PA-O History

51 xdk; zGHUNzdK;vmcJ&jcif;jzpfayonf/ ajr&iS yf a'o&mZpf epof nf &rS ;f jynef ,wf iG f tvtkd avsmuf aysmuuf ,G of mG ;&jci;f r[wk bf J yt;kd rsm;\\ touaf o;G acR;jzihf cck aH wmvf eS cf jhJci;f aMumiohf mvQif ae0iof mG ;&jci;f jzpaf yon/f tzEd ydS cf ?H tcsKytf cs,cf ?H t½ukd f tEuS cf ?H taoc&H aJ om tprG ;f owadå Mumiohf mvQif atmiyf cJG vH mc&hJ jci;f jzpaf yon/f yt;kd rsm;\\ ya'o&mZpf epf atmiyf oJG nf awmvf eS af &;orikd ;f EiS ;f reI Mfum;rS 0;kd w0g;aw;G xif ,ql c&hJ aom orikd ;f rwikd rf D jrerf m&mZ0iuf ohJ Ykd r[wk af y/ 1949-cEk pS f 'ZD ibf mv (11)&uaf erY S pwivf mcahJ om awmBuKdawmiMfum;rS NrKdUpeG NfrKdUzsm;txd jzpyf mG ; cahJ om vwl e;f pm;awmvf eS af &;ppyf wJG p&f y?f wukd yf wJG pcf tk jzpf jrerf mEikd if oH rikd ;f \\ pmrsuEf mS wiG f ae&mr& ryg0if c&hJ aomvf n;f orikd ;f oak worD sm;EiS hf yt;kd wikd ;f \\ o&d rdS tI m½wkH iG f puJG yñf wdS ,G rf I &&odS mG ;jci;f onyf ivf Qif aqmi;f yg; a&;oltaejzifh auseyfavmufNyDjzpfygonf/ 1949-cEk pS f 'ZD ibf mv (11)&uaf eoY nf yt;kd rsm;\\ e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm;\\ ya'o&mZpf epuf kd awmvf eS f cJhaomaeYjzpfonf/ ]]ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbm}}jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZpf epof nf jynaf xmipf k orw® jrerf mEikd if wH iG f 1959-cEk pS ?f {NyvD (27)&uaf etY xd treS wf u,f wn&f cdS ahJ om pepwf pcf jkzpof n/f &rS ;f jynef ,wf iG f aevvkd vkd xi&f mS ;cahJ om e,&f iS yf a'o&mZwf Ykd usiohf ;kH cahJ om pepfvnf;jzpfonf/ ytdk;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpk or®wjrefrmEdkifiHbGm; wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,fpkwpfpkjzpfonf/ azmfjyyg ya'o&mZfpepfudk vufeufudkifqefYusifawmfvSefaom vlrsKd;i,fjzpfonf/ - ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbmonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,folESifh csKyfcs,fcH&olwdkY jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ wpfckomjzpfonf/ b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ½kef;uefawmfvSefaom wdkufyGJwpfckvnf; rnfonf/ - &rS ;f -yt;kd rek ;f w;D r?I &rS ;f -yt;kd y#yd u[© íl e,&f iS yf a'o&mtf csKUd pyG pf aJG o;G x;kd Muaomvf n;f wu,tf jzpf reS uf kd &rS ;f vrl sK;d trsm;pk pikd ;f weYkd e;f wuYkd ohJ Ykd yt;kd rsm;en;f wl zEd ydS rf ?I csKycf s,rf cI &H owl uYkd em;vnof abm ayguMfurnof mjzpof n/f - yt;kd rsm;\\ tvAJ i;f 'ZD ibf monf acwEf iS rhf naD wmah om ajr&iS yf a'o&mZpf epuf kd atmijfripf mG awmvf eS f cohJ nahf ejYzpof n/f - ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbmonf acwfrrSDawmhonfh ytdk;rsm;\\ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tawG; tac:rsm;udk axmufjycJhonf/ - ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbmonf ytdk;rsm;\\ aESmif;aES;cJh&aom pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIa&; tqifhtwef; aemufusrIwdkYudk a&SUodkY wpfvSrf;NyD;wpfvSrf; wdk;wufrI&atmif wGef;ydkYay;onf/ - yt;kd rsm;\\ tvAJ i;f 'ZD ibf monf yt;kd rsm;\\ peG &Yf ?J awmvf eS &f aJ om o&l aJ umi;f tmZmenf pwd \"f mwrf sm; udk arG;xkwfay;cJhonf/ - ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbmonf ytdk;rsm;twGif; trdjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk umuG,fvdkaompdwf\"mwf? wikd ;f &i;f om;csi;f pn;f v;kH nñD wG rf uI kd r&rae wnaf qmuvf akd ompwd \"f mw-f ponhf Eikd if aH wmuf kd cspjfrwf Edk;aompdwf\"mwfrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;onf/ - yt;kd rsm;\\ tvAJ i;f 'ZD ibf monf yt;kd rsm;\\ vrl sK;d ? bmom? pmay? ,Oaf us;rEI iS hf \"avxh ;kH pH tpOtf vm rsm;ukd acwEf iS thf nD xed ;f ord ;f