["given\tchild\tor\tteenager\tis\tundone\tby\tthese\thardships\tor\tfinds\ta\tcore\tof\tresilience to\tsurvive\tthem.\tLong-term\tstudies\tof\thundreds\tof\tchildren\tbrought\tup\tin poverty,\tin\tabusive\tfamilies,\tor\tby\ta\tparent\twith\tsevere\tmental\tillness\tshow\tthat those\twho\tare\tresilient\teven\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tmost\tgrinding\thardships\ttend\tto share\tkey\temotional\tskills.63\tThese\tinclude\ta\twinning\tsociability\tthat\tdraws people\tto\tthem,\tself-confidence,\tan\toptimistic\tpersistence\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tfailure and\tfrustration,\tthe\tability\tto\trecover\tquickly\tfrom\tupsets,\tand\tan\teasygoing nature. But\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tchildren\tface\tsuch\tdifficulties\twithout\tthese advantages.\tOf\tcourse,\tmany\tof\tthese\tskills\tare\tinnate,\tthe\tluck\tof\tgenes\u2014but even\tqualities\tof\ttemperament\tcan\tchange\tfor\tthe\tbetter,\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\tChapter 14.\tOne\tline\tof\tintervention,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tpolitical\tand\teconomic,\talleviating\tthe poverty\tand\tother\tsocial\tconditions\tthat\tbreed\tthese\tproblems.\tBut\tapart\tfrom these\ttactics\t(which\tseem\tto\tmove\tever\tlower\ton\tthe\tsocial\tagenda)\tthere\tis much\tthat\tcan\tbe\toffered\tto\tchildren\tto\thelp\tthem\tgrapple\tbetter\twith\tsuch debilitating\thardships. Take\tthe\tcase\tof\temotional\tdisorders,\tafflictions\tthat\tabout\tone\tin\ttwo Americans\texperiences\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tlife.\tA\tstudy\tof\ta\trepresentative sample\tof\t8,098\tAmericans\tfound\tthat\t48\tpercent\tsuffered\tfrom\tat\tleast\tone psychiatric\tproblem\tduring\ttheir\tlifetime.64\tMost\tseverely\taffected\twere\tthe\t14 percent\tof\tpeople\twho\tdeveloped\tthree\tor\tmore\tpsychiatric\tproblems\tat\tonce. This\tgroup\twas\tthe\tmost\ttroubled,\taccounting\tfor\t60\tpercent\tof\tall\tpsychiatric disorders\toccurring\tat\tany\tone\ttime,\tand\t90\tpercent\tof\tthe\tmost\tsevere\tand disabling\tones.\tWhile\tthey\tneed\tintensive\tcare\tnow,\tthe\toptimal\tapproach\twould be,\twherever\tpossible,\tto\tprevent\tthese\tproblems\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tTo\tbe\tsure, not\tevery\tmental\tdisorder\tcan\tbe\tprevented\u2014but\tthere\tare\tsome,\tand\tperhaps many,\tthat\tcan.\tRonald\tKessler,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMichigan\tsociologist\twho\tdid the\tstudy,\ttold\tme,\t\\\"We\tneed\tto\tintervene\tearly\tin\tlife.\tTake\ta\tyoung\tgirl\twho has\ta\tsocial\tphobia\tin\tthe\tsixth\tgrade,\tand\tstarts\tdrinking\tin\tjunior\thigh\tschool\tto handle\ther\tsocial\tanxieties.\tBy\ther\tlate\ttwenties,\twhen\tshe\tshows\tup\tin\tour study,\tshe's\tstill\tfearful,\thas\tbecome\tboth\tan\talcohol\tand\tdrug\tabuser,\tand\tis depressed\tbecause\ther\tlife\tis\tso\tmessed\tup.\tThe\tbig\tquestion\tis,\twhat\tcould\twe have\tdone\tearly\tin\ther\tlife\tto\thave\theaded\toff\tthe\twhole\tdownward\tspiral?\\\" The\tsame\tholds,\tof\tcourse,\tfor\tdropping\tout\tor\tviolence,\tor\tmost\tof\tthe\tlitany of\tperils\tfaced\tby\tyoung\tpeople\ttoday.\tEducational\tprograms\tto\tprevent\tone\tor another\tspecific\tproblem\tsuch\tas\tdrug\tuse\tand\tviolence\thave\tproliferated\twildly in\tthe\tlast\tdecade\tor\tso,\tcreating\ta\tmini-industry\twithin\tthe\teducation marketplace.\tBut\tmany\tof\tthem\u2014including\tmany\tof\tthe\tmost\tslickly\tmarketed","marketplace.\tBut\tmany\tof\tthem\u2014including\tmany\tof\tthe\tmost\tslickly\tmarketed and\tmost\twidely\tused\u2014have\tproven\tto\tbe\tineffective.\tA\tfew,\tto\tthe\tchagrin\tof educators,\teven\tseemed\tto\tincrease\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\tthe\tproblems\tthey\twere meant\tto\thead\toff,\tparticularly\tdrug\tabuse\tand\tteen\tsex. Information\tIs\tNot\tEnough An\tinstructive\tcase\tin\tpoint\tis\tsexual\tabuse\tof\tchildren.\tAs\tof\t1993,\tabout\ttwo hundred\tthousand\tsubstantiated\tcases\twere\treported\tannually\tin\tthe\tUnited States,\twith\tthat\tnumber\tgrowing\tby\tabout\t10\tpercent\tper\tyear.\tAnd\twhile estimates\tvary\twidely,\tmost\texperts\tagree\tthat\tbetween\t20\tand\t30\tpercent\tof girls\tand\tabout\thalf\tthat\tnumber\tof\tboys\tare\tvictims\tof\tsome\tform\tof\tsexual abuse\tby\tage\tseventeen\t(the\tfigures\trise\tor\tfall\tdepending\ton\thow\tsexual\tabuse\tis defined,\tamong\tother\tfactors).65\tThere\tis\tno\tsingle\tprofile\tof\ta\tchild\twho\tis particularly\tvulnerable\tto\tsexual\tabuse,\tbut\tmost\tfeel\tunprotected,\tunable\tto resist\ton\ttheir\town,\tand\tisolated\tby\twhat\thas\thappened\tto\tthem. With\tthese\trisks\tin\tmind,\tmany\tschools\thave\tbegun\tto\toffer\tprograms\tto prevent\tsexual\tabuse.\tMost\tsuch\tprograms\tare\ttightly\tfocused\ton\tbasic information\tabout\tsexual\tabuse,\tteaching\tkids,\tfor\texample,\tto\tknow\tthe difference\tbetween\t\\\"good\\\"\tand\t\\\"bad\\\"\ttouching,\talerting\tthem\tto\tthe\tdangers,\tand encouraging\tthem\tto\ttell\tan\tadult\tif\tanything\tuntoward\thappens\tto\tthem.\tBut\ta national\tsurvey\tof\ttwo\tthousand\tchildren\tfound\tthat\tthis\tbasic\ttraining\twas\tlittle better\tthan\tnothing\u2014or\tactually\tworse\tthan\tnothing\u2014in\thelping\tchildren\tdo something\tto\tprevent\tbeing\tvictimized,\twhether\tby\ta\tschool\tbully\tor\ta\tpotential child\tmolester.\t66\tWorse,\tthe\tchildren\twho\thad\tonly\tsuch\tbasic\tprograms\tand who\thad\tsubsequendy\tbecome\tvictims\tof\tsexual\tassault\twere\tactually\thalf\tas likely\tto\treport\tit\tafterward\tthan\twere\tchildren\twho\thad\thad\tno\tprograms\tat\tall. By\tcontrast,\tchildren\tgiven\tmore\tcomprehensive\ttraining\u2014including\trelated emotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetences\u2014were\tbetter\table\tto\tprotect\tthemselves against\tthe\tthreat\tof\tbeing\tvictimized:\tthey\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdemand\tto\tbe left\talone,\tto\tyell\tor\tfight\tback,\tto\tthreaten\tto\ttell,\tand\tto\tactually\ttell\tif something\tbad\tdid\thappen\tto\tthem.\tThis\tlast\tbenefit\u2014reporting\tthe\tabuse\u2014is preventive\tin\ta\ttelling\tsense:\tmany\tchild\tmolesters\tvictimize\thundreds\tof children.\tA\tstudy\tof\tchild\tmolesters\tin\ttheir\tforties\tfound\tthat,\ton\taverage,\tthey had\tone\tvictim\ta\tmonth\tsince\ttheir\tteenage\tyears.\tA\treport\ton\ta\tbus\tdriver\tand\ta high-school\tcomputer\tteacher\treveals\tthey\tmolested\tabout\tthree\thundred children\teach\tyear\tbetween\tthem\u2014yet\tnot\tone\tof\tthe\tchildren\treported\tthe sexual\tabuse;\tthe\tabuse\tcame\tto\tlight\tonly\tafter\tone\tof\tthe\tboys\twho\thad\tbeen","abused\tby\tthe\tteacher\tstarted\tto\tsexually\tabuse\this\tsister.67 Those\tchildren\twho\tgot\tthe\tmore\tcomprehensive\tprograms\twere\tthree\ttimes more\tlikely\tthan\tthose\tin\tminimal\tprograms\tto\treport\tabuse.\tWhat\tworked\tso well?\tThese\tprograms\twere\tnot\tone-shot\ttopics,\tbut\twere\tgiven\tat\tdifferent levels\tseveral\ttimes\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tchild's\tschool\tcareer,\tas\tpart\tof\thealth\tor sex\teducation.\tThey\tenlisted\tparents\tto\tdeliver\tthe\tmessage\tto\tthe\tchild\talong with\twhat\twas\ttaught\tin\tschool\t(children\twhose\tparents\tdid\tthis\twere\tthe\tvery best\tat\tresisting\tthreats\tof\tsexual\tabuse). Beyond\tthat,\tsocial\tand\temotional\tcompetences\tmade\tthe\tdifference.\tIt\tis\tnot enough\tfor\ta\tchild\tsimply\tto\tknow\tabout\t\\\"good\\\"\tand\t\\\"bad\\\"\ttouching;\tchildren need\tthe\tself-awareness\tto\tknow\twhen\ta\tsituation\tfeels\twrong\tor\tdistressing\tlong before\tthe\ttouching\tbegins.\tThis\tentails\tnot\tjust\tself-awareness,\tbut\talso\tenough self-confidence\tand\tassertiveness\tto\ttrust\tand\tact\ton\tthose\tfeelings\tof\tdistress, even\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tan\tadult\twho\tmay\tbe\ttrying\tto\treassure\ther\tthat\t\\\"it's\tokay.\\\" And\tthen\ta\tchild\tneeds\ta\trepertoire\tof\tways\tto\tdisrupt\twhat\tis\tabout\tto\thappen\u2014 everything\tfrom\trunning\taway\tto\tthreatening\tto\ttell.\tFor\tthese\treasons,\tthe\tbetter programs\tteach\tchildren\tto\tstand\tup\tfor\twhat\tthey\twant,\tto\tassert\ttheir\trights rather\tthan\tbe\tpassive,\tto\tknow\twhat\ttheir\tboundaries\tare\tand\tdefend\tthem. The\tmost\teffective\tprograms,\tthen,\tsupplemented\tthe\tbasic\tsexual-abuse information\twith\tessential\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills.\tThese\tprograms\ttaught children\tto\tfind\tways\tto\tsolve\tinterpersonal\tconflicts\tmore\tpositively,\tto\thave more\tself-confidence,\tnot\tto\tblame\tthemselves\tif\tsomething\thappened,\tand\tto feel\tthey\thad\ta\tnetwork\tof\tsupport\tin\tteachers\tand\tparents\twhom\tthey\tcould\tturn to.\tAnd\tif\tsomething\tbad\tdid\thappen\tto\tthem,\tthey\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\ttell. The\tActive\tIngredients Such\tfindings\thave\tled\tto\ta\treenvisioning\tof\twhat\tthe\tingredients\tof\tan\toptimal prevention\tprogram\tshould\tbe,\tbased\ton\tthose\tthat\timpartial\tevaluations\tshowed to\tbe\ttruly\teffective.\tIn\ta\tfive-year\tproject\tsponsored\tby\tthe\tW.\tT.\tGrant Foundation,\ta\tconsortium\tof\tresearchers\tstudied\tthis\tlandscape\tand\tdistilled\tthe active\tingredients\tthat\tseemed\tcrucial\tto\tthe\tsuccess\tof\tthose\tprograms\tthat worked.68\tThe\tlist\tof\tkey\tskills\tthe\tconsortium\tconcluded\tshould\tbe\tcovered,\tno matter\twhat\tspecific\tproblem\tit\tis\tdesigned\tto\tprevent,\treads\tlike\tthe\tingredients of\temotional\tintelligence\t(see\tAppendix\tD\tfor\tthe\tfull\tlist).69 The\temotional\tskills\tinclude\tself-awareness;\tidentifying,\texpressing,\tand managing\tfeelings;\timpulse\tcontrol\tand\tdelaying\tgratification;\tand\thandling stress\tand\tanxiety.\tA\tkey\tability\tin\timpulse\tcontrol\tis\tknowing\tthe\tdifference","stress\tand\tanxiety.\tA\tkey\tability\tin\timpulse\tcontrol\tis\tknowing\tthe\tdifference between\tfeelings\tand\tactions,\tand\tlearning\tto\tmake\tbetter\temotional\tdecisions\tby first\tcontrolling\tthe\timpulse\tto\tact,\tthen\tidentifying\talternative\tactions\tand\ttheir consequences\tbefore\tacting.\tMany\tcompetences\tare\tinterpersonal:\treading\tsocial and\temotional\tcues,\tlistening,\tbeing\table\tto\tresist\tnegative\tinfluences,\ttaking others'\tperspectives,\tand\tunderstanding\twhat\tbehavior\tis\tacceptable\tin\ta situation. These\tare\tamong\tthe\tcore\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\tfor\tlife,\tand\tinclude\tat least\tpartial\tremedies\tfor\tmost,\tif\tnot\tall,\tof\tthe\tdifficulties\tI\thave\tdiscussed\tin this\tchapter.\tThe\tchoice\tof\tspecific\tproblems\tthese\tskills\tmight\tinoculate\tagainst is\tnearly\tarbitrary\u2014similar\tcases\tfor\tthe\trole\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial competences\tcould\thave\tbeen\tmade\tfor,\tsay,\tunwanted\tteen\tpregnancy\tor\tteen suicide. To\tbe\tsure,\tthe\tcauses\tof\tall\tsuch\tproblems\tare\tcomplex,\tinterweaving differing\tratios\tof\tbiological\tdestiny,\tfamily\tdynamics,\tthe\tpolitics\tof\tpoverty, and\tthe\tculture\tof\tthe\tstreets.\tNo\tsingle\tkind\tof\tintervention,\tincluding\tone targeting\temotions,\tcan\tclaim\tto\tdo\tthe\twhole\tjob.\tBut\tto\tthe\tdegree\temotional deficits\tadd\tto\ta\tchild's\trisk\u2014and\twe\thave\tseen\tthat\tthey\tadd\ta\tgreat\tdeal\u2014 attention\tmust\tbe\tpaid\tto\temotional\tremedies,\tnot\tto\tthe\texclusion\tof\tother answers,\tbut\talong\twith\tthem.\tThe\tnext\tquestion\tis,\twhat\twould\tan\teducation\tin the\temotions\tlook\tlike? *\tIn\tchildren,\tunlike\tadults,\tmedication\tis\tnot\ta\tclear\talternative\tto\ttherapy\tor preventive\teducation\tfor\ttreating\tdepression;\tchildren\tmetabolize\tmedications differently\tthan\tdo\tadults.\tTricyclic\tantidepressants,\toften\tsuccessful\twith\tadults, have\tfailed\tin\tcontrolled\tstudies\twith\tchildren\tto\tprove\tbetter\tthan\tan\tinactive placebo\tdrug.\tNewer\tdepression\tmedications,\tincluding\tProzac,\tare\tas\tyet untested\tfor\tuse\tin\tchildren.\tAnd\tdesipramine,\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tcommon\t(and safest)\ttricyclics\tused\twith\tadults,\thas,\tat\tthis\twriting,\tbecome\tthe\tfocus\tof\tFDA scrutiny\tas\ta\tpossible\tcause\tof\tdeath\tin\tchildren.","APPENDIX\tA What\tIs\tEmotion? \t A\tword\tabout\twhat\tI\trefer\tto\tunder\tthe\trubric\temotion,\ta\tterm\twhose\tprecise meaning\tpsychologists\tand\tphilosophers\thave\tquibbled\tover\tfor\tmore\tthan\ta century.\tIn\tits\tmost\tliteral\tsense,\tthe\tOxford\tEnglish\tDictionary\tdefines\temotion as\t\\\"any\tagitation\tor\tdisturbance\tof\tmind,\tfeeling,\tpassion;\tany\tvehement\tor excited\tmental\tstate.\\\"\tI\ttake\temotion\tto\trefer\tto\ta\tfeeling\tand\tits\tdistinctive thoughts,\tpsychological\tand\tbiological\tstates,\tand\trange\tof\tpropensities\tto\tact. There\tare\thundreds\tof\temotions,\talong\twith\ttheir\tblends,\tvariations,\tmutations, and\tnuances.\tIndeed,\tthere\tare\tmany\tmore\tsubtleties\tof\temotion\tthan\twe\thave words\tfor. Researchers\tcontinue\tto\targue\tover\tprecisely\twhich\temotions\tcan\tbe considered\tprimary\u2014the\tblue,\tred,\tand\tyellow\tof\tfeeling\tfrom\twhich\tall\tblends come\u2014or\teven\tif\tthere\tare\tsuch\tprimary\temotions\tat\tall.\tSome\ttheorists\tpropose basic\tfamilies,\tthough\tnot\tall\tagree\ton\tthem.\tThe\tmain\tcandidates\tand\tsome\tof the\tmembers\tof\ttheir\tfamilies: \t \u2022\tAnger:\tfury,\toutrage,\tresentment,\twrath,\texasperation,\tindignation,\tvexation, acrimony,\tanimosity,\tannoyance,\tirritability,\thostility,\tand,\tperhaps\tat\tthe extreme,\tpathological\thatred\tand\tviolence \u2022\tSadness:\tgrief,\tsorrow,\tcheerlessness,\tgloom,\tmelancholy,\tself-pity, loneliness,\tdejection,\tdespair,\tand,\twhen\tpathological,\tsevere\tdepression \u2022\tFear:\tanxiety,\tapprehension,\tnervousness,\tconcern,\tconsternation, misgiving,\twariness,\tqualm,\tedginess,\tdread,\tfright,\tterror;\tas\ta\tpsychopathology, phobia\tand\tpanic \u2022\tEnjoyment:\thappiness,\tjoy,\trelief,\tcontentment,\tbliss,\tdelight,\tamusement, pride,\tsensual\tpleasure,\tthrill,\trapture,\tgratification,\tsatisfaction,\teuphoria, whimsy,\tecstasy,\tand\tat\tthe\tfar\tedge,\tmania","\u2022\tLove:\tacceptance,\tfriendliness,\ttrust,\tkindness,\taffinity,\tdevotion,\tadoration, infatuation,\tagape \u2022\tSurprise:\tshock,\tastonishment,\tamazement,\twonder \u2022\tDisgust:\tcontempt,\tdisdain,\tscorn,\tabhorrence,\taversion,\tdistaste,\trevulsion \u2022\tShame:\tguilt,\tembarrassment,\tchagrin,\tremorse,\thumiliation,\tregret, mortification,\tand\tcontrition \t To\tbe\tsure,\tthis\tlist\tdoes\tnot\tresolve\tevery\tquestion\tabout\thow\tto\tcategorize emotion.\tFor\texample,\twhat\tabout\tblends\tsuch\tas\tjealousy,\ta\tvariant\tof\tanger that\talso\tmelds\tsadness\tand\tfear?\tAnd\twhat\tof\tthe\tvirtues,\tsuch\tas\thope\tand faith,\tcourage\tand\tforgiveness,\tcertainty\tand\tequanimity?\tOr\tsome\tof\tthe\tclassic vices,\tfeelings\tsuch\tas\tdoubt,\tcomplacency,\tsloth,\tand\ttorpor\u2014or\tboredom? There\tare\tno\tclear\tanswers;\tthe\tscientific\tdebate\ton\thow\tto\tclassify\temotions continues. The\targument\tfor\tthere\tbeing\ta\thandful\tof\tcore\temotions\thinges\tto\tsome extent\ton\tthe\tdiscovery\tby\tPaul\tEkman,\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan Francisco,\tthat\tspecific\tfacial\texpressions\tfor\tfour\tof\tthem\t(fear,\tanger,\tsadness, enjoyment)\tare\trecognized\tby\tpeople\tin\tcultures\taround\tthe\tworld,\tincluding preliterate\tpeoples\tpresumably\tuntainted\tby\texposure\tto\tcinema\tor\ttelevision\u2014 suggesting\ttheir\tuniversality.