["19.\tPrefrontal\tcortex:\tAntonio\tDamasio,\tDescartes\u2019\tError:\tEmotion,\tReason\tand\tthe\tHuman\tBrain (New\tYork:\tGrosset\/Putnam,\t1994).","PART\tTWO:\tTHE\tNATURE\tOF\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE Chapter\t3.\tWhen\tSmart\tIs\tDumb \t\t\t1.\tJason\tH.\u2019s\tstory\twas\treported\tin\t\u201cWarning\tby\ta\tValedictorian\tWho\tFaced\tPrison,\u201d\tin\tThe New\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t23,\t1992). \t\t\t2.\tOne\tobserver\tnotes:\tHoward\tGardner,\t\u201cCracking\tOpen\tthe\tIQ\tBox,\u201d\tThe\tAmerican\tProspect, Winter\t1995. \t \t \t 3.\t Richard\t Herrnstein\t and\t Charles\t Murray,\t The\t Bell\t Curve:\t Intelligence\t and\t Class\t Structure\t in American\tLife\t(New\tYork:\tFree\tPress,\t1994),\tp.\t66. \t\t\t4.\tGeorge\tVaillant,\tAdaptation\tto\tLife\t(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1977).\tThe\taverage\tSAT\tscore\tof the\t Harvard\t group\t was\t 584,\t on\t a\t scale\t where\t 800\t is\t tops.\t Dr.\t Vaillant,\t now\t at\t Harvard University\tMedical\tSchool,\ttold\tme\tabout\tthe\trelatively\tpoor\tpredictive\tvalue\tof\ttest\tscores for\tlife\tsuccess\tin\tthis\tgroup\tof\tadvantaged\tmen. \t\t\t5.\tJ.\tK.\tFelsman\tand\tG.\tE.\tVaillant,\t\u201cResilient\tChildren\tas\tAdults:\tA\t40-Year\tStudy,\u201d\tin\tE.\tJ. Anderson\tand\tB.\tJ.\tCohler,\teds,.\tThe\tInvulnerable\tChild\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987). \t\t\t6.\tKaren\tArnold,\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy\tof\tvaledictorians\twith\tTerry\tDenny\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof Illinois,\twas\tquoted\tin\tThe\tChicago\tTribune\t(May\t29,\t1992). \t \t \t 7.\t Project\t Spectrum:\t Principal\t colleagues\t of\t Gardner\t in\t developing\t Project\t Spectrum\t were Mara\tKrechevsky\tand\tDavid\tFeldman. \t \t \t 8.\t I\t interviewed\t Howard\t Gardner\t about\t his\t theory\t of\t multiple\t intelligences\t in\t \u201cRethinking the\t Value\t of\t Intelligence\t Tests,\u201d\t in\t The\t New\t York\t Times\t Education\t Supplement\t (Nov.\t 3, 1986)\tand\tseveral\ttimes\tsince. \t\t\t9.\t The\t comparison\t of\t IQ\t tests\t and\t Spectrum\t abilities\t is\t reported\t in\t a\t chapter,\t coauthored with\t Mara\t Krechevsky,\t in\t Howard\t Gardner,\t Multiple\t Intelligences:\t The\t Theory\t in\t Practice (New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1993). 10.\tThe\tnutshell\tsummary\tis\tfrom\tHoward\tGardner,\tMultiple\tIntelligences,\tp.\t9. 11.\t Howard\t Gardner\t and\t Thomas\t Hatch,\t \u201cMultiple\t Intelligences\t Go\t to\t School,\u201d\t Educational Researcher\t18,\t8\t(1989). 12.\t The\t model\t of\t emotional\t intelligence\t was\t first\t proposed\t in\t Peter\t Salovey\t and\t John\t D. Mayer,\t\u201cEmotional\tintelligence,\u201d\tImagination,\tCognition,\tand\tPersonality\t9\t(1990),\tpp.\t185\u2013 211. 13.\t Practical\t intelligence\t and\t people\t skills:\t Robert\t J.\t Sternberg,\t Beyond\t I.Q.\t (New\t York: Cambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1985). 14.\t The\t basic\t definition\t of\t \u201cemotional\t intelligence\u201d\t is\t in\t Salovey\t and\t Mayer,\t \u201cEmotional Intelligence,\u201d\tp.\t189.\tAnother\tearly\tmodel\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tis\tin\tReuven\tBar-On,","\u201cThe\t Development\t of\t a\t Concept\t of\t Psychological\t Weil-Being,\u201d\t Ph.D.\t dissertation,\t Rhodes University,\tSouth\tAfrica,\t1988. 15.\tIQ\tvs.\temotional\tintelligence:\tJack\tBlock,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley,\tunpublished manuscript,\tFebruary,\t1995.\tBlock\tuses\tthe\tconcept\t\u201cego\tresilience\u201d\trather\tthan\temotional intelligence,\t but\t notes\t that\t its\t main\t components\t include\t emotional\t self-regulation,\t an adaptive\t impulse\t control,\t a\t sense\t of\t self-efficacy,\t and\t social\t intelligence.\t Since\t these\t are main\telements\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tego\tresilience\tcan\tbe\tseen\tas\ta\tsurrogate\tmeasure for\t emotional\t intelligence,\t much\t like\t SAT\t scores\t are\t for\t IQ.\t Block\t analyzed\t data\t from\t a longitudinal\t study\t of\t about\t a\t hundred\t men\t and\t women\t in\t their\t teen\t years\t and\t early twenties,\t and\t used\t statistical\t methods\t to\t assess\t the\t personality\t and\t behavioral\t correlates of\t high\t IQ\t independent\t of\t emotional\t intelligence,\t and\t emotional\t intelligence\t apart\t from IQ.\tThere\tis,\the\tfinds,\ta\tmodest\tcorrelation\tbetween\tIQ\tand\tego\tresilience,\tbut\tthe\ttwo\tare independent\tconstructs. Chapter\t4.\tKnow\tThyself \t \t \t 1.\t My\t usage\t of\t self-awareness\t refers\t to\t a\t self-reflexive,\t introspective\t attention\t to\t one\u2019s\t own experience,\tsometimes\tcalled\tmindfulness. \t\t\t2.\tSee\talso:\tJon\tKabat-Zinn.\tWherever\tYou\tGo,\tThere\tYou\tAre\t(New\tYork:\tHyperion,\t1994). \t\t\t3.\tThe\tobserving\tego:\tAn\tinsightful\tcomparison\tof\tthe\tpsychoanalyst\u2019s\tattentional\tstance\tand self-awareness\t appears\t in\t Mark\t Epstein\u2019s\t Thoughts\t Without\t a\t Thinker\t (New\t York:\t Basic Books,\t 1995).\t Epstein\t notes\t that\t if\t this\t ability\t is\t cultivated\t deeply,\t it\t can\t drop\t the\t self- consciousness\t of\t the\t observer\t and\t become\t a\t \u201cmore\t flexible\t and\t braver\t \u2018developed\t ego,\u2019 capable\tof\tembracing\tall\tof\tlife.\u201d \t\t\t4.\tWilliam\tStyron,\tDarkness\tVisible:\tA\tMemoir\tof\tMadness\t(New\tYork:\tRandom\tHouse,\t1990), p.\t64. \t \t \t 5.\t John\t D.\t Mayer\t and\t Alexander\t Stevens,\t \u201cAn\t Emerging\t Understanding\t of\t the\t Reflective (Meta)\tExperience\tof\tMood,\u201d\tunpublished\tmanuscript\t(1993). \t\t\t6.\tMayer\tand\tStevens,\t\u201cAn\tEmerging\tUnderstanding.\u201d\tSome\tof\tthe\tterms\tfor\tthese\temotional self-awareness\tstyles\tare\tmy\town\tadaptations\tof\ttheir\tcategories. \t\t\t7.\tThe\tintensity\tof\temotions:\tMuch\tof\tthis\twork\twas\tdone\tby\tor\twith\tRandy\tLarsen,\ta\tformer graduate\tstudent\tof\tDiener\u2019s\tnow\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMichigan. \t \t \t 8.\t Gary,\t the\t emotionally\t bland\t surgeon,\t is\t described\t in\t Hillel\t I.\t Swiller,\t \u201cAlexithymia: Treatment\tUtilizing\tCombined\tIndividual\tand\tGroup\tPsychotherapy,\u201d\tInternational\tJournal for\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\t38,\t1\t(1988),\tpp.\t47\u201361. \t\t\t9.\tEmotional\tilliterate\twas\tthe\tterm\tused\tby\tM.\tB.\tFreedman\tand\tB.\tS.\tSweet,\t\u201cSome\tSpecific Features\tof\tGroup\tPsychotherapy,\u201d\tInternational\tJournal\tfor\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\t4\t(1954), pp.\t335\u201368.","10.\t The\t clinical\t features\t of\t alexithymia\t are\t described\t in\t Graeme\t J.\t Taylor,\t \u201cAlexithymia: History\t of\t the\t Concept,\u201d\t paper\t presented\t at\t the\t annual\t meeting\t of\t the\t American Psychiatric\tAssociation\tin\tWashington,\tDC\t(May\t1986). 11.\t The\t description\t of\t alexithymia\t is\t from\t Peter\t Sifneos,\t \u201cAffect,\t Emotional\t Conflict,\t and Deficit:\tAn\tOverview,\u201d\tPsychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\t56\t(1991),\tpp.\t116\u201322. 12.\tThe\twoman\twho\tdid\tnot\tknow\twhy\tshe\twas\tcrying\tis\treported\tin\tH.\tWarnes,\t\u201cAlexithymia, Clinical\t and\t Therapeutic\t Aspects,\u201d\t Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\t 46\t (1986),\t pp.\t 96\u2013 104. 13.\tRole\tof\temotions\tin\treasoning:\tDamasio,\tDescartes\u2019\tError. 14.\tUnconscious\tfear:\tThe\tsnake\tstudies\tare\tdescribed\tin\tKagan,\tGalen\u2019s\tProphecy. Chapter\t5.\tPassion\u2019s\tSlaves \t\t\t1.\tFor\tdetails\ton\tthe\tratio\tof\tpositive\tto\tnegative\tfeelings\tand\twell-being,\tsee\tEd\tDiener\tand Randy\t J.\t Larsen,\t \u201cThe\t Experience\t of\t Emotional\t Well-Being,\u201d\t in\t Michael\t Lewis\t and Jeannette\tHaviland,\teds.,\tHandbook\tof\tEmotions\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). \t\t\t2.\tI\tinterviewed\tDiane\tTice\tabout\ther\tresearch\ton\thow\twell\tpeople\tshake\toff\tbad\tmoods\tin December\t 1992.\t She\t published\t her\t findings\t on\t anger\t in\t a\t chapter\t she\t wrote\t with\t her husband,\t Roy\t Baumeister,\t in\t Daniel\t Wegner\t and\t James\t Pennebaker,\t eds.,\t Handbook\t of Mental\tControls:\t5\t(Englewood\tCliffs,\tNJ:\tPrentice-Hall,\t1993). \t \t \t 3.\t Bill\t collectors:\t also\t described\t in\t Arlie\t Hochschild,\t The\tManaged\tHeart\t (New\t York:\t Free Press,\t1980). \t \t \t 4.\t The\t case\t against\t anger,\t and\t for\t self-control,\t is\t based\t largely\t on\t Diane\t Tice\t and\t Roy\t F. Baumeister,\t \u201cControlling\t Anger:\t Self-Induced\t Emotion\t Change,\u201d\t in\t Wegner\t and Pennebaker,\t Handbook\t of\t Mental\t Control.\t But\t see\t also\t Carol\t Tavris,\t Anger:\t The Misunderstood\tEmotion\t(New\tYork:\tTouchstone,\t1989). \t\t\t5.\tThe\tresearch\ton\trage\tis\tdescribed\tin\tDolf\tZillmann,\t\u201cMental\tControl\tof\tAngry\tAggression,\u201d in\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl. \t\t\t6.\tThe\tsoothing\twalk:\tquoted\tin\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion,\tp.\t135. \t\t\t7.\tRedford\tWilliams\u2019s\tstrategies\tfor\tcontrolling\thostility\tare\tdetailed\tin\tRedford\tWilliams\tand Virginia\tWilliams,\tAnger\tKills\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks,\t1993). \t\t\t8.\tVenting\tanger\tdoes\tnot\tdispel\tit:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tS.\tK.\tMallick\tand\tB.\tR.\tMcCandless,\t\u201cA Study\tof\tCatharsis\tAggression,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t4\t(1966).\tFor\ta summary\tof\tthis\tresearch,\tsee\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion. \t\t\t9.\tWhen\tlashing\tout\tin\tanger\tis\teffective:\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion. 10.\t The\t work\t of\t worrying:\t Lizabeth\t Roemer\t and\t Thomas\t Borkovec,\t \u201cWorry:\t Unwanted Cognitive\t Activity\t That\t Controls\t Unwanted\t Somatic\t Experience,\u201d\t in\t Wegner\t and Pennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl.","11.\t Fear\t of\t germs:\t David\t Riggs\t and\t Edna\t Foa,\t \u201cObsessive-Compulsive\t Disorder,\u201d\t in\t David Barlow,\ted.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 12.\tThe\tworried\tpatient\twas\tquoted\tin\tRoemer\tand\tBorkovec,\t\u201cWorry,\u201d\tp.\t221. 13.\tTherapies\tfor\tanxiety\tdisorder:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tDavid\tH.\tBarlow,\ted.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof Psychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 14.\t Styron\u2019s\t depression:\t William\t Styron,\t Darkness\t Visible:\t A\t Memoir\t of\t Madness\t (New\t York: Random\tHouse,\t1990). 15.\t The\t worries\t of\t the\t depressed\t are\t reported\t in\t Susan\t Nolen-Hoeksma,\t \u201cSex\t Differences\t in Control\tof\tDepression,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl,\tp.\t307. 16.\t Therapy\t for\t depression:\t K.\t S.\t Dobson,\t \u201cA\t Meta-analysis\t of\t the\t Efficacy\t of\t Cognitive Therapy\tfor\tDepression,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tConsulting\tand\tClinical\tPsychology\t57\t(1989). 17.\t The\t study\t of\t depressed\t people\u2019s\t thought\t patterns\t is\t reported\t in\t Richard\t Wenzlaff,\t \u201cThe Mental\tControl\tof\tDepression,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl. 18.\tShelley\tTaylor\tet\tal,\t\u201cMaintaining\tPositive\tIllusions\tin\tthe\tFace\tof\tNegative\tInformation,\u201d Journal\tof\tClinical\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t8\t(1989). 19.\t The\t repressing\t college\t student\t is\t from\t Daniel\t A.\t Weinberger,\t \u201cThe\t Construct\t Validity\t of the\t Repressive\t Coping\t Style,\u201d\t in\t J.\t L.\t Singer,\t ed.,\t Repression\t and\t Dissociation\t (Chicago: University\tof\tChicago\tPress,\t1990).\tWeinberger,\twho\tdeveloped\tthe\tconcept\tof\trepressors in\t early\t studies\t with\t Gary\t F.\t Schwartz\t and\t Richard\t Davidson,\t has\t become\t the\t leading researcher\ton\tthe\ttopic. Chapter\t6.\tThe\tMaster\tAptitude \t \t \t 1.\t The\t terror\t of\t the\t exam:\t Daniel\t Goleman,\t Vital\t Lies,\t Simple\t Truths:\t The\t Psychology\t of\t Self- Deception\t(New\tYork:\tSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1985). \t\t\t2.\tWorking\tmemory:\tAlan\tBaddeley,\tWorking\tMemory\t(Oxford:\tClarendon\tPress,\t1986). \t \t \t 3.\t Prefrontal\t cortex\t and\t working\t memory:\t Patricia\t Goldman-Rakic,\t \u201cCellular\t and\t Circuit Basis\t of\t Working\t Memory\t in\t Prefrontal\t Cortex\t of\t Nonhuman\t Primates,\u201d\t Progress\t in\t Brain Research,\t 85,\t 1990;\t Daniel\t Weinberger,\t \u201cA\t Connectionist\t Approach\t to\t the\t Prefrontal Cortex,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tNeuropsychiatry\t5\t(1993). \t \t \t 4.