PA-O History

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107 ajryJzwfrsm;xnfhí *½kwpdkuf auR;arG;avh&SdMuonf/ jri;f rsm;rmS tweif ,½f ikd ;f wwMfuon/f ¤i;f wuYkd kd nzuwf iG f jri;f aZmi;f wiG cf snxf m;Ny;D eeH urf ;kd aomuf onEf iS hf tpm&mS pm;&ef vwT xf m;vukd af wmoh n/f vukd íf ausmi;f avrh &adS cs/ xtkd cg jri;f rsm;onf a&muwf w&f m &moGm;&if; tdrfodkYwpfygwfq,f&ufMumrS jyefvmwwfMuonf/ &GmwGif jrif;ydkifolOD;a&enf;yg;onfhtavsmuf taygutf &&S cdS oJ n/f &rS ;f jri;f rsm;rmS tm&yjfri;f rsm;uohJ yYkd if xmG ;BuKdi;f r&I MdSuon/f tqykd g jri;f rsK;d qurf mS w½wk f jyntf v,yf ikd ;f ae reG *f jkdri;f rsK;d E,G rf sm;jzp&f erf mS ooH ,jzpzf ,G rf &adS cs/ NAwd od Qtp;kd &uvn;f t*vF yd Ef iS hf Mopaw; vsjri;f rsm;ukd ppof ;kH tjzpf ,al qmivf mMuonthf wuG f a'ocjHri;f rsm;EiS hf rsK;d pyNfy;D rsK;d aumi;f vm[e&f adS von/f omretf qihf jri;f wpaf umi\\f wezf ;kd onyf if aiG 800^d ceaYf ps;&on/f jri;f ayguuf av; EpS Ef pS tf &,G f a&muof nthf cg uek ;f E;DS wiaf v&h odS n/f jri;f uukd siahf y;on/f oaYkd omf taemuEf ikd if rH sm;rmS uohJ Ykd pepwf ususiahf y; jcif;rsKd; rawGU&acs/ ytdk;rsm;onf jrif;rsm;udk *½kwpdkuf ar;jrLwwfMuonf/ jrif;pmtjzpf qefuGJ? ajryJzwf? aumuf½dk;ajcmufrsm;udk pOf;í auR;arG;wwfMuonf/ bek ;f Bu;D rsm;rS w&m;a[mqqkd ;kH raeonMhfumryS if yt;kd rsm;onf 0urf sm;ukd trsm;tjym; ar;G jrLvsu&f MdSu onf/ ytdk;rsm;onf 0ufom;udk ESpfoufMu\\/ odkYaomf udk,fwdkifowfavhr&SdMuay/ &GmwGif tiSg;owfolrsm;&Sd Muonf/ owfctjzpf tonf;? ausmufuyfESifh 0rf;wGif;om;wdkYudk ,lwwfMuonf/ yt;kd w\\Ykd 0urf sm;rmS trsK;d ½ikd ;f omrsm;on/f ,i;f trsK;d rmS yed íf yc;kH usO;f Ny;D teuaf &mi&f MdSuon/f u,kd f tav;csed rf mS vn;f 125-aygiaf usmof m&MdSuon/f t&,G af &murf jIreaf omvf n;f Bu;D xmG ;&erf mS 18-vMumrQapmihf &on/f ,i;f 0urf sK;d EiS hf tjcm;0urf sK;d rsm; rsK;d pycf MhJuon/f w½wk 0f urf sm;EiS vhf n;f aumi;f ? tp;kd &rwS iof iG ;f onhf t*vF yd Ef iS hf Mopaw;vs0urf sm;jzivhf n;f aumi;f om;azguxf m;ojzihf rsK;d aumi;f rsK;d oe0Yf urf sm; a&muvf mMuon/f yt;kd rsm;onf 0g;jcjHzihf 0urf sm;uakd vmS iaf r;G wwMfuon/f *½vk n;f pukd Mfuon/f xaYkd Mumihf 0urf sm;onf &mG twiG ;f vnS vhf nof mG ;vmaerrI sm; jriaf wUG &coJ n/f oaYkd omf 0ujfcrH sm;rmS ao;i,of n/f 0uaf umiaf &EiS rhf rQ jzpaf ewwof jzihf 0urf sm;Bu;D xmG ;EeI ;f aE;S au;G apon/f prd ;f ve;f vwqf wof nhf to;D t&uG rf sm; auR;ar;G coJ n/f 0utf wuG f t\"ud tpmrmS xri;f &n?f t&n&f rT ;f onthf &uG Ef iS hf iuS af ysmtrl sm;jzpMfuon/f ajymi;f EiS hf yzJ wrf sm; udkvnf; wcgw&H auR;wwfMuonf/ 0ufrsm;udk eHeufwpfcg? naewpfcg auR;Mu&onf/ tjcm;owåK\"mwf tm[m&rsm; auR;ar;G avrh &odS jzihf 0urf sm;rmS 0utf wiG ;f EmS acgi;f EiS hf ajruwkd ;l qíG rrd bd mom &mS pm;Mu&on/f rdk;wGif;tcgü 0ufrsm;wGif tat;a&m*gusa&mufwwfojzifh oufi,frdk;udk vHkvHkjcHKjcHKjzpfatmif rdk;ay;&onf/ 0uof ;kd rsm;ukd aps;wiG af &mi;f cs&ef ar;G jrLMuNy;D ig;vrS ajcmuvf t&,G wf iG f oi;f xm;Muon/f oi;f en;f rmS a0;S apuh kd \"m;jzichf vJG suf a0;S apuh kd xwk yf pof nehf n;f jzpof n/f oi;f csed wf iG f rnof nahf q;0g;rS o;kH paJG vrh &odS jzifh wcgw&H tem,Of;NyD; aoqHk;Mu&onf/ yt;kd &mG rsm;wiG f ac;G rsm;ukd awUG &EdS ikd of n/f ac;G rsK;d rmS tar;G xNly;D awmac;G ? ajrac;G wEYkd iS hf tvm;wol n/f acGrsm;udk t\"dutm;jzifh tdrfapmifh&ef arG;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tdrfay:odkY vHk;0twufcHavhr&SdMuacs/ w&d peä af r;G jrLa&;EiS hf ywof uíf yt;kd rsm; toyd nm rnrf Q&MdSuonuf kd cerYf eS ;f &erf v,G uf yl g/ ¤i;f woYkd nf trsm;tm;jzifh rsKd;aumif;onfhtzdkrsKd;ESifh rdrd&SdtrrsKd;rsm; om;pyfay;vQif rsKd;aumif;rsKd;oefYrsm; &vmEdkifaMumif; oabmayguMfuon/f oaYkd omf ¤i;f woYkd nf c&J mcqJ p&f mS azNGy;D rsK;d pyaf y;avrh &/dS pm;usuwf iG ;f wiG f EmG ;rwaumif NrKdixf vmonthf cg tjcm;EmG ;o;kd rsm; tvkH ukd of i;f vukd jfzihf rwd vf ukd af wmoh n/f &mG rsm;wiG f w&d pmä eof ;kH aq;rsm; vn;f r&MdSuojzihf aq;zu0f if t&uG rf sm;ukd t&nnf p§ íf temukd aq;xnahf y;wwMfuon/f cgG emvQmemjzpvf m onthf cgwiG vf n;f rnof rYkd Q uok ay;Eikd jfci;f r&MdSuacs/ wcgw&H w&d pmä erf sm;xikd ;f ridI ;f í rvyk cf sirf uikd cf sijfzpvf m onthf cgwiG vf n;f jyKpak qmi&f uG af y;Eikd jfci;f r&adS cs/ tcsKUd a&m*grsm;rmS tm[m&csKUd wíhJ jzpaf Mumi;f oMduaomf vn;f rnof nthf m[m&rsK;d ajymi;f vaJ uR;ar;G &rnuf kd em;rvnMfu/ xaYkd Mumihf ar;G jrLa&;EiS yhf wof uof nhf tod ynmrsm; ytdk;wdkYwGif acgif;yg;vsuf&SdaMumif; rSwf,l&ayvdrfhrnf/ w&d pmä exf ed ;f ausmi;f orl sm;rmS toucf ek pEf pS rf S q,Ef pS tf &,G &f udS av;rsm;jzpMfuon/f ¤i;f woYkd nf euH f wikd ;f uREJ iS Ehf mG ;rsm;ukd acsmi;f ajrmi;f &&dS mbuof Ykd armi;f í ausmi;f vmMuon/f uREJ mG ;rsm; acsmi;f pyaf &muof nthf cg ¤i;f wbYkd mom aqmuh pm;aeMuawmoh n/f rMumcP omG ;íMunahf v&h odS n/f tb,af Mumiqhf akd omf pukd uf iG ;f pukd f

108 ci;f rsm;ukd zsuqf ;D Murnuf kd p;kd &rd íf jzpof n/f pm;usuwf iG f tjcm;uRtJ yk f EmG ;tyk rf sm;w;kd vmonthf cg tvnS uhf s apmiahf &mS uMfuon/f naeyikd ;f uREJ mG ;rsm;ord ;f vmonthf cg tjcm;uREJ mG ;tyk rf sm;a&mí waumiwf av a&maEmS ygvmwwMfuon/f trwS tf om;rsm; rjyKvyk xf m;aomvf n;f EmG ;ausmi;f om;av;rsm;onf rrd td yk rf S uREJ mG ;[wk f r[kwf cGJjcm;od&SdMuavonf/ uRJodk;rsm;onf tkyfESifhcGJaeavh&Sdojzifh txl;*½kpdkuf&efvdktyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh uRJodk;wpfaumifudk uRJ ausmi;f om;wpOf ;D ppD ;D í vukd yf gapmiahf &mS u&f on/f o\\l wm0erf mS rrd ud RJ tjcm;uRoJ ;kd rsm;EiS hf ra&mrad p&etf \"ud jzpof n/f uRoJ ;kd EpS af umif rsuEf mS csi;f qikd yf gu a'gEiS rhf meEf iS hf a0US wwMfu&m uRaJ usmi;f om;av;rsm;u zsi&f i;f wwk f EiS ½hf udk ?f cEJ iS ahf yguMfu&on/f wpaf umiEf iS whf paf umif wukd cf ukd of nthf cg O;D csKrd mS cRejfraeojzihf 'P&f mtjyi;f txe&f Mu&on/f uREJ mG ;rsm;wiG f 0g;cavmu&f MdSuNy;d ,i;f cavmuof uH kd em;piG íhf EmG ;ausmi;f om;rsm;\\ rrd \\d tyk f &Sd&modkY vdkufEdkif &SmEdkifMuonf/ jrif;rsm;udk uRJEGm;rsm;xuf ydkí*½kjyKxdef;ausmif;Muonf/ jrif;udk vlBuD;rsm;udk,fwdkif