\tEkman\tshowed\tfacial\tphotos\tportraying expressions\twith\ttechnical\tprecision\tto\tpeople\tin\tcultures\tas\tremote\tas\tthe\tFore of\tNew\tGuinea,\tan\tisolated\tStone\tAge\ttribe\tin\tthe\tremote\thighlands,\tand\tfound people\teverywhere\trecognized\tthe\tsame\tbasic\temotions.\tThis\tuniversality\tof facial\texpressions\tfor\temotion\twas\tprobably\tfirst\tnoted\tby\tDarwin,\twho\tsaw\tit\tas evidence\tthe\tforces\tof\tevolution\thad\tstamped\tthese\tsignals\tin\tour\tcentral\tnervous system. In\tseeking\tbasic\tprinciples,\tI\tfollow\tEkman\tand\tothers\tin\tthinking\tof\temotions in\tterms\tof\tfamilies\tor\tdimensions,\ttaking\tthe\tmain\tfamilies\u2014anger,\tsadness, fear,\tenjoyment,\tlove,\tshame,\tand\tso\ton\u2014as\tcases\tin\tpoint\tfor\tthe\tendless nuances\tof\tour\temotional\tlife.\tEach\tof\tthese\tfamilies\thas\ta\tbasic\temotional nucleus\tat\tits\tcore,\twith\tits\trelatives\trippling\tout\tfrom\tthere\tin\tcountless mutations.\tIn\tthe\touter\tripples\tare\tmoods,\twhich,\ttechnically\tspeaking,\tare\tmore muted\tand\tlast\tfar\tlonger\tthan\tan\temotion\t(while\tit's\trelatively\trare\tto\tbe\tin\tthe full\theat\tof\tanger\tall\tday,\tfor\texample,\tit\tis\tnot\tthat\trare\tto\tbe\tin\ta\tgrumpy, irritable\tmood,\tin\twhich\tshorter\tbouts\tof\tanger\tare\teasily\ttriggered).\tBeyond","moods\tare\ttemperaments,\tthe\treadiness\tto\tevoke\ta\tgiven\temotion\tor\tmood\tthat makes\tpeople\tmelancholy,\ttimid,\tor\tcheery.\tAnd\tstill\tbeyond\tsuch\temotional dispositions\tare\tthe\toutright\tdisorders\tof\temotion\tsuch\tas\tclinical\tdepression\tor unremitting\tanxiety,\tin\twhich\tsomeone\tfeels\tperpetually\ttrapped\tin\ta\ttoxic\tstate.","APPENDIX\tB Hallmarks\tof\tthe\tEmotional\tMind \t Only\tin\trecent\tyears\thas\tthere\temerged\ta\tscientific\tmodel\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind that\texplains\thow\tso\tmuch\tof\twhat\twe\tdo\tcan\tbe\temotionally\tdriven\u2014how\twe can\tbe\tso\treasonable\tat\tone\tmoment\tand\tso\tirrational\tthe\tnext\u2014and\tthe\tsense\tin which\temotions\thave\ttheir\town\treasons\tand\ttheir\town\tlogic.\tPerhaps\tthe\ttwo best\tassessments\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind\tare\toffered\tindependently\tby\tPaul Ekman,\thead\tof\tthe\tHuman\tInteraction\tLaboratory\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof California,\tSan\tFrancisco,\tand\tby\tSeymour\tEpstein,\ta\tclinical\tpsychologist\tat\tthe University\tof\tMassachusetts.1\tWhile\tEkman\tand\tEpstein\thave\teach\tweighed different\tscientific\tevidence,\ttogether\tthey\toffer\ta\tbasic\tlist\tof\tthe\tqualities\tthat distinguish\temotions\tfrom\tthe\trest\tof\tmental\tlife.2 A\tQuick\tbut\tSloppy\tResponse The\temotional\tmind\tis\tfar\tquicker\tthan\tthe\trational\tmind,\tspringing\tinto\taction without\tpausing\teven\ta\tmoment\tto\tconsider\twhat\tit\tis\tdoing.\tIts\tquickness precludes\tthe\tdeliberate,\tanalytic\treflection\tthat\tis\tthe\thallmark\tof\tthe\tthinking mind.\tIn\tevolution\tthis\tquickness\tmost\tlikely\trevolved\taround\tthat\tmost\tbasic decision,\twhat\tto\tpay\tattention\tto,\tand,\tonce\tvigilant\twhile,\tsay,\tconfronting another\tanimal,\tmaking\tsplit-second\tdecisions\tlike,\tDo\tI\teat\tthis,\tor\tdoes\tit\teat me?\tThose\torganisms\tthat\thad\tto\tpause\ttoo\tlong\tto\treflect\ton\tthese\tanswers\twere unlikely\tto\thave\tmany\tprogeny\tto\tpass\ton\ttheir\tslower-acting\tgenes. Actions\tthat\tspring\tfrom\tthe\temotional\tmind\tcarry\ta\tparticularly\tstrong\tsense of\tcertainty,\ta\tby-product\tof\ta\tstreamlined,\tsimplified\tway\tof\tlooking\tat\tthings that\tcan\tbe\tabsolutely\tbewildering\tto\tthe\trational\tmind.\tWhen\tthe\tdust\tsettles,\tor even\tin\tmid-response,\twe\tfind\tourselves\tthinking,\t\\\"What\tdid\tI\tdo\tthat\tfor?\\\"\u2014a sign\tthat\tthe\trational\tmind\tis\tawakening\tto\tthe\tmoment,\tbut\tnot\twith\tthe\trapidity of\tthe\temotional\tmind. Since\tthe\tinterval\tbetween\twhat\ttriggers\tan\temotion\tand\tits\teruption\tcan\tbe","virtually\tinstantaneous,\tthe\tmechanism\tthat\tappraises\tperception\tmust\tbe\tcapable of\tgreat\tspeed,\teven\tin\tbrain\ttime,\twhich\tis\treckoned\tin\tthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond. This\tappraisal\tof\tthe\tneed\tto\tact\tneeds\tto\tbe\tautomatic,\tso\trapid\tthat\tit\tnever enters\tconscious\tawareness.3\tThis\tquick-and-dirty\tvariety\tof\temotional\tresponse sweeps\tover\tus\tvirtually\tbefore\twe\tquite\tknow\twhat\tis\thappening. This\trapid\tmode\tof\tperception\tsacrifices\taccuracy\tfor\tspeed,\trelying\ton\tfirst impressions,\treacting\tto\tthe\toverall\tpicture\tor\tthe\tmost\tstriking\taspects.\tIt\ttakes things\tin\tat\tonce,\tas\ta\twhole,\treacting\twithout\ttaking\tthe\ttime\tfor\tthoughtful analysis.\tVivid\telements\tcan\tdetermine\tthat\timpression,\toutweighing\ta\tcareful evaluation\tof\tthe\tdetails.\tThe\tgreat\tadvantage\tis\tthat\tthe\temotional\tmind\tcan\tread an\temotional\treality\t(he's\tangry\twith\tme;\tshe's\tlying;\tthis\tis\tmaking\thim\tsad)\tin an\tinstant,\tmaking\tthe\tintuitive\tsnap\tjudgments\tthat\ttell\tus\twho\tto\tbe\twary\tof, who\tto\ttrust,\twho's\tin\tdistress.\tThe\temotional\tmind\tis\tour\tradar\tfor\tdanger;\tif\twe (or\tour\tforebears\tin\tevolution)\twaited\tfor\tthe\trational\tmind\tto\tmake\tsome\tof these\tjudgments,\twe\tmight\tnot\tonly\tbe\twrong\u2014we\tmight\tbe\tdead.\tThe drawback\tis\tthat\tthese\timpressions\tand\tintuitive\tjudgments,\tbecause\tthey\tare made\tin\tthe\tsnap\tof\ta\tfinger,\tmay\tbe\tmistaken\tor\tmisguided. Paul\tEkman\tproposes\tthat\tthis\tquickness,\tin\twhich\temotions\tcan\tovertake\tus before\twe\tare\tquite\taware\tthey\thave\tstarted,\tis\tessential\tto\ttheir\tbeing\tso\thighly adaptive:\tthey\tmobilize\tus\tto\trespond\tto\turgent\tevents\twithout\twasting\ttime pondering\twhether\tto\treact\tor\thow\tto\trespond.\tUsing\tthe\tsystem\the\tdeveloped for\tdetecting\temotions\tfrom\tsubtle\tchanges\tin\tfacial\texpression,\tEkman\tcan track\tmicroemotions\tthat\tflit\tacross\tthe\tface\tin\tless\tthan\ta\thalf\tsecond.\tEkman and\this\tcollaborators\thave\tdiscovered\tthat\temotional\texpressions\tbegin\tto\tshow up\tin\tchanges\tin\tfacial\tmusculature\twithin\ta\tfew\tthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond\tafter the\tevent\tthat\ttriggers\tthe\treaction,\tand\tthat\tthe\tphysiological\tchanges\ttypical\tof a\tgiven\temotion\u2014like\tshunting\tblood\tflow\tand\tincreasing\theart\trate\u2014also\ttake only\tfractions\tof\ta\tsecond\tto\tbegin.\tThis\tswiftness\tis\tparticularly\ttrue\tof\tintense emotion,\tlike\tfear\tof\ta\tsudden\tthreat. Ekman\targues\tthat,\ttechnically\tspeaking,\tthe\tfull\theat\tof\temotion\tis\tvery\tbrief, lasting\tjust\tseconds\trather\tthan\tminutes,\thours,\tor\tdays.\tHis\treasoning\tis\tthat\tit would\tbe\tmaladaptive\tfor\tan\temotion\tto\tcapture\tthe\tbrain\tand\tbody\tfor\ta\tlong time\tregardless\tof\tchanging\tcircumstance.\tIf\tthe\temotions\tcaused\tby\ta\tsingle event\tinvariably\tcontinued\tto\tdominate\tus\tafter\tit\thad\tpassed,\tand\tregardless\tof what\telse\twas\thappening\taround\tus,\tthen\tour\tfeelings\twould\tbe\tpoor\tguides\tto action.\tFor\temotions\tto\tlast\tlonger\tthe\ttrigger\tmust\tbe\tsustained,\tin\teffect continually\tevoking\tthe\temotion,\tas\twhen\tthe\tloss\tof\ta\tloved\tone\tkeeps\tus mourning.\tWhen\tfeelings\tpersist\tfor\thours,\tit\tis\tusually\tas\tmoods,\ta\tmuted\tform.","mourning.\tWhen\tfeelings\tpersist\tfor\thours,\tit\tis\tusually\tas\tmoods,\ta\tmuted\tform. Moods\tset\tan\taffective\ttone,\tbut\tthey\tare\tnot\tsuch\tstrong\tshapers\tof\thow\twe perceive\tand\tact\tas\tis\tthe\thigh\theat\tof\tfull\temotion. First\tFeelings,\tSecond\tThoughts Because\tit\ttakes\tthe\trational\tmind\ta\tmoment\tor\ttwo\tlonger\tto\tregister\tand respond\tthan\tit\tdoes\tthe\temotional\tmind,\tthe\t\\\"first\timpulse\\\"\tin\tan\temotional situation\tis\tthe\theart's,\tnot\tthe\thead's.\tThere\tis\talso\ta\tsecond\tkind\tof\temotional reaction,\tslower\tthan\tthe\tquick-response,\twhich\tsimmers\tand\tbrews\tfirst\tin\tour thoughts\tbefore\tit\tleads\tto\tfeeling.\tThis\tsecond\tpathway\tto\ttriggering\temotions\tis more\tdeliberate,\tand\twe\tare\ttypically\tquite\taware\tof\tthe\tthoughts\tthat\tlead\tto\tit. In\tthis\tkind\tof\temotional\treaction\tthere\tis\ta\tmore\textended\tappraisal;\tour thoughts\u2014cognition\u2014play\tthe\tkey\trole\tin\tdetermining\twhat\temotions\twill\tbe roused.\tOnce\twe\tmake\tan\tappraisal\u2014\\\"that\ttaxi\tdriver\tis\tcheating\tme\\\"\tor\t\\\"this baby\tis\tadorable,\\\"\ta\tfitting\temotional\tresponse\tfollows.\tIn\tthis\tslower\tsequence, more\tfully\tarticulated\tthought\tprecedes\tfeeling.\tMore\tcomplicated\temotions,\tlike embarrassment\tor\tapprehension\tover\tan\tupcoming\texam,\tfollow\tthis\tslower route,\ttaking\tseconds\tor\tminutes\tto\tunfold\u2014these\tare\temotions\tthat\tfollow\tfrom thoughts. By\tcontrast,\tin\tthe\tfast-response\tsequence\tfeeling\tseems\tto\tprecede\tor\tbe simultaneous\twith\tthought.\tThis\trapid-fire\temotional\treaction\ttakes\tover\tin situations\tthat\thave\tthe\turgency\tof\tprimal\tsurvival.\tThis\tis\tthe\tpower\tof\tsuch rapid\tdecisions:\tthey\tmobilize\tus\tin\tan\tinstant\tto\trise\tto\tan\temergency.\tOur\tmost intense\tfeelings\tare\tinvoluntary\treactions;\twe\tcannot\tdecide\twhen\tthey\twill erupt.\t\\\"Love,\\\"\twrote\tStendhal,\t\\\"is\tlike\ta\tfever\tthat\tcomes\tand\tgoes independently\tof\tthe\twill.\\\"\tNot\tjust\tlove,\tbut\tour\tangers\tand\tfears,\tas\twell,\tsweep over\tus,\tseeming\tto\thappen\tto\tus\trather\tthan\tbeing\tour\tchoice.\tFor\tthat\treason they\tcan\toffer\tan\talibi:\t\\\"It\tis\tthe\tfact\tthat\twe\tcannot\tchoose\tthe\temotions\twhich we\thave,\\\"\tnotes\tEkman,\tthat\tallows\tpeople\tto\texplain\taway\ttheir\tactions\tby saying\tthey\twere\tin\tthe\tgrip\tof\temotion.4 Just\tas\tthere\tare\tquick\tand\tslow\tpaths\tto\temotion\u2014one\tthrough\timmediate perception\tand\tthe\tother\tthrough\treflective\tthought\u2014there\tare\talso\temotions which\tcome\tbidden.\tOne\texample\tis\tintentionally\tmanipulated\tfeeling,\tthe actors'\tstock-in-trade,\tlike\tthe\ttears\tthat\tcome\twhen\tsad\tmemories\tare intentionally\tmilked\tfor\ttheir\teffect.\tBut\tactors\tare\tsimply\tmore\tskilled\tthan\tthe rest\tof\tus\tat\tthe\tintentional\tuse\tof\tthe\tsecond\tpathway\tto\temotion,\tfeeling\tvia thinking.\tWhile\twe\tcannot\teasily\tchange\twhat\tspecific\temotions\ta\tcertain\tkind of\tthought\twill\ttrigger,\twe\tvery\toften\tcan,\tand\tdo,\tchoose\twhat\tto\tthink\tabout.","of\tthought\twill\ttrigger,\twe\tvery\toften\tcan,\tand\tdo,\tchoose\twhat\tto\tthink\tabout. Just\tas\ta\tsexual\tfantasy\tcan\tlead\tto\tsexual\tfeelings,\tso\tcan\thappy\tmemories\tcheer us\tup,\tor\tmelancholy\tthoughts\tmake\tus\treflective. But\tthe\trational\tmind\tusually\tdoes\tnot\tdecide\twhat\temotions\twe\t\\\"should\\\" have.\tInstead,\tour\tfeelings\ttypically\tcome\tto\tus\tas\ta\tfait\taccompli.\tWhat\tthe rational\tmind\tcan\tordinarily\tcontrol\tis\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthose\treactions.\tA\tfew exceptions\taside,\twe\tdo\tnot\tdecide\twhen\tto\tbe\tmad,\tsad,\tand\tso\ton. A\tSymbolic,\tChildlike\tReality The\tlogic\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\tassociative;\tit\ttakes\telements\tthat symbolize\ta\treality,\tor\ttrigger\ta\tmemory\tof\tit,\tto\tbe\tthe\tsame\tas\tthat\treality.\tThat is\twhy\tsimiles,\tmetaphors,\tand\timages\tspeak\tdirectly\tto\tthe\temotional\tmind,\tas do\tthe\tarts\u2014novels,\tfilm,\tpoetry,\tsong,\ttheater,\topera.\tGreat\tspiritual\tteachers, like\tBuddha\tand\tJesus,\thave\ttouched\ttheir\tdisciples'\thearts\tby\tspeaking\tin\tthe language\tof\temotion,\tteaching\tin\tparables,\tfables,\tand\tstories.\tIndeed,\treligious symbol\tand\tritual\tmakes\tlittle\tsense\tfrom\tthe\trational\tpoint\tof\tview;\tit\tis\tcouched in\tthe\tvernacular\tof\tthe\theart. This\tlogic\tof\tthe\theart\u2014of\tthe\temotional\tmind\u2014is\twell-described\tby\tFreud\tin his\tconcept\tof\t\\\"primary\tprocess\\\"\tthought;\tit\tis\tthe\tlogic\tof\treligion\tand\tpoetry, psychosis\tand\tchildren,\tdream\tand\tmyth\t(as\tJoseph\tCampbell\tput\tit,\t\\\"Dreams\tare private\tmyths;\tmyths\tare\tshared\tdreams\\\").\tThe\tprimary\tprocess\tis\tthe\tkey\tthat unlocks\tthe\tmeanings\tof\tworks\tlike\tJames\tJoyce's\tUlysses:\tIn\tprimary\tprocess thought,\tloose\tassociations\tdetermine\tthe\tflow\tof\ta\tnarrative;\tone\tobject symbolizes\tanother;\tone\tfeeling\tdisplaces\tanother\tand\tstands\tfor\tit;\twholes\tare condensed\tinto\tparts.\tThere\tis\tno\ttime,\tno\tlaws\tof\tcause-and-effect.\tIndeed,\tthere is\tno\tsuch\tthing\tas\t\\\"No\\\"\tin\tthe\tprimary\tprocess;\tanything\tis\tpossible.\tThe psychoanalytic\tmethod\tis\tin\tpart\tthe\tart\tof\tdeciphering\tand\tunraveling\tthese substitutions\tin\tmeaning. If\tthe\temotional\tmind\tfollows\tthis\tlogic\tand\tits\trules,\twith\tone\telement standing\tfor\tanother,\tthings\tneed\tnot\tnecessarily\tbe\tdefined\tby\ttheir\tobjective identity:\twhat\tmatters\tis\thow\tthey\tare\tperceived;\tthings\tare\tas\tthey\tseem.\tWhat something\treminds\tus\tof\tcan\tbe\tfar\tmore\timportant\tthan\twhat\tit\t\\\"is.\\\"\tIndeed,\tin emotional\tlife,\tidentities\tcan\tbe\tlike\ta\thologram\tin\tthe\tsense\tthat\ta\tsingle\tpart evokes\ta\twhole.\tAs\tSeymour\tEpstein\tpoints\tout,\twhile\tthe\trational\tmind\tmakes logical\tconnections\tbetween\tcauses\tand\teffects,\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis indiscriminate,\tconnecting\tthings\tthat\tmerely\thave\tsimilar\tstriking\tfeatures.5 There\tare\tmany\tways\tin\twhich\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\tchildlike,\tthe\tmore\tso","the\tstronger\tthe\temotion\tgrows.\tOne\tway\tis\tcategorical\tthinking,\twhere everything\tis\tin\tblack\tand\twhite,\twith\tno\tshades\tof\tgray;\tsomeone\twho\tis mortified\tabout\ta\tfaux\tpas\tmight\thave\tthe\timmediate\tthought,\t\\\"I\talways\tsay\tthe wrong\tthing.\\\"\tAnother\tsign\tof\tthis\tchildlike\tmode\tis\tpersonalized\tthinking,\twith events\tperceived\twith\ta\tbias\tcentering\ton\toneself,\tlike\tthe\tdriver\twho,\tafter\tan accident,\texplained\tthat\t\\\"the\ttelephone\tpole\tcame\tstraight\tat\tme.\\\" This\tchildlike\tmode\tis\tself-confirming,\tsuppressing\tor\tignoring\tmemories\tor facts\tthat\twould\tundermine\tits\tbeliefs\tand\tseizing\ton\tthose\tthat\tsupport\tit.\tThe beliefs\tof\tthe\trational\tmind\tare\ttentative;\tnew\tevidence\tcan\tdisconfirm\tone\tbelief and\treplace\tit\twith\ta\tnew\tone\u2014it\treasons\tby\tobjective\tevidence.\tThe\temotional mind,\thowever,\ttakes\tits\tbeliefs\tto\tbe\tabsolutely\ttrue,\tand\tso\tdiscounts\tany evidence\tto\tthe\tcontrary.\tThat\tis\twhy\tit\tis\tso\thard\tto\treason\twith\tsomeone\twho\tis emotionally\tupset:\tno\tmatter\tthe\tsoundness\tof\tyour\targument\tfrom\ta\tlogical point\tof\tview,\tit\tcarries\tno\tweight\tif\tit\tis\tout\tof\tkeeping\twith\tthe\temotional conviction\tof\tthe\tmoment.