10 th Science Oswall Worksheet Solution

SEUCNTIITON BI INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-II (History) CHAPTER 1 - THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE TOPIC-1 Rise of Nationalism in Europe WORKSHEET-1 Solutions languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. (iii) In Western Europe, most of the land was cultivated 1. Napoleonic Code exported to the regions under French Control : by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was (i) Simplified administrative divisions. characterized by vast estates which were cultivated (ii) Abolished feudal system. by serfs. (iii) Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. (iv) In towns, guild restrictions were removed. 3. The following measures were introduced by (v) Transport and communication system improved. the French revolutionaries to create a sense of (vi) Any other relevant point. collective identity: (Any three points to be explained with (i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen examples.) (the citizen) were emphasised as the notion of a (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3 united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. Detailed Answer : (ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to The Napoleonic Code was exported to the regions replace the former royal standard. under French Control : (iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of (i) In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. (ii) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems (v) A centralised administrative system was put were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and in place and it formulated uniform laws for all new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. citizens within its territory. (iii) Businessmen and small-scale producers of (vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform and a uniform system of weights and measures laws, standardised weights and measures, and a were adopted. common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from (vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, one region to another. as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. 2. (i) The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the  (Any five points to be described) 1×5=5 nation and shape its destiny.  (CBSE Comp. Marking Scheme, 2018) (ii) People from Eastern and Central Europe did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity of a common culture. They even spoke different S OLUT I ONS P-1

WORKSHEET-2 Solutions (vi) Russia was given a part of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony. 1. (i) Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 before law for the new middle classes. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of 3. Nationalism is a feeling of people within a state government by consent. territory, which makes them develop a sense of collective identity and share history or descent. This (iii) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical feeling works as a binding force among people. privileges. 1×3=3 Before 1789, France was under absolute monarchy. With French Revolution, Monarchy (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) was thrown out and a sovereign body of French citizens was established. Detailed Answer : This revolution made France the nation-state Liberalism: Derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ and made many political and constitutional means ‘free’. It meant differently to different changes like : people. (i) A new French flag was adopted to replace former Middle class: For the new middle classes, royal standard. liberalism stood for freedom of individual and equality of all before the law. (ii) The Estates General renamed as General Assembly, became an elected body. Politically: It emphasised the concept of government by consent. The right to vote was (iii) Centralised administration and uniform civil meant to be only for property-owning men. The laws were made for citizens. lower classes were, therefore, not included. In general, it stood for the inviolability of private (iv) Uniform weighing and measurement system was property and freedom of the markets from state adopted. imposed restrictions on the movement of goods. (v) French became the national language of France. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a All these changes gives a clear expression of constitutional and representative government collectivism and gave people true power to shape through parliament. the destiny of France. Thus, France became a nation-state and world got a clear expression of nationalism through the French Revolution.  5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) 2. Provisions of Treaty of Vienna (1815): 4. (i) The term ‘liberalism’ originates from the Latin (i) Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power in term ‘liber’, which means ‘free’. 1 France. (ii) The Napoleonic Code reinstalled limited suffrage (ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject (iii) The kingdom of Netherlands was set up in the to the authority of fathers and husbands. 2 north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. (iii) Two features of the administrative reforms (iv) Prussia was given new territories on its western introduced by Napoleon : frontiers. (a) A confederation of 39 states was created out of (v) Austria was given control of Northern Italy. countless small principalities. (b) Duties were usually levied on the basis of weight or measurement of goods. 1×2=2 WORKSHEET-3 Solutions changes that had already taken place in Western 1. Though conservative forces were able to suppress Europe before 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise labour were abolished both in the Habsburg that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to dominations and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the 1867. 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2. France was a full-fledged territorial state before 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. P-2 S O C I A L S C I E N C E - X

(i) The French Revolution led to the transfer of hostility, when it became clear that the new sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. administrative arrangements conflicted with (ii) The revolution proclaimed that it was the people the political freedom. The new regulations led to who would henceforth constitute the nation and increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced shape its destiny. So, the French revolutionaries conscription into the French armies to conquer introduced various measures and practices that the rest of Europe, etc. These harsh laws were could create a sense of collective identity amongst unpopular.  3 the French people. 1+2=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 3. The events of French Revolution which had 5. Congress of Vienna was hosted by Austrian influenced the people belonging to other parts of Chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815. Europe: The following changes were made: (i) Students and other members of educated middle (i) The Bourbon Dynasty, which had been deposed class began to set up Jacobin clubs. (ii) Their activities and campaigns paved the way for during the French Revolution, was restored the French armies which moved into Holland, to power and France lost the territories it had Belgium, Switzerland and large parts of Italy. annexed. (iii) Due to the outbreak of various revolutionary (ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of wars the French armies began to carry the idea of France to prevent the French expansion in future. nationalism abroad. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which Thus, a sense of collective identity was brought in. included Belgium, was set up in the north and  1×3=3 Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. (iii) Prussia was given important new territories on 4. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the its western frontiers, while Austria was given reactions of the local populations to French rule control of northern Italy. were mixed. In many places such as Holland (iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies had been welcomed as champions 1+4=5 of liberty. But this enthusiasm turned into (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) WORKSHEET-4 Solutions 2. Representatives of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia after defeating Napoleon drew the 1. Napoleon introduced the following changes to Treaty of Vienna of 1815 to undo the changes make the administrative system more efficient in Europe: initiated by Napoleon. The aim was to restore the overthrown monarchies and create new (i) The Civil Code of 1804, known as Napoleonic conservative order. The Congress of Vienna Code, did away with all the privileges based on convened to re-map post-Napoleonic Europe and birth. prevent the rebuilding of a strong France. (ii) Administration became more efficient. (i) The conservatives believed in a modern army, (iii) Secured the right to property. efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy. (iv) Simplified administrative divisions. (v) Abolished feudal system. (ii) In 1815, the European powers-Britain, Russia, (vi) Freed peasants from serfdom and dues. Prussia and Austria defeated Napoleon at Vienna (vii) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. to draw up settlement of Europe. (viii) Transport and communication improved. Reactions to these changes: Peasants, artisans, (iii) The conference was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. workers and new businessmen enjoyed newfound freedom. Businessmen and small (iv) The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed to undo scale producers of goods in particular, began the most of the changes that had come during the to realise uniform laws, standardized weights Napoleonic wars. and measures would facilitate the movement of goods and capital from one region to another. (v) The deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 3 (vi) France lost its territories, annexed under Napoleon. (vii) To prevent further expansion of French territories, series of states were set up on boundaries. (viii) Kingdom of Netherlands including Belgium was set up in the north. S OLUT I ONS P-3

(ix) Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. (i) All privileges based on birth were removed. (x) Prussia was given new territories in western frontiers. (ii) He established equality before law. (xi) Austria was given the control of northern Italy. (iii) Right to property was given. (xii) Eastern Russia was given a part of Saxony. (iv) He simplified administrative divisions. (xiii) 39 states of German confederation were left (v) Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues. untouched. (Any six) ½ × 6 = 3 (vi) Guild restrictions were removed. 3. ”Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in administrative field, he had incorporated (vii) Transport and communication systems were improved.  (Any five) 1× 5 = 5 revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.”  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) TOPIC-2 The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848) and the Unification of Germany and Italy WORKSHEET-5 Solutions 2. (i) Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. The major objective of romantic artists 1. Economic hardships : and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective (i) Increase in population all over Europe. heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a (ii) More job seekers than employment. nation. (iii) Rural population migrated to urban areas, (ii) Textile production was carried out mainly in overcrowded slums. homes or small workshops and was only partly (iv) Any other relevant point to be described. mechanized. (Any three) (iii) Events of February 1848 in France had brought NOTE : As the question is based on ‘hardship about the abdication of the monarch and a in Europe’, the students may be given marks on any of the aspect describing hardship of 1830s or republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where 1930s. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3 independent nation-states did not yet exist Detailed Answer : - such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro- The decade of 1830 had brought great economic Hungarian Empire – men and women of the hardship or crisis in Europe due to the following liberal middle classes combined their demands for reasons: constitutionalsim with national unification. (i) There was an enormous increase in population all 1+1+1=3 over Europe. 3. (i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire (ii) There were more job seekers than the employment since the 15th century. opportunities. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse. (ii) Struggle for independence began in 1821. (iii) Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced (iii) Greece got support from Greeks living in exile and with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England. West-Europeans who had sympathies for ancient (iv) In the regions of Europe where the aristocracy Greek culture. still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. (iv) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion (v) Due to increased population, the demand for food to support its fight against Muslim empire. increased. It led to the rise in food prices. This led to an increase in the prices and there was widespread (v) The English poet Lord Byron, organised funds, pauperism in the entire country. fought in war and died of fever in 1824. (Any three points) (vi) The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation. (Any five) 1×5=5 P-4 S O C I A L S C I E N C E - X

WORKSHEET-6 Solutions (iv) In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class 1. Romanticism was a movement in the arts and professionals, businessmen and prosperous literature, which originated in the late 18th century, artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity and the and decided to vote for an all-German National primacy of the individual. Assembly. (i) Critical approach towards reason and science: Romantic artists criticised the glorification of reason (v) The middle classes who resisted the demands of and science and focused on emotions, intuitions workers and artisans and consequently lost their and mystical feelings. support. In the end troops were called in and the (ii) Folk culture as the spirit of the nation: Johann assembly was forced to disband. Gottfried Herder claimed that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances, the true spirit of the (vi) The issue of extending political rights to women nation could be popularized. was a controversial one within the liberal (iii) Emphasis on vernacular language: They gave movement, in which large numbers of women emphasis on vernacular language to recover not had participated actively over the years. only the ancient national spirit but also to carry (vii) Women had formed their own political the modern nationalist message to a large audience associations, founded newspapers and taken part who were mostly illiterate. 1 × 3 =3 in political meetings and demonstration. 2. The period of 1848 was considered as phase of (Any five points to be explained) 5 the revolution of the Liberals in Europe because of the following reasons : (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) (i) Events of February 1848 in France had brought 3. (i) Middle-class professionals, businessmen about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had and prosperous artisans were the classes which been proclaimed. mainly constituted the members of many political (ii) Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal associations in the German region. 1 middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. (ii) When the deputies offered the crown on these (iii) They took advantage of the growing popular terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association. elected assembly. 2 (iii) Women actively participated in large numbers in the liberal movement over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. 2 WORKSHEET-7 Solutions 2. (i) After 1815, many liberal nationalists went underground for the fear of repression. Secret 1. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider societies emerged in many European states to nationalist sentiment. Economically, liberalism train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. stood for : Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, founded two underground societies—first, Young (i) Freedom of markets. Italy in Marseilles and then, Young Europe in (ii) End of state -imposed restrictions on the movement Berne. Following the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were set up in Germany, France, of goods and capital. Switzerland and Poland. (iii) A customs union or zollverein was formed by (ii) Romanticism was a cultural movement which Prussia in 1834, which was joined by many German sought to develop a particular form of nationalist states. sentiment. The romantics used folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances to popularize the true (iv) This union reduced the number of currencies from spirit of the nation. For example, Karol Kurpinski over thirty to two and abolished tariff barriers. celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music in Poland. He turned folk dances like (v) A network of railways led to great mobility and polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. gave an impetus to national unity. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 S OLUT I ONS P-5

(iii) Language also played an important role in Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like- developing nationalist sentiments. For example, it was mainly used as a weapon of national resistance minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. when the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere (v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could in Poland. 1×3=3 not continue to be a patchwork of small states and 3. (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. republic within a wider alliance of nations. (ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a (vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian commitment to oppose monarchical forms that liberty. Following his model, secret societies were had been established after the Vienna Congress, set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and and to fight for liberty and freedom. Poland. (iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation (vii) Mazzini‘s relentless opposition to monarchy and of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle his vision of democratic republics frightened for freedom. One such individual was the Italian the conservatives. Metternich described him revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) WORKSHEET-8 Solutions (iii) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further their own 1. (i) Women had formed their own political imperialist aims. associations. (iv) Source of nationalist tension in Europe was the (ii) They took part in political meetings and area called Balkans. demonstrations. (v) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan (iii) They attended the Frankfurt Parliament also, together with the disintegration of the Ottoman though as observers, since the right to vote was not Empire made this region very explosive. given to them. (vi) One by one, European nationalities broke away (iv) They also participated in large numbers in the from its control and declared independence. liberal movement. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (vii) The Balkan people based their claims for 2. The role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian independence or political rights on nationality to revolutionary: prove that they were once independent but were subjugated by a foreign power. (i) He founded two secret societies—Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. (viii) Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence. Hence, the Balkan (ii) Members of these societies were like-minded young area became an area of intense conflict. men from Poland, France, Italy and German states. (iii) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to  (Any five) be the natural units of mankind.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 5 (iv) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the 4. Culture played an important role in creating the conservatives. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 idea of a nation because of the following reasons: 3. Sentiment of Nationalism in the first half of the (i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped in shaping 19th century: nationalist feelings in Europe. (i) Towards the last quarter of the 19th century, (ii) Romanticism was a cultural movement which nationalism could not retain its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiments of the first half played a role in this context. Romantic poets and of the century but became a narrow belief with inadequate ends. artists were critical of reason and science. (ii) Nationalist groups became increasingly (iii) A sense of shared collective heritage was developed. intolerant, which led to war. (iv) Folk dance, folk poetry and songs were considered the true expression of the spirit of the nation. (v) Speaking in the vernacular language was another expression of nationalism. 1×5=5 P-6 S O C I A L S C I E N C E - X