ausmif;Muonf/ jri;f x;D ukd jri;f tyk Ef iS hf a&maEmS ausmi;f avrh &MdSuacs/ jri;f tyk uf kd trsm;tm;jzihf vwT af usmi;f xm;onuf rsm;av on/f xaYkd Mumihf jri;f rsm;rmS trd of Ykd &uEf iS chf sNDy;D jyerf vmonthf cgrsK;d &wdS wof n/f xtkd cg yikd &f iS of nf rrd jdri;f &&dS m odkY pHkprf;í vdkufMu&onf/ ytdk;rsm;onf uRJEGm;EdkYnpfjcif;tvkyfudk avhvmjcif;r&Sdonfhtavsmuf EdkYjzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udkvnf; vyk uf ikd Mfujci;f r&adS y/ ,i;f tvyk uf kd [rd 0EmÅ awmiwf e;f rsm;rmS vma&muaf exikd of nhf a*:&cg;rsm;u vyk uf ikd f Muavon/f Muubf aJ r;G jrL;a&;vyk if e;f uvkd n;f p;D ymG ;a&;vyk if e;f wp&f ytf jzpf yt;kd rsm; rrwS ,f Mluay/ Muurf sm;ukd pepwf us ar;G jrLrrI jyKbJ oiahf vsm&f mae&mwiG f tyd wf e;f vyk af y;xm;Muon/f tcsKUd vn;f trd tf e;D opyf iaf y:wiG f yif tyd wf e;f xm;wwMfuon/f xaYkd Mumihf Muurf sm;rmS awmaMumiwf \\Ykd tpm jzpMfu&onuf rsm;on/f &mG wiG f vn;f Muurf sm;ae&mtEYHS uvl ;l usupf m;aeMuonthf wuG f trd af c;G rsm;\\ rMucPvukd vf H zr;f q;D owjfzwjfci;f udk cHMu&onf/ odef;iSuf? pGefwdkYuvnf; Muufuav;rsm;udk csDokwfoGm;wwfMuonf/ MuufarG;jrLxm;jcif;jzifh tjcm;jyóemwpcf uk w;kd vmwwof n/f rrd Mduurf sm; owl yg;pukd cf i;f ukd 0iaf &muzf suqf ;D ojzihf trd ef ;D em;csi;f pum;rsm;Mu&on/f Muuaf r;G jrLrjIzihf &&odS nthf usK;d tjrwrf mS rajymyavmuaf y/ MuuOf txuG Ef eI ;f rmS vn;f pepwf usar;G jrLen;f rsm;r[wk of jzihf en;f yg;voS n/f Muurf onf 15-rS 20-twiG ;f om Owwof n/f Orsm;tm;v;kH ukd ord ;f vukd f ygu quíf rOawmah y/ xaYkd Mumihf Oord ;f onthf cg ten;f q;kH Owpvf ;kH ukd 0yuf si;f wiG f csexf m;&on/f orYkd oS m Muurf quíf Oav&h odS n/f Muurf wpaf umiof nf wpEf pS vf Qif EpS Bfurd Of wwaf v&h &dS m wpBfurd vf Qif qckd thJ wikd ;f OEpS qf ,cf eoYf m&odS n/f xaYkd Mumihf wpEf pS vf Qif MuuOf 35-rS 50-twiG ;f OMuon[f qk Ekd ikd yf gon/f MuuOf yrmP rSmvnf; ao;i,fonf/ tqykd ga'owiG f Muutf rsK;d aumi;f rsm;ukd vucf aH r;G jrLvmaMumi;f awUG &&dS ygon/f a'ocMHuurf sm;EiS hf rsK;d pyvf mMuojzihf ,ciuf xuf w;kd wurf &I vdS mon/f oaYkd omf ar;G jrLa&;twwf uRr;f usirf I r&MdSuonthf avsmuf rsK;d aumi;f rsK;d oeYf Muurf sm;rmS vn;f a'ocMHuurf sm;en;f wl t½ikd ;f b0 a&muof mG ;Eikd af von/f Muuaf r;G jrLa&;rmS ¤i;f wtYkd wuG f t\"ud p;D ymG ;a&;vyk if e;f r[wk af cs/ tom;EiS Ohf rsm;onf rrd &d ud m© twuG f wen;f taxmutf ujlyK NyD; tdrf&Sifrrsm; aps;oGm;onfhtcg MuufESifhMuufOrsm;udk tydk0ifaiG&atmif aps;wGifa&mif;csMuonf/ odkYaomf &on0hf iaf irG mS rajymyavmuaf cs/ Muuzf rsm;ukd wukd Mfuutf jzpf avuh siahf y;avrh &adS y/ ,i;f \"avuh kd tjcm;vl rsKd;rsm;om jyKvkyfavh&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&avonf/ wd&pämefxGuf ypönf;rsm;wGif om;a&ESifh aemufacs;rSvTJí rnfonfhypönf;udkrQ ytdk;rsm;toHk;jyKavhr&Sd ay/ om;a&udk tajcmufvSrf;í om;a&ukefonfrsm;xHwGif a&mif;csMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;onf uRJom;a&udk zdeyf tjzpf toHk;jyKMuonf/ tcsKyqf &kd aomf w&d pmä eaf r;G jrLa&;onf rrd wd \\Ykd v,uf ek xf yuf &d ,d mrsm;jzpof jzihf yt;kd rsm;tzYkd tveG f ta&;ygvoS n/f rrd wd \\Ykd rod m;ppk m;0waf ea&;twuG f t\"ud &mS azaG y;&orl sm;rmS tqykd g w&d pmä erf sm;omjzpMfu

109 onf/ xdkYaMumifh pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh arG;jrLa&;u@onf tNrJwrf;'GefwGJvsuf&Sdonf/ yt;kd rsm;onf A'k b¨ mom0irf sm;jzpof ntf m;avsmpf mG w&d pmä etf om; xyk vf yk af &mi;f cs p;D ymG ;&mS jci;f vyk if e;f udk vkyfavhr&SdMuyg/ NrdKUrsm;wGif tom;xkyfvkyfa&mif;csrI rnfrQyifwdk;wufaevifhupm; ytdk;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;rI rjyMuacs/ ytdk;rsm;onf wd&pämefrsm;udk udk,fwdkifrowfaomfvnf; owf&eftwGuf a&mif;csavh&SdMuonf/ odkY aomf rdrdudk,fwdkif a&mif;csavhr&SdbJ Mum;vlyGJrsm;rS wqifhom tukodkvfvTwfatmif a&mif;cswwfMuonf/ tcef; (15) aq;ESifh aq;0g;ypönf;rsm; yt;kd rsm;onf ½;kd om;rsm;onhf vrl sK;d prk sm;yyD D acwrf aDS q;0g;rsm;EiS hf tuRr;f w0irf &adS cs/ rrd wd Ykd tawUG tMuKH t&EiS hf jrerf mEiS hf &rS ;f w\\Ykd wikd ;f &i;f aq;ynm&yrf sm;EiS hf xad wUG e;D pyrf rI sm;t& aq;0g;uok en;f taMumi;f ten;f tyg; wwuf Rr;f ruI m; &MdSuon/f Aad Em¨ q&mrsm;ukd jrerf mtac: ]]aq;q&m}}[jkzpíf yt;kd pum;jzihf ]]q&mwp}D } [íl ac:on/f ,i;f aq;q&mrsm;ukd yt;kd wYkd vucf MHuon/f aq;q&mrsm;ukd av;pm;Munnf KdMuon/f aMumuf &UHG ruI m; r&adS cs/ ¤i;f woYkd nf aq;xwk &f mwiG f *gxmrE&Å m;EiS hf re;f rwI uf pk m;on/f ¤i;f tikd vf uzf UJG uvkd n;f to;kH jyKon/f xjYkdyif vel m\\a&m*gZpjfrpuf &kd mS &ef vel mvQm? rsuvf ;kH ? ao;G w;dk EeI ;f wuYkd vkd n;f pr;f oypf paf q;Muon/f udk,cf E¨mae&muvkd nf; pr;f oyfMuon/f yt;kd rsm;\\a'owiG f A'k r¨ wikd rf aD &;S umvrS t,tl pvJG n;f t½;kd paJG eao;on/f om\"utm;jzihf emruse;f jzpfjcif;onf uHraumif;? uHedrfhí raumif;qdk;0g;tyrSDonf[k ,lqwwfMuonf/ ,if;twGuf ewfylaZmfjcif;? acgpmypjfci;f rsm; jyKvyk wf wMfuon/f A'k b¨ mom0irf sm;\\ t,tl qt& vel monf twwd bf 0\\ tusK;d quf raumi;f cohJ jzihf ,cbk 0wiG f emruse;f jzp&f on[f k ,ql Muon/f A'k r¨ wikd rf D a&;S t,tl &rl vel monf ewrf sm;r BuKduof nthf vyk uf kd omG ;vyk rf od jzihf ew\\f tjypaf y;jci;f ukd caH e&on[f íl jzp\\f / ,i;f twuG f aq;q&mrsm;u ewfrsm;auseyfatmif awmif;yefay;&rnf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ aq;q&monf ewfrsm;udkawmif;yefjcif;? yojcif; ponfhjyKzG,fudpörsm;ESifhtwl opfOopfzk? opfjrpf? owåK? opfacgufrsm; xkaxmif;azmfpyfxm;onfh AdaE¨maq;jzifh vlem;tm; ukoMuonf/ vlwpfa,muftwGuf uuH ek af eonthf csed wf iG f rnof rYdk Qu,íf r&? raumi;f q;kd 0g;\\ zpd ;D aeruI kd ausmvf mT ;vwG af jrmuzf &Ykd ef rv,G [f k owrf wS Mfuon/f xaYkd Mumihf vel maoomG ;onwhf ikd f aq;q&m tay: u;kd pm;,MkHunrf rI mS ar;S redS of mG ;avrh &adS cs/ vel mtwuG f yal Zmyf oruI kd vel mtrd &f dS b&k m;piwf iG f jyKvyk &f on/f ,i;f yal Zm&f mwiG f pm;z,G af omu&f m ESifhtwl yef;rmvfwdkYudk yef;uefjym;wGifxnfhí vlem\\ a&m*gtBuD;tao;tay: wnfíjyifqif&efvdkonf/ vlem\\a&m*gonf;aeygu bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS iSg;xm;onfh vifyef;BuD;jzifh jyif&efvkdygonf/ yGJwGif qefaphrsm;? ig;ajcmuaf jrmi;f EiS hf tjcm;pm;z,G rf sm;? 