apmiahf &mS u&f mwiG f Eikd if aH wmzf UJGpn;f ykH tajccOH ya't& vr;f ñeT rf aI y;on/f - yt;kd rsm;\\ tvAJ i;f 'ZD ibf monf yt;kd rsm; b0vwG af jrmuaf &;ukd ar;G xwk af y;on/f yt;kd rsm;\\ val erI tqifhtwef;udk jr§ifhwifay;onf/ ytdk;rsm;\\ b0uHMur®mvrf;aMumif;taumif;udk wGef;ydkYay;onf/ xdkYaMumifh ytdk;rsm;\\ ]]tvJAif;'DZifbm}}onf ytdk;rsm;twGuf rarhpaumif;aom aeY&ufjzpfonf/ xm0&&Sifoefae&rnfh ytdk;rsm;\\ tvJAif;'DZifbmjzpfapcsifygownf;/ 0DvD,H'ef;[ufuuf\\ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf &Srf;jynfe,frS ytdk;vlrsKd;pktaMumif; þytdk;vlrsKd;pktaMumif;udk tar&duefvlrsKd; ]]0DvD,H'ef;[ufuuf}}qdkol yk*¾dKvfonf tar&duefEdkifiH

52 aumef ,bf UJG veG f wuoú vkd wf iG f 'óeud bmom&yqf ikd &f m a'guwf mbUJG twuG f wiof iG ;f onphf mwr;f rS bmom jyeqf xkd m;jci;f jzpyf gon/f pma&;ol 0DvD,H'ef;[ufuuf\\ udk,fa&;orkdif; pma&;otl m; jrerf mEikd if H &euf ek NfrKdUü 1914-cEk pS wf iG f ar;G zmG ;cohJ n/f awmiBfu;D NrKdUwiG f rvl we;f tqihf udk (13)ESpft&G,ftxd oifMum;cJhonf/ txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tdk[kdiftdkjynfe,f *&ef;aA;vfwGif oifMum;cJhNyD;? rpfqdk&Djynfe,f? py&if;AD;vfNrdKU '½k&DaumvdyfrS 1936-ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJUudk &&SdcJh on/f 1939-cEk pS wf iG f ueG ;f euwf wd yjfynef ,?f wmz&Ykd dS uae'rD p&f iS af usmi;f oYkd wuaf &muNfy;D 1941-cEk pS wf iG f r[m0dZÆmbGJUudk &&SdcJhonf/ pma&;olonf 1940-ckESpfwGif rqufcsL;qufjynfe,f? b,fvfcsmNrdKUol r,f&D,Gefa&SmESifh vufxyfNyD; 1941-cEk pS wf iG f awmBfu;D ü tar&ud eof moemjyKtzUJG wiG f wm0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n/f ppaf b;aMumihf tar&ud ef oYkd jyevf mc&hJ Ny;d e,;l [r;f ½KdGi;f ,m;a'owiG f oi;f tyk qf &mtjzpf wm0euf kd (12)EpS f xr;f aqmicf ohJ n/f 1944- cEk pS wf iG f aume,wf uoú vkd of Ykd (1)EpS wf uíf 1945-cEk pS wf iG f jrerf mEikd if oH jYkdyevf naf &mu&f NdSy;D oak woepmwr;f udk jyKpkcJhonf/ 1952-ckESpfwGif pmwrf;NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ þpmwr;f rmS &rS ;f jynef ,&f dS yt;kd rsm;taMumi;f jzpvf suf ,i;f pmwr;f twuG f yt;kd rsm;tMum;wiG f (6)EpS f cGJ aexdkifcJhavonf/

53 ed'gef; ti'f ckd sKid ;f em;uRe;f q,G &f dS Eikd if rH sm;onf ,aeuY rmÇ a&;upd rö sm;wiG f a&US we;f vmMuonthf avsmuf tar&d uejfynaf xmipf tk aejzihf ,i;f a'oqikd &f mXmeoi;f rsm;ukd w;kd csUJ zUJG pn;f ae&on/f wuoú vkd rf sm;wiG f ta&US awmif tm&qS ikd &f m avvh ma&;tzUJG rsm; zUJG pn;f Mu&on/f uREykf wf tYkd aejzihf ,i;f a'orvS rl sK;d rsm;taMumi;f ovd pkd wd jfyi;f jycMhJuon/f oaYkd omf &mpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pmG u rwDS i;f aexikd cf ohJ nhf ,i;f a'oae vrl sK;d rsm;EiS yf wof uíf tao;pwd f avhvmxm;csufwdkYrSm csKdUwJhvSaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY awGU&Sd&awmhonf/ xtkd csurf mS avvh mrcI sKUd wvhJ eG ;f onhf jrerf mEikd if tH zYkd yíkd reS af eon/f tx;l ojzihf jrerf mEikd if H awmiaf y: a'orsm;EiS yhf wof uíf yíkd &mS ;yg;csKUd wahJ eayon/f jrerf mEikd if wH iG f vrl sK;d pak ygi;f rsm;pmG &adS omvf n;f ¤i;f w\\Ykd t aMumi;f ukd ten;f i,rf Qom ocd iG &hf Muon/f c&;D omG ;rsm;? tp;kd &0exf r;f rsm;? omoemjyKrsm;w\\Ykd tMur;f zsi;f a&; om;xm;onhf rwS wf r;f rwS &f mrsm;om&cdS ohJ n/f ¤i;f wrYkd mS vn;f pepwf us avvh mp;l pr;f a&;om;cjhJci;f r[wk of jzihf rnfodkYrQ *CeodcGifh r&&SdEdkifay/ vwG vf yaf &;&Ny;D ig;EpS wf mumva&muvf mNy;D onthf avsmuf jrerf mEikd if oH nf wm0e&f odS nhf urmÇ uh vk or*t¾ zUJG 0if Eikd if wH pEf ikd if tH jzpf tqiyhf oD atmi?f tm;oeG ½f ek ;f uef vyI &f mS ;aeonthf csed jfzpof n/f uvk or*¾ tzUJG Bu;D onf Eek ,of nEhf