\tFeelings\tare\tself-justifying,\twith\ta\tset\tof\tperceptions and\t\\\"proofs\\\"\tall\ttheir\town. The\tPast\tImposed\ton\tthe\tPresent When\tsome\tfeature\tof\tan\tevent\tseems\tsimilar\tto\tan\temotionally\tcharged memory\tfrom\tthe\tpast,\tthe\temotional\tmind\tresponds\tby\ttriggering\tthe\tfeelings that\twent\twith\tthe\tremembered\tevent.\tThe\temotional\tmind\treacts\tto\tthe\tpresent as\tthough\tit\twere\tthe\tpast.6\tThe\ttrouble\tis\tthat,\tespecially\twhen\tthe\tappraisal\tis fast\tand\tautomatic,\twe\tmay\tnot\trealize\tthat\twhat\twas\tonce\tthe\tcase\tis\tno\tlonger so.\tSomeone\twho\thas\tlearned,\tthrough\tpainful\tchildhood\tbeatings,\tto\treact\tto\tan angry\tscowl\twith\tintense\tfear\tand\tloathing\twill\thave\tthat\treaction\tto\tsome\tdegree even\tas\tan\tadult,\twhen\tthe\tscowl\tcarries\tno\tsuch\tthreat. If\tthe\tfeelings\tare\tstrong,\tthen\tthe\treaction\tthat\tis\ttriggered\tis\tobvious.\tBut\tif the\tfeelings\tare\tvague\tor\tsubtle,\twe\tmay\tnot\tquite\trealize\tthe\temotional\treaction we\tare\thaving,\teven\tthough\tit\tis\tsubtly\tcoloring\thow\twe\treact\tto\tthe\tmoment. Thoughts\tand\treactions\tat\tthis\tmoment\twill\ttake\ton\tthe\tcoloration\tof\tthoughts and\treactions\tthen,\teven\tthough\tit\tmay\tseem\tthat\tthe\treaction\tis\tdue\tsolely\tto\tthe circumstance\tof\tthe\tmoment.\tOur\temotional\tmind\twill\tharness\tthe\trational\tmind to\tits\tpurposes,\tso\twe\tcome\tup\twith\texplanations\tfor\tour\tfeelings\tand\treactions \u2014rationalizations\u2014justifying\tthem\tin\tterms\tof\tthe\tpresent\tmoment,\twithout realizing\tthe\tinfluence\tof\tthe\temotional\tmemory.\tIn\tthat\tsense,\twe\tcan\thave\tno idea\tof\twhat\tis\tactually\tgoing\ton,\tthough\twe\tmay\thave\tthe\tconviction\tof certainty\tthat\twe\tknow\texactly\twhat\tis\thappening.\tAt\tsuch\tmoments\tthe","certainty\tthat\twe\tknow\texactly\twhat\tis\thappening.\tAt\tsuch\tmoments\tthe emotional\tmind\thas\tentrained\tthe\trational\tmind,\tputting\tit\tto\tits\town\tuses. State-specific\tReality The\tworking\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\tto\ta\tlarge\tdegree\tstate-specific,\tdictated by\tthe\tparticular\tfeeling\tascendant\tat\ta\tgiven\tmoment.\tHow\twe\tthink\tand\tact when\twe\tare\tfeeling\tromantic\tis\tentirely\tdifferent\tfrom\thow\twe\tbehave\twhen enraged\tor\tdejected;\tin\tthe\tmechanics\tof\temotion,\teach\tfeeling\thas\tits\town distinct\trepertoire\tof\tthought,\treactions,\teven\tmemories.\tThese\tstate-specific repertoires\tbecome\tmost\tpredominant\tin\tmoments\tof\tintense\temotion. One\tsign\tthat\tsuch\ta\trepertoire\tis\tactive\tis\tselective\tmemory.\tPart\tof\tthe mind's\tresponse\tto\tan\temotional\tsituation\tis\tto\treshuffle\tmemory\tand\toptions\tfor action\tso\tthat\tthose\tmost\trelevant\tare\tat\tthe\ttop\tof\tthe\thierarchy\tand\tso\tmore readily\tenacted.\tAnd,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\teach\tmajor\temotion\thas\tits\thallmark biological\tsignature,\ta\tpattern\tof\tsweeping\tchanges\tthat\tentrain\tthe\tbody\tas\tthat emotion\tbecomes\tascendant,\tand\ta\tunique\tset\tof\tcues\tthe\tbody\tautomatically sends\tout\twhen\tin\tits\tgrip.7","APPENDIX\tC The\tNeural\tCircuitry\tof\tFear \t The\tamygdala\tis\tcentral\tto\tfear.\tWhen\ta\trare\tbrain\tdisease\tdestroyed\tthe amygdala\t(but\tno\tother\tbrain\tstructures)\tin\tthe\tpatient\tneurologists\tcall\t\\\"S.M.,\\\" fear\tdisappeared\tfrom\ther\tmental\trepertoire.\tShe\tbecame\tunable\tto\tidentify\tlooks of\tfear\ton\tother\tpeople's\tfaces,\tnor\tto\tmake\tsuch\tan\texpression\therself.\tAs\ther neurologist\tput\tit,\t\\\"If\tsomeone\tput\ta\tgun\tto\tS.M.'s\thead,\tshe\twould\tknow intellectually\tto\tbe\tafraid\tbut\tshe\twould\tnot\tfeel\tafraid\tas\tyou\tor\tI\twould.\\\" Neuroscientists\thave\tmapped\tthe\tcircuitry\tfor\tfear\tin\tperhaps\tfinest\tdetail, though\tat\tthe\tpresent\tstate\tof\tthis\tart\tthe\tfull\tcircuitry\tfor\tnone\tof\tthe\temotions\tis completely\tsurveyed.\tFear\tis\tan\tapt\tcase\tin\tpoint\tfor\tunderstanding\tthe\tneural dynamics\tof\temotion.\tFear,\tin\tevolution,\thas\ta\tspecial\tprominence:\tperhaps\tmore than\tany\tother\temotion\tit\tis\tcrucial\tfor\tsurvival.\tOf\tcourse\tin\tmodern\ttimes misplaced\tfears\tare\tthe\tbane\tof\tdaily\tlife,\tleaving\tus\tsuffering\tfrom\tfrets,\tangst, and\tgarden\tvariety\tworries\u2014or\tat\tpathological\textreme,\tfrom\tpanic\tattacks, phobias,\tor\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder. Say\tyou're\talone\tone\tnight\tat\thome,\treading\ta\tbook,\twhen\tsuddenly\tyou\thear\ta crash\tin\tanother\troom.\tWhat\thappens\tin\tyour\tbrain\tover\tthe\tnext\tmoments\toffers a\twindow\tinto\tthe\tneural\tcircuitry\tof\tfear,\tand\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tas\tan alarm\tsystem.\tThe\tfirst\tbrain\tcircuit\tinvolved\tsimply\ttakes\tin\tthat\tsound\tas\traw physical\twaves\tand\ttransforms\tthem\tinto\tthe\tlanguage\tof\tthe\tbrain\tto\tstartle\tyou into\talertness.\tThis\tcircuit\tgoes\tfrom\tthe\tear\tto\tthe\tbrainstem\tand\tthen\tto\tthe thalamus.\tFrom\tthere\ttwo\tbranches\tseparate:\ta\tsmaller\tbundle\tof\tprojections leads\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tthe\tnearby\thippocampus;\tthe\tother,\tlarger\tpathway leads\tto\tthe\tauditory\tcortex\tin\tthe\ttemporal\tlobe,\twhere\tsounds\tare\tsorted\tout and\tcomprehended. The\thippocampus,\ta\tkey\tstorage\tsite\tfor\tmemory,\tquickly\tsorts\tthat\t\\\"crash\\\" against\tother\tsimilar\tsounds\tyou've\theard,\tto\tsee\tif\tit\tis\tfamiliar\u2014is\tthis\t\\\"crash\\\" one\tthat\tyou\timmediately\trecognize?\tMeanwhile\tthe\tauditory\tcortex\tis\tdoing\ta more\tsophisticated\tanalysis\tof\tthe\tsound\tto\ttry\tto\tunderstand\tits\tsource\u2014is\tit\tthe cat?\tA\tshutter\tbanging\tin\tthe\twind?\tA\tprowler?\tThe\tauditory\tcortex\tcomes\tup","cat?\tA\tshutter\tbanging\tin\tthe\twind?\tA\tprowler?\tThe\tauditory\tcortex\tcomes\tup with\tits\thypothesis\u2014it\tmight\tbe\tthe\tcat\tknocking\ta\tlamp\toff\tthe\ttable,\tsay,\tbut\tit might\talso\tbe\ta\tprowler\u2014and\tsends\tthat\tmessage\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tand hippocampus,\twhich\tquickly\tcompare\tit\tto\tsimilar\tmemories. If\tthe\tconclusion\tis\treassuring\t(it's\tonly\tthe\tshutter\tthat\tbangs\twhenever\tit\tgets too\twindy)\tthen\tthe\tgeneral\talert\tdoes\tnot\tescalate\tto\tthe\tnext\tlevel.\tBut\tif\tyou are\tstill\tunsure,\tanother\tcoil\tof\tcircuitry\treverberating\tbetween\tamygdala, hippocampus,\tand\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tfurther\theightens\tyour\tuncertainty\tand fixates\tyour\tattention,\tmaking\tyou\teven\tmore\tconcerned\tabout\tidentifying\tthe source\tof\tthe\tsound.\tIf\tno\tsatisfying\tanswer\tcomes\tfrom\tthis\tfurther\tkeen analysis,\tthe\tamygdala\ttriggers\tan\talarm,\tits\tcentral\tarea\tactivating\tthe hypothalamus,\tthe\tbrainstem,\tand\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\tsystem. The\tsuperb\tarchitecture\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tas\ta\tcentral\talarm\tsystem\tfor\tthe brain\tbecomes\tevident\tin\tthis\tmoment\tof\tapprehension\tand\tsubliminal\tanxiety. The\tseveral\tbundles\tof\tneurons\tin\tthe\tamygdala\teach\thave\ta\tdistinct\tset\tof projections\twith\treceptors\tprimed\tfor\tdifferent\tneurotransmitters,\tsomething\tlike those\thome\talarm\tcompanies\twhere\toperators\tstand\tat\tthe\tready\tto\tsend\tout\tcalls to\tthe\tlocal\tfire\tdepartment,\tpolice,\tand\ta\tneighbor\twhenever\ta\thome\tsecurity system\tsignals\ttrouble. Different\tparts\tof\tthe\tamygdala\treceive\tdiffering\tinformation.\tTo\tthe amygdala's\tlateral\tnucleus\tcome\tprojections\tfrom\tthe\tthalamus\tand\tauditory\tand visual\tcortices.\tSmells,\tvia\tthe\tolfactory\tbulb,\tcome\tto\tthe\tcorticomedial\tarea\tof the\tamygdala,\tand\ttastes\tand\tmessages\tfrom\tthe\tviscera\tgo\tto\tthe\tcentral\tarea. These\tincoming\tsignals\tmake\tthe\tamygdala\ta\tcontinual\tsentinel,\tscrutinizing every\tsensory\texperience. From\tthe\tamygdala\tprojections\textend\tout\tto\tevery\tmajor\tpart\tof\tthe\tbrain. From\tthe\tcentral\tand\tmedial\tareas\ta\tbranch\tgoes\tto\tthe\tareas\tof\tthe hypothalamus\tthat\tsecrete\tthe\tbody's\temergency-response\tsubstance, corticotropm-releasing\thormone\t(CRH),\twhich\tmobilizes\tthe\tfight-or-flight reaction\tvia\ta\tcascade\tof\tother\thormones.\tThe\tamygdala's\tbasal\tarea\tsends\tout branches\tto\tthe\tcorpus\tstriatum,\tlinking\tinto\tthe\tbrain's\tsystem\tfor\tmovement. And,\tvia\tthe\tnearby\tcentral\tnucleus,\tthe\tamygdala\tsends\tsignals\tto\tthe\tautonomic nervous\tsystem\tvia\tthe\tmedulla,\tactivating\ta\twide\trange\tof\tfar-flung\tresponses\tin the\tcardiovascular\tsystem,\tthe\tmuscles,\tand\tthe\tgut. From\tthe\tamygdala's\tbasolateral\tarea,\tarms\tgo\tto\tthe\tcingulate\tcortex\tand\tto the\tfibers\tknown\tas\tthe\t\\\"central\tgray,\\\"\tcells\tthat\tregulate\tthe\tlarge\tmuscles\tof\tthe skeleton.\tIt\tis\tthese\tcells\tthat\tmake\ta\tdog\tsnarl\tor\tthat\tarch\tthe\tback\tof\ta\tcat threatening\tan\tinterloper\ton\tits\tterritory.\tIn\thumans\tthese\tsame\tcircuits\ttighten","threatening\tan\tinterloper\ton\tits\tterritory.\tIn\thumans\tthese\tsame\tcircuits\ttighten the\tmuscles\tof\tthe\tvocal\tcords,\tcreating\tthe\thigh-pitched\tvoice\tof\tfright. Still\tanother\tpathway\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tleads\tto\tthe\tlocus\tceruleus\tin\tthe brainstem,\twhich\tin\tturn\tmanufactures\tnorepinephrine\t(also\tcalled\t\\\"nor- adrenaline\\\")\tand\tdisperses\tit\tthroughout\tthe\tbrain.\tThe\tnet\teffect\tof norepinephrine\tis\tto\theighten\tthe\toverall\treactivity\tof\tthe\tbrain\tareas\tthat\treceive it,\tmaking\tthe\tsensory\tcircuits\tmore\tsensitive.\tNorepinephrine\tsuffuses\tthe cortex,\tthe\tbrainstem,\tand\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\titself,\tin\tessence\tsetting\tthe\tbrain\ton edge.\tNow\teven\tthe\tordinary\tcreaking\tof\tthe\thouse\tcan\tsend\ta\ttremor\tof\tfear coursing\tthrough\tyou.\tMost\tof\tthese\tchanges\tgo\ton\toutside\tawareness,\tso\tthat you\tare\tnot\tyet\taware\tyou\tfeel\tfear. But\tas\tyou\tbegin\tto\tactually\tfeel\tfear\u2014that\tis,\tas\tthe\tanxiety\tthat\thad\tbeen unconscious\tpierces\tawareness\u2014the\tamygdala\tseamlessly\tcommands\ta\twide- ranging\tresponse.\tIt\tsignals\tcells\tin\tthe\tbrainstem\tto\tput\ta\tfearful\texpression\ton your\tface,\tmake\tyou\tedgy\tand\teasily\tstartled,\tfreeze\tunrelated\tmovements\tyour muscles\thad\tunderway,\tspeed\tyour\theart\trate\tand\traise\tyour\tblood\tpressure,\tand slow\tyour\tbreathing\t(you\tmay\tnotice\tyourself\tsuddenly\tholding\tyour\tbreath when\tyou\tfirst\tfeel\tfearful,\tall\tthe\tbetter\tto\thear\tmore\tclearly\twhat\tit\tis\tyou\tare fearful\tof).\tThat\tis\tonly\tone\tpart\tof\ta\twide,\tcarefully\tcoordinated\tarray\tof changes\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tconnected\tareas\torchestrate\tas\tthey\tcommandeer\tthe brain\tin\ta\tcrisis. Meanwhile\tthe\tamygdala,\talong\twith\tthe\tinterconnected\thippocampus,\tdirects the\tcells\tthat\tsend\tkey\tneurotransmitters,\tfor\texample,\tto\ttrigger\treleases\tof dopamine\tthat\tlead\tto\tthe\triveting\tof\tattention\ton\tthe\tsource\tof\tyour\tfear\u2014the strange\tsounds\u2014and\tput\tyour\tmuscles\tat\treadiness\tto\treact\taccordingly.\tAt\tthe same\ttime\tthe\tamygdala\tsignals\tsensory\tareas\tfor\tvision\tand\tattention,\tmaking sure\tthat\tthe\teyes\tseek\tout\twhatever\tis\tmost\trelevant\tto\tthe\temergency\tat\thand. Simultaneously\tcortical\tmemory\tsystems\tare\treshuffled\tso\tthat\tknowledge\tand memories\tmost\trelevant\tto\tthe\tparticular\temotional\turgency\twill\tbe\tmost\treadily recalled,\ttaking\tprecedence\tover\tother\tless\trelevant\tstrands\tof\tthought. Once\tthese\tsignals\thave\tbeen\tsent,\tyou\tare\tpitched\tinto\tfull-fledged\tfear:\tyou become\taware\tof\tthe\tcharacteristic\ttightness\tin\tyour\tgut,\tyour\tspeeding\theart,\tthe tightening\tof\tthe\tmuscles\taround\tyour\tneck\tand\tshoulders\tor\tthe\ttrembling\tof your\tlimbs;\tyour\tbody\tfreezes\tin\tplace\tas\tyou\tstrain\tyour\tattention\tto\thear\tany further\tsounds,\tand\tyour\tmind\traces\twith\tpossible\tlurking\tdangers\tand\tways\tto respond.\tThis\tentire\tsequence\u2014from\tsurprise\tto\tuncertainty\tto\tapprehension\tto fear\u2014can\tbe\ttelescoped\twithin\ta\tsecond\tor\tso.\t(For\tmore\tinformation,\tsee Jerome\tKagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy.\tNew\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1994.)","APPENDIX\tD W.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium:\tActive\tIngredients of\tPrevention\tPrograms \t Key\tingredients\tof\teffective\tprograms\tinclude: EMOTIONAL\tSKILLS \t \u2022\tIdentifying\tand\tlabeling\tfeelings \u2022\tExpressing\tfeelings \u2022\tAssessing\tthe\tintensity\tof\tfeelings\t\u2022\tManaging\tfeelings \u2022\tDelaying\tgratification \u2022\tControlling\timpulses \u2022\tReducing\tstress \u2022\tKnowing\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tfeelings\tand\tactions COGNITIVE\tSKILLS \u2022\tSelf-talk\u2014conducting\tan\t\\\"inner\tdialogue\\\"\tas\ta\tway\tto\tcope\twith\ta\ttopic\tor challenge\tor\treinforce\tone's\town\tbehavior\t\u2022\tReading\tand\tinterpreting\tsocial cues\u2014for\texample,\trecognizing\tsocial\tinfluences\ton\tbehavior\tand\tseeing oneself\tin\tthe\tperspective\tof\tthe\tlarger\tcommunity\t\u2022\tUsing\tsteps\tfor\tproblem- solving\tand\tdecision-making\u2014for\tinstance,\tcontrolling\timpulses,\tsetting\tgoals, identifying\talternative\tactions,\tanticipating\tconsequences\t\u2022\tUnderstanding\tthe perspective\tof\tothers\t\u2022\tUnderstanding\tbehavioral\tnorms\t(what\tis\tand\tis\tnot acceptable\tbehavior)\t\u2022\tA\tpositive\tattitude\ttoward\tlife \u2022\tSelf-awareness\u2014for\texample,\tdeveloping\trealistic\texpectations\tabout\toneself BEHAVIORAL\tSKILLS \u2022\tNonverbal\u2014communicating\tthrough\teye\tcontact,\tfacial\texpressiveness,\ttone of\tvoice,\tgestures,\tand\tso\ton\t\u2022\tVerbal\u2014making\tclear\trequests,\tresponding effectively\tto\tcriticism,\tresisting\tnegative\tinfluences,\tlistening\tto\tothers, helping\tothers,\tparticipating\tin\tpositive\tpeer\tgroups","","SOURCE:\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium\ton\tthe\tSchool-Based\tPromotion\tof\tSocial\tCompetence,\t\\\"Drug\tand Alcohol\tPrevention\tCurricula,\\\"\tin\tJ.\tDavid\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\tCommunities\tThat\tCare\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey- Bass,\t1992).","APPENDIX\tF Social\tand\tEmotional\tLearning:\tResults \t Child\tDevelopment\tProject Eric\tSchaps,\tDevelopment\tStudies\tCenter,\tOakland,\tCalifornia. Evaluation\tin\tschools\tin\tNorthern\tCalifornia,\tgrades\tK-6;\trating\tby independent\tobservers,\tcomparing\twith\tcontrol\tschools. \t RESULTS: \t \u2022\tmore\tresponsible \u2022\tmore\tassertive \u2022\tmore\tpopular\tand\toutgoing \u2022\tmore\tprosocial\tand\thelpful \u2022\tbetter\tunderstanding\tof\tothers \u2022\tmore\tconsiderate,\tconcerned \u2022\tmore\tprosocial\tstrategies\tfor\tinterpersonal\tproblem-solving\t\u2022\tmore harmonious \u2022\tmore\t\\\"democratic\\\" \u2022\tbetter\tconflict-resolution\tskills SOURCES:\tE.\tSchaps\tand\tV.\tBattistich,\t\\\"Promoting\tHealth\tDevelopment\tThrough\tSchool-Based Prevention:\tNew\tApproaches,\\\"\tOSAP\tPrevention\tMonograph,\tno.\t8:\tPreventing\tAdolescent\tDrug\tUse: From\tTheory\tto\tPractice.