf] kfOG5 < lsg < sf/0f;lxt nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ kf7df pNnv] ePsf ;:+ yfx¿ afxs] gk] fnnfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] cGo rf/ cf6] f ;:+ yfx¿n] k¥' ofPsf] ;xofu] sf Ifq] x¿ vfh] L u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 239

kf7 @ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ df gk] fn hgtf dfWoflds ljb\\ofnosf] sIff ( dfkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b cWoog/t ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿n] gk] fnn] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] ^) jif{ k/' f ePsf] cj;/df jStT[ j snf sfoj{ m| d cfofh] gf u/s] f lyP . pSt sfoj{ m| ddf ljleGg jStfx¿dWo] ;fx] L sIffsL 5fqf ;l' gtf rfw} /Ln] cfkm\\ gf egfO o;/L JoSt ul/g\\ M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo,\" u?' ju{ tyf ljbo\\ fyL{ ;fyLx¿, ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ ;g\\ !($% cS6fa] / @$ df :yflkt cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yf xf] . ljZjdf zflGt, ;dembf/L / cfk;L ;xofu] clejb[ l\\ w ug{] pbb\\ Z] on] of] ;:+ yf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . gk] fnn] ;g\\ !(%%, l8;D] a/ !$ df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . xfn !(# /fi6x« ¿ o;sf ;b:o 5g\\ . pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿, gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x¿dWo] /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkq (charter) klg Ps xf] . gk] fn ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:o ePbl] v g} o;n] zflGt :yfkgf ug{] sfod{ f cgj/t ¿kdf ;ljm| o ;xeflutf hgfpb“ } cfO/xs] f] 5 . gk] fnn] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt ;g] fdf ;g\\ !(%* df koj{ I] fssf ¿kdf klxnf] k6s ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . gk] fn ;g\\ !(&* df na] gfgsf] zflGt ;g] f ld;gdf ;xefuL ePbl] v /fi6« ;ª3\\ zflGt ;g] fdf lgoldt ;xefuL eO/xs] f] 5 . gk] fnL ;g] f, gk] fn kx| /L / ;z:q kx| /L an xfn a?'| G8L, ;8' fg, rf8, nfOal] /of / xfO6L nufotsf bz] df /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo zflGt ld;gdf sfo/{ t 5g\\ . ;G} o Ifq] sf afxs] cGo k;] fut, ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ Ifq] sf lj1x¿ klg /fi6« ;ª3\\ / o;sf lgsfo cGtut{ sf sfob{ ndf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\\ . gk] fnn] ;g\\ !(^^ df /ªu\\ eb] lj?bw\\ sf] ljzi] f kl| tjb] g kfl/t ug{ kd| v' el\" dsf vn] s] f] lyof] . ;g\\ !(^*÷^( df gk] fn ;/' Iff kl/ifbs\\ f c:yfoL ;b:o /fi6s« f] ¿kdf /xb“ f lgMz:qLs/0f tyf cf0fljs xltof/sf] kl| taGw ;DaGwL kl| tjb] g kfl/t ug{ pNnv] gLo el\" dsf vn] s] f] lyof] . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ df Ifq] Lo zlSt ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ rLgsf] :yfoL ;b:otf tyf dxf;ª3\\ df ek\" l/jl] i6t /fi6s« f] xs clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf gk] fnsf] el\" dsf cljid/0fLo /xs] f] 5 . cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf Ho,\" jtd{ fg ;Gbed{ f hnjfo' kl/jtg{ tyf ;d;fdlos rg' ft} L ;dfwfg ug{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] rfns] f sbdx¿kl| t gk] fnnufot cGo bz] sf] ;ljm| o rf;f] / ;xeflutf /xs] f] 5 . o; sfoa{ f6 /fi6« ;ª3\\ zflGt ;g] f kd| v' ck/;] g x8] sf ¿kdf gk] fnL ;g] fsf clwst[ kjghªu\\ yfkfsf] lgol' St ePsf] 5 . gk] fn clt sd ljsl;t /fi6x« ¿ (LDC) sf] ;dx\" sf kd| v' klg ePsf] 5 . o;af6 /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt Pjd\\ ;J' oj:yf sfod ug]{ kd| v' pbb\\ Z] odf gk] fnsf] el\" dsf dxTTjk0\" f{ /xs] f] kl' i6 xG' 5 . 240 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bpkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿, gk] fnsf] ljsf;, nfs] tGq Pjd\\ zflGt ;J' oj:yfdf ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] dxTTjk\"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . g]kfndf dlxnfx¿sf] ;zStLs/0f, afn sNof0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] el\" dsf dxTTjk0\" f{ /xs] f] 5 . b; a;{] ;z:q ljbf| x] kZrft\\ xltof/ Joj:yfkg, ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] lgjfr{ g, dfcfj] fbL n8fss' f] ;dfofh] gh:tf sfod{ f /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] el\" dsf ;/fxgLo 5 . cfufdL lbgx¿df klg ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ / o;sf lgsfosf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsfsf] ckI] ff xfdL ;a} gk] fnLsf] /xs] f] 5 . cGTodf, /fi6« ;ª3\\ tyf o;sf lgsfox¿df gk] fnsf] el\" dsf cem ;zSt xb“' } hfcf;] \\ . ;fy} gk] fnn] /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf kf| Kt u/s] f] ^) jifs{ f] cj;/df cfoflht of] sfoj{ m| d ;kmn /xf;] \\ eGg] sfdgf JoSt u5{' . wGojfb ¤ ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt ;g] fdf ;xefuL eO{ kmsg{ e' Psf sfx] L JolSt xg' ;Sgx' G' 5 . olb ePdf pxfn“ ] Toxf“ sfo/{ t /xb“ f åGåu:| t Ifq] df zflGt ;J' oj:yf sfod ug{ s] s:tf sfo{ uge'{ of] eGg] kZ| g ;fW] gx' f;] \\ . pxfn“ ] lbge' Psf] hjfkmsf cfwf/df To:tf sfox{ ¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfPsf ;dfrf/af6 gk] fnL ;g] f jf gk] fn kx| /Ln] /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt ;g] f ld;gdf u/s] f ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx'{ f;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f ;db' fodf zflGt :yfkgfy{ s] s:tf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ePsf 5g,\\ ;db' fosf hfg] ae' ms] f JolStx¿nfO{ ;fw] L kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != zflGt ;g] f ld;gsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= zflGt ;g] f ld;gsf] cfjZostf Ps cgR' 5b] df nV] gx' f;] \\ . #= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] pbb\\ Z] o kf| lKtdf gk] fnsf] el\" dsf ab“' fut ¿kdf tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . $= /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf ultljlwdf gk] fnsf] el\" dsf cem ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] ugk{' nf,{ cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . %= s] tkfO“{ /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt ld;gdf ;n+ Ug xg' rfxgx' G' 5 < olb rfxgx' G5 eg] ld;gcGtut{ sg' Ifq] df sfo{ ugx'{ G' 5 < lsg < pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 241