ikd if iH ,af v;tm; twwd \\f q;kd arrG sm;ukd c0gcs? acwrf wDS ;kd wuof nhf Eikd if wH pEf ikd if tH jzpf tjreuf ;l ajymi;f íjzpvf map&ef yyhH ;kd unl aD e&on/f avvh ma&;tzUJG ? tMuaH y;tzUJG ponjfzihf tzUJG trsK;d rsK;d apvwT f Ny;D ynma&;? use;f rma&;? uav;oil ,af pmiahf &mS uaf &;? v,,f mpukd yf sK;d a&;ponhf u@to;D o;D tjyi?f Eikd if tH wGuf tjcm;tvdktyfqHk; udpörsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyK ajz&Sif;ay;ae&onf/ ueG jfrLep0f g'ukd urmÇ EiS chf síD qeuYf siaf e&onhf tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf uk vn;f jrerf mEikd if tH m; 'rD ukd a& ppD epf t\"eG &Yf nS wf nNfrNJy;D p;D ymG ;a&;tajc cikd rf map&ef &n&f ,G cf sujfzihf aiaG Mu;wcYkd sUJ axmucf ohJ n/f wzuuf vn;f ueG jfrLeprf sm;\\ rreS rf ueaf o;G aqmirf uI kd z,&f mS ;weG ;f veS af p&ef &n&f ,G cf ohJ nhf aiaG Mu;a':vmoe;f aygi;f rsm;pmG tuek tf usccH ohJ n/f uRr;f usiof rl sm;apvwT íf Eikd if \\H aiaG Mu;b@m pepwf uso;kH paJG &;EiS hf jynwf iG ;f o,ZH mw ypnö ;f rsm; xwk vf yk Ef ikd af &;wtYkd wuG f twwyf nmyikd ;f qikd &f m tMuÓH Paf y;cMhJuon/f Eikd if oH m,0ajymí tbuf bufrS wdk;wufrI&vmap&ef enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ jrerf mEikd if H awmwf e;f a'oyikd ;f jri;f cgG oPm² e{f &,d mwiG f aexikd Mfuonhf vrl sK;d prk sm;taMumi;f ukd jrerf mEikd f iHom;wdkif; tenf;tusOf;omodMuonf/ ,if;a'oonf jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;udk 0ef;&Hxm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk jrerf mwuYkd awmiaf y:om;rsm;[k ac:Muon/f ¤i;f wEYkd iS hf txtd awUG en;f ygon/f awmiaf y:om;rsm; c;kd q;kd v,k uf wwrf uI kd jrerf mwuYkd jypwf iMfuon/f Eikd if aH &; rNird rf oujfzp&f jci;f rsm;rmS ¤i;f waYkd Mumi[hf k pyG pf MJGuon/f pipf pf tm;jzihf vrl sK;d \"avuh jJGym;í pum;tajymtqrkd wnl oD nhf ,i;f awmiaf y:om; vrl sK;d i,pf wk Ykd ppk ak ygi;f O;D a&onf qEdkifiHvHk;vlOD;a&\\ oHk;q,frS av;q,f&mcdkifEIef;tMum;wGif &Sdaeonf/ trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYxufyif vlOD;a&wdk;EIef; jrefqefao;onf/ jynaf xmipf jkrerf mEikd if tH aejzihf titf m;Bu;D rm; cikd rf mztYkd wuG f tqykd g \"avxh ;kH p?H bmompum;? ,Of aus;ruI jJGym;onhf vrl sK;d pik ,rf sm;ukd wppf wk pn;f wn;f jzpaf tmif vyk Ef ikd zf vYkd akd yon/f ,i;f opYkd n;f ½;kH ord ;f oiG ;f Eikd f z&Ykd mwiG vf n;f ¤i;f to;D o;D \\ oabmxm;tjriuf kd em;vnof &d rdS oS mjzprf n/f xokd Ykd pn;f ½;kH a&;&EdS ikd rf \\I tajccH rSm vlrsKd;pkwdkY\\ \"avhxHk;pH? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk pepfwus avhvmem;vnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tar&ud eEf ikd if \\H axmuyf uhH nl rD rI sm;? &nrf eS ;f csuxf ad &murf &I vdS vkd Qif uREykf wf tYkd aejzihf vrl sK;d prk sm;\\ aemucf oH rikd ;f ? ¤i;f EiS jhfrerf mwYkd quqf rH oI rikd ;f rsm;tjyif ¤i;f w\\Ykd arQmrf eS ;f csuf t\"ud qEw´ uYkd kd oxd m;zvYkd vkd rd hf rnf/ Edkiif H\\ tmPmydkiftzGUJ tpn;f rsm;rwS qihf axmufyHhulnaD erIrsm; yg&SdzkYdvktd yfon/f ,if;tptD pOrf sKd;jzifh taumiftxnf azmfrnfqdkvQifvnf; vlrsKd;pktvdkuf twGif;usus avhvmNyD; vlrsKd;pkwdkY\\ tusifh\"avh? ½dk;&m ,Oaf us;r?I qE&´ nrf eS ;f csuwf uYkd kd ujJGym;atmief m;vnxf m;zvYkd okd n/f ,iaf emuwf iG rf S ¤i;f w\\Ykd vtkd ycf suqf E´ to;D o;D uvkd ukd Nfy;D prD cH surf sm;a&;qíJG taumitf xnaf zmof mG ;oiahf von/f ,cwk ijfyvsu&f odS nhf pmwr;f rmS vn;f vrl sK;d ptk o;D o;D teuf wpcf jkzpof nhf ]]yt;kd }}vrl sK;d p\\k qE&´ nrf eS ;f csuf vtkd iwf uYkd kd tao;pwd af vvh mxm;