\t Motivation\t and\t elite\t performance:\t Anders\t Ericsson,\t \u201cExpert\t Performance:\t Its\t Structure and\tAcquisition,\u201d\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Aug.\t1994). \t\t\t5.\tAsian\tIQ\tadvantage:\tHerrnstein\tand\tMurray,\tThe\tBell\tCurve. \t\t\t6.\tIQ\tand\toccupation\tof\tAsian-Americans:\tJames\tFlynn,\tAsian-American\tAchievement\tBeyond IQ\t(New\tJersey:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1991). \t\t\t7.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tdelay\tof\tgratification\tin\tfour-year-olds\twas\treported\tin\tYuichi\tShoda,\tWalter Mischel,\t and\t Philip\t K.\t Peake,\t \u201cPredicting\t Adolescent\t Cognitive\t and\t Self-regulatory Competencies\t From\t Preschool\t Delay\t of\t Gratification,\u201d\t Developmental\t Psychology,\t 26,\t 6","(1990),\tpp.\t978\u201386. \t\t\t8.\tSAT\tscores\tof\timpulsive\tand\tself-controlled\tchildren:\tThe\tanalysis\tof\tSAT\tdata\twas\tdone by\tPhil\tPeake,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tSmith\tCollege. \t \t \t 9.\t IQ\t vs.\t delay\t as\t predictors\t of\t SAT\t scores:\t personal\t communication\t from\t Phil\t Peake, psychologist\t at\t Smith\t College,\t who\t analyzed\t the\t SAT\t data\t in\t Walter\t Mischel\u2019s\t study\t of delay\tof\tgratification. 10.\tImpulsivity\tand\tdelinquency:\tSee\tthe\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\u201cOn\tthe\tRelation\tBetween IQ,\tImpulsivity,\tand\tDelinquency,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t104\t(1995). 11.\tThe\tworried\tmother:\tTimothy\tA.\tBrown\tet\tal.,\t\u201cGeneralized\tAnxiety\tDisorder,\u201d\tin\tDavid\tH. Barlow,\ted.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 12.\tAir\ttraffic\tcontrollers\tand\tanxiety:\tW.\tE.\tCollins\tet\tal.,\t\u201cRelationships\tof\tAnxiety\tScores\tto Academy\tand\tField\tTraining\tPerformance\tof\tAir\tTraffic\tControl\tSpecialists,\u201d\tFAA\tOffice\tof Aviation\tMedicine\tReports\t(May\t1989). 13.\tAnxiety\tand\tacademic\tperformance:\tBettina\tSeipp,\t\u201cAnxiety\tand\tAcademic\tPerformance:\tA Meta-analysis,\u201d\tAnxiety\tResearch\t4,\t1\t(1991). 14.\t Worriers:\t Richard\t Metzger\t et\t al.,\t \u201cWorry\t Changes\t Decision-making:\t The\t Effects\t of Negative\tThoughts\ton\tCognitive\tProcessing,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tClinical\tPsychology\t(Jan.\t1990). 15.\tRalph\tHaber\tand\tRichard\tAlpert,\t\u201cTest\tAnxiety,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tand\tSocial\tPsychology 13\t(1958). 16.\t Anxious\t students:\t Theodore\t Chapin,\t \u201cThe\t Relationship\t of\t Trait\t Anxiety\t and\t Academic Performance\tto\tAchievement\tAnxiety,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tCollege\tStudent\tDevelopment\t(May\t1989). 17.\t Negative\t thoughts\t and\t test\t scores:\t John\t Hunsley,\t \u201cInternal\t Dialogue\t During\t Academic Examinations,\u201d\tCognitive\tTherapy\tand\tResearch\t(Dec.\t1987). 18.\t The\t internists\t given\t a\t gift\t of\t candy:\t Alice\t Isen\t et\t al.,\t \u201cThe\t Influence\t of\t Positive\t Affect\t on Clinical\tProblem\tSolving,\u201d\tMedical\tDecision\tMaking\t(July-Sept.\t1991). 19.\t Hope\t and\t a\t bad\t grade:\t C.\t R.\t Snyder\t et\t al.,\t \u201cThe\t Will\t and\t the\t Ways:\t Development\t and Validation\tof\tan\tIndividual-Differences\tMeasure\tof\tHope,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial Psychology\t60,\t4\t(1991),\tp.\t579. 20.\tI\tinterviewed\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Dec.\t24,\t1991). 21.\tOptimistic\tswimmers:\tMartin\tSeligman,\tLearned\tOptimism\t(New\tYork:\tKnopf,\t1991). 22.\t A\t realistic\t vs.\t naive\t optimism:\t see,\t for\t example,\t Carol\t Whalen\t et\t al.,\t \u201cOptimism\t in Children\u2019s\tJudgments\tof\tHealth\tand\tEnvironmental\tRisks,\u201d\tHealth\tPsychology\t13\t(1994). 23.\tI\tinterviewed\tMartin\tSeligman\tabout\toptimism\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Feb.\t3,\t1987). 24.\tI\tinterviewed\tAlbert\tBandura\tabout\tself-efficacy\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(May\t8,\t1988). 25.\t Mihaly\t Csikszentmihalyi,\t \u201cPlay\t and\t Intrinsic\t Rewards,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Humanistic\t Psychology 15,\t3\t(1975).","26.\t Mihaly\t Csikszentmihalyi,\t Flow:\t The\t Psychology\t of\t Optimal\t Experience,\t 1st\t ed.\t (New\t York: Harper\tand\tRow,\t1990). 27.\t\u201cLike\ta\twaterfall\u201d:\tNewsweek\t(Feb.\t28,\t1994). 28.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Mar.\t4,\t1986). 29.\tThe\tbrain\tin\tflow:\tJean\tHamilton\tet\tal.,\t\u201cIntrinsic\tEnjoyment\tand\tBoredom\tCoping\tScales: Validation\t With\t Personality,\t Evoked\t Potential\t and\t Attention\t Measures,\u201d\t Personality\t and Individual\tDifferences\t5,\t2\t(1984). 30.\tCortical\tactivation\tand\tfatigue:\tErnest\tHartmann,\tThe\tFunctions\tof\tSleep\t(New\tHaven:\tYale University\tPress,\t1973). 31.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Mar.\t22,\t1992). 32.\t The\t study\t of\t flow\t and\t math\t students:\t Jeanne\t Nakamura,\t \u201cOptimal\t Experience\t and\t the Uses\t of\t Talent,\u201d\t in\t Mihaly\t Csikszentmihalyi\t and\t Isabella\t Csikszentmihalyi,\t Optimal Experience:\tPsychological\tStudies\tof\tFlow\tin\tConsciousness\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity Press,\t1988). Chapter\t7.\tThe\tRoots\tof\tEmpathy \t\t\t1.\tSelf-awareness\tand\tempathy:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tJohn\tMayer\tand\tMelissa\tKirkpatrick,\t\u201cHot Information-Processing\t Becomes\t More\t Accurate\t With\t Open\t Emotional\t Experience,\u201d University\t of\t New\t Hampshire,\t unpublished\t manuscript\t (Oct.\t 1994);\t Randy\t Larsen\t et\t al., \u201cCognitive\tOperations\tAssociated\tWith\tIndividual\tDifferences\tin\tAffect\tIntensity,\u201d\tJournal of\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t53\t(1987). \t\t\t2.\tRobert\tRosenthal\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tPONS\tTest:\tMeasuring\tSensitivity\tto\tNonverbal\tCues,\u201d\tin\tP. McReynolds,\ted.,\tAdvances\tin\tPsychological\tAssessment\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1977). \t\t\t3.\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\t\u201cA\tMeasure\tof\tNonverbal\tSocial\tProcessing\tAbility in\tChildren\tBetween\tthe\tAges\tof\t6\tand\t10,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological Society\tmeeting\t(1989). \t\t\t4.\tThe\tmothers\twho\tacted\tas\tresearchers\twere\ttrained\tby\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn Zahn-Waxler\tat\tthe\tLaboratory\tof\tDevelopmental\tPsychology,\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental Health. \t\t\t5.\tI\twrote\tabout\tempathy,\tits\tdevelopmental\troots,\tand\tits\tneurology\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes (Mar.\t28,\t1989). \t \t \t 6.\t Instilling\t empathy\t in\t children:\t Marian\t Radke-Yarrow\t and\t Carolyn\t Zahn-Waxler,\t \u201cRoots, Motives\t and\t Patterns\t in\t Children\u2019s\t Prosocial\t Behavior,\u201d\t in\t Ervin\t Staub\t et\t al.,\t eds., Development\tand\tMaintenance\tof\tProsocial\tBehavior\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum,\t1984). \t\t\t7.\tDaniel\tStern,\tThe\tInterpersonal\tWorld\tof\tthe\tInfant\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1987),\tp.\t30. \t\t\t8.\tStern,\top.\tcit. \t \t \t 9.\t The\t depressed\t infants\t are\t described\t in\t Jeffrey\t Pickens\t and\t Tiffany\t Field,\t \u201cFacial","Expressivity\tin\tInfants\tof\tDepressed\tMothers,\u201d\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t29,\t6\t(1993). 10.\t The\t study\t of\t violent\t rapists\u2019\t childhoods\t was\t done\t by\t Robert\t Prentky,\t a\t psychologist\t in Philadelphia. 11.\tEmpathy\tin\tborderline\tpatients:\tLee\tC.\tPark\tet\tal.,\t\u201cGiftedness\tand\tPsychological\tAbuse\tin Borderline\t Personality\t Disorder:\t Their\t Relevance\t to\t Genesis\t and\t Treatment,\u201d\t Journal\t of Personality\tDisorders\t6\t(1992). 12.\tLeslie\tBrothers,\t\u201cA\tBiological\tPerspective\ton\tEmpathy,\u201d\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\t146, 1\t(1989). 13.\tBrothers,\t\u201cA\tBiological\tPerspective,\u201d\tp.\t16. 14.\t Physiology\t of\t empathy:\t Robert\t Levenson\t and\t Anna\t Ruef,\t \u201cEmpathy:\t A\t Physiological Substrate,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t63,\t2\t(1992). 15.\tMartin\tL.\tHoffman,\t\u201cEmpathy,\tSocial\tCognition,\tand\tMoral\tAction,\u201d\tin\tW.\tKurtines\tand\tJ. Gerwitz,\t eds.,\t Moral\t Behavior\t and\t Development:\t Advances\t in\t Theory,\t Research,\t and Applications\t(New\tYork:\tJohn\tWiley\tand\tSons,\t1984). 16.\t Studies\t of\t the\t link\t between\t empathy\t and\t ethics\t are\t in\t Hoffman,\t \u201cEmpathy,\t Social Cognition,\tand\tMoral\tAction.\u201d 17.\t I\t wrote\t about\t the\t emotional\t cycle\t that\t culminates\t in\t sex\t crimes\t in\t The\t New\t York\t Times (Apr.\t 14,\t 1992).\t The\t source\t is\t William\t Pithers,\t a\t psychologist\t with\t the\t Vermont Department\tof\tCorrections. 18.\t The\t nature\t of\t psychopathy\t is\t described\t in\t more\t detail\t in\t an\t article\t I\t wrote\t in\t The\t New York\t Times\t on\t July\t 7,\t 1987.\t Much\t of\t what\t I\t write\t here\t comes\t from\t the\t work\t of\t Robert Hare,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\tan\texpert\ton\tpsychopaths. 19.\tLeon\tBing,\tDo\tor\tDie\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1991). 20.\t Wife\t batterers:\t Neil\t S.\t Jacobson\t et\t al.,\t \u201cAffect,\t Verbal\t Content,\t and\t Psychophysiology\t in the\t Arguments\t of\t Couples\t With\t a\t Violent\t Husband,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Clinical\t and\t Consulting Psychology\t(July\t1994). 21.\tPsychopaths\thave\tno\tfear\u2014the\teffect\tis\tseen\tas\tcriminal\tpsychopaths\tare\tabout\tto\treceive a\t shock:\t One\t of\t the\t more\t recent\t replications\t of\t the\t effect\t is\t Christopher\t Patrick\t et\t al., \u201cEmotion\t in\t the\t Criminal\t Psychopath:\t Fear\t Image\t Processing,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Abnormal Psychology\t103\t(1994). Chapter\t8.\tThe\tSocial\tArts \t \t \t 1.\t The\t exchange\t between\t Jay\t and\t Len\t was\t reported\t by\t Judy\t Dunn\t and\t Jane\t Brown\t in \u201cRelationships,\t Talk\t About\t Feelings,\t and\t the\t Development\t of\t Affect\t Regulation\t in\t Early Childhood,\u201d\t Judy\t Garber\t and\t Kenneth\t A.\t Dodge,\t eds.,\t The\t Development\t of\t Emotion Regulation\tand\tDysregulation\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\tThe\tdramatic flourishes\tare\tmy\town.","2.\tThe\tdisplay\trules\tare\tin\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tWallace\tFriesen,\tUnmasking\tthe\tFace\t(Englewood Cliffs,\tNJ:\tPrentice\tHall,\t1975). \t \t \t 3.\t Monks\t in\t the\t heat\t of\t battle:\t the\t story\t is\t told\t by\t David\t Busch\t in\t \u201cCulture\t Cul-de-Sac,\u201d Arizona\tState\tUniversity\tResearch\t(Spring\/Summer\t1994). \t \t \t 4.\t The\t study\t of\t mood\t transfer\t was\t reported\t by\t Ellen\t Sullins\t in\t the\t April\t 1991\t issue\t of\t the Personality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\tBulletin. \t\t\t5.\tThe\tstudies\tof\tmood\ttransmission\tand\tsynchrony\tare\tby\tFrank\tBernieri,\ta\tpsychologist\tat Oregon\t State\t University;\t I\t wrote\t about\t his\t work\t in\t The\t New\t York\t Times.\t Much\t of\t his research\t is\t reported\t in\t Bernieri\t and\t Robert\t Rosenthal,\t \u201cInterpersonal\t Coordination, Behavior\tMatching,\tand\tInterpersonal\tSynchrony,\u201d\tin\tRobert\tFeldman\tand\tBernard\tRime, eds.,\tFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal\tBehavior\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991). \t\t\t6.\tThe\tentrainment\ttheory\tis\tproposed\tby\tBernieri\tand\tRosenthal,\tFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal Behavior. \t \t \t 7.\t Thomas\t Hatch,\t \u201cSocial\t Intelligence\t in\t Young\t Children,\u201d\t paper\t delivered\t at\t the\t annual meeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\t(1990). \t \t \t 8.\t Social\t chameleons:\t Mark\t Snyder,\t \u201cImpression\t Management:\t The\t Self\t in\t Social Interaction,\u201d\t in\t L.\t S.\t Wrightsman\t and\t K.\t Deaux,\t Social\t Psychology\t in\t the\t \u201980s\t (Monterey, CA:\tBrooks\/Cole,\t1981). \t\t\t9.\tE.\tLakin\tPhillips,\tThe\tSocial\tSkills\tBasis\tof\tPsychopathology\t(New\tYork:\tGrune\tand\tStratton, 1978),\tp.\t140. 10.\tNonverbal\tlearning\tdisorders:\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\tHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho Doesn\u2019t\t Fit\t In\t (Atlanta:\t Peachtree\t Publishers,\t 1992).\t See\t also\t Byron\t Rourke,\t Nonverbal Learning\tDisabilities\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1989). 11.\tNowicki\tand\tDuke,\tHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho\tDoesn\u2019t\tFit\tIn. 12.