\tEric\tGopelrud\t(ed.),\tRockville,\tMD:\tOffice\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\tPrevention,\tU.S. Dept.\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\t1991. D.\tSolomon,\tM.\tWatson,\tV.\tBattistich,\tE.\tSchaps,\tand\tK.\tDelucchi,\t\\\"Creating a\tCaring\tCommunity:\tEducational\tPractices\tThat\tPromote\tChildren's\tProsocial Development,\\\"\tin\tF.\tK.\tOser,\tA.\tDick,\tand\tJ.-L.\tPatry,\teds.,\tEffective\tand Responsible\tTeaching:\tThe\tNew\tSynthesis\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1992).","Paths Mark\tGreenberg,\tFast\tTrack\tProject,\tUniversity\tof\tWashington. Evaluated\tin\tschools\tin\tSeattle,\tgrades\t1-5;\tratings\tby\tteachers,\tcomparing matched\tcontrol\tstudents\tamong\t1)\tregular\tstudents,\t2)\tdeaf\tstudents,\t3)\tspecial- education\tstudents. \t RESULTS: \u2022\tImprovement\tin\tsocial\tcognitive\tskills\t\u2022\tImprovement\tin\temotion,\trecognition, and\tunderstanding\t\u2022\tBetter\tself-control \u2022\tBetter\tplanning\tfor\tsolving\tcognitive\ttasks\t\u2022\tMore\tthinking\tbefore\tacting \u2022\tMore\teffective\tconflict\tresolution\t\u2022\tMore\tpositive\tclassroom\tatmosphere SPECIAL-NEEDS\tSTUDENTS: Improved\tclassroom\tbehavior\ton:\t\u2022\tFrustration\ttolerance \u2022\tAssertive\tsocial\tskills \u2022\tTask\torientation \u2022\tPeer\tskills \u2022\tSharing \u2022\tSociability \u2022\tSelf-control \t IMPROVED\tEMOTIONAL\tUNDERSTANDING: \t \u2022\tRecognition \u2022\tLabeling \u2022\tDecreases\tin\tself-reports\tof\tsadness\tand\tdepression\t\u2022\tDecrease\tin\tanxiety\tand withdrawal SOURCES:\tConduct\tProblems\tResearch\tGroup,\t\\\"A\tDevelopmental\tand\tClinical\tModel\tfor\tthe\tPrevention of\tConduct\tDisorder:\tThe\tFast\tTrack\tProgram,\\\"\tDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\t4\t(1992). M.\tT.\tGreenberg\tand\tC.\tA.\tKusche,\tPromoting\tSocial\tand\tEmotional Development\tin\tDeaf\tChildren:\tThe\tPATHS\tProject\t(Seattle:\tUniversity\tof Washington\tPress,\t1993).","M.\tT.\tGreenberg,\tC.\tA.\tKusche,\tE.\tT.\tCook,\tand\tJ.\tP.\tQuamma,\t\\\"Promoting Emotional\tCompetence\tin\tSchool-Aged\tChildren:\tThe\tEffects\tof\tthe\tPATHS Curriculum,\\\"\tDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\t7\t(1995). Seattle\tSocial\tDevelopment\tProject J.\tDavid\tHawkins,\tSocial\tDevelopment\tResearch\tGroup,\tUniversity\tof Washington\tEvaluated\tin\tSeattle\telementary\tand\tmiddle\tschools\tby\tindependent testing\tand\tobjective\tstandards,\tin\tcomparison\tto\tnonprogram\tschools. RESULTS: \u2022\tMore\tpositive\tattachment\tto\tfamily\tand\tschool\t\u2022\tBoys\tless\taggressive,\tgirls less\tself-destructive\t\u2022\tFewer\tsuspensions\tand\texpulsions\tamong\tlow-achieving students\t\u2022\tLess\tdrug-use\tinitiation \u2022\tLess\tdelinquency \u2022\tBetter\tscores\ton\tstandardized\tachievement\ttests SOURCES:\tE.\tSchaps\tand\tV.\tBattistich,\t\\\"Promoting\tHealth\tDevelopment\tThrough\tSchool-Based Prevention:\tNew\tApproaches,\\\"\tOSAP\tPrevention\tMonograph,\tno.\t8:\tPreventing\tAdolescent\tDrug\tUse: From\tTheory\tto\tPractice.\tEric\tGopelrud\t(ed.),\tRockville,\tMD:\tOffice\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\tPrevention,\tU.S. Dept.\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\t1991. J.\tD.\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tSeattle\tSocial\tDevelopment\tProject,\\\"\tin\tJ.\tMcCord and\tR.\tTremblay,\teds.,\tThe\tPrevention\tof\tAntisocial\tBehavior\tin\tChildren\t(New York:\tGuil-ford,\t1992). J.\tD.\tHawkins,\tE.\tVon\tCleve,\tand\tR.\tF.\tCatalano,\t\\\"Reducing\tEarly\tChildhood Aggression:\tResults\tof\ta\tPrimary\tPrevention\tProgram,\t\\\"Journal\tof\tthe\tAmerican Academy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\t30,\t2\t(1991),\tpp.\t208-17. J.\tA.\tO'Donnell,\tJ.\tD.\tHawkins,\tR.\tF.\tCatalano,\tR.\tD.\tAbbott,\tand\tL.\tE.\tDay, \\\"Preventing\tSchool\tFailure,\tDrug\tUse,\tand\tDelinquency\tAmong\tLow-Income Children:\tEffects\tof\ta\tLong-Term\tPrevention\tProject\tin\tElementary\tSchools,\\\" American\tJournal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\t65\t(1994). Yale-New\tHaven\tSocial\tCompetence\tPromotion\tProgram Roger\tWeissberg,\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tat\tChicago\tEvaluated\tin\tNew\tHaven Public\tSchools,\tgrades\t5-8,\tby\tindependent\tobservations\tand\tstudent\tand\tteacher reports,\tcompared\twith\tcontrol\tgroup. RESULTS: \u2022\tImproved\tproblem-solving\tskills \u2022\tMore\tinvolvement\twith\tpeers","\u2022\tMore\tinvolvement\twith\tpeers \u2022\tBetter\timpulse\tcontrol \u2022\tImproved\tbehavior \u2022\tImproved\tinterpersonal\teffectiveness\tand\tpopularity\t\u2022\tEnhanced\tcoping\tskills \u2022\tMore\tskill\tin\thandling\tinterpersonal\tproblems\t\u2022\tBetter\tcoping\twith\tanxiety \u2022\tLess\tdelinquent\tbehaviors \u2022\tBetter\tconflict-resolution\tskills SOURCES:\tM.\tJ.\tElias\tand\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\t\\\"School-Based\tSocial\tCompetence\tPromotion\tas\ta\tPrimary Prevention\tStrategy:\tA\tTale\tof\tTwo\tProjects,\\\"\tPrevention\tin\tHuman\tServices\t7,\t1\t(1990),\tpp.\t177-200. M.\tCaplan,\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\tJ.\tS.\tGrober,\tP.\tJ.\tSivo,\tK.\tGrady,\tand\tC.\tJacoby, \\\"Social\tCompetence\tPromotion\twith\tInner-City\tand\tSuburban\tYoung Adolescents:\tEffects\tof\tSocial\tAdjustment\tand\tAlcohol\tUse,\\\"\tJournal\tof Consulting\tand\tClinical\tPsychology\t60,\t1\t(1992),\tpp.\t56-63. Resolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram\tLinda\tLantieri,\tNational\tCenter\tfor Resolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram\t(an\tinitiative\tof\tEducators\tfor\tSocial Responsibility),\tNew\tYork\tCity\tEvaluated\tin\tNew\tYork\tCity\tschools,\tgrades\tK- 12,\tby\tteachers'\tratings,\tpre-and\tpost-program. RESULTS: \u2022\tLess\tviolence\tin\tclass \u2022\tFewer\tverbal\tput-downs\tin\tclass \u2022\tMore-caring\tatmosphere \u2022\tMore\twillingness\tto\tcooperate \u2022\tMore\tempathy \u2022\tImproved\tcommunication\tskills \t SOURCE:\tMetis\tAssociates,\tInc.,\tThe\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram:\t1988-1989.\tSummary\tof Significant\tFindings\tof\tRCCP\tNew\tYork\tSite\t(New\tYork:\tMetis\tAssociates,\tMay\t1990). The\tImproving\tSocial\tAwareness-Social\tProblem\tSolving\tProject\tMaurice\tElias, Rutgers\tUniversity Evaluated\tin\tNew\tJersey\tschools,\tgrades\tK-6,\tby\tteacher\tratings,\tpeer assessments,\tand\tschool\trecords,\tcompared\tto\tnonparticipants. RESULTS: \u2022\tMore\tsensitive\tto\tothers'\tfeelings\t\u2022\tBetter\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tconsequences of\ttheir\tbehavior\t\u2022\tIncreased\tability\tto\t\\\"size\tup\\\"\tinterpersonal\tsituations\tand plan\tappropriate\tactions\t\u2022\tHigher\tself-esteem","plan\tappropriate\tactions\t\u2022\tHigher\tself-esteem \u2022\tMore\tprosocial\tbehavior \u2022\tSought\tout\tby\tpeers\tfor\thelp \u2022\tBetter\thandled\tthe\ttransition\tto\tmiddle\tschool\t\u2022\tLess\tantisocial,\tself- destructive,\tand\tsocially\tdisordered\tbehavior,\teven\twhen\tfollowed\tup\tinto\thigh school\t\u2022\tImproved\tlearning-to-learn\tskills\t\u2022\tBetter\tself-control,\tsocial awareness,\tand\tsocial\tdecision-making\tin\tand\tout\tof\tthe\tclassroom SOURCES:\tM.\tJ.\tElias,\tM.\tA.\tGara,\tT.\tR\tSchuyler,\tL.\tR.\tBranden-Muller,\tand\tM.\tA.\tSayette,\t\\\"The Promotion\tof\tSocial\tCompetence:\tLongitudinal\tStudy\tof\ta\tPreventive\tSchool-Based\tProgram,\\\"\tAmerican Journal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\t61\t(1991),\tpp.\t409-17. M.\tJ.\tElias\tand\tJ.\tClabby,\tBuilding\tSocial\tProblem\tSolving\tSkills:\tGuidelines From\ta\tSchool-Based\tProgram\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1992).","Notes","PART\tONE:\tTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tBRAIN Chapter\t1.\tWhat\tAre\tEmotions\tFor? \t 1.\tAssociated\tPress,\tSeptember\t15,\t1993. 2.\tThe\ttimelessness\tof\tthis\ttheme\tof\tselfless\tlove\tis\tsuggested\tby\thow\tpervasive\tit\tis\tin\tworld\tmyth:\tThe Jataka\ttales,\ttold\tthroughout\tmuch\tof\tAsia\tfor\tmillennia,\tall\tnarrate\tvariations\ton\tsuch\tparables\tof\tself- sacrifice. 3.\tAltruistic\tlove\tand\thuman\tsurvival:\tThe\tevolutionary\ttheories\tthat\tposit\tthe\tadaptive\tadvantages\tof altruism\tare\twell-summarized\tin\tMalcolm\tSlavin\tand\tDaniel\tKriegman,\tThe\tAdaptive\tDesign\tof\tthe Human\tPsyche\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1992). 4.\tMuch\tof\tthis\tdiscussion\tis\tbased\ton\tPaul\tEkman's\tkey\tessay,\t\\\"An\tArgument\tfor\tBasic\tEmotions,\\\" Cognition\tand\tEmotion,\t6,\t1992,\tpp.\t169-200.\tThis\tpoint\tis\tfrom\tP.\tN.\tJohnson-Laird\tand\tK.\tOatley's essay\tin\tthe\tsame\tissue\tof\tthe\tjournal. 5.\tThe\tshooting\tof\tMatilda\tCrabtree:\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes,\tNov.\t11,\t1994. 6.\tOnly\tin\tadults:\tAn\tobservation\tby\tPaul\tEkman,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco. 7.\tBody\tchanges\tin\temotions\tand\ttheir\tevolutionary\treasons:\tSome\tof\tthe\tchanges\tare\tdocumented\tin Robert\tW.\tLevenson,\tPaul\tEkman,\tand\tWallace\tV.\tFriesen,\t\\\"Voluntary\tFacial\tAction\tGenerates Emotion-Specific\tAutonomous\tNervous\tSystem\tActivity,\\\"\tPsychophysiology,\t27,\t1990.\tThis\tlist\tis culled\tfrom\tthere\tand\tother\tsources.\tAt\tthis\tpoint\tsuch\ta\tlist\tremains\tspeculative\tto\ta\tdegree;\tthere\tis scientific\tdebate\tover\tthe\tprecise\tbiological\tsignature\tof\teach\temotion,\twith\tsome\tresearchers\ttaking\tthe position\tthat\tthere\tis\tfar\tmore\toverlap\tthan\tdifference\tamong\temotions,\tor\tthat\tour\tpresent\tability\tto measure\tthe\tbiological\tcorrelates\tof\temotion\tis\ttoo\timmature\tto\tdistinguish\tamong\tthem\treliably.\tFor this\tdebate\tsee:\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\teds.,\tFundamental\tQuestions\tAbout\tEmotions\t(New York:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994). 8.\tAs\tPaul\tEkman\tputs\tit,\t\\\"Anger\tis\tthe\tmost\tdangerous\temotion;\tsome\tof\tthe\tmain\tproblems\tdestroying society\tthese\tdays\tinvolve\tanger\trun\tamok.\tIt's\tthe\tleast\tadaptive\temotion\tnow\tbecause\tit\tmobilizes\tus to\tfight.\tOur\temotions\tevolved\twhen\twe\tdidn't\thave\tthe\ttechnology\tto\tact\tso\tpowerfully\ton\tthem.\tIn prehistoric\ttimes,\twhen\tyou\thad\tan\tinstantaneous\trage\tand\tfor\ta\tsecond\twanted\tto\tkill\tsomeone,\tyou couldn't\tdo\tit\tvery\teasily\u2014but\tnow\tyou\tcan.\\\" 9.\tErasmus\tof\tRotterdam,\tIn\tPraise\tof\tFolly,\ttrans.\tEddie\tRadice\t(London:\tPenguin,\t1971),\tp.\t87. 10.\tSuch\tbasic\tresponses\tdefined\twhat\tmight\tpass\tfor\tthe\t\\\"emotional\tlife\\\"\u2014more\taptly,\tan\t\\\"instinct\tlife\\\"\u2014 of\tthese\tspecies.\tMore\timportant\tin\tevolutionary\tterms,\tthese\tare\tthe\tdecisions\tcrucial\tto\tsurvival;\tthose animals\tthat\tcould\tdo\tthem\twell,\tor\twell\tenough,\tsurvived\tto\tpass\ton\ttheir\tgenes.\tIn\tthese\tearly\ttimes, mental\tlife\twas\tbrutish:\tthe\tsenses\tand\ta\tsimple\trepertoire\tof\treactions\tto\tthe\tstimuli\tthey\treceived\tgot\ta lizard,\tfrog,\tbird,\tor\tfish\u2014and,\tperhaps,\ta\tbrontosaurus\u2014through\tthe\tday.\tBut\tthis\trunt\tbrain\tdid\tnot\tyet","allow\tfor\twhat\twe\tthink\tof\tas\tan\temotion. 11.\tThe\tlimbic\tsystem\tand\temotions:\tR.\tJoseph,\t\\\"The\tNaked\tNeuron:\tEvolution\tand\tthe\tLanguages\tof\tthe Brain\tand\tBody,\\\"\tNew\tYork:\tPlenum\tPublishing,\t1993;\tPaul\tD.\tMacLean,\tThe\tTriune\tBrain\tin Evolution\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum,\t1990). 12.\tRhesus\tinfants\tand\tadaptability:\t\\\"Aspects\tof\temotion\tconserved\tacross\tspecies,\\\"\tNed\tKalin,\tM.D., Departments\tof\tPsychology\tand\tPsychiatry,\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin,\tprepared\tfor\tthe\tMacArthur Affective\tNeuroscience\tMeeting,\tNov.,\t1992. \t Chapter\t2.\tAnatomy\tof\tan\tEmotional\tHijacking \t 1.\tThe\tcase\tof\tthe\tman\twith\tno\tfeelings\twas\tdescribed\tby\tR.\tJoseph,\top.\tcit.\tp.\t83.\tOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tthere may\tbe\tsome\tvestiges\tof\tfeeling\tin\tpeople\twho\tlack\tan\tamygdala\t(see\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tRichard Davidson,\teds.,\tQuestions\tAbout\tEmotion.\tNew\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994).\tThe\tdifferent findings\tmay\thinge\ton\texactly\twhich\tparts\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tand\trelated\tcircuits\twere\tmissing;\tthe\tlast word\ton\tthe\tdetailed\tneurology\tof\temotion\tis\tfar\tfrom\tin. 2.\tLike\tmany\tneuroscientists,\tLeDoux\tworks\tat\tseveral\tlevels,\tstudying,\tfor\tinstance,\thow\tspecific\tlesions in\ta\trat's\tbrain\tchange\tits\tbehavior;\tpainstakingly\ttracing\tthe\tpath\tof\tsingle\tneurons;\tsetting\tup\telaborate experiments\tto\tcondition\tfear\tin\trats\twhose\tbrains\thave\tbeen\tsurgically\taltered.\tHis\tfindings,\tand\tothers reviewed\there,\tare\tat\tthe\tfrontier\tof\texploration\tin\tneuroscience,\tand\tso\tremain\tsomewhat\tspeculative\u2014 particularly\tthe\timplications\tthat\tseem\tto\tflow\tfrom\tthe\traw\tdata\tto\tan\tunderstanding\tof\tour\temotional life.\tBut\tLeDoux's\twork\tis\tsupported\tby\ta\tgrowing\tbody\tof\tconverging\tevidence\tfrom\ta\tvariety\tof neuroscientists\twho\tare\tsteadily\tlaying\tbare\tthe\tneural\tunderpinnings\tof\temotions.\tSee,\tfor\texample, Joseph\tLeDoux,\t\\\"Sensory\tSystems\tand\tEmotion,\\\"\tIntegrative\tPsychiatry,\t4,\t1986;\tJoseph\tLeDoux, \\\"Emotion\tand\tthe\tLimbic\tSystem\tConcept,\\\"\tConcepts\tin\tNeuroscience,\t2,1992. 3.\tThe\tidea\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\tas\tthe\tbrain's\temotional\tcenter\twas\tintroduced\tby\tneurologist\tPaul MacLean\tmore\tthan\tforty\tyears\tago.\tIn\trecent\tyears\tdiscoveries\tlike\tLeDoux's\thave\trefined\tthe\tlimbic system\tconcept,\tshowing\tthat\tsome\tof\tits\tcentral\tstructures\tlike\tthe\thippocampus\tare\tless\tdirectly involved\tin\temotions,\twhile\tcircuits\tlinking\tother\tparts\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2014particularly\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\u2014 to\tthe\tamygdala\tare\tmore\tcentral.\tBeyond\tthat,\tthere\tis\ta\tgrowing\trecognition\tthat\teach\temotion\tmay call\ton\tdistinct\tbrain\tareas.\tThe\tmost\tcurrent\tthinking\tis\tthat\tthere\tis\tnot\ta\tneatly\tdefined\tsingle \\\"emotional\tbrain,\\\"\tbut\trather\tseveral\tsystems\tof\tcircuits\tthat\tdisperse\tthe\tregulation\tof\ta\tgiven\temotion to\tfarflung,\tbut\tcoordinated,\tparts\tof\tthe\tbrain.\tNeuroscientists\tspeculate\tthat\twhen\tthe\tfull\tbrain mapping\tof\tthe\temotions\tis\taccomplished,\teach\tmajor\temotion\twill\thave\tits\town\ttopography,\ta\tdistinct map\tof\tneuronal\tpathways\tdetermining\tits\tunique\tqualities,\tthough\tmany\tor\tmost\tof\tthese\tcircuits\tare likely\tto\tbe\tinterlinked\tat\tkey\tjunctures\tin\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem,\tlike\tthe\tamygdala,\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex. See\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\\\"Emotional\tMemory\tSystems\tin\tthe\tBrain,\\\"\tBehavioral\tand\tBrain\tResearch, 58,1993. 4.\tBrain\tcircuitry\tof\tdifferent\tlevels\tof\tfear:\tThis\tanalysis\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\texcellent\tsynthesis\tin\tJerome Kagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1994). 