0wK¬ypnö ;f yg&on/f þvLS z,G wf jYkdzihf b&k m;&iS tf m; yal Zmjfci;f onf tjcm; rnfonrhf aumif;qk;d 0g;ukdrqkd okwfoiaf rmif;EiS yf pfEkid of n[f k ,lqMuonf/ þen;f jzihf vel mwiG pf uJG yaf eonhf tpuJG ckd RwEf ikd Nfy;D vel mrmS emvexf í use;f rmvmrn[f k ,MkHunMfu on/f yt;kd rsm;wiG f A'k t¨ ,El iS hf a&;S a[mi;f taw;G tac: EpS &f yof nf tNr'J eG wf aJG eon[f k qEkd ikd of n/f trsm;,kH Munfcsufwpf&yfrSm a&S;ukodkvfuH tusKd;qufonf ,ckb0wGifvnf; rnfonfhraumif;rIurS rvTrf;rdk;EdkifbJ ,if;ukodkvfuHu apmifha&Smufvdrfhrnf[lí jzpfonf/ Aad Em¨ aq;py&f ef vtkd yof nhf y&aq;rsm;rmS a'o&adS ps;rsm;wiG f tv,G wf ul 0,,f &l Eikd of n/f y&aq; qikd wf iG f aq;trsK;d 50-rS 100-cetYf xd tr,rf sK;d p&kH wdS wof n/f ,i;f aq;rsm;rmS aq;zu0f iaf tmif azmpf yxf m; Muon/f ,i;f aq;r,rf sm;ukd vwl ikd ;f 0,Ef ikd of n/f oaYkd omf uRr;f usiof nahf q;q&mrsm;omvQif rnof oYkd ;kH p&JG rn/f rnof nahf &m*gEiS ahf wmrf n/f rnrf Qwukd &f rnuf kd cjJGcm;oEd ikd Mfuon/f omrevf rl sm;twuG f trsK;d rrsm;vaS cs/ aq; q&mrsm;onf aq;bu0f if opjfypof pOf rsm;\\ tmeod iuf kd avvh muRr;f usiof &d zdS Ykd vokd n/f tq;kH tpeG qf &kd aomf usm;vuof n;f ukd o;kH en;f uvkd n;f uRr;f usi&f on/f usm;rmepf ,G jfzivhf n;f vel m\\a&m*guvkd ukd íf uwk wMfu on/f

110 ,i;f aq;q&mrsm;\\ aq;ynm&yuf xk ;kH uek n;f rsm;ukd aq;ausmi;f om;rsm; avvh monrf mS treS jfzpof n/f rm&S,fu ,if;taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf/- ]]aq;q&mrsm; opOf opjfrprf S aq;0g;azmpf yMfuyukH kd wijfy&ef vakd yvrd rhf n/f ¤i;f w\\Ykd vyk uf ikd yf ukH Mkdunhf jci;f tm;jzihf ¤i;f woYkd nf aq;zu0f iyf irf sm;\\ tusK;d tmeod iuf kd aumi;f pmG em;vnrf &I adS Mumi;f ,MkHun&f ayon/f owl oYkd nf ouqf ikd of nohf pyf iuf kd vunf K;d ñeT íf þtyi\\f t&uG of nf rnof nahf &m*gukd aysmuaf pEikd of n/f rnof uYkd ok n[f k twwaf jymEikd Mfuon/f uREykf \\f yeMfum;csutf & u&iaf q;q&mrsm;onf aq;tr,af ygi;f wp&f m ceuYf kd ñeT jfycMhJuon/f a'guwf m0w'f of nf aq;en;f rsK;d pkH pmrsuEf mS 40-cerYf Q pak qmi;f rcd &hJ m ,i;f teuf aq; en;f tawmrf sm;rsm;rmS tveG tf prG ;f xuaf Mumi;f awUG &on/f a'guwf m0w'f wf ijfyonrf mS ¤i;f wjYkdyoonhf E,G f yifwpfrsKd;onf ukr&onfh temBuD;a&m*grsKd;ay:wGif tHkvdkufygu wG,fcsKyfxm;wwfaMumif; od&onf/ u&if aq;enf;rsm;wGif jrefrm? &Srf;? wvdkif;wdkY\\ aq;wnf;emrsm; rnfrQyg0ifaMumif; uREfkyfrajymEdkifygay}}/ trSeftm;jzifh ytdk;rsm;onf &Srf;? jrefrmESifh rGefwdkYESifh ESpfaygif;&mESifhcsDí aygif;pyfxdawGUaeMuonfht avsmuf en;f rsm;pmG vucf &H &EdS ikd af yon/f vwl ikd ;f vwl ikd ;f tou&f nS &f m temrahJ Mumi;f jzihf aexikd vf odk rl sm;om jzpfMuay&m aq;q&m? AdaE¨mq&mrsm;\\ tcef;u@onf ta&;ygaeayawmhonf/ ,aeY aq;q&mrsm;onf taemuwf ikd ;f aq;0g;rsm;ukd uikd pf vJG mNy;D rrd Ad ad Em¨ aq;rsm;jzihf a&mpyuf ok vmMuon/f wbuuf vn;f tyz,f &Sm;jcif;? yojcif;rsmudkvnf; wGJvkyf&if; ukoaeMuonf/ omrefvlrsm;taejzifh aq;cg;cg;? pl;pl;0g;0g;teHY&SdNyD; t0iqf ;kd onahf q;urkd S a&m*gaysmuf v,G of n[f k xixf m;Muon/f xaYkd Mumihf emruse;f jzpwf ikd ;f aq;cg;Bu;D rsm;ukd ½IHUrJhí aomufaeMu&&Smonf/ aq;&uG Ef iS hf urG ;f rmS yt;kd &mG rsm;wiG f r&rdS jzpyf pnö ;f rsm;jzpof n/f aq;EiS ahf q;aygvh yd uf kd {nohf nvf mwikd ;f wnaf v&h MdSuon/f urG ;f EiS yhf wof uof nhf ypnö ;f rsm;ukd urG ;f tpjfzihf xnxhf m;av&h odS n/f ,i;f ypnö ;f rsm;rvS íJT tjcm;rSD0Javhr&Sd/ ytdk;rsm;wGif bdef;pm;r&Sd/ bdef;pm;olrsm;udk tm;vHk;u txiftjrif ao;wwfMuonf/ aq;yiuf kd aetrd 0f i;f twiG ;f wiG yf if pukd yf sK;d Muon/f aq;&uG cf ;l Ny;D tajcmuvf rS ;f vsuf taeawmvf ;DS jzwf xm;Muonf/ tqdkyg jzwfNyD;aq;udk a,mufsm;rsm;u aq;wHjzifhxnfhaomufNyD; rdef;rrsm;u ajymif;zl;zufwGif vyd íf aomuMfuon/f aq;aygvh yd rf sm;ukd aps;wiG af ps;aygaygjzihf tv,G wf ul 0,af omuEf ikd Mfuon/f ,i;f aq; aygvh yd rf sm;rmS oeyzf ujfzivhf yd xf m;on/f þa'o\\ ta&US yikd ;f aeorl sm;rmS oeyzf ujfzihf <u,0f vsu&f adS eMuav Ny/D þa'o&ydS t;kd rsm;rmS ,i;f p;D ymG ;a&;vyk if e;f ukd pwivf yk &f ef O;D rwnMfuao;acs/ yt;kd rsm;onf aq;&uG 0f g;avh r&Sdacs/ uGrf;pm;onfhtcg tenf;i,fxnfhpm;wwfMuonf/ uav;rsm;onf rdb\\aq;vdyfrsm;udk prf;zGmMu&mrS woufvHk; aq;vdyfaomufwwfoGm;Muonf/ a,mufsm;wdkif;wGif aq;wH&SdNyD; touft&G,fBuD; rdef;rrsm;rSmvnf; aq;wHaomufavh&SdMuonf/ aq;wHrSm 0g;q0kH g;jrpjfzihf vyk Mfuonuf rsm;on/f (,ctk cg tavth xen;f yg;uek Nfy/D oeyzf uf aq;vyd af omuof ;kH orl sm; rsm;jym;vmvsu&f ydS gon/f ) urG ;f &uG rf sm;onf yt;kd a'owiG f ayguaf vrh &odS jzihf ajrjyeyYf ikd ;f rS wiyf aYkd &mi;f csMuon/f urG ;f pm;jci;f jzihf oGm;eufvmonf/ vQmrsm;eD&Jvmaponf/ uGrf;pm;jcif;jzifh oGm;wGif tEÅ&m,fr&Sday/ odkYaomf uGrf;oD;trmudk uukd rf vd Qirf l omG ;yEhJ ikd of n/f yt;kd rsm;u urG ;f pm;jci;f jzihf cwH iG ;f &iS ;f on/f tetYH ouaf ysmuof n[f k ,ql Muon/f touf 15-EpS f 16-EpS af tmuf uav;rsm; urG ;f pm;avrh &MdSuao;acs/ touf 20-ausmvf mvQif red ;f u av;a&m a,mufsm;av;yg pm;wwfvmMuonf/

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137 ytdk;tdrfrsm;wGif t&G,fa&mufNyD;onfh nDjzpfap? armifjzpfap vma&mufaexdkifwwfMuonf/ odkYaomf trd of m;rsm;jym;voS naf wmh r[wk yf g/ trsm;tm;jzihf virf ,m;EpS Of ;D ? ¤i;f w\\Ykd rbd EpS yf g;? uav;o;kH a,muEf iS hf nDjzpfap? armifjzpfap wpfOD;-ponfwdkYomjzpfonf/ xtkd cg trd af &US ce;f wiG f tz;kd ? zciEf iS nhf D orYkd [wk f armivf yk of wl uYkd tyd MfuNy;D tzmG ;EiS hf rcd if om;or;D rsm;u rod m;pk tyd ,f mwiG f tyd wf wMfuon/f trd wf iG f aexikd of tl m;v;kH onf rrd Ed ikd &f mEikd &f m tvyk rf sm;ukd 0ikd ;f 0e;f vyk uf ikd Mfu&on/f tzmG ;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzihf uav;rsm;ukd xed ;f ausmi;f ay;jci;f ? csujfyKwjfci;f vyk if e;f wuYkd kd vyk Mfuon/f tz;kd url ¤i;f wwof nhf vurf yI nmav;jzihf aps;wiG af &mi;f cs&ef ypnö ;f av;rsm;ukd vyk uf ikd af ewwf on/f tqykd g 0iaf ijGzihf Ze;D Esirhf rd td wuG f t0wtf pm;ypnö ;f to;kH taqmirf sm; 0,,f wl wMfuon/f ¤i;f w\\Ykd pm;aomufa&;twGuf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;u