TOPIC-3 Nation States — Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain WORKSHEET-9 Solutions Welsh, Scot or Irish. There was no British nation prior to the 18th century. 1. Three conditions that led to the emergence of the (ii) All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural British nation state are: and political traditions. (i) The emergence of the new middle classes. (iii) Because of steady growth of the English nation in (ii) The ideology of liberalism. case of wealth, importance and power, it was able (iii) The ideas of conservatism and the Treaty of Vienna. 1×3=3 to extend its influence over the other nations of the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) islands. 2. (i) Prussia’s chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was (iv) The Act of Union 1707 between England and the architect of the process of national unification. Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. It meant that England (ii) In my opinion, one reason for this was that Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. was able to impose its influence on Scotland. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states (v) The English parliament, which had seized power and the Habsburg Empire. from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted (iii) The primary identities of the people who inhabited conflict, was the instrument through which a the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, nation-state with England at its centre, came to be Welsh, Scot or Irish. One characteristic feature of forged. these ethnic groups was that they had their unique (vi) The growth of the British identity meant that cultural and political traditions. 1+1+1=3 Scotland‘s distinctive culture and political 3. In Britain, the formation of the nation–state was not institutions were systematically suppressed. the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It (vii) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak was the result of a long-drawn-out process. their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their (i) The primary identities of the people who inhabited homeland. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 the British Isles were ethnic ones–such as English, WORKSHEET-10 Solutions (vii) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was 1. (i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony the hearts of the middle-class Germans. held at Versailles.  (Any three) 1×3=3 (ii) During the Vienna Congress in 1815, Germany was identified as a loose confederation of 39 states. 2. Unification of Britain : (i) Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. (iii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German states. The primary identities were based on ethnicities such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. (iv) Prussia soon became the leader of German (ii) The steady growth of power made the English unification movement. nation extend its influence over the other nations and islands. (v) Chief Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck was (iii) In 1688, England was established as a nation the architect of the process with the support from state. English parliament seized power from the the Prussian army and bureaucracy. monarchy. (iv) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain (vi) The unification process was completed after Prussia formed with the Act of the Union between won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over a England and Scotland. time period of seven years. S OLUT I ONS P-7

(v) England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all 3. (i) Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called spheres. British parliament was dominated by ‘Young Italy’. 1 English members. (ii) Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify (vi) Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the the regions of Italy. One quality of his character was failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798). A new “British nation” was that he was an extremely tactful diplomat. 2 formed. (Any five) 1×5=5 (iii) A large part of Italian population was illiterate, so it (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) remained unaware of the liberal ideology. 2 WORKSHEET-11 Solutions During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a secret society ‘Young Italy’ to 1. Nationalism developed through culture in Europe achieve his goal. in the following ways: (iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor (i) Culture played an important role in creating the Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states idea of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music through wars. helped to express and shape nationalist feelings. (iv) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France (ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused, on (iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states through wars. (iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (iv) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France claimed that true German culture was to be by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in discovered among the common people- das volk. It defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularized. (v) Under the leadership of Garibaldi armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in (iv) The emphasis on vernacular language and the winning the support of the local peasants in order collection of local folklore was used to carry the to drive out the Spanish rulers. modern nationalist message to large audiences who (vi) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king were mostly illiterates. (Any three) 1× 3 = 3 of united Italy. (Any five) 1×5=5 2. (i) Europe moved away from its association with (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) democracy and revolution and related more to monarchy and conservatism. 4. Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy: (i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, (ii) The conservatives mobilised the sentiments of the people in order to achieve political domination. born in Genoa in 1807. (ii) He founded various secret societies such as ‘Young (iii) Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process. (iv) It was backed by the army and bureaucracy. Italy’ and ‘Young Europe’. (iii) He attempted a revolution in Liguria. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (iv) He wanted unification with a wider alliance of 3. Unification of Italy : nations. (i) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy (v) He frightened conservatives through the opposition was divided into seven states of which only of monarchy and vision of democratic republics. one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian (vi) He favoured war for the unification of Italy. princely house. (ii) The unification process was led by three (vii) He wanted economic development and political revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi dominance. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 WORKSHEET-12 Solutions (i) He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He 1. Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia- was a good administrator. Piedmont. His contribution to the unification of (ii) He worked for the unification of Italy. Through a Italy was : tactful diplomatic alliance with France. (iii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. P-8 S O C I A L S C I E N C E - X

(iv) He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in (iii) The Catholic clans that inhibited the Scottish defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Highland suffered repression. (iv) They were forcibly driven out of their homeland. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3 (v) Ireland was also divided between Catholics and 2. Conditions of Italy before unification: Protestants. (i) The greatest problem in the unification of Italy was (vi) Ireland was forcibly incorporated in the UK. its fragmentation into several political units, each under a different authority. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states 4. Otto von Bismarck was the true architect of as well as the multinational Habsburg Empire. Germany who played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for his (iii) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. divided into seven states. (i) The middle class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the (iv) Out of seven, only one Sardinia-Piedmont was different regions of the German confederation into a ruled by an Italian princely house. nation-state. (v) The north was under Austrian Habsburgs. (ii) Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, with the (vi) The centre was ruled by the Pope. help of the army and bureaucracy, carried out the task (vii) Southern regions were under the Bourbon kings of of unification. Spain. (iii) Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark (viii) The Italian language had not acquired one and France ended in Prussian victory and completed common form. It still had many regional and local the process of unification. variations. (Any six) ½ × 6 = 3 (iv) On 18th January 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William I was proclaimed German Emperor in 3. (i) Through the Act of Union (1707), England was a ceremony held at Versailles in the presence of able to impose its influence on Scotland. important officials, army representatives and Otto (ii) The growth of British identity in parliament von Bismarck. 1¼ × 4 = 5 suppressed the distinctive culture of Scotland. TOPIC-4 Visualising the Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism WORKSHEET-13 Solutions represented a Country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed by a female figures because 1. Marianne was the female allegory who represented the female form that was chosen to personify the France. nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it brought to give the abstract idea of Her characteristics were drawn from: (i) Those of liberty and republic. the nation’s concrete form. That is, the female figure (ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. became an allegory of the nation. 1+1+1=3 (iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to 3. Reasons for the growth of nationalist tension in remind the public of the national symbol of unity and Balkan region : to persuade them to identify with it. (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and (iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of ethnic variations comprising of modern day 1850. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, 2. (i) The attributes of Liberty are the red cap or the Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina Slovenia, Serbia and broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded Montenegro. The inhabitants were called Slavs. woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. (ii) The inhabitants of Balkans were broadly known (ii) The spread of romantic nationalism lead to its as the Slavs. It was a region of geographical and disintegration. ethnic variation comprising modern–day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Slovenia, (iii) Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define Serbia and Montenegro. their identity. (iii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth Centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. They (iv) Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over expansion of territory. S OLUT I ONS P-9

(v) At the same time, the great European Powers – (vi) This led to the series of wars in the region and Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary finally became the cause of the First World War. were keen on taking the control of the Balkan region, since it was important from trade point of [Any five points] 1×5=5 view.  (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) WORKSHEET-14 Solutions (iii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of 1. (i) The Balkans was a region of geographical the Ottoman Empire. and ethnic variations comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, (iv) As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. define their identity and independence, the Balkan (ii) The inhabitants of these regions were known as Slavs. area became an area of intense conflict. (v) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 2. Explosive condition of Balkans in 1871 : The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern days Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Macedonia whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region explosive. All throughout the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself. The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history for their claim. Balkans also became the scene of rivalry among big powers. 1 × 5 = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) Detailed Answer : Ans. SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X P-10

[Topper's Answer, 2018] 3. (i) The major European powers manipulated the of each other and each hoped to gain more ter- nationalist aspirations of the subject people in ritory at the expense of the others. Matters were Europe by the last quarter of the nineteenth century further complicated because the Balkans also in order to fulfill their own imperialistic aims. 1 became the scene of big power rivalry. (b) During this period, there was intense rivalry (ii) The Balkan peoples based their claims for among the European powers over trade and colo- independence or political right on nationality nies as well as naval and military might. These and used history to prove that they had once rivalries were very evident in the way the Bal- been independent but had subsequently been kan problem unfolded. Each power was keen on subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious countering the hold of other powers over the Bal- nationalities in the Balkans thought of their kans, and extending its own control over the area. struggles to win back their long-lost independence.2 1×2=2 (iii) Two major reasons which led to a series of war in the Balkan region and finally the First World War : (a) The Balkan area had become an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous WORKSHEET-15 Solutions (iii) Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century but in France and German 1. (i) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism states, it occurred only during the 19th century. In in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the its wake, new social groups came into being. (iv) Out of these, the educated middle-class people Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. thought of uniting the culturally compatible (ii) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict sections of people in Europe by abolishing the as different Slavic nationalities struggled for their privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy. independence. (iii) It became the source of big power rivalry among the (v) It was among the educated liberal middle-class European powers over trade, colonies and military that the ideas of national unity and abolition of might. 1 × 3= 3 aristocratic privileges gained popularity. (vi) This led to nationalism and emergence of idea of 2. (i) Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally the nation-state. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 diverse groups of Europe. (ii) Due to industrialisation and transformation of 3. (i) In olden times, the best way to present an idea society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of was through symbolic personifications. This was businessmen, working professionals, industrialists, the most common and appealing way to invite labourers and working-class people. people’s attention. S OLUT I ONS P-11

(ii) From 1789, females appeared in paintings as a (v) Marianne images were marked on coins and symbol of liberty and revolution. stamps. (vi) Similarly, Germania became the symbol of the (iii) During the French Revolution, many symbolic German nation. This work was done by the artist personifications of ‘Liberty’ and ‘Reason’ appeared. Philipp Veit. He depicted Germania as a female Marianne was the female figure invented by artists figure standing against a background where beams in the nineteenth century to represent the French of sunlight shone through the tricolour fabric of the nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those national flag. Germania was wearing a crown of of Liberty and the Republic—the red cap, the oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism. tricolour, the cockade. (vii) During the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, (iv) Statues of Marianne were erected in public places to remind the public of the national symbol of unity Justice and the Republic. (Any five) 1×5=5 and to persuade them to identify with it. VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-16 Solutions 8. Renaissance 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 9. Napoleonic Code 2. Option (c) is correct. 10. Option (c) is correct. 3. (A) - 1871 11. The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe (B) - Beginning of the First World War 4. Option (b) is correct. during the nineteenth century. 5. Option (d) is correct. 6. Option (d) is correct. 12. The Incorrect option is (b) : Secret Socities sprang 7. Otto von Bismarck up in many Indian states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Correct answer is : Secret Socities sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. WORKSHEET-17 Solutions In the economic sphere, liberalization stood for freedom of market and the abolition of state 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) imposed restrictions on the movement of goods 2. Option (c) is correct. and capital. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3. (A) - Unification of Italy (B) - 1866-71 7. nineteenth 4. Option (a) is correct. 5. Option (d) is correct. 8. Caliph 9. Option (a) is correct. 6. Concept of liberalization in the field of Economic Sphere : 10. Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change. WORKSHEET-18 Solutions 3. Frederic Sorrieu 4. Option (c) is correct. 1. Option (a) is correct. 5. The Prussian king William I was proclaimed the 2. (i) To abolish tariff barriers German Emperor in 1871. (ii) To reduce number of currencies from 30 to 2. 6. In France, the idea of a peoples’ nation was christened Marianne. She was characterized by the (Any One) ideas of Liberty and Republic.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) P-12 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

7. The Incorrect option is (c) : ‘When America Correct answer is : ‘When France Sneezes’, Sneezes’, Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe Europe catches cold’. catches cold’. CHAPTER 2 - NATIONALISM TOPIC-1 The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement WORKSHEET-19 Solutions 3. (i) It created new economic and political problems. The war had led to huge expenditure which was 1. Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Gudem hills financed by heavy loans and an increase in taxes. of Andhra Pradesh : Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced. (i) A lluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety (ii) The prices had doubled between 1913 and of special powers like making astrological 1918 and the common people underwent great predictions, healing people and surviving bullet hardships. shots. (iii) Crops had failed between 1918-19 and 1920- 21 leading to famine and disease. There were (ii) The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of epidemics killing between 12-13 million people God. (Census, 1921). (iii) Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation (iv) People’s hope that the end of the war would Movement. bring an end to their misery and near to their goals and this led to their support to the National (iv) Persuaded people to wear khadi and give up Movement. drinking. (v) The Muslims were antagonised by the British (v) But at the same time he asserted that India ill-treatment of the Khalifa, after the First World could be liberated only by the use of force, not War. non-violence. (vi) Indian villagers were also incensed by the British (vi) Used guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Government’s forced recruitment of men in the (To be assessed as whole) [½ × 6 = 3] [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] army. 2. (i) It is a process by which the colonial government (vii) The Congress and other parties were angry with forced people to join the army. the British for not consulting them before making India a party on their side against Germany. (ii) It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It also suggested that if the (viii) Taking advantage of the First World War, many cause was true and struggle was against injustice, revolutionary parties cropped up and they incited then physical force was not necessary to fight the the people to join the anti-Colonial Movement in oppressor. India (i.e. the National Movement). (iii) It had been hurriedly passed through the imperial (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 legislative council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. 1+1+1=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] WORKSHEET-20 Solutions (ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew 1. (i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March, were arrested and were taken to an unknown 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast place. and strong. S OLUT I ONS P-13

(iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at (iii) Shops were closed. Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by (iv) Communication, railway, telegraphs lines were buildings on all sides to protest against the arrest. disrupted. (iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered (Any other relevant point) (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5 the park, closed the entrance of the park and  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] commanded his army to fire on the gathered people without any warning. 3. (i) Non-Cooperation Movement. 1 (v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen (ii) Economic effects of the Non-Cooperation hundred rounds were fired killing about thousand people and more than two thousand Movement : Foreign goods were boycotted, people were left wounded and unattended. liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from 2. Gandhi ji decided to launch a nation-wide Satyagraha: ` 102 crore to ` 57 crore. In many places merchants (i) This Act had been hurriedly passed through the and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or Imperial Legislative Council. finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement (ii) Indian members opposed the Act. (iii) It gave the government enormous powers to spread, and people began discarding imported repress political activities. clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production (iv) It allowed detention of political prisoners without of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 2 trial for two years. (Any two points to be explained) (iii) Two major reasons for which the Non-Cooperation It opposed in the following ways: Movement slowed down in the cities : (i) Rallies were organised in various cities. (ii) Workers went on strike. (a) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than massproduced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. (b) Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up. 2 WORKSHEET-21 Solutions 2. “The plantation workers in Assam had their 1. Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement in own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the February 1922 : notion of Swaraj” : (i) Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places. (i) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant (ii) A clash took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar the right to move freely in and out of the confined Pradesh. space in which they were enclosed. (iii) A group of volunteers picketing a liquor shop were beaten up by a police officer. (ii) Swaraj meant retaining a link to the village from (iv) In protest a group of peasants went to the police which they had come. station, bolted the door and set fire to the police station killing 22 policemen. (iii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 (v) The incident shocked Gandhiji and he plantation workers were not permitted to leave immediately withdrew the movement. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 the tea gardens without permission. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] (iv) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. (v) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] P-14 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