5.\tI\twrote\tabout\tJoseph\tLeDoux's\tresearch\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\ton\tAugust\t15,1989.\tThe\tdiscussion\tin this\tchapter\tis\tbased\ton\tinterviews\twith\thim,\tand\tseveral\tof\this\tarticles,\tincluding\tJoseph\tLeDoux, \\\"Emotional\tMemory\tSystems\tin\tthe\tBrain,\\\"\tBehavioural\tBrain\tResearch,\t58,1993;\tJoseph\tLeDoux,","\\\"Emotion,\tMemory\tand\tthe\tBrain,\\\"\tScientific\tAmerican,\tJune,\t1994;\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\\\"Emotion\tand\tthe Limbic\tSystem\tConcept,\\\"\tConcepts\tin\tNeuroscience,\t2,\t1992. 6.\tUnconscious\tpreferences:\tWilliam\tRaft\tKunst-Wilson\tand\tR.\tB.\tZajonc,\t\\\"Affective\tDiscrimination\tof Stimuli\tThat\tCannot\tBe\tRecognized,\\\"\tScience\t(Feb.\t1,\t1980). 7.\tUnconscious\topinion:\tJohn\tA.\tBargh,\t\\\"First\tSecond:\tThe\tPreconscious\tin\tSocial\tInteractions,\\\"\tpresented at\tthe\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tSociety,\tWashington,\tDC\t(June\t1994). 8.\tEmotional\tmemory:\tLarry\tCahill\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Beta-adrenergic\tactivation\tand\tmemory\tfor\temotional\tevents,\\\" Nature\t(Oct.\t20,\t1994). 9.\tPsychoanalytic\ttheory\tand\tbrain\tmaturation:\tthe\tmost\tdetailed\tdiscussion\tof\tthe\tearly\tyears\tand\tthe emotional\tconsequences\tof\tbrain\tdevelopment\tis\tAllan\tSchore,\tAffect\tRegulation\tand\tthe\tOrigin\tof\tSelf (Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\t1994). 10.\tDangerous,\teven\tif\tyou\tdon't\tknow\twhat\tit\tis:\tLeDoux,\tquoted\tin\t\\\"How\tScary\tThings\tGet\tThat\tWay,\\\" Science\t(Nov.\t6,\t1992),\tp.\t887. 11.\tMuch\tof\tthis\tspeculation\tabout\tthe\tfine-tuning\tof\temotional\tresponse\tby\tthe\tneocortex\tcomes\tfrom\tNed Kalin,\top.\tcit. 12.\tA\tcloser\tlook\tat\tthe\tneuroanatomy\tshows\thow\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tact\tas\temotional\tmanagers.\tMuch evidence\tpoints\tto\tpart\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tas\ta\tsite\twhere\tmost\tor\tall\tcortical\tcircuits\tinvolved\tin\tan emotional\treaction\tcome\ttogether.\tIn\thumans,\tthe\tstrongest\tconnections\tbetween\tneocortex\tand amygdala\trun\tto\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe\tand\tthe\ttemporal\tlobe\tbelow\tand\tto\tthe\tside\tof\tthe\tfrontal\tlobe (the\ttemporal\tlobe\tis\tcritical\tin\tidentifying\twhat\tan\tobject\tis).\tBoth\tthese\tconnections\tare\tmade\tin\ta single\tprojection,\tsuggesting\ta\trapid\tand\tpowerful\tpathway,\ta\tvirtual\tneural\thighway.\tThe\tsingle-neuron projection\tbetween\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex\truns\tto\tan\tarea\tcalled\tthe\torbitofrontal\tcortex. This\tis\tthe\tarea\tthat\tseems\tmost\tcritical\tfor\tassessing\temotional\tresponses\tas\twe\tare\tin\tthe\tmidst\tof\tthem and\tmaking\tmid-course\tcorrections. The\torbitofrontal\tcortex\tboth\treceives\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tand\thas\tits\town\tintricate,\textensive web\tof\tprojections\tthroughout\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain.\tThrough\tthis\tweb\tit\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tregulating\temotional responses\u2014including\tinhibiting\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\tas\tthey\treach\tother\tareas\tof\tthe\tcortex, thus\ttoning\tdown\tthe\tneural\turgency\tof\tthose\tsignals.\tThe\torbitofrontal\tcortex's\tconnections\tto\tthe limbic\tbrain\tare\tso\textensive\tthat\tsome\tneuroanatomists\thave\tcalled\tit\ta\tkind\tof\t\\\"limbic\tcortex\\\"\u2014the thinking\tpart\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain.\tSee\tNed\tKalin,\tDepartments\tof\tPsychology\tand\tPsychiatry, University\tof\tWisconsin,\t\\\"Aspects\tof\tEmotion\tConserved\tAcross\tSpecies,\\\"\tan\tunpublished\tmanuscript prepared\tfor\tthe\tMacArthur\tAffective\tNeuroscience\tMeeting,\tNovember,\t1992;\tand\tAllan\tSchore, Affect\tRegulation\tand\tthe\tOrigin\tof\tSelf\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\t1994). There\tis\tnot\tonly\ta\tstructural\tbridge\tbetween\tamygdala\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex,\tbut,\tas\talways,\ta biochemical\tone:\tboth\tthe\tventromedial\tsection\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tand\tthe\tamygdala\tare\tespecially high\tin\tconcentrations\tof\tchemical\treceptors\tfor\tthe\tneurotransmitter\tserotonin.\tThis\tbrain\tchemical seems,\tamong\tother\tthings,\tto\tprime\tcooperation:\tmonkeys\twith\textremely\thigh\tdensity\tof\treceptors\tfor serotonin\tin\tthe\tprefrontal-amygdala\tcircuit\tare\t\\\"socially\twell-tuned,\\\"\twhile\tthose\twith\tlow concentrations\tare\thostile\tand\tantagonistic.\tSee\tAntonio\tDamosio,\tDescartes'\tError\t(New\tYork: Grosset\/Putnam,\t1994). 13.\tAnimal\tstudies\tshow\tthat\twhen\tareas\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tare\tlesioned,\tso\tthat\tthey\tno\tlonger modulate\temotional\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tlimbic\tarea,\tthe\tanimals\tbecome\terratic,\timpulsively\tand unpredictably\texploding\tin\trage\tor\tcringing\tin\tfear.\tA.\tR.\tLuria,\tthe\tbrilliant\tRussian\tneuropsychologist, proposed\tas\tlong\tago\tas\tthe\t1930s\tthat\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\twas\tkey\tfor\tself-control\tand\tconstraining","emotional\toutbursts;\tpatients\twho\thad\tdamage\tto\tthis\tarea,\the\tnoted,\twere\timpulsive\tand\tprone\tto flareups\tof\tfear\tand\tanger.\tAnd\ta\tstudy\tof\ttwo\tdozen\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\thad\tbeen\tconvicted\tof impulsive,\theat-of-passion\tmurders\tfound,\tusing\tPET\tscans\tfor\tbrain\timaging,\tthat\tthey\thad\ta\tmuch lower\tthan\tusual\tlevel\tof\tactivity\tin\tthese\tsame\tsections\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex. 14.\tSome\tof\tthe\tmain\twork\ton\tlesioned\tlobes\tin\trats\twas\tdone\tby\tVictor\tDermenberg,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe University\tof\tConnecticut. 15.\tLeft\themisphere\tlesions\tand\tjoviality:\tG.\tGianotti,\t\\\"Emotional\tbehavior\tand\themispheric\tside\tof\tlesion,\\\" Cortex,\t8,1972. 16.\tThe\tcase\tof\tthe\thappier\tstroke\tpatient\twas\treported\tby\tMary\tK.\tMorris,\tof\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tNeurology at\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tFlorida,\tat\tthe\tInternational\tNeuro-physiological\tSociety\tMeeting,\tFebruary\t13- 16,1991,\tin\tSan\tAntonio. 17.\tPrefrontal\tcortex\tand\tworking\tmemory:\tLynn\tD.\tSelemon\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Prefrontal\tCortex,\\\"\tAmerican\tJournal of\tPsychiatry,\t152,1995. 18.\tFaulty\tfrontal\tlobes:\tPhilip\tHarden\tand\tRobert\tPihl,\t\\\"Cognitive\tFunction,\tCardiovascular\tReactivity, and\tBehavior\tin\tBoys\tat\tHigh\tRisk\tfor\tAlcoholism,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology,\t104,1995. 19.\tPrefrontal\tcortex:\tAntonio\tDamasio,\tDescartes'\tError:\tEmotion,\tReason\tand\tthe\tHuman\tBrain\t(New York:\tGrosset\/Putnam,\t1994). \t PART\tTWO:\tTHE\tNATURE\tOF\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE \t Chapter\t3.\tWhen\tSmart\tIs\tDumb \t 1.\tJason\tH.'s\tstory\twas\treported\tin\t\\\"Warning\tby\ta\tValedictorian\tWho\tFaced\tPrison,\\\"\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork Times\t(June\t23,1992). 2.\tOne\tobserver\tnotes:\tHoward\tGardner,\t\\\"Cracking\tOpen\tthe\tIQ\tBox,\\\"\tThe\tAmerican\tProspect,\tWinter 1995. 3.\tRichard\tHerrnstein\tand\tCharles\tMurray,\tThe\tBell\tCurve:\tIntelligence\tand\tClass\tStructure\tin\tAmerican Life\t(New\tYork:\tFree\tPress,\t1994),\tp.\t66. 4.\tGeorge\tVaillant,\tAdaptation\tto\tLife\t(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1977).\tThe\taverage\tSAT\tscore\tof\tthe Harvard\tgroup\twas\t584,\ton\ta\tscale\twhere\t800\tis\ttops.\tDr.\tVaillant,\tnow\tat\tHarvard\tUniversity\tMedical School,\ttold\tme\tabout\tthe\trelatively\tpoor\tpredictive\tvalue\tof\ttest\tscores\tfor\tlife\tsuccess\tin\tthis\tgroup\tof advantaged\tmen. 5.\tJ.\tK.\tFelsman\tand\tG.\tE.\tVaillant,\t\\\"Resilient\tChildren\tas\tAdults:\tA\t40-Year\tStudy,\\\"\tin\tE.\tJ.\tAnderson and\tB.\tJ.\tCohler,\teds.,\tThe\tInvulnerable\tChild\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987). 6.\tKaren\tArnold,\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy\tof\tvaledictorians\twith\tTerry\tDenny\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois,\twas quoted\tin\tThe\tChicago\tTribune\t(May\t29,1992). 7.\tProject\tSpectrum:\tPrincipal\tcolleagues\tof\tGardner\tin\tdeveloping\tProject\tSpectrum\twere\tMara","Krechevsky\tand\tDavid\tFeldman. 8.\tI\tinterviewed\tHoward\tGardner\tabout\this\ttheory\tof\tmultiple\tintelligences\tin\t\\\"Rethinking\tthe\tValue\tof Intelligence\tTests,\\\"\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tEducation\tSupplement\t(Nov.\t3,1986)\tand\tseveral\ttimes since. 9.\tThe\tcomparison\tof\tIQ\ttests\tand\tSpectrum\tabilities\tis\treported\tin\ta\tchapter,\tcoauthored\twith\tMara Krechevsky,\tin\tHoward\tGardner,\tMultiple\tIntelligences:\tThe\tTheory\tin\tPractice\t(New\tYork:\tBasic Books,\t1993). 10.\tThe\tnutshell\tsummary\tis\tfrom\tHoward\tGardner,\tMultiple\tIntelligences,\tp.\t9. 11.\tHoward\tGardner\tand\tThomas\tHatch,\t\\\"Multiple\tIntelligences\tGo\tto\tSchool,\\\"\tEducational\tResearcher\tIS, 8\t(1989). 12.\tThe\tmodel\tof\temotional\tintelligence\twas\tfirst\tproposed\tin\tPeter\tSalovey\tand\tJohn\tD.\tMayer, \\\"Emotional\tIntelligence,\\\"\tImagination,\tCognition,\tand\tPersonality\t9\t(1990),\tpp.\t185-211. 13.\tPractical\tintelligence\tand\tpeople\tskills:\tRobert\tJ.\tSternberg,\tBeyond\tI.Q.\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge University\tPress,\t1985). 14.\tThe\tbasic\tdefinition\tof\t\\\"emotional\tintelligence\\\"\tis\tin\tSalovey\tand\tMayer,\t\\\"Emotional\tIntelligence,\\\"\tp. 189. 15.\tIQ\tvs.\temotional\tintelligence:\tJack\tBlock,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley,\tunpublished\tmanuscript, February,\t1995.\tBlock\tuses\tthe\tconcept\t\\\"ego\tresilience\\\"\trather\tthan\temotional\tintelligence,\tbut\tnotes that\tits\tmain\tcomponents\tinclude\temotional\tself-regulation,\tan\tadaptive\timpulse\tcontrol,\ta\tsense\tof\tself- efficacy,\tand\tsocial\tintelligence.\tSince\tthese\tare\tmain\telements\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tego\tresilience can\tbe\tseen\tas\ta\tsurrogate\tmeasure\tfor\temotional\tintelligence,\tmuch\tlike\tSAT\tscores\tare\tfor\tIQ.\tBlock analyzed\tdata\tfrom\ta\tlongitudinal\tstudy\tof\tabout\ta\thundred\tmen\tand\twomen\tin\ttheir\tteen\tyears\tand\tearly twenties,\tand\tused\tstatistical\tmethods\tto\tassess\tthe\tpersonality\tand\tbehavioral\tcorrelates\tof\thigh\tIQ independent\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tand\temotional\tintelligence\tapart\tfrom\tIQ.\tThere\tis,\the\tfinds,\ta modest\tcorrelation\tbetween\tIQ\tand\tego\tresilience,\tbut\tthe\ttwo\tare\tindependent\tconstructs. \t Chapter\t4.\tKnow\tThyself \t 1.\tMy\tusage\tof\tself-awareness\trefers\tto\ta\tself-reflexive,\tintrospective\tattention\tto\tone's\town\texperience, sometimes\tcalled\tmindfulness. 2.\tSee\talso:\tJon\tKabat-Zinn,\tWherever\tYou\tGo,\tThere\tYou\tAre\t(New\tYork:\tHyperion,\t1994). 3.\tThe\tobserving\tego:\tAn\tinsightful\tcomparison\tof\tthe\tpsychoanalyst's\tattentional\tstance\tand\tself- awareness\tappears\tin\tMark\tEpstein's\tThoughts\tWithout\ta\tThinker\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1995). Epstein\tnotes\tthat\tif\tthis\tability\tis\tcultivated\tdeeply,\tit\tcan\tdrop\tthe\tself-consciousness\tof\tthe\tobserver and\tbecome\ta\t\\\"more\tflexible\tand\tbraver\t'developed\tego,'\tcapable\tof\tembracing\tall\tof\tlife.\\\" 4.\tWilliam\tStyron,\tDarkness\tVisible:\tA\tMemoir\tof\tMadness\t(New\tYork:\tRandom\tHouse,\t1990),\tp.\t64. 5.\tJohn\tD.\tMayer\tand\tAlexander\tStevens,\t\\\"An\tEmerging\tUnderstanding\tof\tthe\tReflective\t(Meta) Experience\tof\tMood,\\\"\tunpublished\tmanuscript\t(1993). 6.\tMayer\tand\tStevens,\t\\\"An\tEmerging\tUnderstanding.\\\"\tSome\tof\tthe\tterms\tfor\tthese\temotional\tself-","awareness\tstyles\tare\tmy\town\tadaptations\tof\ttheir\tcategories. 7.\tThe\tintensity\tof\temotions:\tMuch\tof\tthis\twork\twas\tdone\tby\tor\twith\tRandy\tLarsen,\ta\tformer\tgraduate student\tof\tDiener's\tnow\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMichigan. 8.\tGary,\tthe\temotionally\tbland\tsurgeon,\tis\tdescribed\tin\tHillel\tI.\tSwiller,\t\\\"Alexithymia:\tTreatment\tUtilizing Combined\tIndividual\tand\tGroup\tPsychotherapy,\\\"\tInternational\tJournal\tfor\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\t38,\t1 (1988),\tpp.\t47-61. 9.\tEmotional\tilliterate\twas\tthe\tterm\tused\tby\tM.\tB.\tFreedman\tand\tB.\tS.\tSweet,\t\\\"Some\tSpecific\tFeatures\tof Group\tPsychotherapy,\\\"\tInternational\tJournal\tfor\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\t4\t(1954),\tpp.\t335-68. 10.\tThe\tclinical\tfeatures\tof\talexithymia\tare\tdescribed\tin\tGraeme\tJ.\tTaylor,\t\\\"Alexithymia:\tHistory\tof\tthe Concept,\\\"\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychiatric\tAssociation\tin Washington,\tDC\t(May\t1986). 11.\tThe\tdescription\tof\talexithymia\tis\tfrom\tPeter\tSifneos,\t\\\"Affect,\tEmotional\tConflict,\tand\tDeficit:\tAn Overview,\\\"\tPsychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\t56\t(1991),\tpp.\t116-22. 12.\tThe\twoman\twho\tdid\tnot\tknow\twhy\tshe\twas\tcrying\tis\treported\tin\tH.\tWarnes,\t\\\"Alexithymia,\tClinical\tand Therapeutic\tAspects,\\\"\tPsychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\t46\t(1986),\tpp.\t96-104. 13.\tRole\tof\temotions\tin\treasoning:\tDamasio,\tDescartes'\tError. 14.\tUnconscious\tfear:\tThe\tsnake\tstudies\tare\tdescribed\tin\tKagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy. \t Chapter\t5.\tPassion's\tSlaves \t 1.\tFor\tdetails\ton\tthe\tratio\tof\tpositive\tto\tnegative\tfeelings\tand\twell-being,\tsee\tEd\tDiener\tand\tRandy\tJ. Larsen,\t\\\"The\tExperience\tof\tEmotional\tWell-Being,\\\"\tin\tMichael\tLewis\tand\tJeannette\tHaviland,\teds., Handbook\tof\tEmotions\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 2.\tI\tinterviewed\tDiane\tTice\tabout\ther\tresearch\ton\thow\twell\tpeople\tshake\toff\tbad\tmoods\tin\tDecember 1992.\tShe\tpublished\ther\tfindings\ton\tanger\tin\ta\tchapter\tshe\twrote\twith\ther\thusband,\tRoy\tBaumeister,\tin Daniel\tWegner\tand\tJames\tPennebaker,\teds.,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\tv.\t5\t(Englewood\tCliffs,\tNJ: Prentice-Hall,\t1993). 3.\tBill\tcollectors:\talso\tdescribed\tin\tArlie\tHochschild,\tThe\tManaged\tHeart\t(New\tYork:\tFree\tPress,\t1980). 4.\tThe\tcase\tagainst\tanger,\tand\tfor\tself-control,\tis\tbased\tlargely\ton\tDiane\tTice\tand\tRoy\tF.\tBaumeister, \\\"Controlling\tAnger:\tSelf-Induced\tEmotion\tChange,\\\"\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental Control.\tBut\tsee\talso\tCarol\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion\t(New\tYork:\tTouchstone,\t1989). 5.\tThe\tresearch\ton\trage\tis\tdescribed\tin\tDolf\tZillmann,\t\\\"Mental\tControl\tof\tAngry\tAggression,\\\"\tin\tWegner and\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl. 6.\tThe\tsoothing\twalk:\tquoted\tin\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion,\tp.