wm0ef,lMu&onf/ tdrfwGif twlvmaeol armif? odkYr[kwf nDuvnf; tdrfom;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;twGuf wzufwvrf;rS unl &D on/f oaYkd omf vmaeorl mS trsm;tm;jzihf umvom;t&,G rf sm;omjzpof jzihf tm;u;kd í r&vaS cs/ rrd rd *vF m aqmifp&dwftwGufom vHk;yef;aewwfolrsm;onf/ ¤if;twGuf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;uom auR;arG;xm;&onf/ þtcsutf vurf sm;uMkdunjhfci;f jzihf trd af xmiwf pcf wk iG f rrd od akd vmS ixf m;onhf &ud m© pyg;ywk rf mS rrd td rd f rdom;pktwGufomrubJ tjcm;axmufyHhoifholudk axmufyHh&ef&Sdaeao;aMumif; xif&Sm;aponf/ ytdk;rdom;pk yokH @merf mS pn;f v;kH r&I MdSuon[f k q&kd ayrn/f rbd onf toutf &,G Bfu;D vmonwhf ikd af tmif om;or;D ajr;jrpf rsm;ESifh twlwuG aexdkifcGifh&Muonf/ om;orD;rsm;u rdrdwdkYtm; auR;arG;apmifha&Smufxm;ontm;avsmfpGm ¤if;wdkYonf tcsdeftm;&wdkif; bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifEdkifMuonf/ ar;G pm;on\"hf avuh kd þa'owiG f rsm;pmG usiohf ;kH av&h MdSuon/f rod m;wppf rk S uav;ukd tjcm;rod m;prk S ac:,al r;G pm;jci;f ukd qvkd okd n/f rrd td rd af xmipf vk yk if e;f rsm; rEikd rf ei;f jzpaf eonhf tcsed rf sK;d wiG f usiohf ;kH wwMfuon/f odkYaomf þa'owGif uav;vJvS,fonfh \"avhrsKd;udk rawGU&acs/ ar;G pm;onhf pepvf yk xf ;kH rmS ½;kd ½;kd &iS ;f &iS ;f yijfzpof n/f ar;G pm;rnohf ol nf uav;rbd tm; uav;twuG f tciG thf a&;tm;v;kH cpH m;apygrn[f ol nhf EwI uf wud kd ay;Mu&on/f þupd rö sK;d wiG f &mG om;rsm;onf rsujfriof uf aorsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ uav;vdr®m a&;jcm;&Sda&;twGuf &Gmom;rsm;uvnf; 0dkif;0ef;qHk;ravh&Sdavonf/ arG;pm;onfhpepf yxrwpfrsKd;rSm rdrduav; arG;uif;pwGif aoqHk;oGm;onfhtcg rdcifaoqHk;oGm;í usef&SdcJhonfh arG;uif;puav;i,frsm;udk &SmíarG;pm;wwfMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;onf uav;aoqHk;oGm;í rdcifEdkY rwukd af uR;&bJ EjYkdruaf eonthf jzprf sK;d ukd rMun&hf uMfuacs/ xaYkd Mumihf uav;ar;G pm;&&ef rrd ed ;D py&f m aqrG sK;d om; csi;f tMum;wiG f ue;D &mS í r&roS m tjcm;a'orS uav;ukd ac:,al r;G pm;cikd ;f av&h MdSuon/f þupd rö sK;d ukd rod m;pk udpö[k oabmxm;avhr&SdbJ &Gmom;rsm;uyg tav;teuf xm;avh&SdMuonf/ 'wk ,d wprf sK;d rmS trd of m;wppf wk iG f uav;tveG rf sm;Ny;D trd Of ;D p;D vyk of ul rauR;rar;G Eikd f jzpvf monthf cg rsK;d wiG f jzpwf wof n/f xtkd cg ,i;f rod m;pok nf rrd \\d uav;wpOf ;D EpS Of ;D ukd tjcm;orl sm; ar;G pm;&eaf y;av&h MdSu on/f ,i;f ar;G pm;jci;f rmS ,m,rD [wk bf J tNy;D tyikd f ar;G pm;yikd cf iG &hf MdSuon/f ar;G pm;rcd if zciuf vkd n;f rbd twikd ;f quvf uqf uqf oH mG ;Mu&on/f rrd \\d rbd t&i;f ukd þoqYkd uqf cH iG rhf &adS wmah cs/ ,i;f ar;G pm;rrI sK;d rmS uav;EpS Ef pS f t&G,frS av;ESpft&G,ftMum;wGif jyKvkyfavh&SdMuonf/ uav;rSm vlrSef;rodwwfao;onfh t&G,fjzpfojzifh uav;BuD;vmonfhtcg rdrdarG;pm;om;? om;&if;pojzifh a0cGJr&jzpfaewwfonf/ rbhd aoq;kH uek rf S ar;G pm;onthf cg ar;G pm;rbd rsm;wiG f tcutf cMJuKHMu&on/f uav;u,kd wf ikd uf rbd t&if;rsm;r[kwfrSef; odaeojzifh taecufMuonf/ arG;pm;rdbrsm;bufurl ,k,rI? MuifemrItjynfh jywwfMu on/f trd af xmipf rk sm;wiG f ar;G pm;uav;EiS hf om;or;D t&i;f rsm;ukd wajy;nqD uqf wH wMfuon/f trd tf vyk f rsm;uvkd n;f omapemapr&/dS tntD rQ wm0exf r;f aqmiMfu&on/f trsm;tm;jzihf uav;rsm;onf rrd wd \\Ykd nD &i;f tpuf kd armiEf rS t&i;f rsm;yrm aexikd of mG ;wwMfuonuf rsm;on/f tcsKUd ae&mrsm;wiG rf l tcutf cJ ten;f tyg;&SdEdkifonfrSmrl rvTJacs/

138 tcef; (19) arG;zGm;jcif; arG;uif;pt&G,fuav;b0 yt;kd rsm;onf uav;vckd siof nqhf E´ jyi;f jywwMfuon/f tx;l ojzihf rrd wd tYkd rd af xmif wnwf EhH ikd af &;rmS uav;ar;G zmG ;rtI ay:wiG f rwl nof jzihf red ;f rrsm;u yíkd qE&´ wdS wMfuon/f uav;ar;G Eikd of nrhf cd irf mS *Pk of &d f &odS n[f k ,ql xm;Muon/f uav;ar;G onthf cgvn;f red ;f uav;r?S a,musfm;uav;r[S ol nthf pJG xm;coJ n/f odkYaomf rdcifrsm;onf omoemhtarGudk cHEdkifonfhom;a,mufsm;udk ydkívdkvm;avh&Sdonf/ odkYrSom rdrdonf acrmaomiuf r;f eAd mÁ eef e;f oYkd wuvf rS ;f Eikd rf n[f k ,MkHunxf m;Muon/f red ;f uav;rsm;uvn;f i,pf Oaf wmiaf us; uav;b0rS trkd i;f rprG ;f t&,G af &muof nwhf ikd af tmif aemibf 0wiG f a,musfm;b0 &apaMumi;f tqurf jywf qkawmif;vmJhwwfMuonf/ þtcsufudkMunfhjcif;jzifh a,mufsm;b0onf jrwfaMumif;xif&Sm;vSonf/ yt;kd red ;f rrsm;onf om;or;D jzpxf eG ;f rI jrirhf m;Muon/f (16)EpS f (17)EpS tf &,G wf iG f vuxf yNfy;D aemuxf yf (15)EpS rf S 20-EpS tf wgi;f uav;ajcmuaf ,murf S cEk pS af ,mutf xd ar;G zmG ;av&h MdSuon/f tcsKUd trsK;d or;D rsm;onf ar;G zmG ;Eikd of nuhf mv tEpS f 30-twiG ;f uav; (15)a,mutf xyd if ar;G z;l Muavon/f use;f rma&;csKUd wíhJ jrKH aeonrhf ed ;f rrsm;onf ewrf sm;xwH iG f om;qak wmi;f av&h MdSuon/f b&k m;&iS uf vkd n;f yal ZmNfy;D om;or;D &&adS p&ef qak wmi;f wwMfuon/f om;or;D r&onhf virf ,m;onf umG &iS ;f í t;kd trd of paf xmivf ukd of nthf cg om;or;D & vmwwfonfudk awGU&onf/ a,musfm;rsm; ]]z}kd }wwaf Mumi;f ukd tav;*½jkyKyrkH &Muacs/ emruse;f a&m*gaMumihf vid rf prG ;f aqmiEf ikd of nhf tcsuuf okd m ¤i;f wYkd em;vnMfuon/f jrKHaeonrhf ed ;f rrsm;onf oaE&¨ adS p&ef aq;0g;r0DS J av&h adS Mumi;f Mum;z;l on/f þaq;prG ;f aumi;f rsm; azmpf yEf ikd of nhf t&ntf csi;f &odS rl mS &rS ;f rsm;omjzpMfuon/f Eikd if jHcm;rmS uohJ Ykd om;or;D tm; tuefYtowfESifh arG;rIrsKd;udk ytdk;rsm; vufcHavhr&Sday/ \"rw® mtvm &ypf rJ uI rkd wl nNfy;D rrd wd iG f u,kd 0f ef &^dS r&udS kd tq;kH tjzwf ay;av&h odS n/f xtkd cg red ;f rrsm; u rrd \\d viaf ,musfm;tm; ziG ahf jymMuon/f trd af xmiof nf rrd \\d rwd af qG trsK;d or;D rsm;tm; ziG ahf jymMuon/f xdktcsdefwGif ¤if;onf tdrftvkyfudpörsm;udk vkyfNrJvkyfavh&Sdonf/ udk,f0eft&iftrmESifh tdrftvkyf? jcHtvkyf? v,tf vyk rf sm;ukd quíf vyk NfrvJ yk af ewwMfuon/f ,i;f tvyk rf sm;ukd uav;ar;G csed af &muíf Aukd ef mvmonhf tcsed wf iG rf l &yaf wmoh n/f tcsKUd use;f rma&;raumi;f onhf red ;f rrsm;rmS r;l a0wwrf EI iS hf tjcm;a0'emrsm;ukd cpH m;Mu &on/f u,kd 0f e&f pS vf t&,G wf iG f t&yvf uof ntf m; Aukd tf yaf v&h odS n/f t&yvf uof nof nf u,kd 0f eaf qmif rcd i\\f u,kd wf