3. [Topper's Answer, 2018] Detailed Answer : (i) As foreign goods and foreign clothes were The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was boycotted, the import of foreign clothes halved started by the Congress Party in January 1921. Initially, this movement started with middle-class between 1921 and 1922, and its value dropping participation in the cities. Thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and from ` 102 crore to ` 57 crore rupees. professionandjoinedthemovement.Thismovement began in different cities across the country. The Non- (ii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of British India. The economic effects of trade in foreign goods or invest in foreign trade. the Non-Cooperation Movement were as follows – (iii) As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 2+3=5 WORKSHEET-22 Solutions 1st Stage–Surrender of titles that the government awarded. 1. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should 2nd Stage–Boycott of civil services, army, police, unfold in stages : courts and legislative, councils, schools, and foreign goods. S OLUT I ONS P-15

3rd Stage–Then, in case the government used (iii) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops repression, a full civil disobedience campaign picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. would be launched. 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons. 2. Non-Cooperation became a movement : (i) Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass- (i) It was the view of Gandhiji that the British rule produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford it and therefore, could not boycott mill was set in India with the cooperation of Indians. cloth for very long. (ii) If Indians refused cooperation, British rule in (ii) Similarly, boycotting British institutions also India would collapse within a year and swaraj posed a problem as there were no alternative would come. national institutions to fulfil educational needs. (iii) Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. (iii) As a result students and teachers began trickling (iv) In case the government used repression, a full back to government schools and lawyers joined civil disobedience campaign would be launched. back work in government courts. (v) Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support of the (Any other relevant point) 3+2=5 movement. (vi) It should begin with surrender of titles that  [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2018] government awarded and a boycott of civil services, police, courts and legislative councils, 4. ( i) The war created a new economic and political schools and foreign goods. situation. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] which was financed by war loans. (iii) To fulfil the loan demands taxes were increased, custom duties were raised. Not only this, a new tax in the form of income tax was also introduced. (iv) Prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 3. Middle classes played an important role in the 1918. This hit the common people. Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities: (v) Villagers were asked to supply soldiers and through force recruitment in rural areas. (i) Thousands of students left the government- (vi) During 1918-19, crops failed in many parts of controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and India which created shortage of food. teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal (vii) Spread of influenza epidemic and death of 12 to practices. 13 million people. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (ii) The council elections were boycotted in most [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] provinces except Madras. WORKSHEET-23 Solutions (ii) Various taxes were also implemented on them. (iii) Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord’s 1. The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually farm without any payment. slow down the cities because:- (iv) They had no security of tenure and were evicted regularly. (i) Khadi clothes were more expensive than mill (v) They had no right over leased land. (Any three) clothes. 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (ii) Poor people could not afford to buy it. 3. (i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule (iii) The boycott of British institutions posed a was established in India with the cooperation of Indian and if Indians had refused to cooperate, problem. British rule in India would have collapsed within (iv) Students and teachers began trickling back to a year. government schools. (ii) He proposed that the movement should unfold (v) Lawyers joined back work in government courts. in stages. (Any three) 1×3=3 (iii) It should begin with the surrendering of titles [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] that the government had awarded to the Indians. 2. Problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the (iv) A boycott of civil services, army, police, courts days of Non-Cooperation Movement were : and legislative assemblies, schools and foreign goods would show their non-cooperation to the (i) Talukdars and landlords posed high rent on land British empire. and variety of cesses. P-16 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the (iv) Workers went on strike in railway workshops. government used repression, a full civil (v) Shops were closed down. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5 disobedience campaign would be launched. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 5. (a) The response of the plantation workers to the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Non-Cooperation Movement was : 4. Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act, (i) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plan- 1919 : tation workers were not permitted to leave the (i) The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed through tea gardens without permission. the Imperial Legislative Council. (ii) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation (ii) Indian members unitedly opposed it. Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed (iii) It gave government enormous powers to repress home. political activities. (iii) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own vil- (iv) It allowed detention of political prisoners without lage. trials for two years. (Any two) (iv) They, however, never reached their destina- Organisation of Satyagraha : tion. Stranded on the way by a railway and (i) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil steamer strike, they were caught by the police disobedience against such unjust laws. and brutally beaten up. (ii) It was started with a ‘Hartal’ on 6th April. (b) For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were (iii) Rallies were organised in various cities. enclosed. 4+1=5 WORKSHEET-24 Solutions 2. (i) Rowlatt Act: Rowlatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced by the British Government in 1. Non-Cooperation Movement spread in the 1919. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention countryside : of political prisoners without trial for two years. (i) In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba (ii) Imposing martial law: Whenever the nationalists used to launch a mass movement the government Ramchandra. Here the movement was against responded with martial law. During Rowlatt Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil talukdars and landlords who demanded from Disobedience Movement, etc., the government responded with brutal repression, seeking to peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of humiliate and terrorise people : satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on other cesses. the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages were bombed. (ii) Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords' farms without any payments. As tenants, they had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted so that they have no right over the leased land. (iii) Putting the nationalist behind the bars: During (iii) The peasant movement demanded reduction of every mass movement the nationalist leaders were revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of picked up and put behind the bars. For example, oppressive landlords. during Rowlatt Satyagraha most of the local leaders In the meantime, Jawaharlal Nehru began going were arrested and during Civil Disobedience around the villages in Awadh. Movement Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mahatma Gandhi (iv) The Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up in the villages. and other leaders were arrested and put behind the The peasant movement, however, developed in bars. 3 forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014 ] with. (v) As the movement spread, the houses of talukdars 3. Incident and Impact of the Jallianwala Bagh : on 13th April, large crowd gathered in Jallianwala and merchants were attacked: bazaars were Bagh. looted and grain hoards were taken over. Some of them had come to protest against the (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 government’s new repressive measures and others had come to attend Baisakhi fair. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015 ] S OLUT I ONS P-17

General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit (iv) The government responded with brutal repression points and opened fire on the crowd, killing to terrorise people. hundreds to create a feeling of terror. (v) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the Impact : ground. (i) As the news spread, crowd took to the streets in (vi) People were flogged and villages were bombed. North Indian towns. (ii) There were strikes, clashes with police. (vii) The British violated the freedom of speech and (iii) Attacks on government buildings. expression. (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-25 Solutions (iv) Forced recruitment was carried out and men from the villages were forced to become soldiers. 1. Khilafat Agitation: (v) It created a demand for industrial goods (jute (i) The Khilafat movement (1919–1924) initiated bags, cloth, rails, etc.) and caused a decline of by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was a mass imports from other countries into India. movement against the reduction of temporal (Any three) powers of Caliph after defeat of Ottoman-Turkey [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1×3=3 in the First World War. 4. The following developments took place which led (ii) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers, Khilafat to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement: Committee was formed in 1919 as he was considered as the spiritual head of Muslims. (i) Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements in various places. (iii) Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an (ii) In 1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. of a unified National Movement. 2+1=3 (iii) Then in 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. 2. (i) The idea of ‘satyagraha’ emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. (iv) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill (ii) It suggested that if the cause was true, if the workers. struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. (v) In 1919, he decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. (iii) According to Gandhiji, without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could (vi) Rallies were organised in various places. win the battle through non-violence. (vii) At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in 1×3=3 September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 3. Three points on the First World War’s impact on the economic situation in India are given below: [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (i) It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of 5. Some of the leaders within Congress were reluctant the Government of India. to start Non-Cooperation Movement because they wanted to oppose the British government through (ii) Custom duties were increased and income tax legal and constitutional means. was introduced. For example, they wanted to contest the elections (iii) The prices of the goods doubled between 1913- for legislative councils that were scheduled to be 1918 and created hardships for the people. held in 1920 and oppose the government from inside the council once elected. 5 WORKSHEET-26 Solutions (ii) Workers went on strike in Railway workshops. 1. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was opposed in the (iii) Shops were closed down. It was in opposition to the Rowlatt Act that the following manner : (i) Rallies were organised in various cities. famous Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. P-18 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on (iv) This could be done by appealing to the conscience the innocent Civilians who had gathered from the of the oppressor. city of Amritsar and outside to attend a peaceful meeting. 1×3=3 (iii) Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non- 2. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should violence. unfold in stages : (v) People including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced (i) Surrender of titles that the government awarded. to accept truth through the use of violence. (ii) Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative, councils, schools, and foreign goods. (iii) In case the government used repression, a full civil (vi) Gandhiji believed that truth was bound to disobedience campaign would be launched. 1 × 3= 3 ultimately triumph. 3. After arriving to India, Mahatma Gandhi (vii) He believed that the dharma of non-violence successfully organised Satyagraha Movement in could unite all Indians. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 various places : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (i) In 1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar 5. Impact of the Rowlatt Satyagraha on the political to inspire the peasants to struggle against the situation in India: oppressive plantation of Indigo. (i) People organised hartals in cities and railways went (ii) In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the on strike. peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat who were (ii) Shops were closed down. affected by crop failure and plague epidemic and (iii) Leaders were arrested. could not pay the revenue. (iv) At Amritsar, police fired upon a peaceful procession. (v) Martial law was imposed. 1×5=5 (iii) In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to 6. Gandhiji converted the National Movement into a organize Satyagraha Movement amongst cotton mass movement by : mill workers. 1×3=3 (i) His simple and saintly life and style of convincing 4. Five points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘Satyagraha’: the masses made him popular. (ii) His undisputed leadership and magnetic (i) The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of personality. truth and the need to search for truth. (iii) His policy of non-violent satyagraha. (iv) His programmes of social reforms like fighting (ii) It suggested that if the cause was true, if the against untouchability. struggle was against injustice, then physical force (v) His commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity. 1×5 = 5 was not necessary to fight the oppressor. TOPIC-2 Civil Disobedience Movement WORKSHEET-27 Solutions (v) They refused to buy and sell imported goods. 1. Role of Business class in 'Civil Disobedience (Any other relevant point) (1×3=3) Movement' : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] (i) The business class reached against policies that 2. (i) C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj restricted business activities. Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. (ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio (ii) Negative impact of the British rule in India : The that would discourage imports. British Government in India had not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but had also (iii) In order to organise business interest, they formed based itself on the exploitation of the masses, the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and had ruined India economically, politically, in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber culturally, and spiritually. of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. (iii) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the (iv) They gave financial assistance for the movement. poor alike, and it was one of the most essential S OLUT I ONS P-19

items of food. The tax on salt and the government Detailed Answer : monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of Definition of Civil Disobedience Movement : Civil British rule. Disobedience Movement refers to the act by a group of people by refusing to obey laws or pay taxes, as a peaceful way of expressing their disapproval of 3. Civil Disobedience Movement : To disobey the those laws or taxes and in order to persuade the rules of the British Government. government to change them. Gandhiji and Martin Participation of rich and poor peasant : Luther King both conducted Civil Disobedience (i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities like Movements in their respective countries to get rid patidars of Gujarat and Jats of U.P. were active inmovement. of the exploitation and oppression offered by their colonial rulers. (ii) Rich peasants participated in the movement as a struggle against high revenue demand. (i) Rich Peasants : Depression and fall in prices affected them badly. They demanded reduction in land (iii) Rich peasants organized their community to revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for them. support Civil Disobedience Movement. They were disappointed when the movement was (iv) The poor peasants participated as they wanted called off their unpaid rent to be remitted. (ii) Poor Peasants : Depression affected them badly. (Any other relevant point) 1 + 4 = 5 They demanded reduction in rent. Swaraj meant (To be assessed as whole) reduction of rent for them. They joined Communist and revolutionary movements. (1+2+2 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] WORKSHEET-28 Solutions (ii) The depressed classes got reservation of seats in provincial and Central Legislative Councils. 1. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different (iv) Ambedkar accepted Gandhiji’s position and as from the Non-Cooperation Movement : the result Poona Pact was signed. Non-Cooperation Movement : (Any other relevant point) (i) The people were asked not to co-operate with the (To be assessed as whole) 5 government. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] (ii) Foreign goods were boycotted. (iii) Liquor shops were picketed. 3. Salt March : (iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heap. (i) Salt was consumed by all the sections of the (v) In many places merchants and traders refused to society. trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders. (ii) It was the most essential item of food. (vi) Students left the government-owned schools and colleges. (iii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over production. (vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices. (iv) Gandhiji found salt as a powerful symbol that Civil Disobedience Movement : could unite the nation. (i) People were asked to break colonial laws. (v) On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. (ii) The countrymen broke the salt law. (iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax. (vi) The idea was to make the demands wide ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could (iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs. identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. (v) Forest people violated forest rules and laws. (Any three points of difference to be mentioned) 1½ + 1½ = 3 (vii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] the salt tax. 1 × 5 = 5 (Any five) 2. Depressed Classes Association was organized by [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1930. 4. (i) The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Achievements : Pradesh were the rich peasant communities. 1 (i) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar raised the demand of separate (ii) Being producers of commercial crops, they were electorate for Dalits. very hard hit by the trade depression and falling (ii) British government conceded Ambedkar’s prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s demand of separate electorates for Dalits. P-20 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