\tThis\tvignette,\tand\tthe\treview\tof\tresearch\ton\tentering\ta\tgroup,\tis\tfrom\tMartha\tPutallaz\tand Aviva\tWasserman,\t\u201cChildren\u2019s\tEntry\tBehavior,\u201d\tin\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tJohn\tCoie,\teds.,\tPeer Rejection\tin\tChildhood\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1990). 13.\tPutallaz\tand\tWasserman,\t\u201cChildren\u2019s\tEntry\tBehavior.\u201d 14.\tHatch,\t\u201cSocial\tIntelligence\tin\tYoung\tChildren.\u201d 15.\t Terry\t Dobson\u2019s\t tale\t of\t the\t Japanese\t drunk\t and\t the\t old\t man\t is\t used\t by\t permission\t of Dobson\u2019s\t estate.\t It\t is\t also\t retold\t by\t Ram\t Dass\t and\t Paul\t Gorman,\t How\t Can\t I\t Help?\t (New York:\tAlfred\tA.\tKnopf,\t1985),\tpp.\t167\u201371.","PART\tTHREE:\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\tAPPLIED Chapter\t9.\tIntimate\tEnemies \t \t \t 1.\t There\t are\t many\t ways\t to\t calculate\t the\t divorce\t rate,\t and\t the\t statistical\t means\t used\t will determine\t the\t outcome.\t Some\t methods\t show\t the\t divorce\t rate\t peaking\t at\t around\t 50 percent\t and\t then\t dipping\t a\t bit.\t When\t divorces\t are\t calculated\t by\t the\t total\t number\t in\t a given\t year,\t the\t rate\t appears\t to\t have\t peaked\t in\t the\t 1980s.\t But\t the\t statistics\t I\t cite\t here calculate\tnot\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdivorces\tthat\toccur\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear,\tbut\trather\tthe\todds\tthat\ta couple\tmarrying\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear\twill\teventually\thave\ttheir\tmarriage\tend\tin\tdivorce.\tThat statistic\t shows\t a\t climbing\t rate\t of\t divorce\t over\t the\t last\t century.\t For\t more\t detail:\t John Gottman,\t What\t Predicts\t Divorce:\t The\t Relationship\t Between\t Marital\t Processes\t and\t Marital Outcomes\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\tInc.,\t1993). \t \t \t 2.\t The\t separate\t worlds\t of\t boys\t and\t girls:\t Eleanor\t Maccoby\t and\t C.\t N.\t Jacklin,\t \u201cGender Segregation\t in\t Childhood,\u201d\t in\t H.\t Reese,\t ed.,\t Advances\t in\t Child\t Development\t and\t Behavior (New\tYork:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987). \t\t\t3.\tSame-sex\tplaymates:\tJohn\tGottman,\t\u201cSame\tand\tCross\tSex\tFriendship\tin\tYoung\tChildren,\u201d in\tJ.\tGottman\tand\tJ.\tParker,\teds.,\tConversation\tof\tFriends\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity Press,\t1986). \t\t\t4.\tThis\tand\tthe\tfollowing\tsummary\tof\tsex\tdifferences\tin\tsocialization\tof\temotions\tare\tbased on\t the\t excellent\t review\t in\t Leslie\t R.\t Brody\t and\t Judith\t A.\t Hall,\t \u201cGender\t and\t Emotion,\u201d\t in Michael\t Lewis\t and\t Jeannette\t Haviland,\t eds.,\t Handbook\t of\t Emotions\t (New\t York:\t Guilford Press,\t1993). \t\t\t5.\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\tp.\t456. \t \t \t 6.\t Girls\t and\t the\t arts\t of\t aggression:\t Robert\t B.\t Cairns\t and\t Beverley\t D.\t Cairns,\t Lifelines\t and Risks\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994). \t\t\t7.\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\tp.\t454. \t \t \t 8.\t The\t findings\t about\t gender\t differences\t in\t emotion\t are\t reviewed\t in\t Brody\t and\t Hall, \u201cGender\tand\tEmotion.\u201d \t\t\t9.\tThe\timportance\tof\tgood\tcommunication\tfor\twomen\twas\treported\tin\tMark\tH.\tDavis\tand\tH. Alan\t Oathout,\t \u201cMaintenance\t of\t Satisfaction\t in\t Romantic\t Relationships:\t Empathy\t and Relational\t Competence,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Personality\t and\t Social\t Psychology\t 53,\t 2\t (1987),\t pp. 397\u2013410. 10.\tThe\tstudy\tof\thusbands\u2019\tand\twives\u2019\tcomplaints:\tRobert\tJ.\tSternberg,\t\u201cTriangulating\tLove,\u201d in\t Robert\t Sternberg\t and\t Michael\t Barnes,\t eds.,\t The\t Psychology\t of\t Love\t (New\t Haven:\t Yale University\tPress,\t1988). 11.\tReading\tsad\tfaces:\tThe\tresearch\tis\tby\tDr.\tRuben\tC.\tGur\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania","School\tof\tMedicine. 12.\tThe\texchange\tbetween\tFred\tand\tIngrid\tis\tfrom\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce,\tp.\t84. 13.\t The\t marital\t research\t by\t John\t Gottman\t and\t colleagues\t at\t the\t University\t of\t Washington\t is described\tin\tmore\tdetail\tin\ttwo\tbooks:\tJohn\tGottman,\tWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail\t(New York:\tSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1994),\tand\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 14.\tStonewalling:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 15.\tPoisonous\tthoughts:\tAaron\tBeck,\tLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough\t(New\tYork:\tHarper\tand\tRow,\t1988), pp.\t145\u201346. 16.\tThoughts\tin\ttroubled\tmarriages:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 17.\t The\t distorted\t thinking\t of\t violent\t husbands\t is\t described\t in\t Amy\t Holtzworth-Munroe\t and Glenn\t Hutchinson,\t \u201cAttributing\t Negative\t Intent\t to\t Wife\t Behavior:\t The\t Attributions\t of Maritally\tViolent\tVersus\tNonviolent\tMen,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t102,\t2\t(1993), pp.\t 206\u201311.\t The\t suspiciousness\t of\t sexually\t aggressive\t men:\t Neil\t Malamuth\t and\t Lisa Brown,\t\u201cSexually\tAggressive\tMen\u2019s\tPerceptions\tof\tWomen\u2019s\tCommunications,\u201d\tJournal\t of Personality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t67\t(1994). 18.\t Battering\t husbands:\t There\t are\t three\t kinds\t of\t husbands\t who\t become\t violent:\t those\t who rarely\tdo,\tthose\twho\tdo\tso\timpulsively\twhen\tthey\tget\tangered,\tand\tthose\twho\tdo\tso\tin\ta cool,\t calculated\t manner.\t Therapy\t seems\t helpful\t only\t with\t the\t first\t two\t kinds.\t See\t Neil Jacobson\tet\tal.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof\tMarital\tTherapy\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1994). 19.\tFlooding:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 20.\tHusbands\tdislike\tsquabbles:\tRobert\tLevenson\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tInfluence\tof\tAge\tand\tGender\ton Affect,\tPhysiology,\tand\tTheir\tInterrelations:\tA\tStudy\tof\tLong-term\tMarriages,\u201d\tJournal\t of Personality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t67\t(1994). 21.\tFlooding\tin\thusbands:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 22.\tMen\tstonewall,\twomen\tcriticize:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 23.\t\u201cWife\tCharged\twith\tShooting\tHusband\tOver\tFootball\ton\tTV,\u201d\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Nov.\t3, 1993). 24.\tProductive\tmarital\tfights:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 25.\tLack\tof\trepair\tabilities\tin\tcouples:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 26.\tThe\tfour\tsteps\tthat\tlead\tto\t\u201cgood\tfights\u201d\tare\tfrom\tGottman,\tWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail. 27.\tMonitoring\tpulse\trate:\tGottman,\tIbid. 28.\tCatching\tautomatic\tthoughts:\tBeck,\tLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough. 29.\tMirroring:\tHarville\tHendrix,\tGetting\tthe\tLove\tYou\tWant\t(New\tYork:\tHenry\tHolt,\t1988). Chapter\t10.\tManaging\tWith\tHeart \t \t \t 1.\t The\t crash\t of\t the\t intimidating\t pilot:\t Carl\t Lavin,\t \u201cWhen\t Moods\t Affect\t Safety:","Communications\tin\ta\tCockpit\tMean\ta\tLot\ta\tFew\tMiles\tUp,\u201d\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t26, 1994). \t\t\t2.\tThe\tsurvey\tof\t250\texecutives:\tMichael\tMaccoby,\t\u201cThe\tCorporate\tClimber\tHas\tto\tFind\tHis Heart,\u201d\tFortune\t(Dec.\t1976). \t \t \t 3.\t Zuboff:\t in\t conversation,\t June\t 1994.\t For\t the\t impact\t of\t information\t technologies,\t see\t her book\tIn\tthe\tAge\tof\tthe\tSmart\tMachine\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1991). \t \t \t 4.\t The\t story\t of\t the\t sarcastic\t vice\t president\t was\t told\t to\t me\t by\t Hendrie\t Weisinger,\t a psychologist\tat\tthe\tUCLA\tGraduate\tSchool\tof\tBusiness.\tHis\tbook\tis\tThe\tCritical\tEdge:\tHow to\tCriticize\tUp\tand\tDown\tthe\tOrganization\tand\tMake\tIt\tPay\tOff(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1989). \t \t \t 5.\t The\t survey\t of\t times\t managers\t blew\t up\t was\t done\t by\t Robert\t Baron,\t a\t psychologist\t at Rensselaer\t Polytechnic\t Institute,\t whom\t I\t interviewed\t for\t The\t New\t York\t Times\t (Sept.\t 11, 1990). \t \t \t 6.\t Criticism\t as\t a\t cause\t of\t conflict:\t Robert\t Baron,\t \u201cCountering\t the\t Effects\t of\t Destructive Criticism:\tThe\tRelative\tEfficacy\tof\tFour\tInterventions,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tApplied\tPsychology\t75,\t3 (1990). \t\t\t7.\tSpecific\tand\tvague\tcriticism:\tHarry\tLevinson,\t\u201cFeedback\tto\tSubordinates\u201d\tAddendum\tto\tthe Levinson\tLetter,\tLevinson\tInstitute,\tWaltham,\tMA\t(1992). \t \t \t 8.\t Changing\t face\t of\t workforce:\t A\t survey\t of\t 645\t national\t companies\t by\t Towers\t Perrin management\tconsultants\tin\tManhattan,\treported\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990). \t \t \t 9.\t The\t roots\t of\t hatred:\t Vamik\t Volkan,\t The\t Need\t to\t Have\t Enemies\t and\t Allies\t (Northvale,\t NJ: Jason\tAronson,\t1988). 10.\tThomas\tPettigrew:\tI\tinterviewed\tPettigrew\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(May\t12,\t1987). 11.\t Stereotypes\t and\t subtle\t bias:\t Samuel\t Gaertner\t and\t John\t Davidio,\t Prejudice,\t Discrimination, and\tRacism\t(New\tYork:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987). 12.\tSubtle\tbias:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\tPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism. 13.\t Relman:\t quoted\t in\t Howard\t Kohn,\t \u201cService\t With\t a\t Sneer,\u201d\t The\t New\t York\t Times\t Sunday Magazine\t(Nov.\t11,\t1994). 14.\tIBM:\t\u201cResponding\tto\ta\tDiverse\tWork\tForce,\u201d\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990). 15.\tPower\tof\tspeaking\tout:\tFletcher\tBlanchard,\t\u201cReducing\tthe\tExpression\tof\tRacial\tPrejudice,\u201d Psychological\tScience\t(vol.\t2,\t1991). 16.\tStereotypes\tbreak\tdown:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\tPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism. 17.\t Teams:\t Peter\t Drucker,\t \u201cThe\t Age\t of\t Social\t Transformation,\u201d\t The\t Atlantic\t Monthly\t (Nov. 1994). 18.\t The\t concept\t of\t group\t intelligence\t is\t set\t forth\t in\t Wendy\t Williams\t and\t Robert\t Sternberg, \u201cGroup\tIntelligence:\tWhy\tSome\tGroups\tAre\tBetter\tThan\tOthers,\u201d\tIntelligence\t(1988). 19.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tthe\tstars\tat\tBell\tLabs\twas\treported\tin\tRobert\tKelley\tand\tJanet\tCaplan,\t\u201cHow Bell\tLabs\tCreates\tStar\tPerformers,\u201d\tHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\t(July-Aug.\t1993).","20.\tThe\tusefulness\tof\tinformal\tnetworks\tis\tnoted\tby\tDavid\tKrackhardt\tand\tJeffrey\tR.\tHanson, \u201cInformal\tNetworks:\tThe\tCompany\tBehind\tthe\tChart,\u201d\tHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\t(July-Aug. 1993),\tp.\t104. Chapter\t11.\tMind\tand\tMedicine \t\t\t1.\tImmune\tsystem\tas\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tbrain:\tFrancisco\tVarela\tat\tthe\tThird\tMind\tand\tLife\tmeeting, Dharamsala,\tIndia\t(Dec.\t1990). \t \t \t 2.\t Chemical\t messengers\t between\t brain\t and\t immune\t system:\t see\t Robert\t Ader\t et\t al., Psychoneuroimmunology,\t2nd\tedition\t(San\tDiego:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1990). \t \t \t 3.\t Contact\t between\t nerves\t and\t immune\t cells:\t David\t Felten\t et\t al.,\t \u201cNoradrenergic Sympathetic\tInnervation\tof\tLymphoid\tTissue,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tImmunology\t135\t(1985). \t\t\t4.\tHormones\tand\timmune\tfunction:\tB.\tS.\tRabin\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBidirectional\tInteraction\tBetween\tthe Central\t Nervous\t System\t and\t the\t Immune\t System,\u201d\t Critical\t Reviews\t in\t Immunology\t 9\t (4), (1989),\tpp.\t279\u2013312. \t\t\t5.\tConnections\tbetween\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tSteven\tB.\tMaier\tet\tal., \u201cPsychoneuroimmunology,\u201d\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Dec.\t1994). \t \t \t 6.\t Toxic\t emotions:\t Howard\t Friedman\t and\t S.\t Boothby-Kewley,\t \u201cThe\t Disease-Prone Personality:\t A\t Meta-Analytic\t View,\u201d\t American\t Psychologist\t 42\t (1987).\t This\t broad\t analysis of\t studies\t used\t \u201cmeta-analysis,\u201d\t in\t which\t results\t from\t many\t smaller\t studies\t can\t be combined\tstatistically\tinto\tone\timmense\tstudy.\tThis\tallows\teffects\tthat\tmight\tnot\tshow\tup in\tany\tgiven\tstudy\tto\tbe\tdetected\tmore\teasily\tbecause\tof\tthe\tmuch\tlarger\ttotal\tnumber\tof people\tbeing\tstudied. \t\t\t7.