\t135. 7.\tRedford\tWilliams's\tstrategies\tfor\tcontrolling\thostility\tare\tdetailed\tin\tRedford\tWilliams\tand\tVirginia Williams,\tAnger\tKills\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks,\t1993). 8.\tVenting\tanger\tdoes\tnot\tdispel\tit:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tS.\tK.\tMallick\tand\tB.\tR.\tMcCandless,\t\\\"A\tStudy\tof","Catharsis\tAggression,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t4\t(1966).\tFor\ta\tsummary\tof\tthis research,\tsee\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion. 9.\tWhen\tlashing\tout\tin\tanger\tis\teffective:\tTavris,\tAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion. 10.\tThe\twork\tof\tworrying:\tLizabeth\tRoemer\tand\tThomas\tBorkovec,\t\\\"Worry:\tUnwanted\tCognitive\tActivity That\tControls\tUnwanted\tSomatic\tExperience,\\\"\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental Control. 11.\tFear\tof\tgerms:\tDavid\tRiggs\tand\tEdna\tFoa,\t\\\"Obsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\\\"\tin\tDavid\tBarlow,\ted., Clinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 12.\tThe\tworried\tpatient\twas\tquoted\tin\tRoemer\tand\tBorkovec,\t\\\"Worry,\\\"\tp.\t221. 13.\tTherapies\tfor\tanxiety\tdisorder:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tDavid\tH.\tBarlow,\ted.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof Psychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 14.\tStyron's\tdepression:\tWilliam\tStyron,\tDarkness\tVisible:\tA\tMemoir\tof\tMadness\t(New\tYork:\tRandom House,\t1990). 15.\tThe\tworries\tof\tthe\tdepressed\tare\treported\tin\tSusan\tNolen-Hoeksma,\t\\\"Sex\tDifferences\tin\tControl\tof Depression,\\\"\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl,\tp.\t307. 16.\tTherapy\tfor\tdepression:\tK.\tS.\tDobson,\t\\\"A\tMeta-analysis\tof\tthe\tEfficacy\tof\tCognitive\tTherapy\tfor Depression,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tConsulting\tand\tClinical\tPsychology\t57\t(1989). 17.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tdepressed\tpeople's\tthought\tpatterns\tis\treported\tin\tRichard\tWenzlaff,\t\\\"The\tMental\tControl of\tDepression,\\\"\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\tHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl. 18.\tShelley\tTaylor\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Maintaining\tPositive\tIllusions\tin\tthe\tFace\tof\tNegative\tInformation,\\\"\tJournal\tof Clinical\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t8\t(1989). 19.\tThe\trepressing\tcollege\tstudent\tis\tfrom\tDaniel\tA.\tWeinberger,\t\\\"The\tConstruct\tValidity\tof\tthe\tRepressive Coping\tStyle,\\\"\tin\tJ.\tL.\tSinger,\ted.,\tRepression\tand\tDissociation\t(Chicago:\tUniversity\tof\tChicago\tPress, 1990).\tWeinberger,\twho\tdeveloped\tthe\tconcept\tof\trepressors\tin\tearly\tstudies\twith\tGary\tF.\tSchwartz\tand Richard\tDavidson,\thas\tbecome\tthe\tleading\tresearcher\ton\tthe\ttopic. \t Chapter\t6.\tThe\tMaster\tAptitude \t 1.\tThe\tterror\tof\tthe\texam:\tDaniel\tGoleman,\tVital\tLies,\tSimple\tTruths:\tThe\tPsychology\tof\tSelf-Deception (New\tYork:\tSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1985). 2.\tWorking\tmemory:\tAlan\tBaddeley,\tWorking\tMemory\t(Oxford:\tClarendon\tPress,\t1986). 3.\tPrefrontal\tcortex\tand\tworking\tmemory:\tPatricia\tGoldman-Rakic,\t\\\"Cellular\tand\tCircuit\tBasis\tof Working\tMemory\tin\tPrefrontal\tCortex\tof\tNonhuman\tPrimates,\\\"\tProgress\tin\tBrain\tResearch,\t85,\t1990; Daniel\tWeinberger,\t\\\"A\tConnectionist\tApproach\tto\tthe\tPrefrontal\tCortex,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tNeuropsychiatry\t5 (1993). 4.\tMotivation\tand\telite\tperformance:\tAnders\tEricsson,\t\\\"Expert\tPerformance:\tIts\tStructure\tand Acquisition,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Aug.\t1994). 5.\tAsian\tIQ\tadvantage:\tHerrnstein\tand\tMurray,\tThe\tBell\tCurve. 6.\tIQ\tand\toccupation\tof\tAsian-Americans:\tJames\tFlynn,\tAsian-American\tAchievement\tBeyond\tIQ\t(New","Jersey:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1991). 7.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tdelay\tof\tgratification\tin\tfour-year-olds\twas\treported\tin\tYuichi\tShoda,\tWalter\tMischel,\tand Philip\tK.\tPeake,\t\\\"Predicting\tAdolescent\tCognitive\tand\tSelf-regulatory\tCompetencies\tFrom\tPreschool Delay\tof\tGratification,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology,\t26,\t6\t(1990),\tpp.\t978-86. 8.\tSAT\tscores\tof\timpulsive\tand\tself-controlled\tchildren:\tThe\tanalysis\tof\tSAT\tdata\twas\tdone\tby\tPhil Peake,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tSmith\tCollege. 9.\tIQ\tvs.\tdelay\tas\tpredictors\tof\tSAT\tscores:\tpersonal\tcommunication\tfrom\tPhil\tPeake,\tpsychologist\tat Smith\tCollege,\twho\tanalyzed\tthe\tSAT\tdata\tin\tWalter\tMischel's\tstudy\tof\tdelay\tof\tgratification. 10.\tImpulsivity\tand\tdelinquency:\tSee\tthe\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\\\"On\tthe\tRelation\tBetween\tIQ, Impulsivity,\tand\tDelinquency,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t104\t(1995). 11.\tThe\tworried\tmother:\tTimothy\tA.\tBrown\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Generalized\tAnxiety\tDisorder,\\\"\tin\tDavid\tH.\tBarlow, ed.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 12.\tAir\ttraffic\tcontrollers\tand\tanxiety:\tW.\tE.\tCollins\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Relationships\tof\tAnxiety\tScores\tto\tAcademy and\tField\tTraining\tPerformance\tof\tAir\tTraffic\tControl\tSpecialists,\\\"\tFAA\tOffice\tof\tAviation\tMedicine Reports\t(May\t1989). 13.\tAnxiety\tand\tacademic\tperformance:\tBettina\tSeipp,\t\\\"Anxiety\tand\tAcademic\tPerformance:\tA\tMeta- analysis,\\\"\tAnxiety\tResearch\t4,\t1\t(1991). 14.\tWorriers:\tRichard\tMetzger\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Worry\tChanges\tDecision-making:\tThe\tEffects\tof\tNegative\tThoughts on\tCognitive\tProcessing,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tClinical\tPsychology\t(Jan.\t1990). 15.\tRalph\tHaber\tand\tRichard\tAlpert,\t\\\"Test\tAnxiety,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t13 (1958). 16.\tAnxious\tstudents:\tTheodore\tChapin,\t\\\"The\tRelationship\tof\tTrait\tAnxiety\tand\tAcademic\tPerformance\tto Achievement\tAnxiety,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tCollege\tStudent\tDevelopment\t(May\t1989). 17.\tNegative\tthoughts\tand\ttest\tscores:\tJohn\tHunsley,\t\\\"Internal\tDialogue\tDuring\tAcademic\tExaminations,\\\" Cognitive\tTherapy\tand\tResearch\t(Dec.\t1987). 18.\tThe\tinternists\tgiven\ta\tgift\tof\tcandy:\tAlice\tIsen\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tInfluence\tof\tPositive\tAffect\ton\tClinical Problem\tSolving,\\\"\tMedical\tDecision\tMaking\t(July-Sept.\t1991). 19.\tHope\tand\ta\tbad\tgrade:\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tWill\tand\tthe\tWays:\tDevelopment\tand\tValidation\tof\tan Individual-Differences\tMeasure\tof\tHope,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t60,\t4\t(1991), p.\t579. 20.\tI\tinterviewed\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Dec.\t24,\t1991). 21.\tOptimistic\tswimmers:\tMartin\tSeligman,\tLearned\tOptimism\t(New\tYork:\tKnopf,\t1991). 22.\tA\trealistic\tvs.\tnaive\toptimism:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tCarol\tWhalen\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Optimism\tin\tChildren's Judgments\tof\tHealth\tand\tEnvironmental\tRisks,\\\"\tHealth\tPsychology\t13\t(1994). 23.\tI\tinterviewed\tMartin\tSeligman\tabout\toptimism\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Feb.\t3,1987). 24.\tI\tinterviewed\tAlbert\tBandura\tabout\tself-efficacy\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes(Mzy\t8,1988). 25.\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi,\t\\\"Play\tand\tIntrinsic\tRewards,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tHumanistic\tPsychology\t15,\t3 (1975). 26.\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi,\tFlow:\tThe\tPsychology\tof\tOptimal\tExperience,\t1st\ted.\t(New\tYork:\tHarper\tand Row,\t1990). 27.\t\\\"Like\ta\twaterfall\\\":\tNewsweek\t(Feb.\t28,\t1994). 28.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Mar.\t4,\t1986). 29.\tThe\tbrain\tin\tflow:\tJean\tHamilton\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Intrinsic\tEnjoyment\tand\tBoredom\tCoping\tScales:\tValidation With\tPersonality,\tEvoked\tPotential\tand\tAttention\tMeasures,\\\"\tPersonality\tand\tIndividual\tDifferences\t5,","2\t(1984). 30.\tCortical\tactivation\tand\tfatigue:\tErnest\tHartmann,\tThe\tFunctions\tof\tSleep\t(New\tHaven:\tYale\tUniversity Press,\t1973). 31.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(MM.\t22,\t1992). 32.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tflow\tand\tmath\tstudents:\tJeanne\tNakamura,\t\\\"Optimal\tExperience\tand\tthe\tUses\tof\tTalent,\\\" in\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi\tand\tIsabella\tCsikszentmihalyi,\tOptimal\tExperience:\tPsychological\tStudies of\tFlow\tin\tConsciousness\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1988). \t Chapter\t7.\tThe\tRoots\tof\tEmpathy \t 1.\tSelf-awareness\tand\tempathy:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tJohn\tMayer\tand\tMelissa\tKirkpatrick,\t\\\"Hot\tInformation- Processing\tBecomes\tMore\tAccurate\tWith\tOpen\tEmotional\tExperience,\\\"\tUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire, unpublished\tmanuscript\t(Oct.\t1994);\tRandy\tLarsen\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Cognitive\tOperations\tAssociated\tWith Individual\tDifferences\tin\tAffect\tIntensity,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t53\t(1987). 2.\tRobert\tRosenthal\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tPONS\tTest:\tMeasuring\tSensitivity\tto\tNonverbal\tCues,\\\"\tin\tP.\tMcReynolds, ed.,\tAdvances\tin\tPsychological\tAssessment\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1977). 3.\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\t\\\"A\tMeasure\tof\tNonverbal\tSocial\tProcessing\tAbility\tin\tChildren Between\tthe\tAges\tof\t6\tand\t10,\\\"\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tSociety\tmeeting\t(1989). 4.\tThe\tmothers\twho\tacted\tas\tresearchers\twere\ttrained\tby\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn\tZahn-Waxler at\tthe\tLaboratory\tof\tDevelopmental\tPsychology,\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental\tHealth. 5.\tI\twrote\tabout\tempathy,\tits\tdevelopmental\troots,\tand\tits\tneurology\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Mar.\t28, 1989). 6.\tInstilling\tempathy\tin\tchildren:\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn\tZahn-Waxler,\t\\\"Roots,\tMotives\tand Patterns\tin\tChildren's\tProsocial\tBehavior,\\\"\tin\tErvin\tStaub\tet\tal.,\teds.,\tDevelopment\tand\tMaintenance\tof Prosocial\tBehavior\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum,\t1984). 7.\tDaniel\tStern,\tThe\tInterpersonal\tWorld\tof\tthe\tInfant\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1987),\tp.\t30. 8.\tStern,\top.\tcit. 9.\tThe\tdepressed\tinfants\tare\tdescribed\tin\tJeffrey\tPickens\tand\tTiffany\tField,\t\\\"Facial\tExpressivity\tin\tInfants of\tDepressed\tMothers,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t29,\t6\t(1993). 10.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tviolent\trapists'\tchildhoods\twas\tdone\tby\tRobert\tPrentky,\ta\tpsychologist\tin\tPhiladelphia. 11.\tEmpathy\tin\tborderline\tpatients:\t\\\"Giftedness\tand\tPsychological\tAbuse\tin\tBorderline\tPersonality Disorder:\tTheir\tRelevance\tto\tGenesis\tand\tTreatment,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tDisorders\t6\t(1992). 12.\tLeslie\tBrothers,\t\\\"A\tBiological\tPerspective\ton\tEmpathy,\\\"\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\t146,\t1\t(1989). 13.\tBrothers,\t\\\"A\tBiological\tPerspective,\\\"\tp.\t16. 14.\tPhysiology\tof\tempathy:\tRobert\tLevenson\tand\tAnna\tRuef,\t\\\"Empathy:\tA\tPhysiological\tSubstrate,\\\" Journal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t63,\t2\t(1992). 15.\tMartin\tL.\tHoffman,\t\\\"Empathy,\tSocial\tCognition,\tand\tMoral\tAction,\\\"\tin\tW.\tKurtines\tand\tJ.\tGerwitz,","eds.,\tMoral\tBehavior\tand\tDevelopment:\tAdvances\tin\tTheory,\tResearch,\tand\tApplications\t(New\tYork: John\tWiley\tand\tSons,\t1984). 16.\tStudies\tof\tthe\tlink\tbetween\tempathy\tand\tethics\tare\tin\tHoffman,\t\\\"Empathy,\tSocial\tCognition,\tand\tMoral Action.\\\" 17.\tI\twrote\tabout\tthe\temotional\tcycle\tthat\tculminates\tin\tsex\tcrimes\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Apr.\t14,\t1992). The\tsource\tis\tWilliam\tPithers,\ta\tpsychologist\twith\tthe\tVermont\tDepartment\tof\tCorrections. 18.\tThe\tnature\tof\tpsychopathy\tis\tdescribed\tin\tmore\tdetail\tin\tan\tarticle\tI\twrote\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\ton July\t7,1987.\tMuch\tof\twhat\tI\twrite\there\tcomes\tfrom\tthe\twork\tof\tRobert\tHare,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe University\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\tan\texpert\ton\tpsychopaths. 19.\tLeon\tBing,\tDo\tor\tDie\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1991). 20.\tWife\tbatterers:\tNeil\tS.\tJacobson\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Affect,\tVerbal\tContent,\tand\tPsychophysiology\tin\tthe Arguments\tof\tCouples\tWith\ta\tViolent\tHusband,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\t(July 1994). 21.\tPsychopaths\thave\tno\tfear\u2014the\teffect\tis\tseen\tas\tcriminal\tpsychopaths\tare\tabout\tto\treceive\ta\tshock:\tOne of\tthe\tmore\trecent\treplications\tof\tthe\teffect\tis\tChristopher\tPatrick\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Emotion\tin\tthe\tCriminal Psychopath:\tFear\tImage\tProcessing,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t103\t(1994). \t Chapter\t8.\tThe\tSocial\tArts \t 1.\tThe\texchange\tbetween\tJay\tand\tLen\twas\treported\tby\tJudy\tDunn\tand\tJane\tBrown\tin\t\\\"Relationships,\tTalk About\tFeelings,\tand\tthe\tDevelopment\tof\tAffect\tRegulation\tin\tEarly\tChildhood,\\\"\tJudy\tGarber\tand Kenneth\tA.\tDodge,\teds.,\tThe\tDevelopment\tof\tEmotion\tRegulation\tand\tDysregulation\t(Cambridge: Cambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\tThe\tdramatic\tflourishes\tare\tmy\town. 2.\tThe\tdisplay\trules\tare\tin\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tWallace\tFriesen,\tUnmasking\tthe\tFace\t(Englewood\tCliffs,\tNJ: Prentice\tHall,\t1975). 3.\tMonks\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tbattle:\tthe\tstory\tis\ttold\tby\tDavid\tBusch\tin\t\\\"Culture\tCul-de-Sac,\\\"\tArizona\tState University\tResearch\t(Spring\/Summer\t1994). 4.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tmood\ttransfer\twas\treported\tby\tEllen\tSullins\tin\tthe\tApril\t1991\tissue\tof\tthe\tPersonality\tand Social\tPsychology\tBulletin. 5.\tThe\tstudies\tof\tmood\ttransmission\tand\tsynchrony\tare\tby\tFrank\tBernieri,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tOregon\tState University;\tI\twrote\tabout\this\twork\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes.\tMuch\tof\this\tresearch\tis\treported\tin\tBernieri and\tRobert\tRosenthal,\t\\\"Interpersonal\tCoordination,\tBehavior\tMatching,\tand\tInterpersonal\tSynchrony,\\\" in\tRobert\tFeldman\tand\tBernard\tRime,\teds.,\tFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal\tBehavior\t(Cambridge: Cambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991). 