revenue demand. The government’s refusal to (iii) Apprehensive of raising issues that might had reduce the revenue led to widespread resentment. upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress And they became enthusiastic supporters of this was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in movement. 2 most places. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain. 2 WORKSHEET-29 Solutions 4. Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off Civil Disobedience Movement because : 1. Simon Commission : (i) Worried by the development of Civil Disobedience (i) The new government in Britain constituted a Movement, the colonial government begen Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. arresting the Congress leaders one by one. (ii) It was set up in response to the nationalist (ii) This led to violent clashes in many places. movement. (iii) When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple (iii) The commission was to look in to the functioning of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930, of the constitutional system in India and suggest angry crowd demonstrated in the streets of changes. Peshawer, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. (iv) The problem was that the commission didn‘t have a single Indian member. (iv) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi was arrested; industrial workers in Sholapur attacked (v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India police force, municipal buildings, law courts, in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, railway stations and all other structures that Simon’. symbolised British rule. (vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim (v) A frightened government responded with the League, participated in the demonstrations. policy of brutal repression.  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (vi) The peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1 lakh people [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] were arrested. 2. (i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt Under these circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi March’ or ‘Dandi March’ on 11th March, 1930 called off the Civil Disobedience Movement. accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. 1 × 5 = 5 (Any five points to be explained) (ii) The march was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] of Dandi. (iii) On 6th April, 1930, he reached Dandi and Detailed Answer : ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. (i) By drawing inspiration from Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of people broke, the Salt Law, (iv) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of Movement. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 government salt factories. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (ii) People boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor 3. Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil shops. In many regions, peasants refused to pay Disobedience Movement with great revenue and chaukidari, taxes, village officials apprehension: resigned and forest people broke forest laws going into reserved forests, to graze cattle or collect (i) In December, 1931 Gandhiji went to London for firewood and fruits. the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. (iii) British officials, seeing the incidents, decided to clamp down on nationalists. When Abdul Ghaffar (ii) In India, he discovered that the government had Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was begun a new cycle of repression. arrested, people demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. (iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were Many were killed. both in jail. (iv) The Congress had been declared illegal. (v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] S OLUT I ONS P-21

(iv) When Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial 5. Mahatma Gandhi found ‘Salt’ a powerful workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal symbol : buildings, law courts and railway stations. Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating (v) Frightened the government responded with brutal eleven demands on 31st January, 1930. The most repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, stirring of all was to abolish the salt tax. Salt was women and children were beaten and around one of the most essential items of foods. It was 1,00,000 satyagrahis were put in jail. Seeing so much consumed both by rich and poor alike. He urged of violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the them to peacefully defy the tax imposed on salt. movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th On 6th April he reached Dandi and violated the March, 1931. law. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5 WORKSHEET-30 Solutions (iii) In the country side like the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. 1. The main features of ‘Poona Pact’ were : (i) The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed (iv) As rich peasant communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste) they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil reserved seats in provincial and central legislative Disobedience Movement. councils. (v) As the depression continued and cash invoice (ii) They were to be voted in by the general electorate. dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to (iii) The Act came into force due to Gandhiji’s fast pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the unto death. landlords to be remitted and thus they joined the movement. (iv) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted (vi) Merchants and industrialists supported the Gandhiji’s stand. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 movement by giving financial assistance and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] refused to buy and sell the imported goods. 2. Participation of women in the Civil Disobedience (vii) The industrial working class of Nagpur region Movement : participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). (i) Women in large number participated in the Civil (viii) Railway worker, dock workers, coal mine workers Disobedience Movement. of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. (ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. (ix) Women also participated in large numbers. (iii) They participated in protest marches, (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 manufactured salt. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. 4. Significance of the Civil Disobedience (v) Many went to jail. Movement: (vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred (i) The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched duty of women. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 against the arrival of the Simon Commission. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] This continued between 1930 and 1934. 3. Civil Disobedience Movement came into force (ii) Complete Independence was the main aim of in various parts of the country : Civil Disobedience Movement which formulated this demand in the Lahore Session. (i) Gandhiji led the Salt March from Sabarmati (iii) It was fully fledged mass movement. Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the (iv) Mahatma Gandhi started the famous Salt March. Civil Disobedience Movement. (v) On 6th April, he ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. (ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke (vi) This marked the beginning of the Civil the Salt Law, manufactured salt and demonstrated Disobedience Movement. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 in front of government salt factories. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] P-22 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-31 Solutions (v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ as a time when colonial restrictions on business would 1. (i) Dalits began organising themselves, demanding no longer exist and trade and industry would reserved seats in educational institutions, and flourish without constraints. a separate electorate. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who (vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes business groups were no longer uniformly Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma enthusiastic. Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by (vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant demanding separate electorates for Dalits. activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (ii) The leaders of the depressed classes under Dr B.R. Ambedkar also wanted a separate electorate, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] because they were also afraid of Hindu dominance in a joint electorate. After Gandhi’s 3. Large sections of Muslims were lukewarm in their fast unto death, the Poona Pact was signed response to the Civil Disobedience Movement between him and Dr. Ambedkar. Gandhiji saw due to the following factors : it as a blow to national unity and feared that (i) Association of Congress with Hindu Mahasabha: the Dalits would never become one with the After the decline of the Non-C­ ooperation Khilafat Hindu society, under separate electorate. Dr. Movement, a large section of Muslims felt Ambedkar agreed to a joint electorate provided alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s, the depressed classes had reserved seats in the the Congress came to be more visibly associated Provincial and Central Legislative Councils. with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups (iii) After the decline of the Non-Cooperation and like the Hindu Mahasabha. Khilafat Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. Muslim leaders like (ii) Communal Clashes : As relations between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened, each Muhammad Iqbal and M.A. Jinnah wanted separate community organised religious processions with electorates to safeguard the political interests of the Muslims. They were afraid, as a minority religious militant fervour, provoking Hindu- Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. group, that they would never be able to win Every riot deepened the distance between the elections in a joint electorate and the Hindus would always dominate them. 1×3=3 two communities. (iii) Issue of demand for separate electorates: Some of the Muslim leaders demanded a separate 2. The attitude of the Indian merchants and the electorate for the Muslims which was not industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience supported by the Congress leaders. Movement : (iv) Status of Muslims in Hindu majority state: Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their (i) During the First World War, Indian merchants concern about the status of Muslims as a minority and industrialists had made huge profits and within India. They feared that the culture and became powerful. identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority. (ii) They wanted protection against imports of (v) Issue of reserved seats in the Central Assembly: foreign goods and a Rupee-Sterling Foreign Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah Exchange ratio that would discourage import. demanded reservation of seats for the Muslims in the Central Assembly but this was not acceptable (iii) To organise business interest they formed the to the Congress leaders. So, Muslims could Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (in not respond to the call for a united struggle 1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of (1×5=5) Commerce and Industries—FICCI ( in 1927). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. WORKSHEET-32 Solutions (ii) It had not even a single Indian as its member. Indians took it as their insult. 1+2=3 1. Simon Commission was set up to look into the 2. The events that led to the Civil Disobedience functioning of the Constitutional System in India Movement were : and suggest changes. (i) Arrival of the Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. It was opposed because : (ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut (i) It had all the members from the white community. and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929. S OLUT I ONS P-23

(iii) Lahore Session of Congress in 1929. 4. Reasons of grievances of the peasants against the government were : (iv) Nehru Report in respect of the Indian Constitution. (v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in anti- (i) Due to forest laws of the colonial government. Simon Commission agitation. (ii) Depriving them of the traditional rights of entering Industrialists supported this movement because: the forest to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits. During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became (iii) High land revenues. powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they (iv) Forced to perform begar. (Any three) now reacted against colonial policies that restricted Steps taken to organise Peasant Movement : business activities. 2 +1=3 (i) Many kisan sabhas were organised. 3. The important differences between the Congress (ii) Organised guerrilla militant movement. and the Muslim League were over the question of representation of Muslims in the future assemblies (iii) Attacked police stations and attempted to kill British that were to be elected. Suspicion and distrust between the two communities was a major reason. police officials. (iv) Gandhiji declared that no tax to be paid. (i) The Civil Disobedience Movement started under (Any two) 3 + 2 = 5 this atmosphere of distrust. 5. Following are the main aspects of the Indian National Movement between 1920-1935 : (ii) Negotiation over the question of representation (i) Beginning of Mass Movement after Jallianwala continued but all hopes of resolving the issue in All Bagh Massacre. Parties Conference in 1928, disappeared when M. (ii) Application of satyagraha to mass movement, new methods to protest, boycott, picketing, renunciation R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed of titles, and non-payment of taxes. efforts of compromise. (iii) Alienated from Congress, large sections of the (iii) People of different sections and parts shared a common bond of resistance—united in their hatred Muslims failed to respond to the call of a united against the British rule. struggle. (iv) The Muslims feared that the culture and identity (iv) Industrialists led by Purshottamdas Thakurdas and of the minorities would be submerged under the G. D. Birla criticised colonialism. 1¼ × 4 = 5 domination of a Hindu majority. 1 + 4=5 WORKSHEET-33 Solutions (iii) Poor peasants wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord be remitted so they joined the Civil 1. (i) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar organised the ‘Dalits’ into the Disobedience Movement. 2+3=5 Depressed Classes Association in 1930. 3. The peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) because poor peasantry were (ii) He clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second not just interested in the lowering of the revenue Round Table Conference by demanding separate demand. Many had rented land. They could not electorates for Dalits. pay rent because of the depression and dwindling (iii) In 1932, he signed Poona Pact which gave the cash incomes. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted to landlords. depressed classes reserved seats in the Provincial Congress could not give full support because they and Central Legislative Councils. 1×3=3 thought rich peasants and landlords would be upset. 2. Civil Disobedience Movement : Violation of It was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaign in Salt Law by manufacturing salt from sea water most places. So, the relationship between the poor by Gandhiji marked the beginning of Civil peasants and the Congress remained uncertain. Disobedience Movement.  2½ + 2½ = 5 4. Factors that gave rise to the Civil Disobedience Reasons for which the peasants joined the Civil Movement were : Disobedience Movement : (i) The problem with the Simon Commission. (i) Rich peasants (Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of (ii) Irwin’s vague offer of dominion status for India in Uttar Pradesh) were active in the movement. They an unspecified future. were hard hit by the trade depressions and falling prices. The refusal of the government to reduce the (iii) Salt Law revenue led to widespread resentment. (iv) Negligence of eleven demands of Gandhiji by the (ii) For the rich peasants, fight for Swaraj was a struggle British. against high revenue. (v) Lahore Session of INC (1929) 1×5=5 P-24 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

TOPIC-3 People’s Participation in the Movement and the Sense of Collective Belonging WORKSHEET-34 Solutions Detailed Answer : 1. (i) According to Gandhiji, the woman is the Collective responsibility means that people began companion of man and gifted with equal rights to believe that they were all a part of the same of freedom and liberty. nation and discovered some unity, which bound them together. (ii) The woman is more fit than a man to take exploration and bolder action in non-violence. Examples of main cultural processes : (iii) The woman is the better half of humanity, not the (a) Figures or Images : These helped in creating weaker sex. 1×3=3 an image with which people could identify the nation. Devotion to this mother figure came to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity 2. (i) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. of India was associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This image was firstly created by Bankim (ii) It was a tricolour (red, green and white) flag and Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the song had a spinning wheel in the centre representing ‘Vande Mataram’ in his novel Anandamath. Then the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image (iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches of Bharat Mata. He was greatly inspired by the became a symbol of defiance. 1×3=3 Swadeshi Movement. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (b) Movement to Revive Folklore : In the late 19th century, in India, nationalists started recording folk 3. (i) When Abdul Ghaffar was arrested in April tales sung by bards and they toured the villages 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting Many were killed. ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesha (ii) In 1930 thousands of workers in Chhotanagpur Sastri published a massive four-volume collection tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”. protest rallies and boycott campaigns. (c) Icons and Symbols : During the Swadeshi (iii) The image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green Chandra Chattopadhyay. In 1870, he wrote ‘Vande and yellow) was designed. It had eight horses, Mataram’ as a hymn to the Motherland. Later it was representing eight provinces of British India and a sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It  1+1+1 = 3 was also a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre – representing the 4. Collective belongingness : Gandhian ideals of self-help. (i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular (d) Reinterpretation of History : Many Indians prints and symbols, All played a part in the started looking at the past to discover India’s great making of nationalism. achievements. They wrote about the glorious (ii) Identity of the nation was most often symbolized developments in ancient times. This glorious time, in a figure or image. in their belief, was followed by a history of decline, (iii) The identity of India came to be visually associated when India was colonized. These nationalists with the image of Bharat Mata. urged the readers to take pride in India’s great (iv) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Abanindra achievements in the past and struggle to change the Nath Tagore created a picture of Bharat Mata. miserable condition of the life of Indians under the (v) Vande Matram as a hymn for the motherland. British rule. (vi) Folklores and tales gave true picture of traditional culture. (Any other relevant point to be explained) (Any five) 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] S OLUT I ONS P-25