\tSkeptics\targue\tthat\tthe\temotional\tpicture\tlinked\tto\thigher\trates\tof\tdisease\tis\tthe\tprofile\tof the\tquintessential\tneurotic\u2014an\tanxious,\tdepressed,\tand\tangry\temotional\twreck\u2014and\tthat the\t higher\t rates\t of\t disease\t they\t report\t are\t due\t not\t so\t much\t to\t a\t medical\t fact\t as\t to\t a propensity\tto\twhine\tand\tcomplain\tabout\thealth\tproblems,\texaggerating\ttheir\tseriousness. But\tFriedman\tand\tothers\targue\tthat\tthe\tweight\tof\tevidence\tfor\tthe\temotion-disease\tlink\tis borne\tby\tresearch\tin\twhich\tit\tis\tphysicians\u2019\tevaluations\tof\tobservable\tsigns\tof\tillness\tand medical\t tests,\t not\t patients\u2019\t complaints,\t that\t determine\t the\t level\t of\t sickness\u2014a\t more objective\t basis.\t Of\t course,\t there\t is\t the\t possibility\t that\t increased\t distress\t is\t the\t result\t of\t a medical\t condition,\t as\t well\t as\t precipitating\t it;\t for\t that\t reason\t the\t most\t convincing\t data come\tfrom\tprospective\tstudies\tin\twhich\temotional\tstates\tare\tevaluated\tprior\tto\tthe\tonset of\tdisease. \t \t \t 8.\tGail\t Ironson\t et\t al.,\t \u201cEffects\t of\t Anger\t on\t Left\t Ventricular\t Ejection\t Fraction\t in\t Coronary Artery\t Disease,\u201d\t The\t American\t Journal\t of\t Cardiology\t 70\t 1992.\t Pumping\t efficiency, sometimes\t referred\t to\t as\t the\t \u201cejection\t fraction,\u201d\t quantifies\t the\t heart\u2019s\t ability\t to\t pump blood\t out\t of\t the\t left\t ventricle\t into\t the\t arteries;\t it\t measures\t the\t percentage\t of\t blood pumped\t out\t of\t the\t ventricles\t with\t each\t beat\t of\t the\t heart.\t In\t heart\t disease\t the\t drop\t in","pumping\tefficiency\tmeans\ta\tweakening\tof\tthe\theart\tmuscle. \t\t\t9.\tOf\tthe\tdozen\tor\tso\tstudies\tof\thostility\tand\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\tsome\thave\tfailed\tto find\t a\t link.\t But\t that\t failure\t may\t be\t due\t to\t differences\t in\t method,\t such\t as\t using\t a\t poor measure\t of\t hostility,\t and\t to\t the\t relative\t subtlety\t of\t the\t effect.\t For\t instance,\t the\t greatest number\tof\tdeaths\tfrom\tthe\thostility\teffect\tseem\tto\toccur\tin\tmidlife.\tIf\ta\tstudy\tfails\tto\ttrack down\tthe\tcauses\tof\tdeath\tfor\tpeople\tduring\tthis\tperiod,\tit\tmisses\tthe\teffect. 10.\t Hostility\t and\t heart\t disease:\t Redford\t Williams,\t The\t Trusting\t Heart\t (New\t York:\t Times Books\/Random\tHouse,\t1989). 11.\tPeter\tKaufman:\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tKaufman\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Sept.\t1,\t1992). 12.\t Stanford\t study\t of\t anger\t and\t second\t heart\t attacks:\t Carl\t Thoreson,\t presented\t at\t the International\tCongress\tof\tBehavioral\tMedicine,\tUppsala,\tSweden\t(July\t1990). 13.\tLynda\tH.\tPowell,\tEmotional\tArousal\tas\ta\tPredictor\tof\tLong-Term\tMortality\tand\tMorbidity in\tPost\tM.I.\tMen,\u201d\tCirculation,\tvol.\t82,\tno.\t4,\tSupplement\tIII,\tOct.\t1990. 14.\t Murray\t A.\t Mittleman,\t \u201cTriggering\t of\t Myocardial\t Infarction\t Onset\t by\t Episodes\t of\t Anger,\u201d Circulation,\tvol.\t89,\tno.\t2\t(1994). 15.\tSuppressing\tanger\traises\tblood\tpressure:\tRobert\tLevenson,\t\u201cCan\tWe\tControl\tOur\tEmotions, and\t How\t Does\t Such\t Control\t Change\t an\t Emotional\t Episode?\u201d\t in\t Richard\t Davidson\t and Paul\t Ekman,\t eds.,\t Fundamental\t Questions\t About\t Emotions\t (New\t York:\t Oxford\t University Press,\t1995). 16.\t The\t angry\t personal\t style:\t I\t wrote\t about\t Redford\t Williams\u2019s\t research\t on\t anger\t and\t the heart\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tGood\tHealth\tMagazine\t(Apr.\t16,\t1989). 17.\tA\t44\tpercent\treduction\tin\tsecond\theart\tattacks:\tThoreson,\top.\tcit. 18.\tDr.\tWilliams\u2019s\tprogram\tfor\tanger\tcontrol:\tWilliams,\tThe\tTrusting\tHeart. 19.\t The\t worried\t woman:\t Timothy\t Brown\t et\t al.,\t \u201cGeneralized\t Anxiety\t Disorder,\u201d\t in\t David\t H. Barlow,\ted.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 20.\t Stress\t and\t metastasis:\t Bruce\t McEwen\t and\t Eliot\t Stellar,\t \u201cStress\t and\t the\t Individual: Mechanisms\tLeading\tto\tDisease,\u201d\tArchives\t of\t Internal\t Medicine\t 153\t (Sept.\t 27,\t 1993).\t The study\tthey\tare\tdescribing\tis\tM.\tRobertson\tand\tJ.\tRitz,\t\u201cBiology\tand\tClinical\tRelevance\tof Human\tNatural\tKiller\tCells,\u201d\tBlood\t76\t(1990). 21.\t There\t may\t be\t multiple\t reasons\t why\t people\t under\t stress\t are\t more\t vulnerable\t to\t sickness, apart\t from\t biological\t pathways.\t One\t might\t be\t that\t the\t ways\t people\t try\t to\t soothe\t their anxiety\u2014for\t example,\t smoking,\t drinking,\t or\t bingeing\t on\t fatty\t foods\u2014are\t in\t themselves unhealthy.\tStill\tanother\tis\tthat\tconstant\tworry\tand\tanxiety\tcan\tmake\tpeople\tlose\tsleep\tor forget\t to\t comply\t with\t medical\t regimens\u2014such\t as\t taking\t medications\u2014and\t so\t prolong illnesses\t they\t already\t have.\t Most\t likely,\t all\t of\t these\t work\t in\t tandem\t to\t link\t stress\t and disease. 22.\t Stress\t weakens\t the\t immune\t system:\t For\t instance,\t in\t the\t study\t of\t medical\t students\t facing","exam\tstress,\tthe\tstudents\thad\tnot\tonly\ta\tlowered\timmune\tcontrol\tof\tthe\therpes\tvirus,\tbut also\t a\t decline\t in\t the\t ability\t of\t their\t white\t blood\t cells\t to\t kill\t infected\t cells,\t as\t well\t as\t an increase\t in\t levels\t of\t a\t chemical\t associated\t with\t suppression\t of\t immune\t abilities\t in lymphocytes,\tthe\twhite\tblood\tcells\tcentral\tto\tthe\timmune\tresponse.\tSee\tRonald\tGlaser\tand Janice\t Kiecolt-Glaser,\t \u201cStress-Associated\t Depression\t in\t Cellular\t Immunity,\u201d\t Brain, Behavior,\t and\t Immunity\t 1\t (1987).\t But\t in\t most\t such\t studies\t showing\t a\t weakening\t of immune\t defenses\t with\t stress,\t it\t has\t not\t been\t clear\t that\t these\t levels\t were\t low\t enough\t to lead\tto\tmedical\trisk. 23.\t Stress\t and\t colds:\t Sheldon\t Cohen\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPsychological\t Stress\t and\t Susceptibility\t to\t the Common\tCold,\u201d\tNew\tEngland\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\t325\t(1991). 24.\t Daily\t upsets\t and\t infection:\t Arthur\t Stone\t et\t al.,\t \u201cSecretory\t IgA\t as\t a\t Measure\t of Immunocompetence,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tHuman\tStress\t13\t(1987).\tIn\tanother\tstudy,\t246\thusbands, wives,\t and\t children\t kept\t daily\t logs\t of\t stresses\t in\t their\t family\u2019s\t life\t over\t the\t course\t of\t the flu\t season.\t Those\t who\t had\t the\t most\t family\t crises\t also\t had\t the\t highest\t rate\t of\t flu,\t as measured\tboth\tby\tdays\twith\tfever\tand\tflu\tantibody\tlevels.\tSee\tR.\tD.\tClover\tet\tal.,\t\u201cFamily Functioning\tand\tStress\tas\tPredictors\tof\tInfluenza\tB\tInfection,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tFamily\tPractice\t28 (May\t1989). 25.\t Herpes\t virus\t flare-up\t and\t stress:\t a\t series\t of\t studies\t by\t Ronald\t Glaser\t and\t Janice\t Kiecolt- Glaser\u2014e.g.,\t \u201cPsychological\t Influences\t on\t Immunity,\u201d\t American\t Psychologist\t 43\t (1988). The\t relationship\t between\t stress\t and\t herpes\t activity\t is\t so\t strong\t that\t it\t has\t been demonstrated\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\tonly\tten\tpatients,\tusing\tthe\tactual\tbreaking-out\tof\therpes\tsores as\t a\t measure;\t the\t more\t anxiety,\t hassles,\t and\t stress\t reported\t by\t the\t patients,\t the\t more likely\t they\t were\t to\t have\t herpes\t outbreaks\t in\t the\t following\t weeks;\t placid\t periods\t in\t their lives\t led\t to\t dormancy\t of\t the\t herpes.\t See\t H.\t E.\t Schmidt\t et\t al.,\t \u201cStress\t as\t a\t Precipitating Factor\tin\tSubjects\tWith\tRecurrent\tHerpes\tLabialis,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tFamily\tPractice,\t20\t(1985). 26.\t Anxiety\t in\t women\t and\t heart\t disease:\t Carl\t Thoreson,\t presented\t at\t the\t International Congress\t of\t Behavioral\t Medicine,\t Uppsala,\t Sweden\t (July\t 1990).\t Anxiety\t may\t also\t play\t a role\tin\tmaking\tsome\tmen\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\theart\tdisease.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof Alabama\t medical\t school,\t 1,123\t men\t and\t women\t between\t the\t ages\t of\t forty-five\t and seventy-seven\twere\tassessed\ton\ttheir\temotional\tprofiles.\tThose\tmen\tmost\tprone\tto\tanxiety and\t worry\t in\t middle\t age\t were\t far\t more\t likely\t than\t others\t to\t have\t hypertension\t when tracked\t down\t twenty\t years\t later.\t See\t Abraham\t Markowitz\t et\t al.,\t Journal\t of\t the\t American Medical\tAssociation\t(Nov.\t14,\t1993). 27.\tStress\tand\tcolorectal\tcancer:\tJoseph\tC.\tCourtney\tet\tal.,\t\u201cStressful\tLife\tEvents\tand\tthe\tRisk of\tColorectal\tCancer,\u201d\tEpidemiology\t(Sept.\t1993),\t4(5). 28.\t Relaxation\t to\t counter\t stress-based\t symptoms:\t See,\t for\t example,\t Daniel\t Goleman\t and\t Joel Gurin,\tMind\tBody\tMedicine\t(New\tYork:\tConsumer\tReports\tBooks\/St.\tMartin\u2019s\tPress,\t1993). 29.\t Depression\t and\t disease:\t see,\t e.g.,\t Seymour\t Reichlin,\t \u201cNeuroendocrine-Immune Interactions,\u201d\tNew\tEngland\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\t(Oct.\t21,\t1993).","30.\t Bone\t marrow\t transplant:\t cited\t in\t James\t Strain,\t \u201cCost\t Offset\t From\t a\t Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison\tIntervention\tWith\tElderly\tHip\tFracture\tPatients,\u201d\tAmerican\tJournal\tof Psychiatry\t148\t(1991). 31.\t Howard\t Burton\t et\t al.,\t \u201cThe\t Relationship\t of\t Depression\t to\t Survival\t in\t Chronic\t Renal Failure,\u201d\tPsychosomatic\tMedicine\t(March\t1986). 32.\t Hopelessness\t and\t death\t from\t heart\t disease:\t Robert\t Anda\t et\t al.,\t \u201cDepressed\t Affect, Hopelessness,\t and\t the\t Risk\t of\t Ischemic\t Heart\t Disease\t in\t a\t Cohort\t of\t U.S.\t Adults,\u201d Epidemiology\t(July\t1993). 33.\t Depression\t and\t heart\t attack:\t Nancy\t Frasure-Smith\t et\t al.,\t \u201cDepression\t Following Myocardial\tInfarction,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\t(Oct.\t20,\t1993). 34.\t Depression\t in\t multiple\t illness:\t Dr.\t Michael\t von\t Korff,\t the\t University\t of\t Washington psychiatrist\t who\t did\t the\t study,\t pointed\t out\t to\t me\t that\t with\t such\t patients,\t who\t face tremendous\tchallenges\tjust\tin\tliving\tfrom\tday\tto\tday,\t\u201cIf\tyou\ttreat\ta\tpatient\u2019s\tdepression, you\t see\t improvements\t over\t and\t above\t any\t changes\t in\t their\t medical\t condition.\t If\t you\u2019re depressed,\t your\t symptoms\t seem\t worse\t to\t you.\t Having\t a\t chronic\t physical\t disease\t is\t a major\tadaptive\tchallenge.\tIf\tyou\u2019re\tdepressed,\tyou\u2019re\tless\table\tto\tlearn\tto\ttake\tcare\tof\tyour illness.\tEven\twith\tphysical\timpairment,\tif\tyou\u2019re\tmotivated\tand\thave\tenergy\tand\tfeelings of\t self-worth\u2014all\t of\t which\t are\t at\t risk\t in\t depression\u2014then\t people\t can\t adapt\t remarkably even\tto\tsevere\timpairments.\u201d 35.\t Optimism\t and\t bypass\t surgery:\t Chris\t Peterson\t et\t al.,\t Learned\t Helplessness:\t A\t Theory\t for\t the Age\tof\tPersonal\tControl\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1993). 36.\t Spinal\t injury\t and\t hope:\t Timothy\t Elliott\t et\t al.,\t \u201cNegotiating\t Reality\t After\t Physical\t Loss: Hope,\t Depression,\t and\t Disability,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Personality\t and\t Social\t Psychology\t 61,\t 4 (1991). 37.\t Medical\t risk\t of\t social\t isolation:\t James\t House\t et\t al.,\t \u201cSocial\t Relationships\t and\t Health,\u201d Science\t(July\t29,\t1988).\tBut\talso\tsee\ta\tmixed\tfinding:\tCarol\tSmith\tet\tal.,\t\u201cMeta-Analysis\tof the\t Associations\t Between\t Social\t Support\t and\t Health\t Outcomes,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Behavioral Medicine\t(1994). 38.\tIsolation\tand\tmortality\trisk:\tOther\tstudies\tsuggest\ta\tbiological\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThese findings,\t cited\t in\t House,\t \u201cSocial\t Relationships\t and\t Health,\u201d\t have\t found\t that\t the\t simple presence\tof\tanother\tperson\tcan\treduce\tanxiety\tand\tlessen\tphysiological\tdistress\tin\tpeople in\tintensive-care\tunits.\tThe\tcomforting\teffect\tof\tanother\tperson\u2019s\tpresence\thas\tbeen\tfound to\t lower\t not\t just\t heart\t rate\t and\t blood\t pressure,\t but\t also\t the\t secretion\t of\t fatty\t acids\t that can\tblock\tarteries.