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58 e,fpyfonf ta&SUavmf*sDwG'f 96-'D*&D 30 rdepfESifh 97-'D*&D 45-rdepf? ajrmufvwådusL 21-'D*&D 30-rdepfESifh 19-'*D &D 30-red pwf wYkd iG f wn&f odS n/f tqykd g e,ef rd wd of nf twtd usr[wk bf J yt;kd wYkd vrT ;f r;kd aexikd &f ma'oukd om azmjfyxm;jci;f jzpof n/f ,i;f e,ef rd wd jfyiyf wiG f tjcm;wikd ;f &i;f om;rsm;jzpof nhf \"E?k awmi½f ;kd ? &rS ;f ? u&iEf iS hf tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkifMuonf/ þa'o\\ tv,fA[dk&Sd tif;av;uefwGif (12000)rQ&Sdaom tif;om;rsm; aexdkifMuonf/ xdkYtjyif ,if;a'o0ef;usif&Sd ajrMoZmxufjrufonfh awmifMum;rsm;ESifh NrdKUrsm;? &Gmrsm;wGif &rS ;f waYkd exikd Mfuon/f yt;kd rsm;rmS uek ;f jriyhf ikd ;f EiS hf awmiMfum;ajrjyerYf sm;wiG f taersm;Muon/f tqykd g e,ef rd wd f twGif;&Sd vlOD;a&\\ 75-&mcdkifEIef;rSm ytdk;rsm;jzpfMu\\/ yt;kd trsm;tjym;ukd armurf ,?f r;kd e?J vi;f ac;EiS hf rikd ;f yeNfrKdUe,rf sm;wiG vf n;f awUG Eikd of n/f ¤i;f jyif &yf apmu?f &mG i?H rikd ;f yeG ?f puH m;EiS hf r;kd NAeJ ,wf üYkd vn;f aexikd Mfuon/f xNkdrKdUrsm;rmS tawmtf wef Bu;D rm;onthf avsmuf apmbf mG ;rsm;tyk cf sKyof n/f yt;kd trsm;pak exikd of nhf qqD ikd wf iG rf l yt;kd vrl sK;d NrKdUpm;tyk cf sKyof n/f be;f ,O?f aemif reG ?f er;f cwk ?f pu,G ?f usKid ;f cr;f ? vKdGivf i?f abmef i;f a'orsm;onf ajrvwyf ikd ;f wiG yf g0iNfy;D tyk cf sKyrf LS ;ac: wukd ef ,f oBlu;D rsm;u tyk cf sKyof n/f tqykd g ajrvwyf ikd ;f &dS yt;kd trsm;q;kH aexikd &f ma'orsm;rmS ay;G v?S abmqf ikd ;f ? er;f cwk ?f yifrSD? vG,farm? erf;wkwf? yif;w,? usKH;? omrcrf;? vG,ftD;? erf;cdkifESifh arm&Gmrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;\\ vlOD;a&twdtus &&Sd&efrSm cJ,Of;onf/ &Srf;vlrsKd; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf ytdk;rsm;udk ESdrfxm; on/f tztd EydS cf H yt;kd wrYkd mS &rS ;f pum;ajymwwvf monthf cg &rS ;f ½;kd &mt0wtf pm;rsm;0wvf suf &rS ;f vrl sK;d tjzpf c,H al exikd wf wMfuon/f 1897-cEk pS wf iG f ajrvwyf ikd ;f ü yt;kd vOl ;D a& 43-&mcikd Ef eI ;f ce&Yf odS n/f xakd 'owiG f tjcm; vlrsKd;pk 20-&mcdkifEIef;cefYvnf; rSDwif;aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf/ vG,fvHkwGif ytdk; 57-&mcdkifEIef;? vG,ftD;a'owGif 70-&mcikd ;f EeI ;f ? v,G af rma'owiG f 78-&mcikd ;f EeI ;f ? er;f cikd af 'owiG f 90-&mcikd Ef eI ;f &cdS ohJ n/f qqD ikd NfrKdUpm;rmS vn;f ytdk;tppfjzpfonf/ 1897-ckESpfü rdkif;yGefwGif 56-&mcdkifEIef;rSm ytdk;rsm;jzpf\\/ &rS ;f jynef ,tf yk cf sKyaf &;tzUJG 0if &rS ;f trsK;d om;apmwuYkd yt;kd vrl sK;d rsm;\\ vOl ;D a&onf 85-&mcikd Ef eI ;f txuf wiG &f odS n[f qk okd n/f r;kd eaJ 'owiG rf l yt;kd vOl ;D a& en;f yg;omG ;avon/f vrl sK;d ptk csi;f csi;f a&maEmS omG ;íjzp\\f / 1948-cEk pS üf r;kd eaJ 'ooYkd uREykf wf aYkd &mu&f odS mG ;pOf yt;kd pum;ajymaeqJ yt;kd &mG rsm;ukd awUG &cdS ohJ n/f aemuqf ;kH o&d &dS onthf csurf mS tjcm;vrl sK;d prk sm;EiS hf a&maEmS py,f US of mG ;uek of nhf yt;kd rsm;onf yt;kd tjzptf rncf ,H vl suf apmfbGm;rsm;udk qefYusifwdkufcdkufaeonf/ ytdk;aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ 1931-cEk pS f oe;f acgipf m&i;f t& awmiyf ikd ;f &rS ;f jyn&f dS vOl ;D a&rmS 871230-jzpaf Mumi;f o&d on/f ,i;f t euf u&ifpum;ajymol 178762-OD;&Sd&m 153956-OD;rSm ytdk;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf/ oef;acgifpm&if;wGif ytdk;udk u&ipf um;ajymonhf trsK;d tE,G pf wk iG f xnxhf m;on/f ,i;f rsK;d E,G pf rk mS &rS ;f jynef ,f vOl ;D a&\\ 20-&mcikd Ef eI ;f jzpf aMumif; awGU&onf/ xdktxJwGif ytdk;vlrsKd;pku ,if;trsKd;tEG,f 86-&mcdkifEIef;&Sdonf/ awmiyf ikd ;f &rS ;f jynwf iG f u&ipf um;ajymonhf trsK;d tE,G pf rk sm;\\ vOl ;D a&w;kd ymG ;EeI ;f tjreqf ;kH jzpaf Mumi;f oe;f acgipf m&i;f rsm;u ñeT jfyaeon/f veG cf ohJ nhf