WORKSHEET-35 Solutions 3. (i) This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles and 1. During the “Swadeshi Movement” in Bengal the growing anger among people against the colonial flag designed was a Tricolour Flag. The two features of the flag were : government. (i) The colour of the flag was Red, Green and Yellow. (ii) But there were also a variety of cultural processes (ii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces through which nationalism captured people‘s in British India. imagination : (iii) It had a crescent moon representing Hindus and (a) The identity of the nation symbolised in a fig- Muslims. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3 ure or image of Bharat Mata created through literature, songs, paintings, etc. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2. Congress reluctant in the participation of (b) Movement to revive Indian folklore to enhance women: nationalist sentiments. (i) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence (c) Role of icons and symbols in unifying people of women within the organization. and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. (ii) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of (d) Creating a feeling of nationalism was through women to look after home and hearth, be good reinterpretation of history. 1+4=5 mothers and good wives. 4. (i) The failure of the Cripps Mission and the effects (Any other relevant point) of World War II created widespread discontentment Participation of women in Civil Disobedience in India, this led Gandhiji to launch a movement Movement: calling for complete withdrawal of the British from (i) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of India. 1 women came out of their homes to participate in (ii) The Quit India Resolution was passed on 14th protest marches. (ii) Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops. July, 1942 in Wardha by the Congress Working (iii) Boycotted foreign goods. Committee, demanding the Britishers for immediate (iv) Many went to jail. transfer of power to Indians and quit India. 2 (v) Women were from high caste families and from (iii) The Quit India Movement was truly a mass rich peasant households participated. movement which brought into its ambit thousands (vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see of ordinary people, namely students, workers and service to nation as a sacred duty of women. peasants. It also saw the active participation of (Any other relevant point) leaders like Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali (Any three) 2 + 3 = 5 and Ram Monohar Lohia and many women such  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha. 2 WORKSHEET-36 Solutions (a) Rich peasants- Rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujarat and the jats of Uttar Pradesh 1. The Congress was reluctant to include the joined the movement because, being producers demands of industrial workers in its programme of commercial crops they were hard hit by the of struggle: trade depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue (i) The industrialists came closer to the Congress, demand made them fight against high revenues. but the workers stayed aloof. (b) Poor peasants- Joined the movement because (ii) Congress felt this would alienate industrialists. they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. (iii) It would divide its anti-imperial forces. (c) Business class- They reacted against colonial (iv) Civil Disobedience Movement would be policies that restricted activities because they were weakened. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 keen on expanding their business and for this they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without 2. The reasons for the participation of various restrictions. social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows: P-26 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(d) Industrial working class- They did not participate 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Round Table Conference by demanding separate Some workers did participate in, selectively electorates for Dalits. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately adopting some of the Gandhian programme, like accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and the result was the boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their own Poona Pact of September 1932. movements against low wages and poor working (ii) Muslim political groups were also lukewarm in conditions. their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat (e) Women- There were large scale participation of Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated women in the movement. They participated in from the Congress. When the Civil Disobedience protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed Movement started, there was a sudden atmosphere foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. of suspicion and distrust between communities.  1×5=5 Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] struggle. Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of 3. Limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement : Muslims as a minority within India. They feared (i) Dalit participation was limited. They began that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of Hindu organising themselves, demanding reserved majority.  2½ + 2½ = 5 seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in WORKSHEET-37 Solutions 4. (i) It was designed in Bengal. 1. (i) Demands of the Peasant Movement were : (ii) It was tricolour flag. (a) Reduction of revenue. (b) Abolition of begar. (iii) Having red, yellow and green colours. (c) Social boycott of oppressive landlords. (iv) It had eight lotuses representing our eight  (Any two) provinces. (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru’s contribution: He went around villages to understand the grievances of the (v) A crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. 1×5=5 villagers. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up and within 2. Ianmtohnethse3c0o0nbdradnecchaedsewoefre2s0etht up. 2+1=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] century, a Peasant Movement started against exploitation of talukdars and landlords. 5. (i) They lent their support to the Congress in (ii) The movement was led by Baba Ramchandra who protest against the colonial policies that restricted was earlier a Sanyasi. indigenous business enterprises. (iii) The peasants through this movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of ‘begar’ and social (ii) They also gave financial assistance and refused boycott of oppressive landlords. 1 × 3 =3 to buy or sell foreign goods. They formed associations like the Indian Industrial and 3. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe Commercial Congress in 1920 and FICCI in 1927. that they are all part of the same nation. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the (iii) They viewed Swaraj as freedom from the experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural domination of market by foreign goods but processes through which nationalism captured withdrew their support when the Second Round people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore Table Congress failed. and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. Literature also helped to arouse national feelings. (iv) They were also concerned about the rise of the The ideas of nationalism also developed through socialist ideology in the Congress. the celebration of regional festivals. As the national (v) Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla movement developed nationalist leaders became more and more of icons and symbols in unifying attacked the colonial control over Indian and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. 5 economy. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] S OLUT I ONS P-27

WORKSHEET-38 Solutions were attacked. Bazaars were looted. Grain hoards were taken over. 1×5=5 Ans. (i) The image of Bharat Mata created by [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] Abanindranath Tagore is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. 3. Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Another image of Bharat Mata is shown with a Disobedience Movement. trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both are the symbols of power and authority. The causes for this are listed below : (i) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into (ii) Germania was the symbol of the German nation. She is depicted as a female figure standing the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed against a background where beams of sunlight with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table shine through the tricolour fabric of the national Conference by demanding separate electorates for flag. Germania is wearing a crown of oak Dalits. leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism. (ii) When the British government conceded Dr. B. R. 1½+1½=3 Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. 2. (i) Peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ram– (iii) Gandhiji believed that separate electorates for Dalits chandra, a Sanyasi. The movement was against would slow down the process of their integration talukdars and landlords. into the society. (iv) Dr. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s (ii) The landlords and talukdars demanded position and the result was the Poona Pact of exorbitantly high rents and other cesses. Peasants September 1932. had to do begar and work at landlords farms (v) It gave the depressed classes (later to be known as without any payment. the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils, but they were to (iii) As tenants, the farmers had no security of be voted in by the general electorate 1 × 5 = 5 tenure. The peasant movement demanded a 4. Four features of the Civil Disobedience Movement : (i) The most widespread non-violent mass movement reduction of revenue, the abolition of begar and led by Gandhiji. social boycott of oppressive landlords. (ii) Large scale participation of women. (iii) Support given by commercial classes. (iv) In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organised (iv) Workers’ participation in the movement, selectively by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services adopting some of the ideas of Gandhian programme of barbers and washermen. strikes of railways and dock workers. 1¼ × 4 = 5 (v) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others. Within a month, over 300 branches were set up in the villages. The peasants developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with. In 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-39 Solutions 6. To protest against the Rowlatt Act. 7. Purna Swaraj 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a) 8. Option (a) is correct. 2. Option (d) is correct. 9. Not all social groups were moved by abstract 3. (A) - 1919 concept of swaraj. (B) - Formation of the Muslim League 10. The Incorrect option is (a) : Mahatma Gandhi 4. Option (a) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. found in sugar a powerful symbol that could unite a nation. Correct answer is : Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite a nation. P-28 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-40 Solutions 7. Because there was no Indian member in the Commission. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (c) is correct. 8. Harijans 3. (A) - 1914-1918 9. Viceroy Lord Irwin (B) - Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. 10. Option (a) is correct. 4. Option (a) is correct. 11. Bhagat Singh was 23, when he was tried and 5. Option (c) is correct. 6. Option (b) is correct. executed by the Colonial government. 12. The Incorrect option is (d) : They were all Americans. Correct answer is : They were all Britishers. WORKSHEET-41 Solutions 9. Option (c) is correct. 10. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 1. Option (d) is correct. 2. Option (b) is correct. and 1922, its value dropping from ` 102 Crore to 3. Militant guerrilla movement ` 57 Crore. 4. To bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common 11. In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republician Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah platform. Kotla ground in Delhi. 5. Mahatma Gandhi. 12. The Incorrect option is (B) : It was against 6. chaukidari enhancement of land revenue, known as the Civil 7. 78 Disobedient Movement. 8. eleven Correct answer is : It was against enhancement of land revenue, known as Bardoli Satyagraha. CHAPTER 3 - THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL TOPIC-1 The Pre-modern World and the Nineteenth Century (Global Economy and Colonialism) WORKSHEET-42 Solutions (vi) In America, plantations were growing cotton and 1. Europeans fled to America in the 19th century sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves. because : (Any three) 1×3=3 (i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] common in Europe. 2. (i) Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India (ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were and Southeast Asia and precious metals–gold and silver–from Europe to Asia were a few major items widespread. which travelled through the silk routes. (iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious (ii) In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade dissenters were persecuted. and a closer relationship with the world economy (iv) Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to inability of British also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. Late nineteenth-century European conquests produced agriculture to compete with imports. many painful economic, social and ecological (v) Thousands of people were left unemployed due changes through which the colonised societies were brought into the world economy. to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future. S OLUT I ONS P-29

(iii) Land and livestock was abundant and the Detailed Answer : population was less, this was sufficient for the Africans to sustain their livelihood. This in my Indian trade played a crucial role in the late opinion could be a major reason for which they were not interested in working for wages. nineteenth century world economy. 1+1+1=3 This statement can be analyzed through the following facts : 3. Indian trade had played a crucial role in the late (i) Trade Surplus : Britain had a trade surplus with nineteenth century : India, i.e., a situation under which the value of exports is more than the imports. Britain used (i) By helping Britain to balance its deficits, India this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other played a crucial role in the late nineteenth countries. century world economy. (ii) Home charges : Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called ‘home charges’ (ii) Britain trade surplus in India also helped pay the that included private remittances home by British so called ‘home charges’. officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debts and pensions of the British officials (iii) British manufacturers flooded the Indian market. in India. (iv) Increased food grain and raw material exports (iii) Major supplier of cotton : India remained a major from India to Britain. supplier of raw cotton to Britain which was required (v) The value of British exports to India was much to feed the cotton textile industry of Britain. higher than the value of British import from (iv) Supplier of indentured workers : Many indentured India. (Any other relevant point) workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India (Any five points to be explained.) migrated to other countries to work in mines and (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 plantations. WORKSHEET-43 Solutions 3. Role of technology : (i) The railways, steamships, and the telegraph for 1. Impact of Rinderpest: (i) Rinderpest killed 90% of cattle in Africa. example were important inventions without (ii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. which we cannot imagine the transformed (iii) Planters, mine owners and colonial government nineteenth century world. (ii) Technology advances were often the result of successfully monopolized what scarce cattle larger social, political and economic factors. resources remained to strengthen their power (iii) Colonization stimulated new investments. and to force Africans into labour market. (iv) Improvement in transport. (v) Control over the cattle resources enabled (v) Larger ships helped to move food more cheaply. European colonisers to conquer and subdue (vi) Any other relevant point to be described. Africa.  (Any three) 1×3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5  (CBSE Marking Scheme,2018) Detailed Answer : 2. Economic conditions of Britain after the First Role of Technology in transformation of the world World War: After the First World War, Britain found difficult in the nineteenth century : to recapture its earlier position. Britain was (i) Transformation of the world economy : Railways, burdened with huge external debts. The war had led to an economic boom, a large increase steam ships and telegraph – were important in demand, production and employment. When inventions which transformed nineteenth-century the war boom ended, production contracted and world. Colonisation stimulated new investments unemployment increased. At the same time, the and improvements in transport; faster railways, government reduced bloated war expenditures lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move to bring them into line with peace time food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms revenues. These debts led to huge job losses. to final markets. Many agricultural economists were also in crisis. (ii) Impact on meat trade : Till the 1870s, meat from Note: If candidate write in points, it is also to be America was shipped to Europe in the form of live considered. 3 animals which were then slaughtered in Europe. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) But live animals took up a lot of ship space, and many of them also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight, or became unfit to eat. A new technology, namely, refrigerated ships enabled the transport of P-30 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

perishable foods over long distance. Now animals (ii) After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be were slaughtered at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced imported into Britain more cheaply than it could the shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a be produced within the country. British agriculture more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social pace within the country and support for was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They imperialism abroad. 5 flocked to the cities or migrated overseas. 2 4. (i) The Corn Laws were those which allowed the (iii) From the mid nineteenth century, faster industrial government to impose restrictions on the import of growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and corn. 1 therefore more food imports. 2 WORKSHEET-44 Solutions (iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our 1. (i) Food could be imported into Britain at a much ancestors. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 cheaper rate than it would be produced within (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) the country. (ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with 4. The impact of Great Depression on Indian imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated economy: and people started migrating to cities or other countries. (i) India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. (iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. (ii) As agricultural prices fell sharply internationally Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to as a result of this prices plunged in India. higher incomes and therefore more food imports. (iii) Despite of this, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. (iv) Around the world—in Eastern Europe, Russia, (iv) Peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up America and Australia—lands were cleared and their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their jewellery and precious metals. food production expanded to meet the British (v) India became exporter of metal. demand. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (vi) Town dwellers found themselves better off. (vii) Industrial investment grew. (Any five)1 x 5= 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) 2. (i) Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for food 5. Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century : grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under (i) In many parts of the world, these developments pressure from farmers, the government meant loss of freedom and livelihoods. restricted the import of corn. These laws were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. (ii) In late 19th century, Europeans conquest brought (ii) On the other hand, the industrialists and people about many destructive economic, social and living in cities forced the government to abolish ecological changes in the colonies. the Corn Laws. 1½× 2=3 (iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. 3. (i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops (iv) The example of indentured labour migration. to the lands they travelled. (v) Great misery and poverty for others. (ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. (vi) New forms of coercion in Asia and Africa. (iii) Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 in Italy in 5th century. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) S OLUT I ONS P-31