\tOne\ttheory\tput\tforward\tto\texplain\tthe\thealing\teffects\tof\tsocial\tcontact suggests\ta\tbrain\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThis\ttheory\tpoints\tto\tanimal\tdata\tshowing\ta\tcalming effect\t on\t the\t posterior\t hypothalamic\t zone,\t an\t area\t of\t the\t limbic\t system\t with\t rich connections\tto\tthe\tamygdala.\tThe\tcomforting\tpresence\tof\tanother\tperson,\tthis\tview\tholds, inhibits\t limbic\t activity,\t lowering\t the\t rate\t of\t secretion\t of\t acetylcholine,\t cortisol,\t and","catecholamines,\t all\t neurochemicals\t that\t trigger\t more\t rapid\t breathing,\t a\t quickened heartbeat,\tand\tother\tphysiological\tsigns\tof\tstress. 39.\tStrain,\t\u201cCost\tOffset.\u201d 40.\tHeart\tattack\tsurvival\tand\temotional\tsupport:\tLisa\tBerkman\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEmotional\tSupport\tand Survival\t After\t Myocardial\t Infarction,\t A\t Prospective\t Population\t Based\t Study\t of\t the Elderly,\u201d\tAnnals\tof\tInternal\tMedicine\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992). 41.\t The\t Swedish\t study:\t Annika\t Rosengren\t et\t al.,\t \u201cStressful\t Life\t Events,\t Social\t Support,\t and Mortality\tin\tMen\tBorn\tin\t1933,\u201d\tBritish\tMedical\tJournal\t(Oct.\t19,\t1993). 42.\t Marital\t arguments\t and\t immune\t system:\t Janice\t Kiecolt-Glaser\t et\t al.,\t \u201cMarital\t Quality, Marital\tDisruption,\tand\tImmune\tFunction,\u201d\tPsychosomatic\tMedicine\t49\t(1987). 43.\tI\tinterviewed\tJohn\tCacioppo\tfor\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992). 44.\t Talking\t about\t troubling\t thoughts:\t James\t Pennebaker,\t \u201cPutting\t Stress\t Into\t Words:\t Health, Linguistic\t and\t Therapeutic\t Implications,\u201d\t paper\t presented\t at\t the\t American\t Psychological Association\tmeeting,\tWashington,\tDC\t(1992). 45.\tPsychotherapy\tand\tmedical\timprovements:\tLester\tLuborsky\tet\tal.,\t\u201cIs\tPsychotherapy\tGood for\t Your\t Health?\u201d\t paper\t presented\t at\t the\t American\t Psychological\t Association\t meeting, Washington,\tDC\t(1993). 46.\tCancer\tsupport\tgroups:\tDavid\tSpiegel\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEffect\tof\tPsychosocial\tTreatment\ton\tSurvival of\tPatients\twith\tMetastatic\tBreast\tCancer,\u201d\tLancet\tNo.\t8668,\tii\t(1989). 47.\t Patients\u2019\t questions:\t The\t finding\t was\t cited\t by\t Dr.\t Steven\t Cohen-Cole,\t a\t psychiatrist\t at Emory\tUniversity,\twhen\tI\tinterviewed\thim\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Nov.\t13,\t1991). 48.\t Full\t information:\t For\t example,\t the\t Planetree\t program\t at\t Pacific\t Presbyterian\t Hospital\t in San\t Francisco\t will\t do\t searches\t of\t medical\t and\t lay\t research\t on\t any\t medical\t topic\t for anyone\twho\trequests\tit. 49.\t Making\t patients\t effective:\t One\t program\t has\t been\t developed\t by\t Dr.\t Mack\t Lipkin,\t Jr.,\t at New\tYork\tUniversity\tMedical\tSchool. 50.\t Emotional\t preparation\t for\t surgery:\t I\t wrote\t about\t this\t in\t The\t New\t York\t Times\t (Dec.\t 10, 1987). 51.\t Family\t care\t in\t the\t hospital:\t Again,\t Planetree\t is\t a\t model,\t as\t are\t the\t Ronald\t McDonald houses\tthat\tallow\tparents\tto\tstay\tnext\tdoor\tto\thospitals\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare\tpatients. 52.\t Mindfulness\t and\t medicine:\t See\t Jon\t Kabat-Zinn,\t Full\t Catastrophe\t Living\t (New\t York: Delacorte,\t1991). 53.\t Program\t for\t reversing\t heart\t disease:\t See\t Dean\t Ornish,\t Dr.\t Dean\t Ornish\u2019s\t Program\t for Reversing\tHeart\tDisease\t(New\tYork:\tBallantine,\t1991). 54.\t Relationship-centered\t medicine:\t Health\t Professions\t Education\t and\t Relationship-Centered Care.\t Report\t of\t the\t Pew-Fetzer\t Task\t Force\t on\t Advancing\t Psychosocial\t Health\t Education, Pew\t Health\t Professions\t Commission\t and\t Fetzer\t Institute\t at\t The\t Center\t of\t Health","Professions,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco,\tSan\tFrancisco\t(Aug.\t1994). 55.\tLeft\tthe\thospital\tearly:\tStrain,\t\u201cCost\tOffset.\u201d 56.\tUnethical\tnot\tto\ttreat\tdepression\tin\theart\tdisease\tpatients:\tRedford\tWilliams\tand\tMargaret Chesney,\t \u201cPsychosocial\t Factors\t and\t Prognosis\t in\t Established\t Coronary\t Heart\t Disease,\u201d Journal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\t(Oct.\t20,\t1993). 57.\t An\t open\t letter\t to\t a\t surgeon:\t A.\t Stanley\t Kramer,\t \u201cA\t Prescription\t for\t Healing,\u201d\t Newsweek (June\t7,\t1993).","PART\tFOUR:\tWINDOWS\tOF\tOPPORTUNITY Chapter\t12.\tThe\tFamily\tCrucible \t \t \t 1.\t Leslie\t and\t the\t video\t game:\t Beverly\t Wilson\t and\t John\t Gottman,\t \u201cMarital\t Conflict\t and Parenting:\t The\t Role\t of\t Negativity\t in\t Families,\u201d\t in\t M.\t H.\t Bornstein,\t ed.,\t Handbook\t of Parenting,\tvol.\t4\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1994). \t \t \t 2.\t The\t research\t on\t emotions\t in\t the\t family\t was\t an\t extension\t of\t John\t Gottman\u2019s\t marital studies\t reviewed\t in\t Chapter\t 9.\t See\t Carole\t Hooven,\t Lynn\t Katz,\t and\t John\t Gottman,\t \u201cThe Family\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion\tCulture,\u201d\tCognition\tand\tEmotion\t(Spring\t1994). \t \t \t 3.\t The\t benefits\t for\t children\t of\t having\t emotionally\t adept\t parents:\t Hooven,\t Katz,\t and Gottman,\t\u201cThe\tFamily\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion\tCulture.\u201d \t \t \t 4.\t Optimistic\t infants:\t T.\t Berry\t Brazelton,\t in\t the\t preface\t to\t Heart\t Start:\t The\t Emotional Foundations\t of\t School\t Readiness\t (Arlington,\t VA:\t National\t Center\t for\t Clinical\t Infant Programs,\t1992). \t\t\t5.\tEmotional\tpredictors\tof\tschool\tsuccess:\tHeart\tStart. \t\t\t6.\tElements\tof\tschool\treadiness:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t7. \t\t\t7.\tInfants\tand\tmothers:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t9. \t \t \t 8.\t Damage\t from\t neglect:\t M.\t Erickson\t et\t al.,\t \u201cThe\t Relationship\t Between\t Quality\t of Attachment\t and\t Behavior\t Problems\t in\t Preschool\t in\t a\t High-Risk\t Sample,\u201d\t in\t I.\t Betherton and\t E.\t Waters,\t eds.,\t Monographs\t of\t the\t Society\t of\t Research\t in\t Child\t Development\t 50,\t series no.\t209. \t\t\t9.\tLasting\tlessons\tof\tfirst\tfour\tyears:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t13. 10.\t The\t follow-up\t of\t aggressive\t children:\t L.\t R.\t Huesman,\t Leonard\t Eron,\t and\t Patty\t Warnicke- Yarmel,\t \u201cIntellectual\t Function\t and\t Aggression,\u201d\t The\t Journal\t of\t Personality\t and\t Social Psychology\t (Jan.\t 1987).\t Similar\t findings\t were\t reported\t by\t Alexander\t Thomas\t and\t Stella Chess,\t in\t the\t September\t 1988\t issue\t of\t Child\t Development,\t in\t their\t study\t of\t seventy-five children\t who\t were\t assessed\t at\t regular\t intervals\t since\t 1956,\t when\t they\t were\t between seven\t and\t twelve\t years\t old.\t Alexander\t Thomas\t et\t al.,\t \u201cLongitudinal\t Study\t of\t Negative Emotional\t States\t and\t Adjustments\t From\t Early\t Childhood\t Through\t Adolescence,\u201d\t Child Development\t 59\t (1988).\t A\t decade\t later\t the\t children\t who\t parents\t and\t teachers\t had\t said were\tthe\tmost\taggressive\tin\tgrade\tschool\twere\thaving\tthe\tmost\temotional\tturmoil\tin\tlate adolescence.\t These\t were\t children\t (about\t twice\t as\t many\t boys\t as\t girls)\t who\t not\t only continually\t picked\t fights,\t but\t who\t also\t were\t belittling\t or\t openly\t hostile\t toward\t other children,\tand\teven\ttoward\ttheir\tfamilies\tand\tteachers.\tTheir\thostility\twas\tunchanged\tover the\tyears;\tas\tadolescents\tthey\twere\thaving\ttrouble\tgetting\talong\twith\tclassmates\tand\twith their\t families,\t and\t were\t in\t trouble\t at\t school.\t And,\t when\t contacted\t as\t adults,\t their","difficulties\tranged\tfrom\ttangles\twith\tthe\tlaw\tto\tanxiety\tproblems\tand\tdepression. 11.\tLack\tof\tempathy\tin\tabused\tchildren:\tThe\tday-care\tobservations\tand\tfindings\tare\treported in\t Mary\t Main\t and\t Carol\t George,\t \u201cResponses\t of\t Abused\t and\t Disadvantaged\t Toddlers\t to Distress\t in\t Agemates:\t A\t Study\t in\t the\t Day-Care\t Setting,\u201d\t Developmental\t Psychology\t 21,\t 3 (1985).\tThe\tfindings\thave\tbeen\trepeated\twith\tpreschoolers\tas\twell:\tBonnie\tKlimes-Dougan and\t Janet\t Kistner,\t \u201cPhysically\t Abused\t Preschoolers\u2019\t Responses\t to\t Peers\u2019\t Distress,\u201d Developmental\tPsychology\t26\t(1990). 12.\t Difficulties\t of\t abused\t children:\t Robert\t Emery,\t \u201cFamily\t Violence,\u201d\t American\t Psychologist (Feb.\t1989). 13.\tAbuse\tover\tgenerations:\tWhether\tabused\tchildren\tgrow\tup\tto\tbe\tabusing\tparents\tis\ta\tpoint of\t scientific\t debate.\t See,\t for\t example,\t Cathy\t Spatz\t Widom,\t \u201cChild\t Abuse,\t Neglect\t and Adult\tBehavior,\u201d\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\t(July\t1989). Chapter\t13.\tTrauma\tand\tEmotional\tRelearning \t\t\t1.\t I\t wrote\t about\t the\t lasting\t trauma\t of\t the\t killings\t at\t Cleveland\t Elementary\t School\t in\t The New\tYork\tTimes\t\u201cEducation\tLife\u201d\tsection\t(Jan.\t7,\t1990). \t \t \t 2.\t The\t examples\t of\t PTSD\t in\t crime\t victims\t were\t offered\t by\t Dr.\t Shelly\t Niederbach,\t a psychologist\tat\tthe\tVictims\u2019\tCounseling\tService,\tBrooklyn. \t \t \t 3.\t The\t Vietnam\t memory\t is\t from\t M.\t Davis,\t \u201cAnalysis\t of\t Aversive\t Memories\t Using\t the\t Fear- Potentiated\tStartle\tParadigm,\u201d\tin\tN.\tButters\tand\tL.\tR\tSquire,\teds.,\tThe\tNeuropsychology\tof Memory\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1992). \t \t \t 4.\t LeDoux\t makes\t the\t scientific\t case\t for\t these\t memories\t being\t especially\t enduring\t in \u201cIndelibility\tof\tSubcortical\tEmotional\tMemories,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tCognitive\tNeuroscience\t(1989), vol.\t1,\t238\u201343. \t\t\t5.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCharney\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t12,\t1990). \t \t \t 6.\t The\t experiments\t with\t paired\t laboratory\t animals\t were\t described\t to\t me\t by\t Dr.\t John Krystal,\tand\thave\tbeen\trepeated\tat\tseveral\tscientific\tlaboratories.\tThe\tmajor\tstudies\twere done\tby\tDr.\tJay\tWeiss\tat\tDuke\tUniversity. \t\t\t7.\tThe\tbest\taccount\tof\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tunderlying\tPTSD,\tand\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tin them,\t is\t in\t Dennis\t Charney\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPsychobiologic\t Mechanisms\t of\t Posttraumatic\t Stress Disorder,\u201d\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t50\t(April\t1993),\t294\u2013305. \t \t \t 8.\t Some\t of\t the\t evidence\t for\t trauma-induced\t changes\t in\t this\t brain\t network\t comes\t from experiments\tin\twhich\tVietnam\tvets\twith\tPTSD\twere\tinjected\twith\tyohimbine,\ta\tdrug\tused on\t the\t tips\t of\t arrows\t by\t South\t American\t Indians\t to\t render\t their\t prey\t helpless.\t In\t tiny doses\t yohimbine\t blocks\t the\t action\t of\t a\t specific\t receptor\t (the\t point\t on\t a\t neuron\t that receives\t a\t neurotransmitter)\t that\t ordinarily\t acts\t as\t a\t brake\t on\t the\t catecholamines. Yohimbine\t takes\t the\t brakes\t off,\t keeping\t these\t receptors\t from\t sensing\t the\t secretion\t of","catecholamines;\t the\t result\t is\t increasing\t catecholamine\t levels.\t With\t the\t neural\t brakes\t on anxiety\t disarmed\t by\t the\t drug\t injections,\t the\t yohimbine\t triggered\t panic\t in\t 9\t of\t 15\t PTSD patients,\t and\t lifelike\t flashbacks\t in\t 6.\t One\t vet\t had\t a\t hallucination\t of\t a\t helicopter\t being shot\tdown\tin\ta\ttrail\tof\tsmoke\tand\ta\tbright\tflash;\tanother\tsaw\tthe\texplosion\tby\ta\tland\tmine of\t a\t Jeep\t with\t his\t buddies\t in\t it\u2014the\t same\t scene\t that\t had\t haunted\t his\t nightmares\t and appeared\t as\t flashbacks\t for\t more\t than\t 20\t years.\t The\t yohimbine\t study\t was\t conducted\t by Dr.\t John\t Krystal,\t director\t of\t the\t Laboratory\t of\t Clinical\t Psychopharmacology\t at\t the National\tCenter\tfor\tPTSD\tat\tthe\tWest\tHaven,\tConn.,\tVA\tHospital. \t\t\t9.\tFewer\talpha-2\treceptors\tin\tmen\twith\tPTSD:\tsee\tCharney,\t\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms.\u201d 10.\t The\t brain,\t trying\t to\t lower\t the\t rate\t of\t CRF\t secretion,\t compensates\t by\t decreasing\t the number\t of\t receptors\t that\t release\t it.\t One\t telltale\t sign\t that\t this\t is\t what\t happens\t in\t people with\tPTSD\tcomes\tfrom\ta\tstudy\tin\twhich\teight\tpatients\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\tthe\tproblem\twere injected\twith\tCRF.\tOrdinarily,\tan\tinjection\tof\tCRF\ttriggers\ta\tflood\tof\tACTH,\tthe\thormone that\tstreams\tthrough\tthe\tbody\tto\ttrigger\tcatecholamines.