iG ;f uav;taetxm; reS rf reS f ppaf q;ay;on/f jyKjyiaf y;on/f omreaf r;G zmG ;rrI sK;d wiG f þopYkd r;f oyrf rI sm; jyKvyk cf vJ oS n/f rcd iaf vmi;f rsm;onf rrd wd iG f rnof cYkd sKUd ,iG ;f aeonuf kd owxd m;rod rl sm; r[wk MfubJ tcsed wf eaf r;G vmrnthf jzpuf okd m apmiahf ewwMfuon/f arG;zGm;&ef &ufowåywf tenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdcifu tpm;taomufrsm;udk a&SmifMu&onf/ txl;o jzihf tytl pytf pmrsm;ukd t\"ud xm;a&mS iMfuon/f taMumtf avmS rf sm;ukd pm;ciG rhf jyK? ,i;f tpmrsm;ukd ar;G zmG ;Ny;D aemuf wvceqYf uíf a&mS iMfu&on/f uav; oerf mzUHG xmG ;vmonhf tcgwiG rf S tqykd g tpm;taomurf sm;ukd pm;ciG &hf Muon/f Aukd pf wif emMuivf monthf cg vuof ntf m;ac:&on/f ar;G zmG ;onthf cg uav;ar;G zmG ;&v,G uf al v&h dS orl sm; to;kH jyKav&h adS om zsmukd imS ;&r;f í ci;f ay;av&h odS n/f uav;ar;G zmG ;onthf csed wf iG f red ;f r taygi;f toi;f rwd af qrG sm; vmíxikd af ewwMfuon/f viaf ,musfm;jzpof ul Z;D curf sm;ukd trd \\f av;buaf v;weaf xmirhf sm;wiG f csnaf EmS iíf raumi;f q;kd 0g;ukd armi;f EiS xf wk &f on/f red ;f rrsm;rmS Aukd ef mcsed wf iG f tyd pf urf aebJ vr;f avQmu&f i;f nnf;nLaewwfonf/ emvGef;ru emvmvQif zsmay:xdkifcswwfonf/ vufonfEsifh tjcm;rdef;rrsm;u tcg tm;avsmpf mG EydS Ef ,S af y;wwMfuon/f rciaf vmi;f tm; a&aE;G Mur;f ? a&at;wuYkd kd wukd of n/f Aukd ef musicf sed rf mS ckESpfem&D? &Spfem&DrQMumatmif emaeavhr&SdMuacs/ rdef;rrsm;rSm oefrmí usef;rma&;aumif;Muonfhtavsmuf arG;zGm;&mwGif vG,fulwwfMuonf/

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145 z;l ygu vrl jzpaf o;[k owrf wS wf wMfuon/f a,musfm;av;rsm;onf ,ciuf 15-EpS f 16-EpS tf &,G wf iG f &iS jfyK av&h MdSuon/f ,ctk cg &pS Ef pS ?f u;kd EpS tf &,G wf iG f jyKMuon/f ¤i;f woYkd nf u&kd i0f wjfzihf b&k m;pm? w&m;pmrsm;ukd oifMum;Muonf/ tcsKdUvnf; avmuDpmrsm;udk oifMum;Muonf/ avmuvlYabmifwGif rnfodkYaexdkif qufqHoGm;&rnf-[lonfh usifhpOfrsm;Esifh ywfoufonfh oifMum; ñeT Mfum;rrI sm;ukd uav;rsm; rcpH m;Mu&ay/ bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f wiG f aexikd cf iG &hf onhf uav;rsm;om þtciG thf a&; &wwfMuonf/ &Gmrsm;wGif vlBuD;olrrsm;uvnf; uav;rsm;udk vlYusifh0wfESifh ywfoufonfh oifMum;rIrsKd;udk ppD Oaf qmi&f uG af y;Eikd cf iG hf rMuKHMuay/ xaYkd Mumihf uav;rsm;onf vuaf wUG b0e,yf ,uf kd rrd bd mom avvh mMu &on/f rsujfriuf ,kd af wUG tay:rmS om ynm,&l &mS on/f uav;rsm; bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f oYkd vukd yf gomG ;&i;f rbd rsm; ';l axmu&f cdS ;kd Muonuf kd erel m,Mlu&i;f bek ;f Bu;D rsm;? ½yk yf mG ;awmrf sm;a&US wiG f þo&Ykd cdS ;kd &yguvm;[k to&d vdS mc&hJ onf/ tvm;wlyif tjcm;tawGUtMuHK ynmrsm;udkvnf; þenf;ESifh &&SdMu&onf/ aygi;f oi;f quqf aH &;? tusiphf m&wd Eå iS hf \"avxh ;kH wr;f rsm;onf vaYl bmitf zUJG tpn;f wp&f y\\f ,MkHunrf I uvkd udk íf waygi;f wpn;f wn;f jzpaf pavon/f rcd i\\f bmoma&;tay: ou0f i½f akd orEI iS hf EvS ;kH oiG ;f ykH tjyK trwl oYkd nf trd af xmiwf pcf vk ;kH \\ p½ukd \"f avuh kd tajymi;f tvJ jzpaf pEikd of n/f uav;rsm;ukd 0waf umi;f pm;vS 0wqf iaf y;í b&k m;ausmi;f aqmiof Ykd ac:aqmiof mG ;Ny;D uok vkd vf yk if e;f rsm;wiG f aqmi&f uG af pjci;f ? A'k b¨ &k m;&iS \\f tq;kH trrsm;ukd uav;rsm; em;vnof abmayguaf tmif rMumcP &iS ;f vi;f ajymjyjci;f rsm; tx;l vtkd yvf oS n/f rcd iEf iS thf wl y;l uyaf eciG &hf jci;f jzihf rcd iof nf uav;rsm;tm; ynmto;D o;D ay;Eikd af vawmoh n/f rcd iuf rdrd\\uav;rsm; txyfxyftcgcg vkyfjyjcif;jzifh ynm&aponf/ rdcifonf uav;rsm;udk trdefYay;apcdkif;rIrsKd; vyk uf ikd cf oJ n/f uav;rsm;uvkd n;f qyl cl oJ n/f uav;rsm;ukd ac:cikd ;f ír&vQif rrd bd mom omG ;vyk wf wMfuon/f þotYkd m;jzihf uav;rsm; vBlu;D pum; em;raxmiof n\"hf avuh kd avuh siahf y;xm;ovkd jzpaf pcohJ n/f uav;rsm; tm; rbd EpS Of ;D pv;kH u MoZmjyíaecikd ;f avrh &/dS uav;rsm;a&US wiG f tvyk rf sm;ukd txyxf ytf cgcgvyk Nfy;D oiMfum; ynmay;Mu&on/f xtkd cg uav;rsm;uvn;f vyk wf wvf mon/f vyk vf okd nqhf E´ ay:vmMuNy;D vyk vf mMuon/f uav;tm; qak y;onphf epuf kd rusiohf ;kH bJ cs;D usL;ajymqjkdci;f rjyK/ þojYkdzihf rbd EiS hf om;or;D rsm;onf twwl uG vkyfudkifaexdkif&if; vufawGUtvkyfrsm; vkyfjy&if; ynmay;oGm;wwfMuonf/ aus;&mG rsm;wiG f touaf r;G 0r;f aMumi;f ynmuvkd n;f vuaf wUG oiMfum;&onrf [wk bf J rsujfriaf vvh m Ny;D twck ;kd oiMfum;Mu&avon/f þ\"avrh mS i,pf Ouf wn;f uyif pon/f uav;rsm; pum;ajymwwpf tcsed wf iG f rdcifzcifESifh uav;tBuD;rsm;u uav;tm; pum;trsKd;rsKd; ajymaeMu&mrS twkcdk;&if; wwfvmcJh&onf/ þenf;udk uav;rsm; i,fpOfuwnf;uyif usifhoHk;vmMuonf/ uav;tm; wpfvHk;pESpfvHk;p pum; ajymjyvdkuf? uav;u vdkufajymvdkuf? aemuf uav;vnf; pum;ajymwwfoGm;onf/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;rSm bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f wiG f aeciG &hf Muojzihf jrerf mtu&© mo;kH onhf yt;kd pmayukd oiMfum;ciG &hf &MdSuavon/f pmayoif Mum;&mwGif jrefrmo'´gudktajccHí ytdk;bmomudk oifMum;Muonf/ bkef;BuD;rsm;onf owfyHkudk*½krpdkufMubJ toHxGufudkvdkufí rdrdoifhovdk aygif;wwfMuonf/ ¤if;ytdk;bmomjzifh a&;xm;onfhpmudk ytdk;rsm; a&SUwGif zwjfyonthf cg yt;kd rsm;em;rvnMfuacs/ tb,af Mumiqhf akd omf jrerf mEiS hf yt;kd o'g´ zxJG ;kH csi;f rwal omaMumihf jrefrmo'´gudk tajccHa&;xm;onfhtcg ytdk;rsm; em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfoGm;&onf/ red ;f uav;rsm;rmS pmayoiMfum;ciG hf em;yg;Muon/f twjkrif twwof itf qiEhf iS ohf m wi;f wrd af eMu& onf/ tpdk;&u þa'owGif ausmif;zGifhvSpfay;ojzifh uav;rsm; wufa&mufoifMum;EdkifMuonf/ odkYaomf ytdk;bmomoifMum;&ef tpDtpOfr&Sd jrefrmpmudkom t\"duxm; oifMum;ay;avonf/ toufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfief;qdkif&m twwfynmrsm;onfvnf; w&m;0ifoifMum;&jcif; r&SdMuacs/ bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f wiG f þynmrsK;d oiMfum;jci;f r&/dS pmoiaf usmi;f rsm;wiG vf n;f pmtyk wf iG ;f rS pmrsm;uokd m oiMfum; ay;Muon/f &mG &rdS ed ;f uav;? a,musfm;av;rsm;onf tvyk vf yk &f i;f trmS ;awUG vQif treS jfyi&f i;f uRr;f usirf &I vdS m Muon/f tvyk of if xm;&vdS yk uf ikd af vrh &/dS rrd bd mom vyk &f i;f uikd &f i;f wwvf mMuon/f Oyrmtm;jzihf a,musfm; av;wpaf ,muof nf x,xf ;kd usiohf nthf cg x,uf kd uRr;f usiof rl sm;yif c&J mcqJ puf ikd &f ojzihf tcutf caJ wUG ae vdrfhrnf/ vlBuD;u 0ifa&mufoifay;rnfr[kwf/