WORKSHEET-45 Solutions (iii) On arrival at the plantations, when labourers found conditions to be different, many of them escaped into the wilds while others developed 3. (i) In many parts of the world, these developments new forms of individual and collective self meant the loss of freedom and livelihoods. expression. 1×3=3 (ii) Late 19th century, Europeans conquest brought (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the colonies. 4. (i) Initially, the indentured labourers found it difficult to adjust to the harsh living conditions (iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. of the plantation. But very soon they discovered (iv) The example of indentured labour migration new ways of survival. from India illustrates that it was a world of faster (ii) They developed new forms of individual and economic growth for some and great misery and collective self expression, blended art, cultural poverty for others; technological advances in forms, old and new. Europe and new forms of coercion in Asia and Africa. (Any three) 1×3=3 (iii) In Trinidad, the cultural Muharram procession (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined. 2. Factors responsible for indentured labour (iv) The protest religion ‘Rastafarianism’ is also said migration from India : to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrates to Caribbean. (i) In the mid-19th century, cottage industries declined, land rents rose, lands were cleared for (v) Chutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana mines and plantations. is another creative expression of the post indenture experience. 1×5=5 This affected poor people because they were highly indebted and forced to migrate for work. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (ii) Temptation: As the agents provided false 5. (i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant information about final destinations, nature of pre-modern trade and cultural links between work, living and working conditions, many poor distant parts of the world. people were tempted to go and work. (ii) The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of (iii) In order to escape poverty or oppression at home west-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. and in villages many migrants agreed to work. 1×3=3 (iii) Precious metals—gold and silver, etc., flowed (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) from Europe to Asia. Chinese potteries, textiles 3. New system of slavery: from China and spices from India were traded. (i) Agents tempted the poor people by giving false (iv) Various food items offer very good examples of information about the nature of work, final long distance cultural exchanges. destinations, living and working conditions, modes of travel, etc. (v) Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers and (ii) Less willing workers were at time forcibly Buddhist monks travelled through this route. abducted by the agents. 1×5=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) WORKSHEET-46 Solutions 2. (i) Flow of Trade : Trade flow of goods, e.g. cloth or wheat, in which goods are exchanged at long 1. (i) Europeans were attracted due to the resources and short distances. For example, Indian weavers of land and minerals of Africa. produced fine quality cotton cloth and exported it to European countries. But post industrial (ii) They came to Africa to establish plantations and revolution due to tariff barriers this changed exploit mines. drastically. (iii) African countries were militarily weak and (ii) Flow of Labour : The migration of people in backward. So, it was easy to conquer them. 1×3=3 search of employment is called ‘Flow of Labour’. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the 19th century. P-32 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

All over the world, some 150 million people India : Migration of indentured labourers; trade are estimated to have left their homes, crossed of cotton textile. oceans and vast distances over land in search of a better future. Europe : Selling of Manchester goods in India. 4+1=5 (iii) Flow of Capital Investment for short-term or long-term investment : In this, movement of (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) resources from one country to another takes place through loans or business investments. 4. Indentured labour was described as a new system of slavery because : The British transferred a lot of capital from India to England before independence. (i) Agents tempted the poor people by giving false information about the nature of work, living and All three are closely associated and affected the working conditions, final destination modes of lives of people in the nineteenth century. travel, etc. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Less willing workers were at time forcibly 3. (i) The first movement is the flow of trade of abducted by the agents. goods. (iii) On the plantation, the working conditions were (ii) The second movement is the flow of people harsh and they had a few legal rights. migrating in search of employment. (iv) They were beaten or imprisoned for not being (iii) The third movement is the flow of capital in able to meet tasks that used to be very heavy or terms of short-term and long-term investments for running away from the job. done overseas. (v) Normal medical attention was given to them and (iv) Flow of goods and capital was smoother than the wages were deducted in case of absence at work flow of people. All three were benefitted by the or failure to fulfil the task. 1×5=5 exchange of ideas. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) WORKSHEET-47 Solutions 3. Major consequences of the Second World War are as follows : 1. (i) Britain began to import food grains from the rest of the world. British agriculture was unable (i) Death and destruction were enormous. At least to compete with imports. 60 million of the people or about 3 percent of the world’s population of 1939 are believed to have (ii) Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated. been killed directly or indirectly as the result of (iii) Thousands of men and women were thrown out the war. of work. They started migrating to cities. (ii) Millions more were injured. Unlike in earlier (iv) Food prices fell and consumption in Britain rose. (v) Other countries: Russia, America and Australia wars, most of these deaths took place outside sent food grains to meet British demand. the battlefield. Many more civilians than soldiers (vi) They required railways to link the ports. died from war-related causes. (Any three) 1×3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iii) Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated and several cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks. 2. (i) The laws allowing the British Government to (iv) The war caused an immense amount of restrict the import of corn is known as the “Corn economic devastation and social destruction. Laws”. Reconstruction promised to be long and difficult. (ii) These laws were abolished because the (Any three) 1×3=3 industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) with high food prices; as a result of which they forced the abolition of the Corn Laws. Result : Food could be imported into Britain at 4. Post First World War period economic a much cheaper rate. The immediate effect of conditions : the British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws was the inflow of cheaper agricultural (i) Britain, which was world’s leading economy in crops from the America and Australia. Many the pre-war period faced a prolonged crisis. English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. 1×3=3 (ii) Indian and Japanese industries were developed as Britain was occupied with war. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iii) After the war, it was difficult for Britain to recapture its earlier position in the Indian market. S OLUT I ONS P-33

(iv) Britain was burdened with huge external debts (ii) They were spread over land and sea knitting from the US. together vast regions of Asia and linking with (v) Government reduced bloated war Europe and Africa. expenditure. This led to huge job losses and unemployment. (iii) They existed since before the Christian Era and (vi) Grain prices witnessed a steep fall as wheat thrived almost till the 15th century. supply was disrupted during the First World War. (Any five) 1×5=5 (iv) Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) travelled to Europe. 5. (i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre- (v) In return, precious metals, gold and silver flowed modern trade and cultural links between distant from Europe to Asia. parts of the world. (vi) Buddhism, Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers also travelled through this route to Asia. (Any five) 1×5=5 WORKSHEET-48 Solutions Second : The goal of full employment could be achieved only if the government controls the flow 1. Three examples are as follows : (i) Many common foods, e.g., potatoes, soya, tomatoes, of goods, capital and labour. 2½+2½=5 maize, etc., were introduced to Europe from America. 4. (i) Cultural fusion is a phenomenon which emerges These crops made a difference between life and when two or more cultures intermingle and death. The poor began to eat better and live longer in produce a new culture. England with the introduction of potatoes. (ii) Indentured labourers used to live and work in very harsh conditions. This forced them to seek new (ii) Religious dissenters from Europe fled due to the avenues of comfort and relaxations. This blended fear of persecution in Europe and migrated to different cultural forms. America. (iii) Slave trade was started. European traders captured (iii) Examples : slaves in Africa and took them to America where they worked on plantations. Europe became the (a) Hosay: In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession centre of the world trade. was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined. (iv) Precious metals, e.g., silver from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico also enhanced (b) Chutney Music: ‘Chutney music’ is another creative Europe’s wealth and financed its trade. contemporary expression of the post indentured experience. (Any three) 1×3=3 (c) Rastafarianism: The protest religion of 2. Global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world ‘Rastafarianism’ is also said to reflect social and help in the colorisation of the Americans : cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.  (Any two) 2½+2½=5 (i) America was not conquered and colonised by Europeans with the help of superior fire power alone. 5. Social Effects : (ii) Germs, such as those of small pox were helpful to a great extent. (i) Most of the killed and maimed people were of the working age and this affected the work force in (iii) Americans had no immunity against them as a England. result of long isolation. Once introduced, the germs spread deep into the continent decimating whole (ii) Household income declined and women stepped in communities and paving way for conquest. 1×3=3 to take up jobs. 3. The two lessons learnt by the economists and (iii) Role and position of women changed forever in politicians during the Second World War were : England. First : An industrial society based on mass Economic Effects : production needs mass consumption. For mass (i) Economic links between some of the major consumption, steady income was necessary and for stable income, full employment was necessary. economic powers of the world were snapped. For this, the government has to take step to (ii) England borrowed large sums of money from the minimise the fluctuation of price, production and employment. Hence, economic stability could be US Banks. (iii) USA emerged as an international creditor. (iv) USA owned more assets in foreign countries than foreign countries owned in the USA. ensured by the government intervention. (Any two) 3+2=5 P-34 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-49 Solutions Australia or New Zealand and transported to Europe as frozen meat. 1. (i) Majority of the people killed in the First World (iv) This reduced the shipping cost and lowered prices War were the men of working age. It reduced able in Europe. bodied workforce in Europe. (v) The poor could add variety to their food and it (ii) With fewer earning members within the family, improved their living conditions. 1×5=5 household incomes declined. 4. Rinderpest was the fast spreading disease of cattle (iii) Women stepped in to undertake jobs that earlier plague arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was only men were expected to do. 1×3=3 carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers Erivading Eriteria in East 2. The three features of the war that supports the Africa. Within two years, it spread in the whole statements are: continent. It affected the Africans in the following ways: (i) It involved the world’s leading industrial nations. (ii) This war was the first modern industrial war. (i) Rinderpest moved like forest fire in Africa. Machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, were used on a massive scale. (ii) 90% of cattle were killed. (iii) Most of those who were killed and aimed were men of (iii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. working age. The scale of death and destruction was Earlier people rarely worked for a wage. They great. These deaths and injuries reduced the workforce. possessed land and livestock. Due to Rinderpest, they were forced to work for wages and so it (iv) Industries during the war were restructured to affected the economy. produce war-related products. (iv) Colonial government forced the Africans into (v) The war led to the snapping of economic links labour market. 1+4=5 between the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting with each other to pay for 5. (i) Unlike earlier wars, most of the deaths took place them. The war transformed the US from being an outside the battlefields. international debtor to an international creditor. (Any three) 1×3=3 (ii) More civilians than soldiers died from war. 3. (i) Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger (iii) Vast parts of Asia and Europe were devastated. ships helped food to reach more cheaply and (iv) Cities were destroyed. quickly from faraway farms to markets. (v) There was immense amount of economic devastation. (ii) Earlier the animals were shipped live from America to Europe, many died on the way or Two crucial influences : became unfit to eat. Thus meat became expensive. First : U.S’s emergence as military power in the (iii) Refrigerated ships : The animals could be western world. slaughtered at the starting point of America, Second : Dominance of the Soviet Union. 3+2=5 TOPIC-2 The Inter-War and Post-War Economy WORKSHEET-50 Solutions (iv) But in the first half of the 1920s, countries that depended crucially on US loan faced an acute 1. (i) Agricultural overproduction remained a crisis. problem and it was made worse by falling agricultural prices. (v) The withdrawal of the US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways. In Europe, it led to (ii) As prices slumped and agricultural incomes the failure of small major banks and the collapse declined, farmers tried to expand production and of currencies such as the British Pound Sterling. bring a large volume of produce to the market but it pushed down prices. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (iii) In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) investments through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in the US. S OLUT I ONS P-35

2. (i) Two power blocs in the First World War were : D etailed Answer : On the one side were the Allies – Britain, France and Russia (later joined by the US); and on the (i) Decline in economic power of the USA: opposite side were the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. (a) US dollar no longer commanded confidence in the world’s principal currency. (ii) While Britain was preoccupied with war, industries had developed in India and Japan. After the war (b) US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier gold. position of dominance in the Indian market, and to compete with Japan internationally. Moreover, (c) Collapse of fixed exchange rates and introduction to finance war expenditures Britain had borrowed of floating exchange rates. liberally from the US. This meant that at the end of the war Britain was burdened with huge external (ii) Change in the international financial system: debts. (a) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of (iii) The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single the industrial countries. (b) International financial task mechanically and continuously – such as fitting system changed, and developing countries were a particular part to the car – at a pace dictated by forced to borrow from western commercial banks. the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the (c) This led to periodic debt crisis in the developing output per worker by speeding up the pace of work. world, increased poverty in Africa and Latin Standing in front of a conveyor belt no worker America. could afford to delay the motions, take a break, or even have a friendly word with a workmate. (iii) Unemployment in industrialised countries: (a) Industrial world was hit by unemployment. 1+1+1=3 (b) The number of unemployed started rising and people trudged long distances looking for any work 3. The important reasons behind the end of Bretton they could find. Woods system are : (iv) Shifting of production enterprises: MNCs shifted (i) Decline in economic power of the USA. their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages. (ii) Change in the international financial system. (v) Changes in China : (a) China became an attraction (iii) Unemployment in industrialised countries. destination for investment by foreign MNCs. (b) China which had been cut off from the post-war (iv) Shifting of production enterprises. world economy, since its revolution in 1949, has now come back into the fold of the world economy. (v) Changes in China. 1×5=5 (c) Its new economic policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to it. Low cost structure of the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) Chinese economy, its low wages, has flooded the world market with Chinese goods. WORKSHEET-51 Solutions 3. China becomes an attraction destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th 1. (i) Since the revolution in 1949, China gradually centuries because: came in the field of world economy. It attracted (i) Wages were relatively low in countries like China. the foreign MNCs because of its lowest economic (ii) This was because of the low cost structure of structure. the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages. (ii) Wages were relatively low. (iii) China had the largest population besides labour. They also formed a large consumer base. 1 × 3 = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (iii) TVs, mobile phones and toys were seen in the 2. (i) G-77 Organisation was formed by the shops seem to be made in China. 1×3=3 former colonies to demand a New International (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) Economic Order. 4. The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted (ii) It was a period of serious decline in production, till the mid 1930s. During this period, most parts employment, income and trade. 1½ + 1 ½ = 3 of the world experienced decline in production, (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural P-36 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

regions and communities were amongst the most 5. (i) This eventually led to the collapse of the system affected. Causes of Great Depression: of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a (i) Post-world war economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over production was a problem. As system of floating exchange rates. 1 prices slumped, farm produce rotted. (ii) Many countries financed loans from the US. (ii) Two major problems which emerged due to change (iii) US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial in the international finance system from the mid- crisis. (iv) Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to 1970s were: close down in Europe and in the US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans (a) Periodic debt crisis, lower income and increase and repay depositors. in poverty. (v) American capitalists stopped all loans. 1 × 5 = 5 (b) Increase in unemployment. 1×2=2 (iii) New economic policies in China and the collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe brought many countries back into the fold of the world economy. 2 WORKSHEET-52 Solutions 1. (i) The International Monetary Fund and the (ii) More development assistance. World Bank were created to meet the financial (iii) Fairer prices for their raw materials. needs of the industrial countries. (iv) Better access for their manufactured goods in (ii) When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt developed countries’ markets. economies, they became less dependent on the (Any three) 1×3=3 IMF and the World Bank. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (iii) Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods 4. (i) The Bretton Woods Conference was convened institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to in July, 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, turn their attention towards newly developing USA countries. (iv) The newly independent countries facing (ii) Its main aim was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the Industrial world. problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former (iii) The Conference established International colonial powers. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) for Reconstruction and Development (World 2. (i) MNCs shifted their production units to Asian Bank). 1×3=3 countries because of cheap labour and low wages. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (ii) Availability of raw materials and a large market. 5. G-77 or Group of 77 refers to the seventy seven (iii) Effects: It stimulated world trade and the flow developing countries that did not benefit from of capital. Countries like India, China and Brazil the fast growth western economies experienced in underwent a rapid economic transformation. 1950s and 1960s. So, they organized themselves into G-77. It generated employment opportunities and introduced competition in the domestic markets. They demanded : 1×3=3 (i) A new international economic order that would (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) give them real control over their natural resources. 3. The Group of 77 or G-77 demanded a New (ii) More development assistance. International Economic Order (NIEO). (iii) Fairer prices for raw material. By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them : (iv) Better access for their manufactured goods in (i) Actual control over their natural resources. developed countries’ markets. 1+4=5 S OLUT I ONS P-37