\tBut\tin\tthe\tPTSD\tpatients,\tunlike a\tcomparison\tgroup\tof\tpeople\twithout\tPTSD,\tthere\twas\tno\tdiscernible\tchange\tin\tlevels\tof ACTH\u2014a\tsign\tthat\ttheir\tbrains\thad\tcut\tback\ton\tCRF\treceptors\tbecause\tthey\talready\twere overloaded\t with\t the\t stress\t hormone.\t The\t research\t was\t described\t to\t me\t by\t Charles Nemeroff,\ta\tDuke\tUniversity\tpsychiatrist. 11.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tNemeroff\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t12,\t1990). 12.\tSomething\tsimilar\tseems\tto\toccur\tin\tPTSD:\tFor\tinstance,\tin\tone\texperiment\tVietnam\tvets with\t a\t PTSD\t diagnosis\t were\t shown\t a\t specially\t edited\t 15-minute\t film\t of\t graphic\t combat scenes\t from\t the\t movie\t Platoon.\t In\t one\t group,\t the\t vets\t were\t injected\t with\t naloxone,\t a substance\tthat\tblocks\tendorphins;\tafter\twatching\tthe\tmovie,\tthese\tvets\tshowed\tno\tchange in\ttheir\tsensitivity\tto\tpain.\tBut\tin\tthe\tgroup\twithout\tthe\tendorphin\tblocker,\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tpain sensitivity\tdecreased\t30\tpercent,\tindicating\tan\tincrease\tin\tendorphin\tsecretion.\tThe\tsame scene\thad\tno\tsuch\teffect\ton\tveterans\twho\tdid\tnot\thave\tPTSD,\tsuggesting\tthat\tin\tthe\tPTSD victims\tthe\tnerve\tpathways\tthat\tregulate\tendorphins\twere\toverly\tsensitive\tor\thyperactive \u2014an\t effect\t that\t became\t apparent\t only\t when\t they\t were\t reexposed\t to\t something reminiscent\t of\t the\t original\t trauma.\t In\t this\t sequence\t the\t amygdala\t first\t evaluates\t the emotional\t importance\t of\t what\t we\t see.\t The\t study\t was\t done\t by\t Dr.\t Roger\t Pitman,\t a Harvard\t psychiatrist.\t As\t with\t other\t symptoms\t of\t PTSD,\t this\t brain\t change\t is\t not\t only learned\tunder\tduress,\tbut\tcan\tbe\ttriggered\tonce\tagain\tif\tthere\tis\tsomething\treminiscent\tof the\t original\t terrible\t event.\t For\t example,\t Pitman\t found\t that\t when\t laboratory\t rats\t were shocked\t in\t a\t cage,\t they\t developed\t the\t same\t endorphin-based\t analgesia\t found\t in\t the Vietnam\t vets\t shown\t Platoon.\t Weeks\t later,\t when\t the\t rats\t were\t put\t into\t the\t cages\t where they\t had\t been\t shocked\u2014but\t without\t any\t current\t being\t turned\t on\u2014they\t once\t again became\tinsensitive\tto\tpain,\tas\tthey\toriginally\thad\tbeen\twhen\tshocked.\tSee\tRoger\tPitman, \u201cNaloxone-Reversible\t Analgesic\t Response\t to\t Combat-Related\t Stimuli\t in\t Posttraumatic Stress\t Disorder,\u201d\t Archives\t of\t General\t Medicine\t (June\t 1990).\t See\t also\t Hillel\t Glover,","\u201cEmotional\t Numbing:\t A\t Possible\t Endorphin-Mediated\t Phenomenon\t Associated\t with\t Post- Traumatic\t Stress\t Disorders\t and\t Other\t Allied\t Psychopathologic\t States,\u201d\t Journal\t of Traumatic\tStress\t5,\t4\t(1992). 13.\tThe\tbrain\tevidence\treviewed\tin\tthis\tsection\tis\tbased\ton\tDennis\tCharney\u2019s\texcellent\tarticle, \u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms.\u201d 14.\tCharney,\t\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms,\u201d\t300. 15.\t Role\t of\t prefrontal\t cortex\t in\t unlearning\t fear:\t In\t Richard\t Davidson\u2019s\t study,\t volunteers\t had their\tsweat\tresponse\tmeasured\t(a\tbarometer\tof\tanxiety)\twhile\tthey\theard\ta\ttone\tfollowed by\ta\tloud,\tobnoxious\tnoise.\tThe\tloud\tnoise\ttriggered\ta\trise\tin\tsweat.\tAfter\ta\ttime,\tthe\ttone alone\t was\t enough\t to\t trigger\t the\t same\t rise,\t showing\t that\t the\t volunteers\t had\t learned\t an aversion\tto\tthe\ttone.\tAs\tthey\tcontinued\tto\thear\tthe\ttone\twithout\tthe\tobnoxious\tnoise,\tthe learned\taversion\tfaded\taway\u2014the\ttone\tsounded\twithout\tany\tincrease\tin\tsweat.\tThe\tmore active\tthe\tvolunteers\u2019\tleft\tprefrontal\tcortex,\tthe\tmore\tquickly\tthey\tlost\tthe\tlearned\tfear. \t\t\t\tIn\tanother\texperiment\tshowing\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\u2019\trole\tin\tgetting\tover\ta\tfear,\tlab\trats \u2014as\t is\t so\t often\t the\t case\t in\t these\t studies\u2014learned\t to\t fear\t a\t tone\t paired\t with\t an\t electric shock.\tThe\trats\tthen\thad\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tlobotomy,\ta\tsurgical\tlesion\tin\ttheir\tbrain\tthat cut\toff\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala.\tFor\tthe\tnext\tseveral\tdays\tthe\trats\theard\tthe tone\twithout\tgetting\tan\telectric\tshock.\tSlowly,\tover\ta\tperiod\tof\tdays,\trats\twho\thave\tonce learned\tto\tfear\ta\ttone\twill\tgradually\tlose\ttheir\tfear.\tBut\tfor\tthe\trats\twith\tthe\tdisconnected prefrontal\tlobes,\tit\ttook\tnearly\ttwice\tas\tlong\tto\tunlearn\tthe\tfear\u2014suggesting\ta\tcrucial\trole for\t the\t prefrontal\t lobes\t in\t managing\t fear\t and,\t more\t generally,\t in\t mastering\t emotional lessons.\t This\t experiment\t was\t done\t by\t Maria\t Morgan,\t a\t graduate\t student\t of\t Joseph LeDoux\u2019s\tat\tthe\tCenter\tfor\tNeural\tScience,\tNew\tYork\tUniversity. 16.\t Recovery\t from\t PTSD:\t I\t was\t told\t about\t this\t study\t by\t Rachel\t Yehuda,\t a\t neurochemist\t and director\t of\t the\t Traumatic\t Stress\t Studies\t Program\t at\t the\t Mt.\t Sinai\t School\t of\t Medicine\t in Manhattan.\tI\treported\ton\tthe\tresults\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Oct.\t6,\t1992). 17.\tChildhood\ttrauma:\tLenore\tTerr,\tToo\tScared\tto\tCry\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1990). 18.\tPathway\tto\trecovery\tfrom\ttrauma:\tJudith\tLewis\tHerman,\tTrauma\tand\tRecovery\t(New\tYork: Basic\tBooks,\t1992). 19.\t \u201cDosing\u201d\t of\t trauma:\t Mardi\t Horowitz,\t Stress\t Response\t Syndromes\t (Northvale,\t NJ:\t Jason Aronson,\t1986). 20.\tAnother\tlevel\tat\twhich\trelearning\tgoes\ton,\tat\tleast\tfor\tadults,\tis\tphilosophical.\tThe\teternal question\t of\t the\t victim\u2014\u201cWhy\t me?\u201d\u2014needs\t to\t be\t addressed.\t Being\t the\t victim\t of\t trauma shatters\t a\t person\u2019s\t faith\t that\t the\t world\t is\t a\t place\t that\t can\t be\t trusted,\t and\t that\t what happens\tto\tus\tin\tlife\tis\tjust\u2014that\tis,\tthat\twe\tcan\thave\tcontrol\tover\tour\tdestiny\tby\tliving\ta righteous\t life.\t The\t answers\t to\t the\t victim\u2019s\t conundrum,\t of\t course,\t need\t not\t be philosophical\t or\t religious;\t the\t task\t is\t to\t rebuild\t a\t system\t of\t belief\t or\t faith\t that\t allows living\tonce\tagain\tas\tthough\tthe\tworld\tand\tthe\tpeople\tin\tit\tcan\tbe\ttrusted.","21.\tThat\tthe\toriginal\tfear\tpersists,\teven\tif\tsubdued,\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\tstudies\twhere\tlab\trats were\t conditioned\t to\t fear\t a\t sound,\t such\t as\t a\t bell,\t when\t it\t was\t paired\t with\t an\t electric shock.\tAfterward,\twhen\tthey\theard\tthe\tbell\tthey\treacted\twith\tfear,\teven\tthough\tno\tshock accompanied\tit.\tGradually,\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tyear\t(a\tvery\tlong\ttime\tfor\ta\trat\u2014about\ta third\tof\tits\tlife),\tthe\trats\tlost\ttheir\tfearfulness\tof\tthe\tbell.\tBut\tthe\tfear\twas\trestored\tin\tfull force\twhen\tthe\tsound\tof\tthe\tbell\twas\tonce\tagain\tpaired\twith\ta\tshock.\tThe\tfear\tcame\tback in\t a\t single\t instant\u2014but\t took\t months\t and\t months\t to\t subside.\t The\t parallel\t in\t humans,\t of course,\tis\twhen\ta\ttraumatic\tfear\tfrom\tlong\tago,\tdormant\tfor\tyears,\tfloods\tback\tin\tfull\tforce with\tsome\treminder\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma. 22.\t Luborsky\u2019s\t therapy\t research\t is\t detailed\t in\t Lester\t Luborsky\t and\t Paul\t Crits-Christoph, Understanding\tTransference:\tThe\tCCRT\tMethod\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1990). Chapter\t14.\tTemperament\tIs\tNot\tDestiny \t \t \t 1.\t See,\t for\t example,\t Jerome\t Kagan\t et\t al.,\t \u201cInitial\t Reactions\t to\t Unfamiliarity,\u201d\t Current Directions\t in\t Psychological\t Science\t (Dec.\t 1992).\t The\t fullest\t description\t of\t the\t biology\t of temperament\tis\tin\tKagan,\tGalen\u2019s\tProphecy. \t \t \t 2.\t Tom\t and\t Ralph,\t archetypically\t timid\t and\t bold\t types,\t are\t described\t in\t Kagan,\t Galen\u2019s Prophecy,\tpp.\t155\u201357. \t \t \t 3.\t Lifelong\t problems\t of\t the\t shy\t child:\t Iris\t Bell,\t \u201cIncreased\t Prevalence\t of\t Stress-related Symptoms\t in\t Middle-aged\t Women\t Who\t Report\t Childhood\t Shyness,\u201d\t Annals\t of\t Behavior Medicine\t16\t(1994). \t \t \t 4.\t The\t heightened\t heart\t rate:\t Iris\t R.\t Bell\t et\t al.,\t \u201cFailure\t of\t Heart\t Rate\t Habituation\t During Cognitive\t and\t Olfactory\t Laboratory\t Stressors\t in\t Young\t Adults\t With\t Childhood\t Shyness,\u201d Annals\tof\tBehavior\tMedicine\t16\t(1994). \t \t \t 5.\t Panic\t in\t teenagers:\t Chris\t Hayward\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPubertal\t Stage\t and\t Panic\t Attack\t History\t in Sixth-\tand\tSeventh-grade\tGirls,\u201d\tAmerican\t Journal\t of\t Psychiatry\t vol.\t 149(9)\t (Sept.\t 1992), pp.\t1239\u201343;\tJerold\tRosenbaum\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBehavioral\tInhibition\tin\tChildhood:\tA\tRisk\tFactor for\tAnxiety\tDisorders,\u201d\tHarvard\tReview\tof\tPsychiatry\t(May\t1993). \t \t \t 6.\t The\t research\t on\t personality\t and\t hemispheric\t differences\t was\t done\t by\t Dr.\t Richard Davidson\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin,\tand\tby\tDr.\tAndrew\tTomarken,\ta\tpsychologist\tat Vanderbilt\t University:\t see\t Andrew\t Tomarken\t and\t Richard\t Davidson,\t \u201cFrontal\t Brain Activation\tin\tRepressors\tand\tNonrepressors,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t103\t(1994). \t \t \t 7.\t The\t observations\t of\t how\t mothers\t can\t help\t timid\t infants\t become\t bolder\t were\t done\t with Doreen\tArcus.\tDetails\tare\tin\tKagan,\tGalen\u2019s\tProphecy. \t\t\t8.\tKagan,\tGalen\u2019s\tProphecy,\tpp.\t194\u201395. \t\t\t9.\tGrowing\tless\tshy:\tJens\tAsendorpf,\t\u201cThe\tMalleability\tof\tBehavioral\tInhibition:\tA\tStudy\tof Individual\tDevelopmental\tFunctions,\u201d\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t30,\t6\t(1994).","10.\t Hubel\t and\t Wiesel:\t David\t H.\t Hubel,\t Thorsten\t Wiesel,\t and\t S.\t Levay,\t \u201cPlasticity\t of\t Ocular Columns\t in\t Monkey\t Striate\t Cortex,\u201d\t Philosophical\t Transactions\t of\t the\t Royal\t Society\t of London\t278\t(1977). 11.\tExperience\t and\t the\t rat\u2019s\t brain:\t The\t work\t of\t Marian\t Diamond\t and\t others\t is\t described\t in Richard\tThompson,\tThe\tBrain\t(San\tFrancisco:\tW.\tH.\tFreeman,\t1985). 12.\t Brain\t changes\t in\t treating\t obsessive-compulsive\t disorder:\t L.\t R.\t Baxter\t et\t al.,\t \u201cCaudate Glucose\t Metabolism\t Rate\t Changes\t With\t Both\t Drug\t and\t Behavior\t Therapy\t for\t Obsessive- Compulsive\tDisorder,\u201d\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t49\t(1992). 13.\tIncreased\tactivity\tin\tprefrontal\tlobes:\tL.\tR.\tBaxter\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLocal\tCerebral\tGlucose\tMetabolic Rates\tin\tObsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\u201d\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t44\t(1987). 14.\t Prefrontal\t lobes\t maturity:\t Bryan\t Kolb,\t \u201cBrain\t Development,\t Plasticity,\t and\t Behavior,\u201d American\tPsychologist\t44\t(1989). 15.\t Childhood\t experience\t and\t prefrontal\t pruning:\t Richard\t Davidson,\t \u201cAsymmetric\t Brain Function,\t Affective\t Style\t and\t Psychopathology:\t The\t Role\t of\t Early\t Experience\t and Plasticity,\u201d\tDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\tvol.\t6\t(1994),\tpp.\t741\u201358. 16.\tBiological\tattunement\tand\tbrain\tgrowth:\tSchore,\tAffect\tRegulation. 17.\t M.\t E.\t Phelps\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPET:\t A\t Biochemical\t Image\t of\t the\t Brain\t at\t Work,\u201d\t in\t N.\t A.\t Lassen\t et al.,\t Brain\t Work\t and\t Mental\t Activity:\t Quantitative\t Studies\t with\t Radioactive\t Tracers (Copenhagen:\tMunksgaard,\t1991).","PART\tFIVE:\tEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY Chapter\t15.\tThe\tCost\tof\tEmotional\tIlliteracy \t\t\t1.\tEmotional\tliteracy:\tI\twrote\tabout\tsuch\tcourses\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(March\t3,\t1992). \t\t\t2.\tThe\tstatistics\ton\tteen\tcrime\trates\tare\tfrom\tthe\tUniform\tCrime\tReports,\tCrime\tin\tthe\tU.S., 1991,\tpublished\tby\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tJustice. \t\t\t3.\tViolent\tcrimes\tin\tteenagers:\tIn\t1990\tthe\tjuvenile\tarrest\trate\tfor\tviolent\tcrimes\tclimbed\tto 430\tper\t100,000,\ta\t27\tpercent\tjump\tover\tthe\t1980\trate.\tTeen\tarrest\trates\tfor\tforcible\trape rose\tfrom\t10.9\tper\t100,000\tin\t1965\tto\t21.9\tper\t100,000\tin\t1990.