tEpS Ef pS qf ,uf mv1911-ck rS 1931-cEk pS rf sm;tMum;ü &rS ;f vl rsKd;onf vlOD;a& 10000-wGif 820-OD;EIef; avsmhenf;oGm;onf/ 1931-ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 10000-wGif 708-OD; avsmhenf;oGm;jyefonf/ ,if;umvü u&ifpum;ajymonfh rsKd;EG,fwdkYrSm 1911-ckESpfü vlOD;a& 10000-wGif 907-O;D EeI ;f w;kd ymG ;vmí1931-cEk pS wf iG f 934-EeI ;f w;kd wurf &I adS eon/f ,i;f w;kd EeI ;f rmS jrerf mjynwf jynvf ;kH EiS jhfcKH í wijfyxm;rjIzpaf y&m &moOD wak umi;f reG of nhf &rS ;f jynef ,üf vOl ;D a&w;kd EeI ;f xxkd urf sm;jym;Eikd af Mumi;f reS ;f q &on/f azmjfyygtcsurf sm;rmS &iS ;f vi;f voS n/f awmiyf ikd ;f &rS ;f jynwf iG f &rS ;f vOl ;D a&u avsmyh g;vmvsu&f NdSy;D u&if pum;ajymonfh trsKd;tEG,fwGif t\"duusonfh ytdk;OD;a&u ododomomwdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf/ ytdk;&Gmrsm;wGif uav;oil ,rf sm;aygvoS n/f &rS ;f &mG wiG f ,i;f orYkd [wk af cs/ yt;kd rsm;onf uek ;f jriwhf iG af exikd Mfuojzihf iuS zf sm; 'Pf ui;f vwG Mfuon/f &rS ;f rsm;rmS ajrjyeyYf ikd ;f v,af &oiG ;af csmi;f ukd rwDS i;f aexikd Mfuojzihf iuS zf sm;a&m*g'Puf kd cHMu&onf/ &Srf;trsKd;orD;rsm;rSmvnf; arG;zGm;EIef;usqif;vmMuonf/ &rS ;f vBlu;D orl rsm;u yt;kd &mG rsm; waewY jcm; rsm;jym;vmoavmuf &rS ;f &mG rsm;v;kH yg;yg;vmaMumi;f ajym qdkMuonf/ ,if;tcsufudk Munfhjcif;jzifh awmifydkif;&Srf;jynfwGif &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;\\ae&mü ytdk;rsm;u ae&m,lvm

59 aMumif; xif&Sm;vSonf/ 1951-52 cEk pS f oe;f acgipf m&i;f ukd xwk jfyeEf ikd jfci;f r&ídS yt;kd vOl ;D a& w;kd wuEf eI ;f ukd twtd usocd iG rhf & acs/ 1911-cEk pS f oe;f acgipf m&i;f t& yt;kd vOl ;D a&rmS 168-26 jzpíf 1931-cEk pS of Ykd a&mu&f odS nthf cg 225822- OD;txd wdk;yGm;vmonf/ 1918-19 ckESpf wkyfauG;a&m*gqdk;om rusa&mufcJhygu xdkxufyif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;ay vdrfhrnf/ þEIef;jzifhomoGm;ygu tESpf(20)tMum 1951-ckESpfwGif OD;a& 302957-OD; &Sdvmayvdrfhrnf/ 1943-cEk pS xf wk f jrerf mEikd if vH upf pJG mtyk tf & jrerf mEikd if \\H 1931-cEk pS f vOl ;D a&rmS 14647756(wpqf ,hf av;oe;f )O;D rS 1941-cEk pS wf iG f vl 16823-O;D rQ w;kd wuvf maMumi;f o&d &dS on/f tw;kd EeI ;f rmS wpEf pS f 1.4&mcikd f EIef;jzpfonf/ þEIef;jzifh wGufcsufMunfhvQif 1951-ckESpfü ytdk;vlOD;a& 289000-OD; jzpfaevdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY o&d xdS m;onthf wikd ;f u&ipf um;ajymrsK;d E,G pf \\k w;kd ymG ;EeI ;f rmS tjcm;vrl sK;d rsm;xuf yokd nthf avsmuf yt;kd O;D a& 300000 (oHk;odef;)cefY&Sdaevdrfhrnf/ ¤if;txJrS ytdk;vlOD;a& 260000-cefYonf &Srf;jynfe,fü &Sdaeonf/ aus;vuaf wm&mG rsm;wiG f vOl ;D a&onf ta&;ygon/f 1931-cEk pS f oe;f acgipf m&i;f t& aus;vuaf evOl ;D a&u 22486-jzpfí NrdKU(4)NrdKU&Sd vlOD;a&rSm 5000-ausmfom&Sdonf/ vlOD;a& 500-ausmf&Sdonfh &GmBuD; 45-&Gm&Sd on/f vOl ;D a& ppk ak ygi;f 870230-O;D teuf 814457-O;D rmS 10887-rQ&odS n&hf mG rsm;wiG f aexikd Mfuon/f aus;&mG rsm;wiG f trd af jcaygi;f 133418-&adS y&m wptf rd af xmivf Qif ysr;f rQvOl ;D a& 4-O;D rS 5-O;D EeI ;f txd aexikd Mfuon/f txuyf gpm&i;f rsm;onf awmiyf ikd ;f &rS ;f jynwf iG f rwDS i;f aexikd of tl m;v;kH EiS hf tusK;H 0iaf yon/f awmiof vl rl sK;d rsm; rSm aus;&Gmaygif; 500-wGif aexdkifMuonf/ ajrrsufESmjyif taetxm;t& awmifydkif;&Srf;jynf\\ taemufzufjcrf;wpf0ufonf awmifjywfrsm;? ajrmuzf urf S awmizf uof Ykd o,G wf e;f aevsuf uek ;f jyiaf jrjyerYf sm;? awmiMfum;ajrjyeyYf ikd ;f rsm;vn;f yg0izf UJG pn;f xm; onf/ ukef;jyifajrjyefYydkif;\\ ysrf;rQtjrifhay 3000-txufwGif &Sdonf/ awmifwef;rsm;\\ ysrf;rQtjrifhrSm ay 4500-cefY&Sdonf/ tcsKdUawmfwef;rsm;rSm ay 6000-txd&SdMuonf/ ytdk;a'o&Sd