WORKSHEET-53 Solutions 9. Henry Ford. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 10. V.S. Naipaul 2. Option (d) is correct. 11. Christopher Columbus 3. (A) - International Monetary Fund 12. Allied (B) - International Bank for Reconstruction and 13. Option (a) is correct. 14. The laws allowing the British government to Development 4. Option (a) is correct. impose restrictions on the import of corn are called 5. Option (c) is correct. the Corn Laws. 6. Option (b) is correct. 15. The Incorrect option is (a) : Rinderpest arrived in 7. Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe Africa in the late 1980s. Correct answer is : Rinderpest arrived in Africa in and Northern Africa. the late 1880s. 8. Christopher Columbus. WORKSHEET-54 Solutions 9. An imaginary city of gold situated in South America. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (a) is correct. 10. Opium 3. (A) - Migration of indentured labour 11. ‘Central Powers’ (B) - Selling of Manchester goods in India 12. Option (d) is correct. 4. Option (c) is correct. 13. The IMF and the World Bank were designed to 5. Option (a) is correct. 6. Option (c) is correct. meet the financial needs of the member countries. 7. Corn Laws. 14. The Incorrect option is (d) : But in general, 8. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the agricultural regions and communities were the best World Bank. affected. Correct answer is : But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.  CHAPTER 4 - THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION TOPIC-1 Industrialization in Britain WORKSHEET-55 Solutions 1. Merchants moved to the countryside Europe (v) It was therefore difficult for new merchants to becuase : set up business in towns. So they turned to the (i) Expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies. countryside. (ii) Powerful urban craft and trade guilds did not (Any three points to be explained) [1×3=3] allow expansion of production in towns. [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] (iii) Producers regulated production, competition, prices. 2. (i) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. (iv) Rulers also granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. (ii) Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red sea Ports. P-38 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iii) Masulipatnam on the Coromandel coast and (v) Many jobseekers had to wait weeks spending Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with the South nights under bridges or in night shelters. east Asian ports. 1×3=3 (vi) Any other relevant point to be described. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (Any five) 3. (i) Cottagers and villagers were looking for new (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 alternatives of income. Detailed Answer : (ii) Tiny plots of land with the villagers could not Life of the workers during the nineteenth century provide work for all members of the family. in England : The process of industrialisation (iii) Advances offered by the merchants made the brought along with it miseries for newly-emerged villagers readily agree to produce goods for them. (iv) By working for the merchants, they could class of industrial workers. continue to remain in the villages and do (i) Abundance of labour : As news of possible jobs cultivation also. travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to (v) It was possible to have full use of family labour the cities. But everyone was not lucky enough to force. (Any three points to be explained) get an instant job. Many jobseekers had to wait for 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night 4. (i) At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuge set up by were not more than 321 steam engines all over England. Of these, 80 were in cotton industries, private individuals; other went to the Casual Wards nine in wool industries and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. maintained by the Poor Law authorities. (ii) With the expansion of railways, in England from the (ii) Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work in many 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain industries meant prolonged periods without work. was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export. After the busy season was over, the poor were (iii) Gas works and breweries were especially busy on the streets again. They either returned to the through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book-binders countryside or looked for odd jobs, which till the and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December. 1+1+1=3 mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find. (iii) Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 percent of the urban population was extremely poor which went up to anything between 35 percent and 75 percent during periods of economic slump. The 5. Life of Workers : fear of unemployment made workers hostile to (i) The abundance of labour in the market affected the introduction of new technology. When the the lives of workers. (ii) As the news of possible jobs travelled to the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. industry, women who survived on hand spinning (iii) The actual possibility of getting job depends on began attacking the new machines. After the 1840s, existing network of friendship & kinship. building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. 5 WORKSHEET-56 Solutions (iii) The Dutch, the French and the Portuguese, as well as local traders, competed in the market to 1. (i) Initially, the Indian industries did not decline secure woven cloth. as the British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great So, the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best buyer. demand. So the company was keen on expanding the textile exports from India. (iv) Once the Company established its power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a (ii) Before establishing political power in India the system of management and control that would company in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and eliminate the competition, control cost and ensure 1770s, found it difficult to ensure a regular supply regular supplies. (Any three) of goods for export. 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] S OLUT I ONS P-39

2. Proto-industrialisation was the early phase of (iii) Merchants offered them advances for which they agreed. industrialization in Europe and England when (iv) They got a source of income which supplemented there was large scale industrial production for their shrinking income from cultivation. 1+4=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] an international market. This was not based on factories. It was successful in the countryside in England 5. (i) In many industries, the demand for labour was seasonal. due to the following reasons : (i) The peasants had been shut out of village (ii) Range of products could be produced only with handlooms. commons due to enclosure movement. (ii) They now looked for the alternative source of (iii) For certain products only human skill was required. income. 1+2=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iv) Upper class society preferred things produced by hands. 3. The upper classes, during Victorian period preferred things produced by hands because : (v) Handmade products symbolised refinement of (i) They symbolised refinement and classic. class. 1×5=5 (ii) They were better finished. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iii) They were individually produced and carefully 6. (i) The large number of one room houses occupied designed. 1×3=3 by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health. 4. Proto-industrialisation refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the arrival (ii) Cities were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and of modern machine run factories. lacked sanitation. Large scale industrial production took place (iii) There were worries about fire hazards created by for an international market. It was based in the poor housing. countryside, not in factories. (iv) There was widespread fear of social disorder, Effects: especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. (i) Open fields were disappearing and commons (v) Worker's mass housing schemes were planned were being enclosed so common people had no to prevent the London’s poor from turning alternative sources of income. rebellious. 1×5=5 (ii) Many had small plots of land which could not [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] provide work for all family members. WORKSHEET-57 Solutions (iii) The workers did not get employment every day, hence the number of days worked determined 1. (i) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the the average daily income of the workers. inland regions. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1×3=3 (ii) They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven clothes from weaving villagers and 3. (i) The Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning carried the supply to the ports. process and reduced labour demands. (iii) At ports, they had brokers who negotiated (ii) Many workers were left without any job and became unemployed. the price and bought goods from the supply merchants who were operating inland. 1×3=3 (iii) By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles and spin several threads. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] That is why the women workers attacked Spinning Jenny. 1×3=3 2. (i) The average figures hide the variations 4. (i) In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of between trades and fluctuations from year to human labour, so industrialists had no problem year. of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got (ii) The real value of workers’ income fell signific- rid of human labour and required large capital antly, since the same wages could now buy fewer investment. things. P-40 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(ii) In many industries the demand for labour 5. (i) The first symbol of new era was cotton. was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So Its production boomed in the late nineteenth they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book binders and printers, catering to century. 1 X-mas demand, too needed extra hands before December. (ii) A series of inventions in the eighteenth century (iii) A range of products could be produced only with increased the efficacy of each step of the production hand labour. Machines were oriented to produce uniformly standardised goods for a mass market. process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling). But the demand in the market was often for They enhanced the output per worker, enabling goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. each worker to produce more, and they made (iv) The aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand in Victorian Britain. Handmade possible the production of stronger threads and products came to symbolise refinement and class. yarn. 2 (v) Handmade products were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. (iii) Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Till that [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1×5=5 time the cloth production was spread all over the countryside and was carried out within village households. But now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. 2 TOPIC-2 Industrialization in India Solutions WORKSHEET-58 1. Major problems faced by the Indian cotton (v) Difficulty of weavers to compete with the weavers : imported machine that made cheaper cotton products. (i) Their export market collapsed. (ii) The local market shrunk. (vi) Factories in India also began producing on large (iii) Increase in price of raw cotton. scale cheaper machine made goods with which (iv) Shortage of cotton. our weavers could not compete. Detailed Answer : (Any three points to be described) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] P-41 S OLUT I ONS

[Topper’s Answer, 2018] 2. (i) The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no (iv) The export of Indian yarn to China declined. long term social link with the village. They acted (v) Industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and cloth production. peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply– (vi) Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled often beating and flogging them. They never had between 1900-1912. a close relationship with the weavers, they never (Any other relevant point) helped the weavers in their needs and in times (Any five points to be explained) 1×5=5 of crisis. So there were often clashes between the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] weavers and gomasthas. (ii) The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay in 1854 Detailed Answer : By the early 20th century, a series of changes and it went into production two years later. By affected the pattern of industrialization : 1862, four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles (i) As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum and 2,150 looms. In north India, the Elgin mill was in India, the nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth and other goods. Industrial groups started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later organized themselves to protect their collective interests pressurizing the government to increase the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. By tariff protection and grant other concessions. 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras (ii) From 1906, export of Indian yarn to China declined. So, Indian industrialists shifted their interest from began production. yarn to cloth production, leading to considerable production of cotton piece-goods. (iii) Jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got (iii) The beginning of First World War created a new people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped situation. Since, British mills were busy in producing war materials to meet their own war needs, export them settle in the city and provided them money of goods to India declined. This gave an opportunity to Indian industries to thrive. Indian mills now had in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a a vast home market to supply. person with some authority and power. He began (iv) As the war continued, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, such as jute bags, cloth demanding money and gifts for his favour and for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddles, etc. New factories were set up and controlling the lives of workers. 1+1+1=3 old factories ran double shift. 3. Series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India by the early twentieth century : (i) As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth. (ii) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interest. (iii) Pressurizing the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. P-42 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(v) After the war, industries in Britain got a severe foreign manufactures and capturing home market. setback. In India, however, local industrialists Handicrafts production also expanded in the 20th gradually consolidated their position substituting century. 5 WORKSHEET-59 Solutions (v) Big market. 1. Role of Jobbers: (vi) Demand in several Arabian and Asian countries. Industrialists usually employed jobbers to get new (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 recruits. They became person with some authority [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] and power. They were old and trusted workers. 4. The First World War created a dramatically new situation for the Indian industries. They got people from their villages. They ensured them jobs. They helped them to settle in the city. (i) With the British mills being busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, They also provided them money in times of crisis. Manchester imports into India declined.  (To be assessed as a whole) Note: If candidate write in points, it is also to be (ii) Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. considered.3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] (iii) As the war prolonged, Indian industries were called upon to supply war needs like, jute bags, 2. (i) Before the age of machine industries, silk cloth for army uniforms, etc and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cotton (iv) New factories were set up and old ones ran was produced in many countries, but the finer multiple shifts. varieties often came from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab (v) Many new workers were employed and everyone to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia. worked for longer hours. (ii) Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back (vi) Over the war years, industrial production boomed. via the north west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts. (vii) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. (iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre- colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected (viii) Cotton production collapsed and exports of India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatnam cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Local on the Coromandel Coast and Hoogly in Bengal industries consolidated their position capturing had trade links with Southeast Asian ports. the home market. (Any five)  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 1 × 5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5. (i) Advertisements play a very vital role in the marketing of any product. One way in which new 3. Three conditions that were favourable for the consumers are created is through advertisements. continuing growth of industries in 18th century India are : (ii) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. (i) India abounds in coal and iron ore deposits: India had huge reserves of coal and iron ore deposits (iii) They try to shape the minds of the people and making it possible to set up the industries. create new needs. (ii) Number of perennial rivers: This made easy for (iv) Today, we live in a world where advertisements foreign companies to reach India. surround us. They appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street wall, and television (iii) Abundant raw-materials: Abundance availability screens. of raw material allowed large scale production. (v) From the very beginning of the industrial age; advertisements have played a part in expanding (iv) Vast network of roads and railways: Transport the markets for products and in shaping a new facilities helped in reaching to different parts of consumer culture. 1×5=5 the country. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] S OLUT I ONS P-43