\tTeen\tmurder\trates\tmore than\tquadrupled\tfrom\t1965\tto\t1990,\tfrom\t2.8\tper\t100,000\tto\t12.1;\tby\t1990\tthree\tof\tfour teenage\t murders\t were\t with\t guns,\t a\t 79\t percent\t increase\t over\t the\t decade.\t Aggravated assault\tby\tteenagers\tjumped\tby\t64\tpercent\tfrom\t1980\tto\t1990.\u00a1\tSee,\te.g.,\tRuby\tTakanashi, \u201cThe\tOpportunities\tof\tAdolescence,\u201d\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Feb.\t1993). \t\t\t4.\t In\t 1950\t the\t suicide\t rate\t for\t those\t 15\t to\t 24\t was\t 4.5\t per\t 100,000.\t By\t 1989\t it\t was\t three times\t higher,\t 13.3.\t Suicide\t rates\t for\t children\t 10\t to\t 14\t almost\t tripled\t between\t 1968\t and 1985.\tFigures\ton\tsuicide,\thomicide\tvictims,\tand\tpregnancies\tare\tfrom\tHealth,\t1991,\t U.S. Department\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\tand\tChildren\u2019s\tSafety\tNetwork,\tA\tData\tBook\tof Child\t and\t Adolescent\t Injury\t (Washington,\t DC:\t National\t Center\t for\t Education\t in\t Maternal and\tChild\tHealth,\t1991). \t\t\t5.\tOver\tthe\tthree\tdecades\tsince\t1960,\trates\tof\tgonorrhea\tjumped\tto\ta\tlevel\tfour\ttimes\thigher among\t children\t 10\t to\t 14,\t and\t three\t times\t higher\t among\t those\t 15\t to\t 19.\t By\t 1990,\t 20 percent\tof\tAIDS\tpatients\twere\tin\ttheir\ttwenties,\tmany\thaving\tbecome\tinfected\tduring\ttheir teen\tyears.\tPressure\tto\thave\tsex\tearly\tis\tgetting\tstronger.\tA\tsurvey\tin\tthe\t1990s\tfound\tthat more\t than\t a\t third\t of\t younger\t women\t say\t that\t pressure\t from\t peers\t made\t them\t decide\t to have\t sex\t the\t first\t time;\t a\t generation\t earlier\t just\t 13\t percent\t of\t women\t said\t so.\t See\t Ruby Takanashi,\t \u201cThe\t Opportunities\t of\t Adolescence,\u201d\t and\t Children\u2019s\t Safety\t Network,\t A\t Data Book\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tInjury. \t \t \t 6.\t Heroin\t and\t cocaine\t use\t for\t whites\t rose\t from\t 18\t per\t 100,000\t in\t 1970\t to\t a\t rate\t of\t 68\t in 1990\u2014about\t three\t times\t higher.\t But\t over\t the\t same\t two\t decades\t among\t blacks,\t the\t rise was\tfrom\ta\t1970\trate\tof\t53\tper\t100,000\tto\ta\tstaggering\t766\tin\t1990\u2014close\tto\t13\ttimes\tthe rate\t20\tyears\tbefore.\tDrug\tuse\trates\tare\tfrom\tCrime\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\t1991,\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof Justice. \t \t \t 7.\t As\t many\t as\t one\t in\t five\t children\t have\t psychological\t difficulties\t that\t impair\t their\t lives\t in some\t way,\t according\t to\t surveys\t done\t in\t the\t United\t States,\t New\t Zealand,\t Canada,\t and Puerto\t Rico.\t Anxiety\t is\t the\t most\t common\t problem\t in\t children\t under\t 11,\t afflicting\t 10 percent\twith\tphobias\tsevere\tenough\tto\tinterfere\twith\tnormal\tlife,\tanother\t5\tpercent\twith generalized\tanxiety\tand\tconstant\tworry,\tand\tanother\t4\tpercent\twith\tintense\tanxiety\tabout","being\tseparated\tfrom\ttheir\tparents.\tBinge\tdrinking\tclimbs\tduring\tthe\tteenage\tyears\tamong boys\t to\t a\t rate\t of\t about\t 20\t percent\t by\t age\t 20.\t I\t reported\t much\t of\t this\t data\t on\t emotional disorders\tin\tchildren\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Jan.\t10,\t1989). \t \t \t 8.\t The\t national\t study\t of\t children\u2019s\t emotional\t problems,\t and\t comparison\t with\t other countries:\t Thomas\t Achenbach\t and\t Catherine\t Howell,\t \u201cAre\t America\u2019s\t Children\u2019s\t Problems Getting\t Worse?\t A\t 13-Year\t Comparison,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t the\t American\t Academy\t of\t Child\t and Adolescent\tPsychiatry\t(Nov.\t1989). \t \t \t 9.\t The\t comparison\t across\t nations\t was\t by\t Urie\t Bronfenbrenner,\t in\t Michael\t Lamb\t and Kathleen\t Sternberg,\t Child\t Care\t in\t Context:\t Cross-Cultural\t Perspectives\t (Englewood,\t NJ: Lawrence\tErlbaum,\t1992). 10.\tUrie\tBronfenbrenner\twas\tspeaking\tat\ta\tsymposium\tat\tCornell\tUniversity\t(Sept.\t24,\t1993). 11.\t Longitudinal\t studies\t of\t aggressive\t and\t delinquent\t children:\t see,\t for\t example,\t Alexander Thomas\t et\t al.,\t \u201cLongitudinal\t Study\t of\t Negative\t Emotional\t States\t and\t Adjustments\t from Early\tChildhood\tThrough\tAdolescence,\u201d\tChild\tDevelopment,\tvol.\t59\t(Sept.\t1988). 12.\t The\t bully\t experiment:\t John\t Lochman,\t \u201cSocial-Cognitive\t Processes\t of\t Severely\t Violent, Moderately\t Aggressive,\t and\t Nonaggressive\t Boys,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Clinical\t and\t Consulting Psychology,\t1994. 13.\t The\t aggressive\t boys\t research:\t Kenneth\t A.\t Dodge,\t \u201cEmotion\t and\t Social\t Information Processing,\u201d\t in\t J.\t Garber\t and\t K.\t Dodge,\t The\t Development\t of\t Emotion\t Regulation\t and Dysregulation\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991). 14.\tDislike\tfor\tbullies\twithin\thours:\tJ.\tD.\tCoie\tand\tJ.\tB.\tKupersmidt,\t\u201cA\tBehavioral\tAnalysis\tof Emerging\tSocial\tStatus\tin\tBoys\u2019\tGroups,\u201d\tChild\tDevelopment\t54\t(1983). 15.\t Up\t to\t half\t of\t unruly\t children:\t See,\t for\t example,\t Dan\t Offord\t et\t al.,\t \u201cOutcome,\t Prognosis, and\tRisk\tin\ta\tLongitudinal\tFollow-up\tStudy,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand Adolescent\tPsychiatry\t31\t(1992). 16.\t Aggressive\t children\t and\t crime:\t Richard\t Tremblay\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPredicting\t Early\t Onset\t of\t Male Antisocial\tBehavior\tfrom\tPreschool\tBehavior,\u201d\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t(Sept.\t1994). 17.\t What\t happens\t in\t a\t child\u2019s\t family\t before\t the\t child\t reaches\t school\t is,\t of\t course,\t crucial\t in creating\t a\t predisposition\t to\t aggression.\t One\t study,\t for\t example,\t showed\t that\t children whose\tmothers\trejected\tthem\tat\tage\t1,\tand\twhose\tbirth\twas\tmore\tcomplicated,\twere\tfour times\tas\tlikely\tas\tothers\tto\tcommit\ta\tviolent\tcrime\tby\tage\t18.\tAdriane\tRaines\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBirth Complications\tCombined\twith\tEarly\tMaternal\tRejection\tat\tAge\tOne\tPredispose\tto\tViolent Crime\tat\tAge\t18\tYears,\u201d\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t(Dec.\t1994). 18.\tWhile\tlow\tverbal\tIQ\thas\tappeared\tto\tpredict\tdelinquency\t(one\tstudy\tfound\tan\teight-point difference\tin\tthese\tscores\tbetween\tdelinquents\tand\tnondelinquents),\tthere\tis\tevidence\tthat impulsivity\t is\t more\t directly\t and\t powerfully\t at\t cause\t for\t both\t the\t low\t IQ\t scores\t and delinquency.\tAs\tfor\tthe\tlow\tscores,\timpulsive\tchildren\tdon\u2019t\tpay\tattention\twell\tenough\tto learn\t the\t language\t and\t reasoning\t skills\t on\t which\t verbal\t IQ\t scores\t are\t based,\t and\t so","impulsivity\t lowers\t those\t scores.\t In\t the\t Pittsburgh\t Youth\t Study,\t a\t well-designed longitudinal\t project\t where\t both\t IQ\t and\t impulsivity\t were\t assessed\t in\t ten-\t to\t twelve-year- olds,\t impulsivity\t was\t almost\t three\t times\t more\t powerful\t than\t verbal\t IQ\t in\t predicting delinquency.\tSee\tthe\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\u201cOn\tthe\tRelation\tBetween\tIQ,\tImpulsivity, and\tDelinquency,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t104\t(1995). 19.\t \u201cBad\u201d\t girls\t and\t pregnancy:\t Marion\t Underwood\t and\t Melinda\t Albert,\t \u201cFourth-Grade\t Peer Status\t as\t a\t Predictor\t of\t Adolescent\t Pregnancy,\u201d\t paper\t presented\t at\t the\t meeting\t of\t the Society\tfor\tResearch\ton\tChild\tDevelopment,\tKansas\tCity,\tMissouri\t(Apr.\t1989). 20.\t The\t trajectory\t to\t delinquency:\t Gerald\t R.\t Patterson,\t \u201cOrderly\t Change\t in\t a\t Stable\t World: The\tAntisocial\tTrait\tas\tChimera,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\t62\t(1993). 21.\t Mind-set\t of\t aggression:\t Ronald\t Slaby\t and\t Nancy\t Guerra,\t \u201cCognitive\t Mediators\t of Aggression\tin\tAdolescent\tOffenders,\u201d\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t24\t(1988). 22.\t The\t case\t of\t Dana:\t from\t Laura\t Mufson\t et\t al.,\t Interpersonal\t Psychotherapy\t for\t Depressed Adolescents\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 23.\tRising\trates\tof\tdepression\tworldwide:\tCross-National\tCollaborative\tGroup,\t\u201cThe\tChanging Rate\t of\t Major\t Depression:\t Cross-National\t Comparisons,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t the\t American\t Medical Association\t(Dec.\t2,\t1992). 24.\t Ten\t times\t greater\t chance\t of\t depression:\t Peter\t Lewinsohn\t et\t al.,\t \u201cAge-Cohort\t Changes\t in the\t Lifetime\t Occurrence\t of\t Depression\t and\t Other\t Mental\t Disorders,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t Abnormal Psychology\t102\t(1993). 25.\t Epidemiology\t of\t depression:\t Patricia\t Cohen\t et\t al.,\t New\t York\t Psychiatric\t Institute,\t 1988; Peter\t Lewinsohn\t et\t al.,\t \u201cAdolescent\t Psychopathology:\t I.\t Prevalence\t and\t Incidence\t of Depression\tin\tHigh\tSchool\tStudents,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t102\t(1993).\tSee\talso Mufson\t et\t al.,\t Interpersonal\t Psychotherapy.\t For\t a\t review\t of\t lower\t estimates:\t E.\t Costello, \u201cDevelopments\t in\t Child\t Psychiatric\t Epidemiology,\u201d\t Journal\t of\t the\t Academy\t of\t Child\t and Adolescent\tPsychiatry\t28\t(1989). 26.\tPatterns\tof\tdepression\tin\tyouth:\tMaria\tKovacs\tand\tLeo\tBastiaens,\t\u201cThe\tPsychotherapeutic Management\tof\tMajor\tDepressive\tand\tDysthymic\tDisorders\tin\tChildhood\tand\tAdolescence: Issues\t and\t Prospects,\u201d\t in\t I.\t M.\t Goodyer,\t ed.,\t Mood\t Disorders\t in\t Childhood\t and\t Adolescence (New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994). 27.\tDepression\tin\tchildren:\tKovacs,\top.\tcit. 28.\tI\tinterviewed\tMaria\tKovacs\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Jan.\t11,\t1994). 29.\t Social\t and\t emotional\t lag\t in\t depressed\t children:\t Maria\t Kovacs\t and\t David\t Goldston, \u201cCognitive\tand\tSocial\tDevelopment\tof\tDepressed\tChildren\tand\tAdolescents,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tthe American\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\t(May\t1991). 30.\t Helplessness\t and\t depression:\t John\t Weiss\t et\t al.,\t \u201cControl-related\t Beliefs\t and\t Self-reported Depressive\tSymptoms\tin\tLate\tChildhood\u201d,\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t102\t(1993).","31.\tPessimism\tand\tdepression\tin\tchildren:\tJudy\tGarber,\tVanderbilt\tUniversity.\tSee,\te.g.,\tRuth Hilsman\t and\t Judy\t Garber,\t \u201cA\t Test\t of\t the\t Cognitive\t Diathesis\t Model\t of\t Depression\t in Children:\t Academic\t Stressors,\t Attributional\t Style,\t Perceived\t Competence\t and\t Control,\u201d Journal\t of\t Personality\t and\t Social\t Psychology\t 67\t (1994);\t Judith\t Garber,\t \u201cCognitions, Depressive\tSymptoms,\tand\tDevelopment\tin\tAdolescents,\u201d\tJournal\t of\t Abnormal\t Psychology 102\t(1993). 32.\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d 33.\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d 34.\t Susan\t Nolen-Hoeksema\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPredictors\t and\t Consequences\t of\t Childhood\t Depressive Symptoms:\tA\tFive-Year\tLongitudinal\tStudy,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t101\t(1992). 35.\t Depression\t rate\t halved:\t Gregory\t Clarke,\t University\t of\t Oregon\t Health\t Sciences\t Center, \u201cPrevention\t of\t Depression\t in\t At-Risk\t High\t School\t Adolescents,\u201d\t paper\t delivered\t at\t the American\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\t(Oct.\t1993). 36.\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d 37.\tHilda\tBruch,\t\u201cHunger\tand\tInstinct,\u201d\tJournal\tof\tNervous\tand\tMental\tDisease\t149\t(1969).\tHer seminal\tbook,\tThe\tGolden\tCage:\tThe\tEnigma\tof\tAnorexia\tNervosa\t(Cambridge,\tMA:\tHarvard University\tPress)\twas\tnot\tpublished\tuntil\t1978. 38.\t The\t study\t of\t eating\t disorders:\t Gloria\t R.\t Leon\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPersonality\t and\t Behavioral Vulnerabilities\t Associated\t with\t Risk\t Status\t for\t Eating\t Disorders\t in\t Adolescent\t Girls,\u201d Journal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t102\t(1993). 39.\t The\t six-year-old\t who\t felt\t fat\t was\t a\t patient\t of\t Dr.\t William\t Feldman,\t a\t pediatrician\t at\t the University\tof\tOttawa. 40.\tNoted\tby\tSifneos,\t\u201cAffect,\tEmotional\tConflict,\tand\tDeficit.\u201d 41.\tThe\tvignette\tof\tBen\u2019s\trebuff\tis\tfrom\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tSonda\tGabriel,\t\u201cThe\tSocial\tWorld\tof Peer-Rejected\t Children,\u201d\t paper\t presented\t at\t the\t annual\t meeting\t of\t the\t American Educational\tResearch\tAssociation,\tSan\tFrancisco\t(Mar.