6.\tThe\tentrainment\ttheory\tis\tproposed\tby\tBernieri\tand\tRosenthal,\tFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal\tBehavior. 7.\tThomas\tHatch,\t\\\"Social\tIntelligence\tin\tYoung\tChildren,\\\"\tpaper\tdelivered\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe American\tPsychological\tAssociation\t(1990). 8.\tSocial\tchameleons:\tMark\tSnyder,\t\\\"Impression\tManagement:\tThe\tSelf\tin\tSocial\tInteraction,\\\"\tin\tL.\tS. Wrightsman\tand\tK.\tDeaux,\tSocial\tPsychology\tin\tthe\t'80s\t(Monterey,\tCA:\tBrooks\/Cole,\t1981).","9.\tE.\tLakin\tPhillips,\tThe\tSocial\tSkills\tBasis\tof\tPsychopathology\t(New\tYork:\tGrune\tand\tStratton,\t1978),\tp. 140. 10.\tNonverbal\tlearning\tdisorders:\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\tHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho\tDoesn't\tFit In\t(Atlanta:\tPeachtree\tPublishers,\t1992).\tSee\talso\tByron\tRourke,\tNonverbal\tLearning\tDisabilities\t(New York:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1989). 11.\tNowicki\tand\tDuke,\tHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho\tDoesn't\tFit\tIn. 12.\tThis\tvignette,\tand\tthe\treview\tof\tresearch\ton\tentering\ta\tgroup,\tis\tfrom\tMartha\tPutallaz\tand\tAviva Wasserman,\t\\\"Children's\tEntry\tBehavior,\\\"\tin\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tJohn\tCoie,\teds.,\tPeer\tRejection\tin Childhood\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1990). 13.\tPutallaz\tand\tWasserman,\t\\\"Children's\tEntry\tBehavior.\\\" 14.\tHatch,\t\\\"Social\tIntelligence\tin\tYoung\tChildren.\\\" 15.\tTerry\tDobson's\ttale\tof\tthe\tJapanese\tdrunk\tand\tthe\told\tman\tis\tused\tby\tpermission\tof\tDobson's\testate.\tIt is\talso\tretold\tby\tRam\tDass\tand\tPaul\tGorman,\tHow\tCan\tI\tHelp?\t(New\tYork:\tAlfred\tA.\tKnopf,\t1985), pp.\t167-71.","PART\tTHREE:\tEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE\tAPPLIED Chapter\t9.\tIntimate\tEnemies \t 1.\tThere\tare\tmany\tways\tto\tcalculate\tthe\tdivorce\trate,\tand\tthe\tstatistical\tmeans\tused\twill\tdetermine\tthe outcome.\tSome\tmethods\tshow\tthe\tdivorce\trate\tpeaking\tat\taround\t50\tpercent\tand\tthen\tdipping\ta\tbit. When\tdivorces\tare\tcalculated\tby\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear,\tthe\trate\tappears\tto\thave\tpeaked\tin\tthe 1980s.\tBut\tthe\tstatistics\tI\tcite\there\tcalculate\tnot\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdivorces\tthat\toccur\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear,\tbut rather\tthe\todds\tthat\ta\tcouple\tmarrying\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear\twill\teventually\thave\ttheir\tmarriage\tend\tin\tdivorce. That\tstatistic\tshows\ta\tclimbing\trate\tof\tdivorce\tover\tthe\tlast\tcentury.\tFor\tmore\tdetail:\tJohn\tGottman, What\tPredicts\tDivorce:\tThe\tRelationship\tBetween\tMarital\tProcesses\tand\tMarital\tOutcomes\t(Hillsdale, NJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\tInc.,\t1993). 2.\tThe\tseparate\tworlds\tof\tboys\tand\tgirls:\tEleanor\tMaccoby\tand\tC.\tN.\tJacklin,\t\\\"Gender\tSegregation\tin Childhood,\\\"\tin\tH.\tReese,\ted.,\tAdvances\tin\tChild\tDevelopment\tand\tBehavior\t(New\tYork:\tAcademic Press,\t1987). 3.\tSame-sex\tplaymates:\tJohn\tGottman,\t\\\"Same\tand\tCross\tSex\tFriendship\tin\tYoung\tChildren,\\\"\tin\tJ. Gottman\tand\tJ.\tParker,\teds.,\tConversation\tof\tFriends\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1986). 4.\tThis\tand\tthe\tfollowing\tsummary\tof\tsex\tdifferences\tin\tsocialization\tof\temotions\tare\tbased\ton\tthe excellent\treview\tin\tLeslie\tR.\tBrody\tand\tJudith\tA.\tHall,\t\\\"Gender\tand\tEmotion,\\\"\tin\tMichael\tLewis\tand Jeannette\tHaviland,\teds.,\tHandbook\tof\tEmotions\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 5.\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\\\"Gender\tand\tEmotion,\\\"\tp.\t456. 6.\tGirls\tand\tthe\tarts\tof\taggression:\tRobert\tB.\tCairns\tand\tBeverley\tD.\tCairns,\tLifelines\tand\tRisks\t(New York:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994). 7.\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\\\"Gender\tand\tEmotion,\\\"\tp.\t454. 8.\tThe\tfindings\tabout\tgender\tdifferences\tin\temotion\tare\treviewed\tin\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\\\"Gender\tand Emotion.\\\" 9.\tThe\timportance\tof\tgood\tcommunication\tfor\twomen\twas\treported\tin\tMark\tH.\tDavis\tand\tH.\tAlan Oathout,\t\\\"Maintenance\tof\tSatisfaction\tin\tRomantic\tRelationships:\tEmpathy\tand\tRelational Competence,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t53,\t2\t(1987),\tpp.\t397-410. 10.\tThe\tstudy\tof\thusbands'\tand\twives'\tcomplaints:\tRobert\tJ.\tSternberg,\t\\\"Triangulating\tLove,\\\"\tin\tRobert Sternberg\tand\tMichael\tBarnes,\teds.,\tThe\tPsychology\tof\tLove\t(New\tHaven:\tYale\tUniversity\tPress, 1988). 11.\tReading\tsad\tfaces:\tThe\tresearch\tis\tby\tDr.\tRuben\tC.\tGur\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania\tSchool\tof Medicine. 12.\tThe\texchange\tbetween\tFred\tand\tIngrid\tis\tfrom\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce,\tp.\t84.","13.\tThe\tmarital\tresearch\tby\tJohn\tGottman\tand\tcolleagues\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tis\tdescribed\tin more\tdetail\tin\ttwo\tbooks:\tJohn\tGottman,\tWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail\t(New\tYork:\tSimon\tand Schuster,\t1994),\tand\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 14.\tStonewalling:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 15.\tPoisonous\tthoughts:\tAaron\tBeck,\tLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough\t(New\tYork:\tHarper\tand\tRow,\t1988),\tpp.\t145- 46. 16.\tThoughts\tin\ttroubled\tmarriages:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 17.\tThe\tdistorted\tthinking\tof\tviolent\thusbands\tis\tdescribed\tin\tAmy\tHoltzworth-Munroe\tand\tGlenn Hutchinson,\t\\\"Attributing\tNegative\tIntent\tto\tWife\tBehavior:\tThe\tAttributions\tof\tMaritally\tViolent Versus\tNonviolent\tMen,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t102,\t2\t(1993),\tpp.\t206-11.\tThe suspiciousness\tof\tsexually\taggressive\tmen:\tNeil\tMalamuth\tand\tLisa\tBrown,\t\\\"Sexually\tAggressive Men's\tPerceptions\tof\tWomen's\tCommunications,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t67 (1994). 18.\tBattering\thusbands:\tThere\tare\tthree\tkinds\tof\thusbands\twho\tbecome\tviolent:\tthose\twho\trarely\tdo,\tthose who\tdo\tso\timpulsively\twhen\tthey\tget\tangered,\tand\tthose\twho\tdo\tso\tin\ta\tcool,\tcalculated\tmanner. Therapy\tseems\thelpful\tonly\twith\tthe\tfirst\ttwo\tkinds.\tSee\tNeil\tJacobson\tet\tal.,\tClinical\tHandbook\tof Marital\tTherapy\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1994). 19.\tFlooding:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 20.\tHusbands\tdislike\tsquabbles:\tRobert\tLevenson\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tInfluence\tof\tAge\tand\tGender\ton\tAffect, Physiology,\tand\tTheir\tInterrelations:\tA\tStudy\tof\tLongterm\tMarriages,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand Social\tPsychology\t67\t(1994). 21.\tFlooding\tin\thusbands:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 22.\tMen\tstonewall,\twomen\tcriticize:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 23.\t\\\"Wife\tCharged\twith\tShooting\tHusband\tOver\tFootball\ton\tTV,\\\"\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Nov.\t3,\t1993). 24.\tProductive\tmarital\tfights:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 25.\tLack\tof\trepair\tabilities\tin\tcouples:\tGottman,\tWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce. 26.\tThe\tfour\tsteps\tthat\tlead\tto\t\\\"goodfights\\\"\tare\tfrom\tGottman,\tWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail. 27.\tMonitoring\tpulse\trate:\tGottman,\tIbid. 28.\tCatching\tautomatic\tthoughts:\tBeck,\tLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough. 29.\tMirroring:\tHarville\tHendrix,\tGetting\tthe\tLove\tYou\tWant\t(New\tYork:\tHenry\tHolt,\t1988). \t Chapter\t10.\tManaging\tWith\tHeart \t 1.\tThe\tcrash\tof\tthe\tintimidating\tpilot:\tCarl\tLavin,\t\\\"When\tMoods\tAffect\tSafety:\tCommunications\tin\ta Cockpit\tMean\ta\tLot\ta\tFew\tMiles\tUp,\\\"\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t26,\t1994). 2.\tThe\tsurvey\tof\t250\texecutives:\tMichael\tMaccoby,\t\\\"The\tCorporate\tClimber\tHas\tto\tFind\tHis\tHeart,\\\" Fortune\t(Dec.\t1976). 3.\tZuboff:\tin\tconversation,\tJune\t1994.\tFor\tthe\timpact\tof\tinformation\ttechnologies,\tsee\ther\tbook\tIn\tthe\tAge of\tthe\tSmart\tMachine\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1991). 4.\tThe\tstory\tof\tthe\tsarcastic\tvice\tpresident\twas\ttold\tto\tme\tby\tHendrie\tWeisinger,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe","UCLA\tGraduate\tSchool\tof\tBusiness.\tHis\tbook\tis\tThe\tCritical\tEdge:\tHow\tto\tCriticize\tUp\tand\tDown\tthe Organization\tand\tMake\tIt\tPay\tOff\t\\\"(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1989). 5.\tThe\tsurvey\tof\ttimes\tmanagers\tblew\tup\twas\tdone\tby\tRobert\tBaron,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tRensselaer Polytechnic\tInstitute,\twhom\tI\tinterviewed\tfor\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Sept.\t11,\t1990). 6.\tCriticism\tas\ta\tcause\tof\tconflict:\tRobert\tBaron,\t\\\"Countering\tthe\tEffects\tof\tDestructive\tCriticism:\tThe Relative\tEfficacy\tof\tFour\tInterventions,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tApplied\tPsychology\t75,\t3\t(1990). 7.\tSpecific\tand\tvague\tcriticism:\tHarry\tLevinson,\t\\\"Feedback\tto\tSubordinates\\\"\tAddendum\tto\tthe\tLevinson Letter,\tLevinson\tInstitute,\tWaltham,\tMA\t(1992). 8.\tChanging\tface\tof\tworkforce:\tA\tsurvey\tof\t645\tnational\tcompanies\tby\tTowers\tPerrin\tmanagement consultants\tin\tManhattan,\treported\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990). 9.\tThe\troots\tof\thatred:\tVamik\tVolkan,\tThe\tNeed\tto\tHave\tEnemies\tand\tAllies\t(Northvale,\tNJ:\tJason Aronson,\t1988). 10.\tThomas\tPettigrew:\tI\tinterviewed\tPettigrew\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(May\t12,\t1987). 11.\tStereotypes\tand\tsubtle\tbias:\tSamuel\tGaertner\tand\tJohn\tDavidio,\tPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism (New\tYork:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987). 12.\tSubtle\tbias:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\tPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism. 13.\tRelman:\tquoted\tin\tHoward\tKohn,\t\\\"Service\tWith\ta\tSneer,\\\"\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tSunday\tMagazine (Now.\t11,\t1994). 14.\tIBM:\t\\\"Responding\tto\ta\tDiverse\tWork\tForce,\\\"\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990). 15.\tPower\tof\tspeaking\tout:\tFletcher\tBlanchard,\t\\\"Reducing\tthe\tExpression\tof\tRacial\tPrejudice,\\\" Psychological\tScience\t(vol.\t2,1991). 16.\tStereotypes\tbreak\tdown:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\tPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism. 17.\tTeams:\tPeter\tDrucker,\t\\\"The\tAge\tof\tSocial\tTransformation,\\\"\tThe\tAtlantic\tMonthly\t(Nov.\t1994). 18.\tThe\tconcept\tof\tgroup\tintelligence\tis\tset\tforth\tin\tWendy\tWilliams\tand\tRobert\tSternberg,\t\\\"Group Intelligence:\tWhy\tSome\tGroups\tAre\tBetter\tThan\tOthers,\\\"\tIntelligence\t(1988). 19.\tThe\tstudy\tof\tthe\tstars\tat\tBell\tLabs\twas\treported\tin\tRobert\tKelley\tand\tJanet\tCaplan,\t\\\"How\tBell\tLabs Creates\tStar\tPerformers,\\\"\tHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\t(July-Aug.\t1993). 20.\tThe\tusefulness\tof\tinformal\tnetworks\tis\tnoted\tby\tDavid\tKrackhardt\tand\tJeffrey\tR.\tHanson,\t\\\"Informal Networks:\tThe\tCompany\tBehind\tthe\tChart,\\\"\tHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\t(July-Aug.\t1993),\tp.\t104. \t Chapter\t11.\tMind\tand\tMedicine \t 1.\tImmune\tsystem\tas\tthe\tbody's\tbrain:\tFrancisco\tVarela\tat\tthe\tThird\tMind\tand\tLife\tmeeting,\tDharamsala, India\t(Dec.\t1990). 2.\tChemical\tmessengers\tbetween\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tsee\tRobert\tAder\tet\tal., Psychoneuroimmunology,\t2nd\tedition\t(San\tDiego:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1990). 3.\tContact\tbetween\tnerves\tand\timmune\tcells:\tDavid\tFelten\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Noradrenergic\tSympathetic\tInnervation of\tLymphoid\tTissue,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tImmunology\t135\t(1985).","4.\tHormones\tand\timmune\tfunction:\tB.\tS.\tRabin\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Bidirectional\tInteraction\tBetween\tthe\tCentral Nervous\tSystem\tand\tthe\tImmune\tSystem,\\\"\tCritical\tReviews\tin\tImmunology\t9\t(4),\t(1989),\tpp.\t279-312. 5.\tConnections\tbetween\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tSteven\tB.\tMaier\tet\tal., \\\"Psychoneuroimmunology,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Dec.\t1994). 6.\tToxic\temotions:\tHoward\tFriedman\tand\tS.\tBoothby-Kewley,\t\\\"The\tDisease-Prone\tPersonality:\tA\tMeta- Analytic\tView,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t42\t(1987).\tThis\tbroad\tanalysis\tof\tstudies\tused\t\\\"meta-analysis,\\\" in\twhich\tresults\tfrom\tmany\tsmaller\tstudies\tcan\tbe\tcombined\tstatistically\tinto\tone\timmense\tstudy.\tThis allows\teffects\tthat\tmight\tnot\tshow\tup\tin\tany\tgiven\tstudy\tto\tbe\tdetected\tmore\teasily\tbecause\tof\tthe\tmuch larger\ttotal\tnumber\tof\tpeople\tbeing\tstudied. 7.\tSkeptics\targue\tthat\tthe\temotional\tpicture\tlinked\tto\thigher\trates\tof\tdisease\tis\tthe\tprofile\tof\tthe quintessential\tneurotic\u2014an\tanxious,\tdepressed,\tand\tangry\temotional\twreck\u2014and\tthat\tthe\thigher\trates of\tdisease\tthey\treport\tare\tdue\tnot\tso\tmuch\tto\ta\tmedical\tfact\tas\tto\ta\tpropensity\tto\twhine\tand\tcomplain about\thealth\tproblems,\texaggerating\ttheir\tseriousness.\tBut\tFriedman\tand\tothers\targue\tthat\tthe\tweight\tof evidence\tfor\tthe\temotion-disease\tlink\tis\tborne\tby\tresearch\tin\twhich\tit\tis\tphysicians'\tevaluations\tof observable\tsigns\tof\tillness\tand\tmedical\ttests,\tnot\tpatients'\tcomplaints,\tthat\tdetermine\tthe\tlevel\tof sickness\u2014a\tmore\tobjective\tbasis.\tOf\tcourse,\tthere\tis\tthe\tpossibility\tthat\tincreased\tdistress\tis\tthe\tresult of\ta\tmedical\tcondition,\tas\twell\tas\tprecipitating\tit;\tfor\tthat\treason\tthe\tmost\tconvincing\tdata\tcome\tfrom prospective\tstudies\tin\twhich\temotional\tstates\tare\tevaluated\tprior\tto\tthe\tonset\tof\tdisease. 8.\tGail\tIronson\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Effects\tof\tAnger\ton\tLeft\tVentricular\tEjection\tFraction\tin\tCoronary\tArtery\tDisease,\\\" The\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tCardiology\t10\t1992.\tPumping\tefficiency,\tsometimes\treferred\tto\tas\tthe \\\"ejection\tfraction,\\\"\tquantifies\tthe\theart's\tability\tto\tpump\tblood\tout\tof\tthe\tleft\tventricle\tinto\tthe\tarteries; it\tmeasures\tthe\tpercentage\tof\tblood\tpumped\tout\tof\tthe\tventricles\twith\teach\tbeat\tof\tthe\theart.\tIn\theart disease\tthe\tdrop\tin\tpumping\tefficiency\tmeans\ta\tweakening\tof\tthe\theart\tmuscle. 9.