awmifxGwfESpfckrSm ay 8000- txd jrirhf m;on/f uek ;f jyiaf jrjyeYf rsuEf mS jyif taetxm;t& taemuzf uwf iG f jrirhf m;í ta&US zuof Ykd wjzn;f jzn;f erd qhf i;f omG ;on/f ¤i;f jyif ajrmuzf ujfcr;f ü yíkd jriohf nthf avsmuf a'o&jdSrpaf csmi;f rsm;onf ta&US awmif zufodkY pD;qif;vsuf oHvGifjrpfBuD;ESifh oGm;íqHkMuonf/ &rS ;f uek ;f jyiaf jrjyeyYf ikd ;f ü ausmurf mrsK;d aygi;f pjkHzihf zUJG pn;f xm;on/f awmiyf ikd ;f wiG f te,uf sausmurf sm;u ae&mtawmrf sm;rsm;ukd z;kH vrT ;f xm;on/f use&f adS e&mrsm;wiG rf l x;kH ausmurf sm; awUG &adS v&m &rS ;f jyn&f dS uek ;f jyi?f ajrjye?Yf jrucf i;f jyirf sm;onf ,i;f aMumijhfzpaf y:vm&on[f k qEkd ikd af yon/f awmi;f we;f EpS of ,G tf Mum;&dS a&uef wpfckjzpfwnfapcJhonf/ ,if;ae&monf tif;av;uefjzpfí ajrMoZmaumif;onfh ajrEkjzpfay:aponf/ atmuaf zmjfyyg ausmutf rsK;d tpm;EiS hf ajrom;rsm;ukd rmaMuonhf ausmuaf qmiaf 'orsm;wiG f awUG Eikd f on-f (1) *0HausmufESifh vdyfoJausmufrsm;/ ,if;trsKd;tpm;udk &Srf;jynfe,f\\ taemufzuf ay 3000- txuf&Sd ytdk;a'owGif awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;ausmufaygrsm;&mt&yfwGif rnfhonfhtoD;tESHrS pdkuf ysKd;jzpfxGef;rI r&Sdacs/ (2) xHk;ausmufrsm; onf uek ;f jyiaf jrjyeYf ae&mtEwYHS iG f wn&f odS n/f ,i;f aMumihf ajrtrsK;d tpm;rsm;ukd atmufygtwdkif; uGJjym;jzpfay:aponf- (u) ajrom;uif;pifonfh xHk;ausmufajrrsm;? ( c ) ajrerD sK;d ¤i;f rmS t&naf ysmvf ,G of n/f uek ;f jyiaf jrjyeYf a'otEüYHS trsm;q;kH &odS n/f jru½f ikd ;f rsm; aygufa&mufonf/ ( * ) txufygajrrsm; rdk;a&wdkufpm;oGm;NyD; opf&GufaqG; ajrMoZmrsm; pkaqmif;rdvsuf pkdufysKd;rIjzpf xGef;onfh ajrrsKd;udk jzpfaponf/ (3) oaJ usmurf sm;rmS x;kH ausmuEf iS hf a&maEmS ívn;f aumi;f ? tjcm;ausmurf sm;EiS hf a&mpyíf vn;f aumi;f wn&f odS n/f ,i;f ausmurf sK;d aMumihf rmaMumaewwof nahf jrrmS pukd yf sK;d &ef to;kH r0iyf J aysmah jymi;f

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63 vn;f ¤i;f woYkd nf &rS ;f jynof xrkH S vmMuon[f k ajymMuon/f oxrkH mS u&ijfynaf jrmuyf ikd ;f NrKdUpm;tyk cf sKyof nhf NrKdUi,jfzpof n/f þa&UT ajymi;f rEI pS &f yuf kd þoaYkd umucf sucf sEikd of n/f yxr a&UT ajymi;f ay;rrI mS &rS ;f EiS hf jrerf mw\\Ykd ESifxkwfypfjcif;cH&ojzifh awmifzufodkY ajy;&jcif;jzpfí 'kwd,tcsufrSm jrefrmrsm;n§if;yrf;ojzifh awmifzufrS ajrmuzf uof Ykd jyeaf jy;c&hJ jci;f jzpof n/f ,i;f tcsuEf iS hf ywof uíf a&;S yjkHyiwf pcf uk kd zw½f aI vvh mapcsiyf gon/f aumZmouú&mZf 419-ckESpfwGif oxHkjynfü ytdk;bk&if rEk[mrif; pdk;pHvsuf&Sdonf/ rEk[mbk&ifonf &[e;f awmwf pyf g;uykd iNhfy;D rrd Ed ikd if üH A'k b¨ momxeG ;f um;ap&ef BuKd;yr;f aqmi&f uG af pon/f tqykd g&[e;f awmof nf y#d uwof ;kH yukH kd wygwn;f yiaf qmivf mc\\hJ / xtkd aMumi;f ukd y*k jHyn&hf iS rf i;f Bu;D Mum;ood nthf cg o0Pvf mT yg;í y#d uwof ;kH yrkH S wppf ukH kd quof ap\\/ rE[k mb&k iof nf trwwf pOf ;D ukd jyevf naf pvwT Nfy;D y#d uwrf quof onhf tjyif racsriH a&;om;ay;yvYkd ukd of n/f y*k jHyn&hf iS f taem&f xmri;f Bu;D onf ppjfyiNfy;D Mun;f aMumi;f ? a&aMumi;f jzifh oxHkodkY csDvmonf/ rif;BuD;udk,fwdkif a&aMumif;udk uGyfuJonf/ oxHkusí bk&ifESifh rdzk&m;? rdom;pkrsm;? rLS ;rwrf sm;onf tusO;f om;tjzpof Ydk a&mu&f odS mG ;Ny;D y#d uwof ;kH yukH kd qijfzL&wem (8)p;D jzihf y*k jHynof Ykd o,af qmif omG ;cohJ n/f þtaMumi;f onf (11)&mpük jzpyf sucf ahJ Mumi;f jrerf m&mZ0iwf iG f twtd vi;f yg&odS n/f oxbkH &k iEf iS hf rLS ;rwS of al wmaf umi;f rsm;tm;v;kH y*k &H bdS &k m;rsm;wiG f b&k m;uRetf jzpof Ykd a&muof mG ;cohJ n/f use&f ydS t;kd rsm;onf jyevf npf pk n;f vsuf ,citf rnaf [mi;f EiS yhf if NrKdUopwf ncf MhJu\\/ ,i;f NrKdUrmS yt;kd w\\Ykd NrKdUawmf &rS ;f jynef ,af wmif yikd ;f rS oxNkHrKdUjzpof n/f tqykd g '@m&yD jkHyiuf kd yt;kd oal [mi;f rsm; trsm;tm;jzihf ajymqakd v&h MdSuon/f ,i;f '@m &D reS uf eEf ikd af Mumi;f tjcm;taxmutf xm;wpcf k wijfyvakd yon/f u&irf sm;onf ewuf ;kd u,G of rl sm;omjzpof n/f ytdk;wdkYrSm jrefrmrsm;? &Srf;rsm;xuf Ak'¨bmomü ydkíudkif;½Idif;Muonf/ a&;S ri;f qurf sm;onf ycJ ;l ri;f vuaf tmucf H reG rf sm;EiS hf EpS af ygi;f 500-ausmMfuontf xd ui;f ui;f &iS ;f &iS ;f aecMhJuon/f trsK;d om;rsm;u &rS ;f uohJ Ykd 0wqf iíf trsK;d or;D rsm;u trn;f a&miof iwf ikd ;f EiS hf csi;f trsK;d or;D 0wfqifwwfonfh xbDrsKd;udk qifjref;Muonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm xbDwGif teDa&miftem;uGyfygonf/ ¤if;jyif teaD &mitf Nrwd yf gonhf acgi;f aygi;f ukd aygi;f Muon/f yt;kd rsm;onf vurf yI nmx;l cReMfuon/f A'k b¨ momt,l 0g'ü tveG uf ikd ;f ½idI ;f MuNy;D opof m;ausmi;f Bu;D rsm;ukd tx;l vu&f majymiaf jrmupf mG jzihf aqmuvf yk vf LS 'ge;f Muon/f ausmufom;0if;x&Hrsm; aqmufvkyf&mwGif aooyfMuonf/ yt;kd wEYkd iS hf tjcm;u&irf sK;d E,G wf tYkd Mum; jcm;em;csurf sm;&adS yon/f yt;kd wiG f EpS af ygi;f rsm;pmG u pNy;D o;D jcm; pmay&cdS ohJ n/f oxtkH e;D bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f rsm;oYkd uREykf af &mu&f pdS Of yt;kd a&vT uaf &;rl y&y'kd rf sm; jriaf wUG c&hJ on/f ,if;y&ydk'frsm;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu ypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSm tawmfaqG;ajrhaeNyD; a&;om;onfhpmrSm a&S; qevf eG ;f ojzihf 0g&iqhf &mawmBfu;D rsm;yif rzwEf ikd Mfuacs/ ausmi;f xikd qf &mawm\\f ajympum;t& xykd &y'kd rf sm; onf atmuof xrkH S vmpOuf yif ygvmcahJ Mumi;f o&d &dS on/f uREykf rf mS þupd wö iG f uRr;f usiEf pYHS yof rl [wk of jzihf reS rf reS uf kd tajzxwk Ef ikd jfci;f r&ydS g/ oaYkd omf a&;S a[mi;f '@m&rD sm; wpwd wf yikd ;f reS uf erf &I adS Mumi;f urkd l tujJzwf Eikd cf ohJ n/f uREfkyfwdkY awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk jcHKiHkaqG;aEG;cJhNyD;jzpf&m þtcef;udk þodkYed*Hk;csKyfvdkygonf- yxrtcsufrSm ytdk;wdkYonf u&ifpum;ajymrsKd;EG,fquf jzpfEdkifp&m taMumif;rsm;pGm&SdNyD; txl;ojzifh ydk;u&if bmomESifh pum;csif;wlnDrI&Sdonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm u&ifom;csif;nDtpfudkwdkYESifhtwl tm&Swdkuftv,fydkif; a&;S w½wk jfyntf aemuyf ikd ;f a'orS jrerf mEikd if aH wmiyf ikd ;f oYkd 0iaf &muvf mjci;f jzpof n/f ww,d tcsurf mS ,i;f yt;kd woYkd nf jrerf mEiS hf &rS ;f vrl sK;d rsm; w;kd ymG ;vmr?I zEd ydS vf mrwI aYkd Mumihf awmiyf ikd ;f a'o oxNkHrKdUtxd a&mu&f tdS ajcpukd f cJhMuonf/ ,if;a'owGif rGefwdkYESifhxdawGUMuNyD; ,Ofaus;rIwdk;wufvmcJhonf/ bk&ifpepf xlaxmifEdkifcJhonf/ bmompum;\\ pmay&vdS mon/f A'k b¨ momu;kd u,G rf &I vdS mon/f pwwk t¬ csurf mS 11-&mpck ewYf iG f oxjkHynNfyKd uGJNyD; ytdk;rsm;onf awmifydkif;&Srf;jynfodkY a&muf&SdtajcpdkufcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;a'owGif ytdk;vlrsKd;wdkY oyd of n;f pmG ,aewY ikd wf n&f adS ejci;f jzpof n/f

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75 ¤i;f wBYkdu;D vmonthf cg trsK;d om;a&m trsK;d or;D yg em;a!mi;f qijfre;f Eikd Mfuon/f ,i;f \"avrh mS trsK;d om;rsm;wiG f wppuG,faysmufvsuf&SdNyD; touf (20)0ef;usif&Sd a,mufsm;rsm;wGif em;aygufygol tvGefyif&Sm;yg;aeavNyD/ red ;f uav;rsm;wiG rf l tvtS yqiEf ikd &f ef em;azmuqf jJzp\\f / ,i;f em;azmuof n\"hf avrh mS bmoma&; E;DS E,G jfci;f r&Sdacs/ t&G,ftdkrdef;rBuD;rsm;onf BuD;rm;av;vHonfh em;a!mif;BuD;rsm;udk qifjref;wwfMuonf/ yt;kd rsm;\\ a&aT ivG u0f w&f wemrsm;ukd jyKvyk of rl sm;rmS ¤i;f w\\Ykd &mG wiG tf wal e ye;f xrd qf &mrsm;jzpMfu on/f ,i;f ye;f xrd qf &mrsm;onhf u&d ,d mweqf