\t1989). 42.\t The\t dropout\t rate\t among\t socially\t rejected\t children:\t Asher\t and\t Gabriel,\t \u201cThe\t Social\t World of\tPeer-Rejected\tChildren.\u201d 43.\t The\t findings\t on\t the\t poor\t emotional\t competence\t of\t unpopular\t children\t are\t from\t Kenneth Dodge\t and\t Esther\t Feldman,\t \u201cSocial\t Cognition\t and\t Sociometric\t Status,\u201d\t in\t Steven\t Asher and\t John\t Coie,\t eds.,\t Peer\t Rejection\t in\t Childhood\t (New\t York:\t Cambridge\t University\t Press, 1990). 44.\tEmory\tCowen\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLongterm\tFollow-up\tof\tEarly\tDetected\tVulnerable\tChildren,\u201d\tJournal of\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\t41\t(1973). 45.\t Best\t friends\t and\t the\t rejected:\t Jeffrey\t Parker\t and\t Steven\t Asher,\t \u201cFriendship\t Adjustment, Group\tAcceptance\tand\tSocial\tDissatisfaction\tin\tChildhood,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tannual meeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tEducational\tResearch\tAssociation,\tBoston\t(1990).","46.\t The\t coaching\t for\t socially\t rejected\t children:\t Steven\t Asher\t and\t Gladys\t Williams,\t \u201cHelping Children\tWithout\tFriends\tin\tHome\tand\tSchool\tContexts,\u201d\tin\tChildren\u2019s\tSocial\tDevelopment: Information\t for\t Parents\t and\t Teachers(Urbana\t and\t Champaign:\t University\t of\t Illinois\t Press, 1987). 47.\t Similar\t results:\t Stephen\t Nowicki,\t \u201cA\t Remediation\t Procedure\t for\t Nonverbal\t Processing Deficits,\u201d\tunpublished\tmanuscript,\tDuke\tUniversity\t(1989). 48.\tTwo\tfifths\tare\theavy\tdrinkers:\ta\tsurvey\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMassachusetts\tby\tProject\tPulse, reported\tin\tThe\tDaily\tHampshire\tGazette\t(Nov.\t13,\t1993). 49.\t Binge\t drinking:\t Figures\t are\t from\t Harvey\t Wechsler,\t director\t of\t College\t Alcohol\t Studies\t at the\tHarvard\tSchool\tof\tPublic\tHealth\t(Aug.\t1994). 50.\t More\t women\t drink\t to\t get\t drunk,\t and\t risk\t of\t rape:\t report\t by\t the\t Columbia\t University Center\ton\tAddiction\tand\tSubstance\tAbuse\t(May\t1993). 51.\t Leading\t cause\t of\t death:\t Alan\t Marlatt,\t report\t at\t the\t annual\t meeting\t of\t the\t American Psychological\tAssociation\t(Aug.\t1994). 52.\t Data\t on\t alcoholism\t and\t cocaine\t addiction\t are\t from\t Meyer\t Glantz,\t acting\t chief\t of\t the Etiology\tResearch\tSection\tof\tthe\tNational\tInstitute\tfor\tDrug\tand\tAlcohol\tAbuse. 53.\tDistress\tand\tabuse:\tJeanne\tTschann,\t\u201cInitiation\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\tin\tEarly\tAdolescence,\u201d Health\tPsychology\t4\t(1994). 54.\tI\tinterviewed\tRalph\tTarter\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Apr.\t26,\t1990). 55.\t Tension\t levels\t in\t sons\t of\t alcoholics:\t Howard\t Moss\t et\t al.,\t \u201cPlasma\t GABA-like\t Activity\t in Response\t to\t Ethanol\t Challenge\t in\t Men\t at\t High\t Risk\t for\t Alcoholism\u201d\t Biological\tPsychiatry 27(6)\t(Mar.\t1990). 56.\t Frontal\t lobe\t deficit\t in\t sons\t of\t alcoholics:\t Philip\t Harden\t and\t Robert\t Pihl,\t \u201cCognitive Function,\t Cardiovascular\t Reactivity,\t and\t Behavior\t in\t Boys\t at\t High\t Risk\t for\t Alcoholism,\u201d Journal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t104\t(1995). 57.\t Kathleen\t Merikangas\t et\t al.,\t \u201cFamilial\t Transmission\t of\t Depression\t and\t Alcoholism,\u201d Archives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t(Apr.\t1985). 58.\tThe\trestless\tand\timpulsive\talcoholic:\tMoss\tet\tal. 59.\t Cocaine\t and\t depression:\t Edward\t Khantzian,\t \u201cPsychiatric\t and\t Psychodynamic\t Factors\t in Cocaine\t Addiction,\u201d\t in\t Arnold\t Washton\t and\t Mark\t Gold,\t eds.,\t Cocaine:\t A\t Clinician\u2019s Handbook\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987). 60.\tHeroin\taddiction\tand\tanger:\tEdward\tKhantzian,\tHarvard\tMedical\tSchool,\tin\tconversation, based\ton\tover\t200\tpatients\the\thas\ttreated\twho\twere\taddicted\tto\theroin. 61.\tNo\tmore\twars:\tThe\tphrase\twas\tsuggested\tto\tme\tby\tTim\tShriver\tof\tthe\tCollaborative\tfor\tthe Advancement\tof\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\tat\tthe\tYale\tChild\tStudies\tCenter. 62.\t Emotional\t impact\t of\t poverty:\t \u201cEconomic\t Deprivation\t and\t Early\t Childhood\t Development\u201d and\t \u201cPoverty\t Experiences\t of\t Young\t Children\t and\t the\t Quality\t of\t Their\t Home","Environments.\u201d\tGreg\tDuncan\tand\tPatricia\tGarrett\teach\tdescribed\ttheir\tresearch\tfindings\tin separate\tarticles\tin\tChild\tDevelopment\t(Apr.\t1994). 63.\tTraits\tof\tresilient\tchildren:\tNorman\tGarmezy,\tThe\tInvulnerable\tChild\t (New\t York:\t Guilford Press,\t 1987).\t I\t wrote\t about\t children\t who\t thrive\t despite\t hardship\t in\t The\tNew\tYork\tTimes (Oct.\t13,\t1987). 64.\t Prevalence\t of\t mental\t disorders:\t Ronald\t C.\t Kessler\t et\t al.,\t \u201cLifetime\t and\t 12-month Prevalence\t of\t DSM-III-R\t Psychiatric\t Disorders\t in\t the\t U.S.,\u201d\t Archives\t of\t General\t Psychiatry (Jan.\t1994). 65.\tThe\tfigure\tfor\tboys\tand\tgirls\treporting\tsexual\tabuse\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tare\tfrom\tMalcolm Brown\t of\t the\t Violence\t and\t Traumatic\t Stress\t Branch\t of\t the\t National\t Institute\t of\t Mental Health;\t the\t number\t of\t substantiated\t cases\t is\t from\t the\t National\t Committee\t for\t the Prevention\tof\tChild\tAbuse\tand\tNeglect.\tA\tnational\tsurvey\tof\tchildren\tfound\tthe\trates\tto\tbe 3.2\tpercent\tfor\tgirls\tand\t0.6\tpercent\tfor\tboys\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear:\tDavid\tFinkelhor\tand\tJennifer Dziuba-Leatherman,\t\u201cChildren\tas\tVictims\tof\tViolence:\tA\tNational\tSurvey,\u201d\tPediatrics\t(Oct. 1984). 66.\t The\t national\t survey\t of\t children\t about\t sexual\t abuse\t prevention\t programs\t was\t done\t by David\tFinkelhor,\ta\tsociologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire. 67.\t The\t figures\t on\t how\t many\t victims\t child\t molesters\t have\t are\t from\t an\t interview\t with Malcolm\t Gordon,\t a\t psychologist\t at\t the\t Violence\t and\t Traumatic\t Stress\t Branch\t of\t the National\tInstitute\tof\tMental\tHealth. 68.\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium\ton\tthe\tSchool-Based\tPromotion\tof\tSocial\tCompetence,\t\u201cDrug\tand Alcohol\t Prevention\t Curricula,\u201d\t in\t J.\t David\t Hawkins\t et\t al.,\t Communities\t That\t Care\t (San Francisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1992). 69.\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium,\t\u201cDrug\tand\tAlcohol\tPrevention\tCurricula,\u201d\tp.\t136. Chapter\t16.\tSchooling\tthe\tEmotions \t\t\t1.\tI\tinterviewed\tKaren\tStone\tMcCown\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Nov.\t7,\t1993). \t \t \t 2.\t Karen\t F.\t Stone\t and\t Harold\t Q.\t Dillehunt,\t Self\t Science:\t The\t Subject\t Is\t Me\t (Santa\t Monica: Goodyear\tPublishing\tCo.,\t1978). \t\t\t3.\tCommittee\tfor\tChildren,\t\u201cGuide\tto\tFeelings,\u201d\tSecond\tStep\t4\u20135(1992),\tp.\t84. \t \t \t 4.\t The\t Child\t Development\t Project:\t See,\t e.g.,\t Daniel\t Solomon\t et\t al.,\t \u201cEnhancing\t Children\u2019s Prosocial\t Behavior\t in\t the\t Classroom,\u201d\t American\t Educational\t Research\t Journal(Winter 1988). \t \t \t 5.\t Benefits\t from\t Head\t Start:\t Report\t by\t High\/Scope\t Educational\t Research\t Foundation, Ypsilanti,\tMichigan\t(Apr.\t1993). \t \t \t 6.\t The\t emotional\t timetable:\t Carolyn\t Saarni,\t \u201cEmotional\t Competence:\t How\t Emotions\t and Relationships\t Become\t Integrated,\u201d\t in\t R.\t A.\t Thompson,\t ed.,\t Socioemotional","Development\/Nebraska\tSymposium\ton\tMotivation\t36\t(1990). \t \t \t 7.\t The\t transition\t to\t grade\t school\t and\t middle\t school:\t David\t Hamburg,\t Today\u2019s\t Children: Creating\ta\tFuture\tfor\ta\tGeneration\tin\tCrisis\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks,\t1992). \t\t\t8.\tHamburg,\tToday\u2019s\tChildren,\tpp.\t171\u201372. \t\t\t9.\tHamburg,\tToday\u2019s\tChildren,\tp.\t182. 10.\tI\tinterviewed\tLinda\tLantieri\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Mar.\t3,\t1992). 11.\tEmotional-literacy\tprograms\tas\tprimary\tprevention:\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\tCommunities\tThat\tCare. 12.\tSchools\tas\tcaring\tcommunities:\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\tCommunities\tThat\tCare. 13.\tThe\tstory\tof\tthe\tgirl\twho\twas\tnot\tpregnant:\tRoger\tP.\tWeisberg\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPromoting\tPositive Social\tDevelopment\tand\tHealth\tPractice\tin\tYoung\tUrban\tAdolescents,\u201d\tin\tM.\tJ.\tElias,\ted., Social\tDecision-making\tin\tthe\tMiddle\tSchool\t(Gaithersburg,\tMD:\tAspen\tPublishers,\t1992). 14.\tCharacter-building\tand\tmoral\tconduct:\tAmitai\tEtzioni,\tThe\tSpirit\tof\tCommunity\t(New\tYork: Crown,\t1993). 15.\tMoral\tlessons:\tSteven\tC.\tRockefeller,\tJohn\tDewey:\tReligious\tFaith\tand\tDemocratic\tHumanism (New\tYork:\tColumbia\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991). 16.\tDoing\tright\tby\tothers:\tThomas\tLickona,\tEducating\tfor\tCharacter\t(New\tYork:\tBantam,\t1991). 17.\t The\t arts\t of\t democracy:\t Francis\t Moore\t Lappe\t and\t Paul\t Martin\t DuBois,\t The\t Quickening\t of America\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1994). 18.\tCultivating\tcharacter:\tAmitai\tEtzioni\tet\tal.,\tCharacter\tBuilding\tfor\ta\tDemocratic,\tCivil\tSociety (Washington,\tDC:\tThe\tCommunitarian\tNetwork,\t1994). 19.\tThree\tpercent\trise\tin\tmurder\trates:\t\u201cMurders\tAcross\tNation\tRise\tby\t3\tPercent,\tbut\tOverall Violent\tCrime\tIs\tDown,\u201d\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(May\t2,\t1994). 20.\t Jump\t in\t juvenile\t crime:\t \u201cSerious\t Crimes\t by\t Juveniles\t Soar,\u201d\t Associated\t Press\t (July\t 25, 1994). Appendix\tB.\tHallmarks\tof\tthe\tEmotional\tMind \t \t \t 1.\t I\t have\t written\t about\t Seymour\t Epstein\u2019s\t model\t of\t the\t \u201cexperiential\t unconscious\u201d\t on several\t occasions\t in\t The\t New\t York\t Times,\t and\t much\t of\t this\t summary\t of\t it\t is\t based\t on conversations\t with\t him,\t letters\t to\t me,\t his\t article,\t \u201cIntegration\t of\t the\t Cognitive\t and Psychodynamic\tUnconscious\u201d\t(American\tPsychologist\t44\t(1994),\tand\this\tbook\twith\tArchie Brodsky,\t You\u2019re\t Smarter\t Than\t You\t Think\t (New\t York:\t Simon\t &\t Schuster,\t 1993).\t While\t his model\tof\tthe\texperiential\tmind\tinforms\tmy\town\tabout\tthe\t\u201cemotional\tmind,\u201d\tI\thave\tmade my\town\tinterpretation. \t\t\t2.\tPaul\tEkman,\t\u201cAn\tArgument\tfor\tthe\tBasic\tEmotions,\u201d\tCognition\tand\tEmotion,\t 6,\t 1992,\t p. 175.\tThe\tlist\tof\ttraits\tthat\tdistinguish\temotions\tis\ta\tbit\tlonger,\tbut\tthese\tare\tthe\ttraits\tthat will\tconcern\tus\there.","3.\tEkman,\top\tcit.,\tp.\t187. \t\t\t4.\tEkman,\top\tcit.,\tp.\t189. \t\t\t5.\tEpstein,\t1993,\tp.\t55. \t \t \t 6.\t J.\t Toobey\t and\t L.\t Cosmides,\t \u201cThe\t Past\t Explains\t the\t Present:\t Emotional\t Adaptations\t and the\tStructure\tof\tAncestral\tEnvironments,\u201d\tEthology\tand\tSociobiology,\t11,\tpp.\t418\u201319. \t\t\t7.\tWhile\tit\tmay\tseem\tself-evident\tthat\teach\temotion\thas\tits\town\tbiological\tpattern,\tit\thas\tnot been\t so\t for\t those\t studying\t the\t psychophysiology\t of\t emotion.\t A\t highly\t technical\t debate continues\t over\t whether\t emotional\t arousal\t is\t basically\t the\t same\t for\t all\t emotions,\t or whether\tunique\tpatterns\tcan\tbe\tteased\tout.\tWithout\tgoing\tinto\tthe\tdetails\tof\tthe\tdebate,\tI have\t presented\t the\t case\t for\t those\t who\t hold\t to\t unique\t biological\t profiles\t for\t each\t major emotion.","Also\tby\tDaniel\tGoleman THE\tMEDITATIVE\tMIND VITAL\tLIES,\tSIMPLE\tTRUTHS WORKING\tWITH\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE PRIMAL\tLEADERSHIP\t(COAUTHOR) DESTRUCTIVE\tEMOTIONS\t(NARRATOR) SOCIAL\tINTELLIGENCE","About\tthe\tAuthor DANIEL\t GOLEMAN,\t Ph.D.,\t is\t also\t the\t author\t of\t Social\tIntelligence\t and the\t bestseller\t Working\t with\t Emotional\t Intelligence\t and\t a\t coauthor\t of Primal\tLeadership.\tHe\treceived\this\tPh.D.\tfrom\tHarvard\tand\treported\ton the\t brain\t and\t behavioral\t sciences\t for\t the\t New\t York\t Times\t for\t twelve years.\t He\t was\t awarded\t the\t American\t Psychological\t Association\u2019s Lifetime\t Achievement\t Award\t and\t is\t a\t Fellow\t of\t the\t American Association\tfor\tthe\tAdvancement\tof\tScience.","What\u2019s\tnext\ton your\treading\tlist? Discover\tyour\tnext great\tread! Get\tpersonalized\tbook\tpicks\tand\tup-to-date\tnews\tabout\tthis\tauthor. Sign\tup\tnow.",""]
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