146 rrd bd mom tawUG tMuKH&mS &i;f avvh m&on/f uRuJ ikd uf si&hf mwiG f vn;f uav;u,kd wf ikd f uikd wf ,G &f mü tveG tf cutf cjJzpvf mroS m zciuf BuKd;uvkd uaf jymi;f uikd af von/f oYkd aomvf n;f uav;rsm;rmS uR?J EmG ;rsm;EiS hf vufyGef;wwD; aevmMuojzifh rsm;pGmtcuftcJ awGUavhr&Sday/ ESD;? 0g;udkifonfh twwfynmudkvnf; &GmwGif vBlu;D rsm; vyk uf ikd af eonuf kd avvh m&i;f wwof mG ;Muon/f trsm;tm;jzihf E;DS 0g;jzihf rrd wd Ykd upm;p&mrsm; twk ,lvkyf&if; wwfMujcif;jzpfonf/ red ;f uav;rsm;taejzivhf n;f trd rf uI pd vö yk if e;f rsm;? aetrd jfcH pukd yf sK;d rtI wwyf nmrsm;ukd twal e rcd if \\ vkyfyHkudkifyHkudkMunfhNyD; wwfoGm;Muavonf/ tdrfrIudpö t00rSmvnf; cufcJonfhtvkyfrsm; r[kwfonfht avsmuf wwvf ,G Mfuon/f csujfyKwrf tI wwyf nmukd &mG &rdS ed ;f rrsm;onf tav;teuf xm;rrI &MdSu/ omrecf suf rI? jyKwfrIvkyfief;rSm ½dk;pif;ojzifh wwfvG,fMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\\ rd½dk;zvm v,f,mtvkyfudkom t\"duxm; vkyfudkifMuNyD; tjcm;vdktyfonfh to;kH taqmirf sm;ukd tjcm;vrl sK;d prk sm;xrH S 0,,f ol ;kH Muonuf rsm;on/f v,of rm;rsm;onf tm;vycf sed rf sm;ü zsm,uMfuaomvf n;f vu&f mraumi;f Muacs/ wpEf pS yf wvf ;kH þtvyk uf kd vyk uf ikd of \\l vu&f mrmS aumi;f ojzihf ,i;f ypnö ;f rsm;ukod m 0,f,lok;H pGJMuavonf/ &mG wiG f aiGyef;xdrfrsm;&dMSuaomvn;f vuf&mMur;f ojzifh NrdKUwGif tvkyfcdkif;onfu rsm;onf/ vufrIynmonfrsm;wGif vuform;ynmrSm ydkí wefbdk;xm;cH&onf/ tawG;tac:ESifh ,HkMunfrIrsm;onfvnf; vufqifhurf; ul;ajymif;í vmcJhMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;b0wGif tpOfpdk;rdk;aewwfonfh 0dnmOft,ltqonf vlBuD;rsm;\\ tjyKtrlwdkYaMumifh uav;rsm; t½dk;pGJvmMuonf/ ewuf awmrf sm;\\ tjyKtrtl vyk tf uikd rf sm;onf vBlu;D ten;f i,af &US wiG f vyk uf ikd Mfuaomvf n;f uav;rsm;u jrifawGUzl;aeMuonf/ uav;rsm;udk,fwdkif ewfrsm;udk aMumufvefYaeMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ewfyGJrsm;jyKvkyfaom tcg rbd EiS yhf if twrl vukd &f MJuacs/ oaYkd omf b&k m;ausmi;f ueof mG ;vQirf l a&US q;kH rS vukd yf gwwMfuon/f armS if vmvQif uav;rsm;rSm tdrfjyifrxGuf&JMuawmhay/ uok vkd uf uH kd ,MkHunuf ;kd pm;rrI mS vn;f i,pf Ouf yif t½;kd pvJG mMuon/f vBlu;D rsm; ajymav&m&m pum; rsm;wiG f trsm;q;kH yg0i?f tusK;H 0iof nphf um;rmS tqykd g uok vkd uf oH mjzpaf von/f Oyok af erY sm;wiG f ausmi;f oYkd vukd yf gciG &hf onthf cg bek ;f awmBfu;D rsm; a[mMum;q;kH ronhf w&m;pum;wiG f tqykd g uok vkd uf tH aMumi;f ocd iG hf MuKHMuon/f aumi;f ruI pd vö yk jfci;f jzihf uok vkd uf tH usK;d quf aumi;f vmEikd of n[hf k em;vnvf mMuon/f bek ;f awmf Bu;D rsm;u vBlu;D rsm;tm; ñeT jfyq;kH rwwMfuon/f uav;rsm;rmS bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f rS cgG vukd of nEf iS hf q;kH rpum;rsm; acgi;f rS aysmuof mG ;on/f ¤i;f wYkd rarah ysmuof nthf &mrmS bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f wiG f &wG qf akd eus ygVpd um; b&k m;&cdS ;kd rsm;yifjzpfavonf/ ytdk;rsm;wGif a,mufsm;rsm;onf wpfoufomwGif wpfBudrfrQ ynmoifMum;cGifh&cJhMuaomf vnf; avhusifhrItm;enf;ojzifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpfoGm;&onf/ rdef;rrsm;rSmrl &mEIef;jynfh pmrwwfMuacs/ veG cf ohJ nhf EpS af ygi;f 40-ceuYf mvwiG f awmiBfu;D EiS hf re;D ra0;ae&mrsm;ü Eikd if jHcm;omoemjyK tzUJG wpcf k \\ O;D aqmirf jIzihf ausmi;f (3)ausmi;f ziG vhf pS zf ;l on/f y½wkd upf wed ;f omoemjyKtzUJG rS 1907-cEk pS wf iG f pwizf iG hf vSpfcJhonfh awmifBuD;&Sdausmif;odkY tcsKdUytdk;rsm; wufa&mufoifMum;cJhMuonf/ tqdkygausmif;rSm ,aeYwdkif qufvufzGifhvSpfvsuf&SdNyD; ytdk;rdef;uav;rsm;? a,mufsm;av;rsm; bmomra&G; wufa&mufoifMum;Edkifonf/ ,if;ausmif;rsm;\\ rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm c&pfomoemjyK&efjzpfonf/ &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&onf ta&SUbufa'owGif ausmif;oHk;ausmif;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESifhwGJí zGifh&ef ppD Ocf ohJ n/f acwyf nmwwuf Rr;f onhf q&mrsm;ceíYf avmuyD nmrsm;uokd m oiMfum;ay;on/f bek ;f Bu;D rsm;u waevY Qif tcsed tf en;f i,rf Q,íl bmoma&;upd rö sm;ukd oiMfum;ay;on/f tqykd gausmi;f rsm;rmS *syeaf cwrf wikd f ruD mvwiG f ziG vhf pS cf ohJ n/f *syeaf cwwf iG f acwrå Qywd Nfy;D ,cak vvh maeonuhf mvwiG f jyevf nzf iG vhf pS of iMfum; aeon/f &mG ausmi;f rsm;wiG f rvl we;f tqixhf uyf íkd roiMfum;Eikd Mfuacs/ quvf uof iMfum;vokd rl sm;onf NrKdU ausmif;odkY oGm;Mu&onf/ ausmi;f rsm;ukd &rS ;f jynef ,yf nma&;XmerS O;D p;D ziG vhf pS jfci;f jzpNfy;D ausmi;f rsm;uyG uf rJ I tveG tf m;en;f av on/f ausmi;f q&mrsm;onf vpmukd jynef ,yf nma&;XmewiG f omG ;a&muxf wk ,f al v&m vpmxwk af y;onphf epf nzH si;f ojzihf q&mrsm;onf wvvQif o;kH Burd rf QomG ;rS vpmukd &Muon/f uav;rsm;rmS pmoi&f uef n;f omG ;ojzihf

147 epef mMu&on/f uREyfk af vvh maeonahf 'owiG f rvl we;f ausmi;f wpaf usmi;f &odS n/f ,i;f ausmi;f wiG f yxrEpS of il ,wf e;f wGif uav;rsm;udk Asnf;rsm;? *Pef;ta&twGufrsm;udk oifay;onf/ yxrwef;rSpí jrefrmpm ta&;tzwf? *Pe;f ocsFm? owyf wkH uYkd kd oiMfum;on/f ww,d we;f EiS hf pwwk w¬ e;f wiG f jrerf moh rikd ;f ? yx0?D jynohf eYl wD rd sm;ukd oiMf um;ay;avon/f ynma&;Xmeonf EpS pf Of oiMfum;rtI csed Zf ,m;rsm;ukd xwk jfyeaf von/f ausmi;f ziG &hf uf ausmi;f ywd &f uf rsm;uvkd n;f aMujimay;on/f ausmi;f ziG &hf urf mS arvwiG jfzpNfy;D ausmi;f ywd &f urf sm;rmS rwvf wiG f pwiof n/f wpfESpfvQif q,fvrQ pmoifMum;&onf/ tpdk;&½Hk;ydwf&ufrsm;? yGJawmfaeYrsm;wGif ausmif;ydwfMu&onf/ rdbrsm;onf rdrdtdrfwGif tvkyfydkvmonfhtcg uav;rsm;udk ausmif;rSEkwfoGm;wwfMuonf/ rdbrsm; onf ynm\\webf ;kd ukd oMduorl sm;r[wk /f uav;rsm;\\ ynmoiMfum;a&;uvkd n;f tm;ray;vMkduacs/ rrd od m; orD;rsm;tm; todynmA[kokw<u,fapvdkolrsm;omvQif tjyifty&Sdausmif;rsm;odkY vTwfNyD; ynmoifMum;ap avon/f ausmi;f rsm;wiG f o;kH onphf mtyk rf sm;rmS jrerf mbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;Muonthf