myvmrsm;EiS hf ¤i;f w\\Ykd ½wI af x;G qe;f jym;onhf vu&f mypkH rH sm;ukd jriaf wUG &otl zYkd wtwhH Mojzp&f rnrf mS rck syi/f tx;l ojzihf aixG nuf kd tuikd rf sm;Muon/f a&xT nuf ukd ikd wf ,G f &rI en;f yg;on/f ye;f xrd qf &mrsm;o;kH onhf zrkd sm;on/f ¤i;f wuYkd ,kd wf ikd yf if jyKvyk Mfuon/f tvyk cf e;f ukd trd af tmuf xytf vckH e;f wiG f xm;wwMfu\\/ &rS ;f uek ;f ajrjriyhf ikd ;f wiG f awUG av&h odS nhf tb;kd weaf usmurf sm;? tvwwf e;f ausmuf rsm;udk aoG;í ta&mifwifMuNyD; a&T? aiGwdkYjzifh uGyfí txnfjzpfatmif ,if;yef;xdrfq&mrsm;uyif jyKvkyfxm; wwMf uon/f tcef; (7) udef;*Pef;ESifh tcsiftwG,f twdkif;twm yt;kd rsm;onf ued ;f *Pe;f tay:wiG f wo;D wjcm;t,ol n;f rrI &adS omvf n;f ]]o;kH }}*Pe;f ay:wiG rf l tx;l tav;xm;av&h MdSuon/f ,i;f ojYkdzp&f jci;f rmS b&k m;uOkd ;D o;kH Burd cf s&jci;f ? vBlu;D oBlu;D rsm;ukd &cdS ;kd &mwiG f O;D o;kH Burd f jyK&jci;f -ponthf ,tl qrsm;EiS hf quEf ,G af eon[f k ,ql &e&f odS n/f tx;l ojzihf A'k b¨ momt,0l g'EiS hf E;DS E,G rf I &odS n/f ,i;f bmomrS quEf ,G vf monAhf 'k 0¨ iyf jkHyi?f '@m&rD sm;vn;f ,i;f o;kH *Pe;f EiS hf ywof uíf trsm;tjym; yg0irf &I adS Mumi;f awUG &&dS avon/f xtYkd jyif ued ;f *Pe;f eyH gwf (7)uvkd n;f vmbaf umi;f on[f k trsm;u,ql xm; Muonf/ ,if;t,ltq tajctjrpfudkrl rnfolrQwyftyfajymEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs/ aetdrfaqmufvkyfMu&mwGif avSum;vpfrsm;udk ]]r}}*Pef;ta&twGufudkom xm;avh&SdMuonf/ a&S; vBlu;D orl rsm;u aetrd af qmuvf yk vf Qivf n;f trd tf jriuhf kd ]]r}}*Pe;f twikd ;f twmomxm;&ef tMujHyKav&h odS n/f ]]p}kH }*pe;f xm;jci;f jzihf rnof nahf b;tE&Å m,rf sK;d MuKHwwaf Mumi;f rnof rl Q &iS ;f vi;f ajymjyEikd of nrf [wk af cs/ ,i;f ,ql cu?f t,ol n;f csurf sm;ukd tjcm;vrl sK;d pjkzpof nhf yavmirf sm;tMum;wiG vf n;f awUG &on/f yt;kd rsm; *Pe;f a&wuG yf rkH mS jrerf mrsm;to;kH jyKonehf n;f ukd tajccoH n/f q,vf pD yd ef n;f yijfzpof n/f ued ;f *pe;f rsm; to;kH jyKac: a0:&mwGifrl *Pef;rsm;jzpfonfh wpf? ESpf? oHk;-ponfh*Pef;rsm;? yxr? 'kwd,? wwd,-ponfh ae&mtqifhjy *Pef;rsm;udk ygVdbmomrS ESD;EG,ftoHk;jyKMuonf/ aps;ta&mi;f t0,jfyK&mwiG rf l vuEf pS zf uwf iG yf g&odS nhf vuaf csmi;f ta&twuG uf kd to;kH jyKí ued ;f *Pe;f azmfaqmifMuonf/ ,if;vufacsmif;*Pef;udk omrefa&mif;rI0,fwm vkyfief;rsm;ESifh omrefa&wGufrIrsm;wGif to;kH jyKav&h MdSuon/f oaYkd omf ,i;f owYkd uG cf sujfci;f jzihf EpS qf ,af usmof nuhf ed ;f *Pe;f rsm; a&wuG of nthf cgwiG f tcuMfuKHMu&awmrh S wpaf xmiaf tmuof mjzpMfuon/f ¤i;f wtYkd aejzihf tveG qf ;kH quqf aH e&onhf vOl ;D a&ta& twuG rf mS &m*Pe;f omjzpMfuon/f ¤i;f wYkd vnS ;f rsm;jziwhf iaf qmivf monhf uek yf pnö ;f webf ;kd rmS vn;f &m*Pe;f txuyf ckd oJ n/f axmi*f Pe;f ta&twuG uf kd tcsKUd aomorl sm;om em;vnMfuon/f aomi;f *Pe;f ? oed ;f *Pe;f wdkYudk acwfynmwwfrSvGJí em;vnfoabmaygufol&Sm;onf/ tyikd ;f *Pe;f to;kH jyKykH tajccuH rkd l tawmrf sm;rsm; em;vnMfuon/f ¤i;f wtYkd aejzihf aepY Oaf &mi;f r0I ,wf m vyk if e;f rsm;ü þen;f ukd to;kH rsm;Muon/f tqykd g tyikd ;f *Pe;f wiG f w0uf (ig;q,)f ? av;csK;d wpcf sK;d (tpwd of m;)? t0uof m;&pS cf sK;d wpcf sK;d EiS hf wp&f mywkH pyf (kH wusyof m;)ponwf uYkd kd ac:a0:o;kH pMJGuon/f wuG cf suíf vn;f wwf Muon/f wcck si;f a&wuG ef n;f ukd to;kH jyKMu&mwiG f cwJ eEf iS hf pmtyk tf pm; E;DS acsmi;f rsm;ukd to;kH jyKa&wuG Mfuon/f a&mi;f oEl iS hf 0,of El pS Of ;D xi;f E;DS acsmi;f *½Ukd csK;d wjHzihf &nS MfumpmG wuG zf unf Ed§ idI ;f MuNy;D ta&mi;f t0,jfzpMfuon/f yt;kd rsm;onf acwrf *DS Pe;f ocsFmen;f ukd wwuf Rr;f rrI &MdSuacs/ ¤i;f wwYkd uG cf su&f mwiG f wcck si;f a&wuG f

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