WORKSHEET-60 Solutions 3. Positive effects of industrialisation : 1. (i) The British cotton manufacture began to expand. (i) Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities for employment. (ii) British manufacturers pressurised the government (ii) Roads were widened. to restrict cotton imports. (iii) New railway stations came up and railway lines (iii) Manufacturers began to search the overseas were extended, tunnels dug up. markets for selling their cloth. (iv) Drainage and sewers were laid, rivers embanked. (iv) Indian textiles faced stiff competition in other international market. 1¼ ×4=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (v) There was a decline in the share of the textile. 4. (i) The Manchester made cloth carried a label with ‘Made in Manchester’ written in bold. This (vi) Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into assured the buyers of the quality of the cloth. Britain. (Any three points to be elaborated) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (ii) The British manufacturers used images of Indian 2. (i) Imperialism was the ill-begotten child of gods and goddesses on the labels. It symbolized industrialisation. the divine approval for the commodity. It also created familiarity with the Indian buyers. (ii) Industrialisation chiefly needed two things. One of them being the constant supply (iii) Manufacturers got calendars printed with the of raw materials and the other is that the images of gods and the advertisements of their finished goods be sold at the same speed. products appear desirable and necessary. (iii) The industrialised countries had introduced The calendars were seen on the walls of hotels, heavy import duties as protective tariffs to check tea shops, households, etc. These are used even the import from other countries. by people who could not read. (iv) Faced with the problem of finding new markets (iv) Images of historical characters and heroes from for their products, the producer nations chose the past were also displayed on calendars thus such countries where industrialisation had not sending the message that the product was as yet reached. worthy of respect as were these respectable characters. (v) Hence, a race for bringing those areas under their effective occupation or effective influence started (v) The Indian manufacturers printed the image among the various industrialised nations. of Bharat Mata and a nationalist message on the labels. They also printed ‘Made in India’ (vi) As a consequence, Britain, France, Germany and on the labels thus appealing to the nationalist Japan, etc., set up their colonies in Asia, Africa sentiments. Most of the baby products carried the and South America, etc. (Any three) 1×3=3 image of Lord Krishna to appeal to the religious sentiments. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-61 Solutions 2. (i) Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India 1. Gomasthas were paid servants who were would develop through westernization and appointed by the East India Company to industrialisation. supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. (ii) He invested in shipping, mining, banking, (a) The gomasthas were outsiders and had no social plantations and insurance. link with villages. (b) They were arrogant. (iii) Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in China (c) They marched into the villages with sepoys and trade before he turned to industrial investment, peons. setting up six joint stock companies in the 1830s (d) They punished weavers for the delays in supply. and 1840s. 1×3=3 (e) The weavers could not sell their cloth to other buyers because they had to sell to the company [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] due to the loans they took from them. (f) They had to accept the price offered by the 3. (i) Britain imposed import duties on cotton company to them, although it was very low. 3 textiles, thus export market got declined. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (ii) Exports of British goods to India increased. The P-44 Manchester goods flooded Indian markets. SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iii) The machine-made goods were cheaper and (v) In many places, Carnatic (Karnataka) and Bengal weavers could not compete with them. weavers deserted villages, migrated or revolted along with the village traders. 1×5=5 (iv) Raw cotton exports from India to Britain shot up the prices of cotton. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (v) By 1850, exports from most weaving regions got 5. Jobber was employed to get new recruits for the declined and desolated. (Any three) 1×3=3 factories or industrialists. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] The jobber misused his position and power in 4. There were frequent clashes between gomasthas the following ways : and weavers in the villages because of the following reasons : (i) Initially, jobbers ensured people from his village ensuring them jobs. He also helped them settle (i) Earlier supply merchants often belonged to the in the city and lent them money in the times of same villages and had a close relationship with crisis. the weavers. (ii) Gradually, jobbers got position and power. (ii) The company’s appointed gomasthas were outsiders, (iii) They started demanding money and gifts for all with no long-term social link with the villages. the favours. (iii) They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with (iv) They also started to control the lives of the workers. sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays. (v) Jobbers got people from his own village and (iv) The weavers could no longer bargain for prices restricted entries of others in the mills. or sell to other buyers in place of the British who [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1×5=5 paid them low wages. WORKSHEET-62 Solutions Dinshaw Petit and J. N. Tata built huge industrial empires. Seth Hukumchand established the first Indian jute mill. 1+2=3 1. (i) Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with war production. 4. (i) The Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia (ii) Indian industries were also called upon to supply and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried war needs such as jute bags, cloth for the army on camel back via the north-west frontier, through uniform, tents and leather boots, horse and mule mountain passes and across deserts. 1 saddles and a host of other items. (ii) The supply merchants linked the port towns to the (iii) Even after the war, Manchester failed to recapture inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, its old position in the Indian market. 1×3=3 procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, 2. The East India Company appointed gomasthas the big shippers and export merchants had brokers in India due to the following reasons : who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland. 2 (i) Before 1760s, British cotton industries had not expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great (iii) When European companies gradually gained demand in Europe. power–first securing a variety of concessions from (ii) The East India Company wanted to expand local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. exports from India but French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders competed in the market. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had (iii) The weavers and supply merchants could bargain operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, and try selling the products to the best buyer. Hence, they appointed gomasthas to supervise the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went and collect supplies. 1×3=3 bankrupt. In the last years of the seventeenth [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ` 16 million. By the 1740s, it 3. Dinshaw Petit, J. N. Tata and Seth Hukumchand had slumped to ` 3 million. 2 are the three entrepreneurs. S OLUT I ONS P-45

VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) Solutions WORKSHEET-63 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (b) is correct. (B) - The first jute mill was established in Bengal. 3. (A) - 1854 4. Option (c) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 8. 6. Option (d) is correct. 7. Option (b) is correct. [Topper's Answer, 2018] 9. China trade. 15. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. 10. gomastha 16. The Incorrect option is (a) : By the beginning of 11. Seth Hukumchand nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. 12. Newcomen, 1781 13. Option (a) is correct. Correct answer is : By the late nineteenth century, 14. Aladdin was from Orient who build palace with his manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. magic lamp. WORKSHEET-64 Solutions 9. Swadeshi 10. Manchester, textile industry 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 11. Option (b) is correct. 2. Option (c) is correct. 12. After the war, Manchester could never recapture its 3. (A) - 1600 (B) - The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras old position in the Indian market. 13. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist began its production. 4. Option (d) is correct. message of Swadeshi goods. 5. Option (b) is correct. 14. The Incorrect option is (c) : Over 70 percent workers 6. Option (d) is correct. 7. A machine which speeded up the spinning process in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri. and reduced the labour demands. Correct answer is : Over 50 percent workers in the 8. Surat. Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.  P-46 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

CHAPTER 5 - PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD TOPIC-1 Print Culture and Modern World WORKSHEET-65 Solutions 3. (i) Print introduced a new world of debate and discussion which led to the beginning of the 1. Imperial state in China as major producer of Protestant Reformation with the contribution of printed material : Martin Luther. (i) Text books for examinations were printed in vast numbers. (ii) Newspapers, journals, chapbooks, and other (ii) The use of print was diversified and readership medium popularised the scientific ideas of enhanced. scientists and philosophers like Isaac Newton, (iii) Import of new western technology and Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques mechanical presses. Rousseau. (Any other relevant point) (Any three points to be explained with example) (iii) (a) Print popularised the ideas of the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 Enlightenment thinkers. Detailed Answer : (b) All values, norms and institutions were re- evaluated and discussed. The imperial state of China for a long time remained the major producer of printed material because (c) It led to the growth of hostile sentiments Chinese civil service examinations required the against the French monarchy. use of its preparation and recruitment, which were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship (Any other relevant point) of the imperial state. For example from the 16th century onwards, the number of examination (Any one point to be explained) candidates went up and thus the volume of print also increased. 1+1+1=3 2. Novels easily available for the masses in Europe [CBSE Marking Scheme SQP, 2020] during nineteenth century : 4. Impact of the print revolution in Europe during (i) Introduction of circulating libraries. the 15th and 16th century: (ii) Technological improvements in printing. (i) Printing reduced the cost of books. (ii) The time and labour required to produce each (iii) Mass production at low cost. book came down, multiple copies could be (iv) Innovation in marketing led to expanded sales. produced with greater ease. (iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an (Any other relevant point) ever-growing readership. (Any three points to be explained) (iv) Publishers started publishing popular ballads folk tales with beautiful pictures and illustrations. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 (v) Knowledge was transferred orally. Detailed Answer : (vi) Print created the possibility of the wide circulation With the invention of the printing press, a new of ideas and introduced a new world of debate reading public emerged. Printing reduced the cost and discussion. of books. The time and labour required to produce (vii) Even those who disagreed with established each book came down, and multiple copies could authorities could now print and circulate their be produced with greater ease. Books flooded ideas. e.g., Martin Luther was a German monk, the market, thus becoming easily available to the priest, professor and church reformer. He masses. For example– popular ballads and folk tales challenged the Church to debate his ideas. were published and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures which were read widely by the masses. S OLUT I ONS P-47

(viii) This led to division within the Church and the (x) In the sixteenth century, Menocchio, a miller beginning of the Protestant Reformation. in Italy, reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that (ix) Print and popular religious literature stimulated enraged the Roman Catholic Church. many distinctive individual interpretations (Any five) 1×5=5 of faith even among little-educated working [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016 people. WORKSHEET-66 So lut ions 1. Transformation due to Print Revolution: (iii) Created the possibility of wide circulation of (i) It influenced people’s perception and opened up ideas. new ways of looking at things. (iv) Introduced a new world of debate and discussion. (ii) A new reading public emerged. (v) Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] [Topper's Answer, 2018] SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X P-48

2. Print created the possibility of the wide chapmen for a penny, so that even the poor people circulation of ideas: could buy them easily. In France, ‘Biliotheque Due to print creation, those people who disagreed Bleue’ were printed, which were low-priced small with established authorities could not print and books printed on poor quality paper and bound in circulate their ideas. Through the printed message, cheap blue covers. they could persuade people to think differently. (iii) Periodicals : The periodical press developed from This had significance in different spheres of life. the early eighteenth century, combining information Not everyone welcomed the printed books and about current affairs with entertainment, about wars those who did also had fears about it. Many and trade, as well as news of developments in other were apprehensive of the effects that the easier places. Ideas of scientists and philosophers, such as– access to the printed books could have on Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Jean Jacques people’s mind. It was feared that if there was Rousseau, etc. now became more accessible to the no control over what was printed and read then common people. Ancient and medieval scientific rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. texts were compiled and published, and maps and (To be Analyzed as a whole) 3 scientific diagrams were widely printed. Thus, their [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature. 3. (i) The production of handwritten manuscript could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. 5. (i) Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became (ii) Copying was expensive, laborious and time taking. an important category of readers. Production (iii) Manuscripts were fragile, difficult to handle and of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. could not be cared for or read easily. 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (ii) A children’s press devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. 4. (i) Access to books created a new culture of reading. (iii) This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. (ii) Common people lived in a world of oral culture. (iii) Now the books were less expensive and could be (iv) The Grimm brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from produced in sufficient number. peasants. What they collected was edited before (iv) Any other relevant point. the stories were published in a collection in 1812. (Any three to be explained) (v) Anything that was considered unsuitable for [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 children or would appear vulgar to the elites, Detailed Answer : was not included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, THE READING MANIA : print recorded old tales but also changed them. (i) Increase in literacy rate : By the end of the 1×5=5 eighteenth century, literacy rate was as high as 60 to 80 per cent in several parts of Europe. As literacy [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. (ii) New forms of literature : In England, penny chapbooks were sold by petty peddlers known as Solutions WORKSHEET-67 1. (i) Wider sections of people started having easy (ii) Up to the 6th century print was used only by the access to books. scholar officials but later it became common. (ii) Books were printed in large numbers with greater ease. (iii) The Buddhist missionaries introduced hand (iii) The prices fell and they became affordable for the printing technology from China to Japan. large public. (iv) The hearing public and reading public became (iv) It was Marco Polo, a great explorer, who brought intermingled. (Any three) 1×3=3 printing knowledge of woodblock from China to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Italy. 2. (i) The earliest kind of print technology was (v) The invention of the printing press proved great developed in China, Japan and Korea. In China miracle in spreading knowledge. woodblocks were used for hand printing. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3. The reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China are: (i) Textbooks of Civil Service Examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of S OLUT I ONS P-49

the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the Five Theses criticizing many practices of Roman number of examination candidates went up and Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was that increased the volume of print. posted on a Church door. This led to a division (ii) By the seventeenth century, print was no longer within the Church and market the beginning of used just by scholar officials. Merchants used the Protestant Reformation. 1½+1½+2=5 print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (iii) Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, 5. Impact on Women: poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary (i) Women became important readers and writers. masterpieces, and romantic plays. (iv) Rich women began to read, and many women began Penny magazines, especially meant for women, publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar- contained guidelines on proper behaviour and officials published their works and courtesans housekeeping. wrote about their lives. The new reading culture (ii) Novel began to be written in the 19th century was accompanied by a new technology. Western and some of the best novelists were women like printing techniques and mechanical presses were Jane Austen, Bronte sisters, George Eliot, etc. imported in China and Shanghai became the new (iii) Their writing created a new image of women with hub of the new print culture.(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 a will, the strength of personality, determination and power to think. 4. (i) Print created the possibility of the wide Impact on Children: circulation of ideas leading to debate and (i) Primary education became compulsory from the discussion. Those who disagreed with late 19th century. established authorities could now print and (ii) School textbooks, rural folk tales in edited circulate their own views. versions, fairy tales and new stories were published for children. (ii) Through printed messages, they could persuade (iii) Grimm brothers of Germany spent years to collect people to think differently and move them into traditional folk tales from peasants and France action. and set up a children’s press in 1857. (iii) Implications on the sphere of religion. The 1×5=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) religious reformer, Martin Luther, wrote Ninety WORKSHEET-68 Solutions 3. (i) Printed religious literature stimulated a variety 1. Menocchio was a miller of sixteenth century in of interpretations of faith, even among the little- Italy, he began to read books that were available educated working class in the early 16th century. in his locality. (ii) Menocchio, an Italian miller, reinterpreted the (i) He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that Bible in a way that enraged the Roman Catholic enraged the Roman Catholic Church. Church. (ii) When the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Menocchio was hauled up (iii) Such instances worried the Church about people twice and was ultimately executed. reading the various interpretations of the religion (Any three) 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] and questioning the Church. 2. (i) Appearance and layout resembled the written Hence, it imposed severe controls over publishers manuscripts. and booksellers and began maintaining an index (ii) Metal letters imitated the ornamented hand written styles. of prohibited books. 1×3=3 (iii) Borders were illuminated.  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (iv) Space for decoration was kept blank. 4. (i) Print popularised the ideas of enlightened (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 thinkers on traditions, superstitions and despotism. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (ii) They advocated reasons. (iii) People read books of Voltaire and Rousseau. Print created dialogue and debate. (iv) People started a discussion and evaluated the royalty. (v) Print literature mocked the royalty. (vi) This kind of print literature circulated underground and it created awareness among people and formed the basis of the French Revolution.(Any five) 1×5=5 P-50 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X