avsmuf rvl we;f tqihf wiG f jrerf mpmrzwwf wof nhf uav;rsm;rmS v;kH 0em;vnjfci;f r&MdSuacs/ av;we;f avmuaf &murf oS mvQif em;vnf wwuf Rr;f vmMuon/f oiMfum;&onhf q&mrsm;wiG vf n;f tveG tf cutf cJ awUG &avon/f pmtyk wf iG yf gonhf jrerf mpmv;kH wikd ;f ukd yt;kd bmomoYkd jyeqf akd y;&on/f orYkd oS m uav;rsm; emvnEf ikd Mfuon/f aus;&mG ceqYf &mrsm; rmS þen;f jziohf iMfum;&mü tutl nvD ;kH 0r&Eikd af cs/ pmtyk yf g taMumi;f t&mrsm;ukd bmomjyeíf ausmuof if yek ;f ay:a&;í tu;l cikd ;f &on/f Ny;D rS usuaf p&on/f twe;f i,rf sm;wiG f ausmuof iyf ek ;f ? ausmuwf uH kd to;kH jyK Muavonf/ ESpfwef;a&mufonfhtcgwGif pm&Guf? cJwHudkifcGifh&Muonf/ jrerf mEikd if H ynma&;XmerS ausmi;f o;kH pmtyk rf sm;ukd vakH vmuaf tmif BuKd;pm;jzecYf sad omvf n;f pmtyk rf mS trmS ;t,iG ;f rsm;veG ;f on/f pmtyk rf sm; tvtkH avmuf r&ojzihf q&mrsm;rmS armS icf 0kd ,íf o;kH Mu&on/f pmtyk f rsm;ydkYvQifvnf; ausmif;zGifhNyD;oHk;vrS ajcmufvtMumrS ausmif;odkY a&mufvmwwfonf/ &mG rsm;wiG f taeMumvmonhf q&mrsm;onf &mG wiG f O;D pm;tqihf owrf wS cf MHu&on/f upd tö &y&f yEf iS hf ywof uíf q&tm; vma&muwf ikd yf iwf wMfuon/f q&mrrsm;rmS vn;f ¤i;f \\ynmt&ntf csi;f aMumihf O;D pm;ay; c&H Ny;D a,musfm;0ikd ;f rsm;wiG f ajyma&;qckd iG &hf odS l jzpvf mavon/f rrd wd \\Ykd uav;rsm;ukd ta&;? tzwwf waf tmif oifay;onfh q&m q&mrrsm;udk &GmrSav;pm;Muonf/ &GmodkY topfa&mufvmonfh q&m? q&mrrsm;udkvnf; tav;*½kjyK OD;pm;ay;wwfavonf/ ynma&;Xmeonf e,&f adS usmi;f rsm;twuG f q&mvakH vmuaf tmif ray;Eikd Mfuacs/ yt;kd a'owiG f yt;kd trsK;d om;tzUJG tpn;f \\ pn;f ½;kH rjIzihf ausmi;f oprf sm;aqmuíf ausmi;f ziG Mhfuavon/f tp;kd &uvn;f ausmi;f rsm; uakd qmuyf gu q&mEiS vhf tkd yof nhf ynma&;upd ö aqmi&f uG af y;rn[f k ñeT Mfum;xm;on/f oaYkd omf wu,vf uf awGUwGif jzpfrvmcJhacs/ q&m&mS ;yg;&jci;f \\ taMumi;f tcsuwf p&f yrf mS vpmumG jcm;rvI n;f t\"ud jzpof n/f aus;&mG aeq&mrsm; \\ vpmrSm wvvQif 50d^usyfom &&SdNyD; NrdKUaeq&mrrsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYESpfqxuf&aeonf/ &GmwGif aexdkifp&dwf enf;yg;onfrSm rSefaomfvnf; NrdKUrSmuJhodkY tcGifhta&;rsKd; r&EdkifMuacs/ xdkYaMumifh vpmydkírsm;onfh NrdKUausmif; q&mb0ukd yíkd wyrf uMfuavon/f aemuqf ;kH tajzrmS &mG rsm;oYkd t&ntf csi;f rjynrhf oD nhf q&m;rsm;oma&muf vmMuonf/ NrdKUwGif toHk;r0ifonfh q&mrsm;om awmodkYtydkYcH&avonf/ xdktcg q&mnHhrsm;u oifMum;rIpepf tnHrsm;jzifh &Gmrsm;wGif uav;rsm;udk oifMum;Muawmhonf/ pmoi&f mwiG f pmutkd vwG uf surf wS af pon/f uav;rsm;rmS rnof nthf \"yd gÜ ,rf S a&a&&m&mrobd J usuMfu&on/f oifcef;pmyg tcsufrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm; taotcsm &Sif;vif;rjyojzifh uav;rsm;rSm oifcef;pmygtcufudk em;vncf iG rhf &/ Muuwf al &;G pum;oiof uohJ oYkd m jzpaf e&on/f þen;f rmS w&m;pmrsm;ukd bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f wiG f oitf oH nehf n;f vr;f jzpaf von/f q&mrsm;rmS t&ntf csi;f rjynrhf MDuonjhfyif oiMfum;rI taxmutf uyl pnö ;f rsm; rjynfhpHkrIaMumifh oifMum;rI&nf&G,fcsuf txrajrmufvSay/

148 uav;rsm;wGifvnf; vGwfvyfpGm MuHqEdkifrI? todynm &ifhusufEdkifrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydwfaeonf/ awmof nuhf av;rsm;uvn;f ÓP&f nnf ohH nhf uav;rsm;vukd Ef ikd of ntf xd apmiahf eMu&on/f q&muvn;f pmnHhonfhuav;udk wpfOD;csif; zdzdpD;pD; tm½HkrjyKEdkif/ þa'owiG f ziG vhf pS xf m;onhf ausmi;f tawmrf sm;rsm;onf rvl &n&f ,G cf sutf wikd ;f taumitf xnrf azmf Eikd af o;[k q&kd rn/f &mG tzUJG tpn;f EiS hf t0H icf iG uf s oiMfum;rrI sm;vn;f r[wk af y/ &mG \\ tusi\"hf avxh ;kH wr;f rsm; EiS hf quEf ,G of nhf oiMfum;rrI sm;&rdS oS m uav;rsm;wiG f yíkd tusK;d &EdS ikd af von/f ynma&;qikd &f m oi½f ;kd ñeT ;f wr;f rsm;rSm &Gm\"avhxkH;wrf;ukd ruRrf;usi?f rodem;rvnforl sm;om jzpfMuonf/ xkad usmi;f rsm;onf &mG tzUGJ tpn;f tm; rsm;pGmtusKd;rjyKvSaMumif; tcdkiftrm qdkEdkifonf/ trSeftm;jzifh BuD;jyif;vmMurnfh uav;rsm;udk ulnD apmiahf &mS ujfci;f ? vuaf wUG jyojci;f ? &iS ;f vi;f jyjci;f ? unl ½D ikd ;f yi;f jci;f ? cs;D usL;ajymqjkdci;f ? pn;f ur;f ao0yrf &I adS tmif q;kH roeG of ijfci;f -ponrhf ul kd tajccxH m;onhf ynmoiMfum;rI pepof nof m yt;kd vrl sK;d pk tzUJG tpn;f rsm;EiS hf tH 0ifcGifus jzpfvmrnfhtaMumif; aqG;aEG;vdkayonf/ tcef; (20) aqGrsKd;awmfpyfyHkESifh aqGrsKd;pkrsm; uREykf wf oYkd nf yt;kd rsm;\\ vrl tI zUJG tpn;f e,yf ,uf kd oud Rr;f vykd gu ¤i;f wYkd aqrG sK;d E,G qf uf aquwf nyf kH udk odxm;&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf/ yifrt&if;cH rdom;pkrSm tvGeftajccHusonfh aqGrsKd;awmfpyfrI t&if;tjrpfyifjzpfonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ tqykd g yirf t&i;f cH rod m;prk S tjyibf uf aqrG sK;d tzUJG tpn;f rsm;rmS w0r;f u?JG EpS 0f r;f u-JG pojzihf awmpf yrf wI jzn;f jzn;f a0;omG ;ayvrd rhf n/f usejfyeoYf nohf m;csi;f aqrG sK;d toikd ;f t0ikd ;f wiG f wpOf ;D EiS whf pOf ;D ao;G csi;f aqrG sK;d awmpf yf jcif;ESifh taMumif;wpfpHkw&maMumifh aqGrsKd;awmfpyfvmjcif;-[lonfh tcsufESpfcsufay: tajccHí om;csif;aqG rsK;d E,G qf uf jzpaf e&on/f twwl uG aexikd Mfujci;f onyf if &yaf q&G yrf sK;d tjzpf yt;kd e,yf ,wf iG f oabmxm;av on/f wpOf ;D csi;f \\ oabmxm;t& vol m;csi;f aqrG sK;d [ol nf rrd td cutf c&J ydS gu tutl n&D ool mjzpof n[f k jzpfonf/ rdrdtaeESifhvnf; xdkol\\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk twkefYtvSnfh jyefvnfjznfhpGrf;&rnf[k cH,lMuonf/ om;csif;aqGrsKd;qkdonfhpum;udk þodkYt\"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&ayrnf/ om;csif;aqGrsKd;twGif;ü wpfOD;csif; tjyeftvSef unl &D ewf m0e&f ídS y*k Kd¾vaf &;vyI &f mS ;rrI sm;wiG f tcsi;f csi;f aEmS iBfuKd;wxJ m;orl sm;jzpof n/f vwl pOf ;D csi;f wiG f rbd EpS yf g;rS ayguyf mG ;vmMuonhf rod m;p[k ol nf trsK;d rawmpf yof El pS Of ;D vuxf yxf rd ;f jrm§ ;Mujci;f jzpof n/f þen;f jzihf aqrG sK;d jzpvf mMuon/f þe,d mrjzihf om;csi;f aqrG sK;d rsm;onf ao;G awmrf sK;d pyíf vn;f aumi;f ? vuxf yxf rd ;f jrm§ ;jci;f jzivhf n;f aumi;f aqrG sK;d toikd ;f t0ikd ;f jzpvf mMuon/f om;csi;f aqrG sK;d tptk zUJG wiG f tusi\"hf avrh sm;? p½ukd f rsm;u wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qifwlwwfMuonf/ qufEG,faewwfMuonf/ yt;kd rsm;\\ aqrG sK;d awmpf yyf ukH kd atmuyf gtwikd ;f rvl tqi?hf 'wk ,d tqi?hf ww,d tqi-hf pojzihf yikd ;f jcm;azmjfyvokd n/f rlvtajccH rrd d = acG taz = zg tar = rKdG; tpuf kd = a0;ckd nD = z;l ckd tprf = a0;r;l nrD = z;l r;l vif = 0g (trnfac:&ef)

149 r,m; = rm ( / ) om; = yckd kd or;D = yrkd ;l 'kwd,tqifh zcif\\taz^tar? rdcif\\taz^tar = zmz&m;^r;kd z&m; zmwef zci\\f tpuf kd = zmeef zmeef zci\\f n^D rcd i\\f armif = zD zD zcifnDr\\ a,mufsm; = rdk; a0;ckd zci\\f nrD ^rcd i\\f rcd if = a0;ckd z;l rkd vi\\f rcif = z;l r;l zl zcif\\ rdef;r (rdaxG;) = zl r;kd wef zci\\f om;Bu;D ^rcd i\\f om;Bu;D = rdk;eef zg ntD puf 0kd r;f uJG = ydkcdk ydkrl; zci\\f om;i,^f rcd i\\f or;D i,f = r yerf ntD prf 0r;f uJG = eed f vDh rdcif\\tpfudk? ZeD;\\zcif = cifyGef;\\ zcif = rcd i\\f tprf Bu;D = rdcifnDr? nDr\\ZeD;? ZeD;\\nDr = yax;G = nD\\om;? vifygom;? ZeD;ygom; = nD\\orD;? vifygorD;? r,m;ygorD; = nDr\\om;? orD;\\vif (oruf) = nDr\\orD;? acR;r = vif\\nDr (rdef;rtac:) = om;\\om;^orD;? orD;\\om;^oDrD; (ajr;)= ww,d tqihf = zgz&m; ab; (4)O;D = r;kd z&m; = yerf acR;r\\nDr? orD;\\vifnDr? ZeD;\\armiforD; = r acR;rarmif? orD;vif\\nD? a,mufz\\om; = yckd kd c,rf \\om; = usKd;rl; (pGdK;rl;) zcifbufrSta':\\orD;^ rdcifbufrSOD;av;\\orD; = usKd;cdk (pGdK;cdk) zcifbufrS ta':\\om;^ rdcifbufrS OD;av;\\om; = a0;cdk zcifbufrS bBuD;\\om;^ rcifbufrS BuD;a':\\om; = a0;rl; zcifbufrS bBuD;\\orD;^ rdcifbufrS BuD;a':\\orD; = a0;cdk zcifbufrS OD;av;\\om;^ rdcifbufrS a':av;\\om; = a0;rl; zcifbufrS nD\\orD;^ rcifbufrS nDr\\orD; = zgwef zcibf urf S a':av;\\ciyf eG ;f = r;kd eef zci\\f nrD ed ;f r

150 rcd iaf rmi\\f Ze;D = zD rdcifnDr\\ a,mufsm; = zgeef ww,d tqiwhf iG f aqrG sK;d awmpf yyf kH azmjfy&ef useaf o;aomvf n;f þae&mwiG f þrQjzihf vakH vmurf n[f k ,ql ygon/f yt;kd rsm;wiG f aqrG sK;d pOqf ujfy Z,m;rsm;ukd a&;qxJG m;avrh &MdSuacs/ yt;kd rsm;onf oxrkH S u,kd vf wG af jy; vmMuorl sm; jzpof nthf avsmuf om;pOrf sK;d quf rwS xf m;&ef tcutf c&J EdS ikd af von/f xjYkdyif yt;kd rsm;wiG f pma&; pmzwfwwfol enf;vSojzifh ,if;uJhodkY rSwfwrf;rSwf&m xm;Edkif&ef cJ,Of;onf/ &Gmom;rsm;tm; rdrd\\rsKd;½dk;udk ar;onthf cg aqrG sK;d quf ww,d tqiahf vmuuf okd m oMduon/f wcsKUd wavom pwwk t¬ qirhf S wpOf ;D wavukd azmjfyEikd Mfuon/f rrd ad qrG sK;d awmpf yof nuf okd m oad omvf n;f rnof aYdk wmpf yaf Mumi;f rajymEikd Mfuonuf rsm;on/f aqrG sK;d om;csi;f tptk zUJG ü vil ,rf sm;ukd trnaf c:a0:coJ n/f aqrG sK;d tac:jzihf ac:wwMfuon/f aqG rsKd;tEG,f uGmvSrf;olrsm;rSm trnfudk toHk;jyKwwfMuonf/ uav;&odS nzhf ciuf kd ac:a0:ajymq&kd mwiG f uav;trnuf ykd gxnNhfy;D ajymqwkd wMfuon/f Oyrmtm; jzifh om;OD;trnfonf ]]crf}}[kqdkygpdkY/ zciftm; ]]crfzg}}[k ac:wwfMuonf/ crf\\zcif[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ uav;zcifrsm;udk þenf;jzifh ac:a0:jcif;jzifh zciftrnf&if;rSm aysmufrwwfjzpfoGm;&onf/ tb;kd ? tbmG ;rsm;ukd ]]zmz&m;? r;kd z&m;}}[ak c:Muí tb;kd tbmG ;t&,G f &odS wl ikd ;f tm; þoyYkd iaf c:qwkd wf Muonf/ aqGrsKd;tac:ta0:ESifhywfoufí Z,m;udkMunfhygu awmfpyfyHkESifh tac:ta0: trsm;qHk;wlnDae aMumif; awGUayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUtac:ta0:wGif twdkenf;udkoHk;jcif;om uGmjcm;avonf/ aqrG sK;d awmpf yyf kH rvl tqiwhf iG f tpuf ukd kd ]]a0;}}? niD ,uf kd ]]z;l }}[k owrf wS íf ]]c}kd }EiS hf ]]r}l }rmS vid uf jJGym; rIudkazmfjyonf/ om;orD;wGifvnf; ]]ydk}}jzifh vdifcGJjcm;onfh ]]cdk}}ESifh ]]rl}}udk wGJoHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ xdkYjyif nD\\om; (wl)? ZeD;\\nDrom; (wl)? nDr\\orD; (wlr)ESifh ZeD;nDr\\orD;wdkYudkvnf; ]]ydkcdk}}ESifh ]]ydkrl}}[kom oHk;pGJoGm;onfudk awGU&ayrnf/ zmz&m;(tbdk;)? rdk;z&m; (tbGm;)? zmwef (bBuD;)? rdk;wef (a':BuD;)? zmeef (OD;av;)? rdk;eef (a':av;)? yerf (acR;r)ESifh wrwf (a,mufz)wdkwGif tajccHtqifhrS qufEG,fac:a0:xm;Mu aMumif; awGUEdkifayonf/ ytdk;rsm;tac:ta0:wGif t\"dyÜg,foufa&mufaponfh tac:ta0:xuf trsKd;tpm; uGJjym;aponfh tac:a0:rsKd;udk ydkíoHk;avh&Sdonf/ zmwef (zcif\\tpfudkBuD;)? rdk; (rdcif\\tpfrBuD;)? rdk;eef (vif\\vnDr)? acG (ig? uREfkyf)wdkYrSm erlemrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ 0g (vif)ESifh rm (r,m;)ponfhpum;udk toHk;jyKcJMuonf/ cRif;csuf taejzifh wrm0g (vifr,m;)[k rdef;rwpfOD;\\ vif? cifyGef;udk &nfñTef;ajymqdkwwfMuonf/ useftoHk;jyKenf; rSm twef;tpm;cGJí oHk;oGm;wwfMuonf/ zmeeEf iS rhf ;kd ee-f [&l mü aqrG sK;d EpS qf uuf kd wwe;f pm;wn;f ac:a0:xm;jci;f jzpof n/f qvkd okd nrf mS zci\\f niD ,Ef iS hf rcd i\\f nrD a,musfm;jzpíf zcirf cd i\\f aqrG sK;d qujfzpof n/f nrD \\a,musfm;EiS hf r,m;\\armif (a,muf z)wrYkd mS rrd Ed iS yhf wof uof nhf aqrG sK;d Eg,jfzpMfuon/f ¤i;f wuYkd kd azmjfyygtwikd ;f ]]zmee}f }[ak jymqMkduon/f ¤i;f aemuf zci\\f nrD ed ;f rEiS hf rcd i\\f nrD (a':av;)EiS hf nrD \\red ;f r (c,rf )ukd ]]r;kd ee}f }[k o;kH Muon/f zmz&m;EiS hf r;kd z&m;ukd tbdk;tbGm;ESifh ab;tqifhtxd oHk;oGm;Muonfudk awGUEdkifonf/ ]]usKd;}}[lonfh pum;udk vifr,m;jzpfygrS qeuYf sibf uf om;csi;f awmpf yvf monthf cgwiG f o;kH Muon/f ]]wrw}f }onf rrd \\d a,muzf (o\\l ErS urkd rd ,d xl m; on)f tm; ac:jci;f jzpíf (eed )f rmS a,mi;f rukd ac:jci;f jzpof n/f tqykd gtac:rmS aqrG sK;d wpqf uwf iG of m o;kH Eikd f on/f aqGrsKd;'kwd,tqifhwGif atmufodkY qif;oGm;onfhrsKd;qufwGif vdifudkcGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdawmhacs/ (vDh)onf ajr;? (vef)onf jrpf? (vif)onf jrpfwdkYjzpfavonf/ zgr;kd ? a0;c?kd yckd ?kd a0;r?l yrkd -l ponhf tac:ta0:rsm;ukd rrd Ed iS hf ouqf ikd of nhf rsK;d qurf sm;wiG of m o;kH avh &odS n/f oaYkd omf cRi;f csutf aejzihf bax;G ? rad x;G ? n0D r;f u?JG ErS 0r;f uwJG EYkd iS hf ywof uíf o;kH wwof n/f tcsKUd tac: ta0:rsm;udk rdrdaqGrsKd;qufESifh wzufaqGrsKd;rsm;wGif oHk;avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ]]zmeef}}udkoHk;&mwGif zcif\\nD? Ze;D \\armi?f nrD \\a,musfm;? rcd i\\f nrD a,musfm;-wjYkdzpMfuon/f ]]z}D }ukd zci\\f nrD ? Ze;D \\rcd iEf iS hf rcd i\\f armif