\tOf\tthe\tdozen\tor\tso\tstudies\tof\thostility\tand\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\tsome\thave\tfailed\tto\tfind\ta\tlink.\tBut that\tfailure\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tdifferences\tin\tmethod,\tsuch\tas\tusing\ta\tpoor\tmeasure\tof\thostility,\tand\tto\tthe relative\tsubdety\tof\tthe\teffect.\tFor\tinstance,\tthe\tgreatest\tnumber\tof\tdeaths\tfrom\tthe\thostility\teffect\tseem to\toccur\tin\tmidlife.\tIf\ta\tstudy\tfails\tto\ttrack\tdown\tthe\tcauses\tof\tdeath\tfor\tpeople\tduring\tthis\tperiod,\tit misses\tthe\teffect. 10.\tHostility\tand\theart\tdisease:\tRedford\tWilliams,\tThe\tTrusting\tHeart\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks\/Random House,\t1989). 11.\tPeter\tKaufman:\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tKaufman\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Sept.\t1,\t1992). 12.\tStanford\tstudy\tof\tanger\tand\tsecond\theart\tattacks:\tCarl\tThoreson,\tpresented\tat\tthe\tInternational\tCongress of\tBehavioral\tMedicine,\tUppsala,\tSweden\t(July\t1990). 13.\tLynda\tH.\tPowell,\tEmotional\tArousal\tas\ta\tPredictor\tof\tLong-Term\tMortality\tand\tMorbidity\tin\tPost\tM.I. Men,\\\"\tCirculation,\tvol.\t82,\tno.\t4,\tSupplement\tIII,\tOct.\t1990. 14.\tMurray\tA.\tMittleman,\t\\\"Triggering\tof\tMyocardial\tInfarction\tOnset\tby\tEpisodes\tof\tAnger,\\\"\tCirculation, vol.\t89,\tno.\t2\t(1994). 15.\tSuppressing\tanger\traises\tblood\tpressure:\tRobert\tLevenson,\t\\\"Can\tWe\tControl\tOur\tEmotions,\tand\tHow Does\tSuch\tControl\tChange\tan\tEmotional\tEpisode?\\\"\tin\tRichard\tDavidson\tand\tPaul\tEkman,\teds., Fundamental\tQuestions\tAbout\tEmotions\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1995). 16.\tThe\tangry\tpersonal\tstyle:\tI\twrote\tabout\tRedford\tWilliams's\tresearch\ton\tanger\tand\tthe\theart\tin\tThe\tNew York\tTimes\tGood\tHealth\tMagazine\t(Kpx.\t16,\t1989). 17.\tA\t44\tpercent\treduction\tin\tsecond\theart\tattacks:\tThoreson,\top.\tcit. 18.\tDr.\tWilliams's\tprogram\tfor\tanger\tcontrol:\tWilliams,\tThe\tTrusting\tHeart.","19.\tThe\tworried\twoman:\tTimothy\tBrown\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Generalized\tAnxiety\tDisorder,\\\"\tin\tDavid\tH.\tBarlow,\ted., Clinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 20.\tStress\tand\tmetastasis:\tBruce\tMcEwen\tand\tEliot\tStellar,\t\\\"Stress\tand\tthe\tIndividual:\tMechanisms Leading\tto\tDisease,\\\"\tArchives\tof\tInternal\tMedicine\t153\t(Sept.\t27,1993).\tThe\tstudy\tthey\tare\tdescribing is\tM.\tRobertson\tand\tJ.\tRitz,\t\\\"Biology\tand\tClinical\tRelevance\tof\tHuman\tNatural\tKiller\tCells,\\\"\tBlood\t76 (1990). 21.\tThere\tmay\tbe\tmultiple\treasons\twhy\tpeople\tunder\tstress\tare\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\tsickness,\tapart\tfrom biological\tpathways.\tOne\tmight\tbe\tthat\tthe\tways\tpeople\ttry\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\tanxiety\u2014for\texample, smoking,\tdrinking,\tor\tbingeing\ton\tfatty\tfoods\u2014are\tin\tthemselves\tunhealthy.\tStill\tanother\tis\tthat constant\tworry\tand\tanxiety\tcan\tmake\tpeople\tlose\tsleep\tor\tforget\tto\tcomply\twith\tmedical\tregimens\u2014 such\tas\ttaking\tmedications\u2014and\tso\tprolong\tillnesses\tthey\talready\thave.\tMost\tlikely,\tall\tof\tthese\twork in\ttandem\tto\tlink\tstress\tand\tdisease. 22.\tStress\tweakens\tthe\timmune\tsystem:\tFor\tinstance,\tin\tthe\tstudy\tof\tmedical\tstudents\tfacing\texam\tstress, the\tstudents\thad\tnot\tonly\ta\tlowered\timmune\tcontrol\tof\tthe\therpes\tvirus,\tbut\talso\ta\tdecline\tin\tthe\tability of\ttheir\twhite\tblood\tcells\tto\tkill\tinfected\tcells,\tas\twell\tas\tan\tincrease\tin\tlevels\tof\ta\tchemical\tassociated with\tsuppression\tof\timmune\tabilities\tin\tlymphocytes,\tthe\twhite\tblood\tcells\tcentral\tto\tthe\timmune response.\tSee\tRonald\tGlaser\tand\tJanice\tKiecolt-Glaser,\t\\\"Stress-Associated\tDepression\tin\tCellular Immunity,\\\"\tBrain,\tBehavior,\tand\tImmunity\t1\t(1987).\tBut\tin\tmost\tsuch\tstudies\tshowing\ta\tweakening\tof immune\tdefenses\twith\tstress,\tit\thas\tnot\tbeen\tclear\tthat\tthese\tlevels\twere\tlow\tenough\tto\tlead\tto\tmedical risk. 23.\tStress\tand\tcolds:\tSheldon\tCohen\tet\tal,\t\\\"Psychological\tStress\tand\tSusceptibility\tto\tthe\tCommon\tCold,\\\" New\tEngland\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\t325\t(1991). 24.\tDaily\tupsets\tand\tinfection:\tArthur\tStone\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Secretory\tIgA\tas\ta\tMeasure\tof\tImmunocompetence,\\\" Journal\tof\tHuman\tStress\t13\t(1987).\tIn\tanother\tstudy,\t246\thusbands,\twives,\tand\tchildren\tkept\tdaily\tlogs of\tstresses\tin\ttheir\tfamily's\tlife\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\tflu\tseason.\tThose\twho\thad\tthe\tmost\tfamily\tcrises also\thad\tthe\thighest\trate\tof\tflu,\tas\tmeasured\tboth\tby\tdays\twith\tfever\tand\tflu\tantibody\tlevels.\tSee\tR.\tD. Clover\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Family\tFunctioning\tand\tStress\tas\tPredictors\tof\tInfluenza\tB\tInfection,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tFamily Practice\t28\t(May\t1989). 25.\tHerpes\tvirus\tflareup\tand\tstress:\ta\tseries\tof\tstudies\tby\tRonald\tGlaser\tand\tJanice\tKiecolt-Glaser\u2014e.g., \\\"Psychological\tInfluences\ton\tImmunity,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\tA3\t(1988).\tThe\trelationship\tbetween stress\tand\therpes\tactivity\tis\tso\tstrong\tthat\tit\thas\tbeen\tdemonstrated\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\tonly\tten\tpatients,\tusing the\tactual\tbreaking-out\tof\therpes\tsores\tas\ta\tmeasure;\tthe\tmore\tanxiety,\thassles,\tand\tstress\treported\tby the\tpatients,\tthe\tmore\tlikely\tthey\twere\tto\thave\therpes\toutbreaks\tin\tthe\tfollowing\tweeks;\tplacid\tperiods in\ttheir\tlives\tled\tto\tdormancy\tof\tthe\therpes.\tSee\tH.\tE.\tSchmidt\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Stress\tas\ta\tPrecipitating\tFactor\tin Subjects\tWith\tRecurrent\tHerpes\tLabialis,\\\"Journal\t\\\"\tof\tFamily\tPractice,\t20\t(1985). 26.\tAnxiety\tin\twomen\tand\theart\tdisease:\tCarl\tThoreson,\tpresented\tat\tthe\tInternational\tCongress\tof Behavioral\tMedicine,\tUppsala,\tSweden\t(July\t1990).\tAnxiety\tmay\talso\tplay\ta\trole\tin\tmaking\tsome\tmen more\tvulnerable\tto\theart\tdisease.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tAlabama\tmedical\tschool,\t1,123\tmen and\twomen\tbetween\tthe\tages\tof\tforty-five\tand\tseventy-seven\twere\tassessed\ton\ttheir\temotional\tprofiles. Those\tmen\tmost\tprone\tto\tanxiety\tand\tworry\tin\tmiddle\tage\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tothers\tto\thave hypertension\twhen\ttracked\tdown\ttwenty\tyears\tlater.\tSee\tAbraham\tMarkowitz\tet\tal.,\tJournal\tof\tthe American\tMedical\tAssociation\t(Nov.\t14,\t1993). 27.\tStress\tand\tcolorectal\tcancer:\tJoseph\tC.\tCourtney\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Stressful\tLife\tEvents\tand\tthe\tRisk\tof\tColorectal Cancer,\\\"\tEpidemiology\t(Sept.\t1993),\t4(5). 28.\tRelaxation\tto\tcounter\tstress-based\tsymptoms:\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tDaniel\tGoleman\tand\tJoel\tGurin,\tMind Body\tMedicine\t(New\tYork:\tConsumer\tReports\tBooks\/St.\tMartin's\tPress,\t1993). 29.\tDepression\tand\tdisease:\tsee,\te.g.,\tSeymour\tReichlin,\t\\\"Neuroendocrine-Immune\tInteractions,\\\"\tNew England\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\t(Oct.\t21,\t1993).","30.\tBone\tmarrow\ttransplant:\tcited\tin\tJames\tStrain,\t\\\"Cost\tOffset\tFrom\ta\tPsychiatric\tConsultation-Liaison Intervention\tWith\tElderly\tHip\tFracture\tPatients,\\\"\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\t148\t(1991). 31.\tHoward\tBurton\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tRelationship\tof\tDepression\tto\tSurvival\tin\tChronic\tRenal\tFailure,\\\" Psychosomatic\tMedicine\t(March\t1986). 32.\tHopelessness\tand\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease:\tRobert\tAnda\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Depressed\tAffect,\tHopelessness,\tand the\tRisk\tof\tIschemic\tHeart\tDisease\tin\ta\tCohort\tof\tU.S.\tAdults,\\\"\tEpidemiology\t(July\t1993). 33.\tDepression\tand\theart\tattack:\tNancy\tFrasure-Smith\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Depression\tFollowing\tMyocardial\tInfarction,\\\" Journal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\t(Oct.\t20,1993). 34.\tDepression\tin\tmultiple\tillness:\tDr.\tMichael\tvon\tKorff,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tpsychiatrist\twho did\tthe\tstudy,\tpointed\tout\tto\tme\tthat\twith\tsuch\tpatients,\twho\tface\ttremendous\tchallenges\tjust\tin\tliving from\tday\tto\tday,\t\\\"If\tyou\ttreat\ta\tpatient's\tdepression,\tyou\tsee\timprovements\tover\tand\tabove\tany\tchanges in\ttheir\tmedical\tcondition.\tIf\tyou're\tdepressed,\tyour\tsymptoms\tseem\tworse\tto\tyou.\tHaving\ta\tchronic physical\tdisease\tis\ta\tmajor\tadaptive\tchallenge.\tIf\tyou're\tdepressed,\tyou're\tless\table\tto\tlearn\tto\ttake\tcare of\tyour\tillness.\tEven\twith\tphysical\timpairment,\tif\tyou're\tmotivated\tand\thave\tenergy\tand\tfeelings\tof\tself- worth\u2014all\tof\twhich\tare\tat\trisk\tin\tdepression\u2014then\tpeople\tcan\tadapt\tremarkably\teven\tto\tsevere impairments.\\\" 35.\tOptimism\tand\tbypass\tsurgery:\tChris\tPeterson\tet\tal.,\tLearned\tHelplessness:\tA\tTheory\tfor\tthe\tAge\tof Personal\tControl\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1993). 36.\tSpinal\tinjury\tand\thope:\tTimothy\tElliott\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Negotiating\tReality\tAfter\tPhysical\tLoss:\tHope, Depression,\tand\tDisability,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t61,\t4\t(1991). 37.\tMedical\trisk\tof\tsocial\tisolation:\tJames\tHouse\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Social\tRelationships\tand\tHealth,\\\"\tScienceQuly 29,1988).\tBut\talso\tsee\ta\tmixed\tfinding:\tCarol\tSmith\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Meta-Analysis\tof\tthe\tAssociations\tBetween Social\tSupport\tand\tHealth\tOutcomes,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tBehavioral\tMedicine\t(1994). 38.\tIsolation\tand\tmortality\trisk:\tOther\tstudies\tsuggest\ta\tbiological\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThese\tfindings,\tcited in\tHouse,\t\\\"Social\tRelationships\tand\tHealth,\\\"\thave\tfound\tthat\tthe\tsimple\tpresence\tof\tanother\tperson\tcan reduce\tanxiety\tand\tlessen\tphysiological\tdistress\tin\tpeople\tin\tintensive-care\tunits.\tThe\tcomforting\teffect of\tanother\tperson's\tpresence\thas\tbeen\tfound\tto\tlower\tnot\tjust\theart\trate\tand\tblood\tpressure,\tbut\talso\tthe secretion\tof\tfatty\tacids\tthat\tcan\tblock\tarteries.\tOne\ttheory\tput\tforward\tto\texplain\tthe\thealing\teffects\tof social\tcontact\tsuggests\ta\tbrain\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThis\ttheory\tpoints\tto\tanimal\tdata\tshowing\ta\tcalming effect\ton\tthe\tposterior\thypothalamic\tzone,\tan\tarea\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\twith\trich\tconnections\tto\tthe amygdala.\tThe\tcomforting\tpresence\tof\tanother\tperson,\tthis\tview\tholds,\tinhibits\tlimbic\tactivity,\tlowering the\trate\tof\tsecretion\tof\tacetylcholine,\tcortisol,\tand\tcatecholamines,\tall\tneurochemicals\tthat\ttrigger\tmore rapid\tbreathing,\ta\tquickened\theartbeat,\tand\tother\tphysiological\tsigns\tof\tstress. 39.\tStrain,\t\\\"Cost\tOffset.\\\" 40.\tHeart\tattack\tsurvival\tand\temotional\tsupport:\tLisa\tBerkman\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Emotional\tSupport\tand\tSurvival After\tMyocardial\tInfarction,\tA\tProspective\tPopulation\tBased\tStudy\tof\tthe\tElderly,\\\"\tAnnals\tof\tInternal Medicine\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992). 41.\tThe\tSwedish\tstudy:\tAnnika\tRosengren\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Stressful\tLife\tEvents,\tSocial\tSupport,\tand\tMortality\tin Men\tBorn\tin\t1933,\\\"\tBritish\tMedical\tJournal\t(Oct.\t19,\t1993). 42.\tMarital\targuments\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tJanice\tKiecolt-Glaser\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Marital\tQuality,\tMarital Disruption,\tand\tImmune\tFunction,\\\"\tPsychosomatic\tMedicine\t49\t(1987). 43.\tI\tinterviewed\tJohn\tCacioppo\tfor\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992). 44.\tTalking\tabout\ttroubling\tthoughts:\tJames\tPennebaker,\t\\\"Putting\tStress\tInto\tWords:\tHealth,\tLinguistic\tand Therapeutic\tImplications,\\\"\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\tmeeting, Washington,\tDC\t(1992). 45.\tPsychotherapy\tand\tmedical\timprovements:\tLester\tLuborsky\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Is\tPsychotherapy\tGood\tfor\tYour Health?\\\"\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\tmeeting,\tWashington,\tDC\t(1993).","46.\tCancer\tsupport\tgroups:\tDavid\tSpiegel\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Effect\tof\tPsychosocial\tTreatment\ton\tSurvival\tof\tPatients with\tMetastatic\tBreast\tCancer,\\\"\tLancet\tNo.\t8668,\tii\t(1989). 47.\tPatients'\tquestions:\tThe\tfinding\twas\tcited\tby\tDr.\tSteven\tCohen-Cole,\ta\tpsychiatrist\tat\tEmory University,\twhen\tI\tinterviewed\thim\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Nov.\t13,\t1991). 48.\tFull\tinformation:\tFor\texample,\tthe\tPlanetree\tprogram\tat\tPacific\tPresbyterian\tHospital\tin\tSan\tFrancisco will\tdo\tsearches\tof\tmedical\tand\tlay\tresearch\ton\tany\tmedical\ttopic\tfor\tanyone\twho\trequests\tit. 49.\tMaking\tpatients\teffective:\tOne\tprogram\thas\tbeen\tdeveloped\tby\tDr.\tMack\tLipkin,\tJr.,\tat\tNew\tYork University\tMedical\tSchool. 50.\tEmotional\tpreparation\tfor\tsurgery:\tI\twrote\tabout\tthis\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Dec.\t10,\t1987). 51.\tFamily\tcare\tin\tthe\thospital:\tAgain,\tPlanetree\tis\ta\tmodel,\tas\tare\tthe\tRonald\tMcDonald\thouses\tthat\tallow parents\tto\tstay\tnext\tdoor\tto\thospitals\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare\tpatients. 52.\tMindfulness\tand\tmedicine:\tSee\tJon\tKabat-Zinn,\tFull\tCatastrophe\tLiving\t(New\tYork:\tDelacorte,\t1991). 53.\tProgram\tfor\treversing\theart\tdisease:\tSee\tDean\tOrnish,\tDr.\tDean\tOrnish's\tProgram\tfor\tReversing\tHeart Disease\t(New\tYork:\tBallantine,\t1991). 54.\tRelationship-centered\tmedicine:\tHealth\tProfessions\tEducation\tand\tRelationship-Centered\tCare.\tReport of\tthe\tPew-Fetzer\tTask\tForce\ton\tAdvancing\tPsychosocial\tHealth\tEducation,\tPew\tHealth\tProfessions Commission\tand\tFetzer\tInstitute\tat\tThe\tCenter\tof\tHealth\tProfessions,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan Francisco,\tSan\tFrancisco\t(Aug.\t1994). 55.\tLeft\tthe\thospital\tearly:\tStrain,\t\\\"Cost\tOffset.\\\" 56.\tUnethical\tnot\tto\ttreat\tdepression\tin\theart\tdisease\tpatients:\tRedford\tWilliams\tand\tMargaret\tChesney, \\\"Psychosocial\tFactors\tand\tPrognosis\tin\tEstablished\tCoronary\tHeart\tDisease,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican Medical\tAssociation\t(Oct.\t20,1993). 57.\tAn\topen\tletter\tto\ta\tsurgeon:\tA.\tStanley\tKramer,\t\\\"A\tPrescription\tfor\tHealing,\\\"\tNewsweek\t(June\t7,1993).","PART\tFOUR:\tWINDOWS\tOf OPPORTUNITY Chapter\t12.\tThe\tFamily\tCrucible \t 1.\tLeslie\tand\tthe\tvideo\tgame:\tBeverly\tWilson\tand\tJohn\tGottman,\t\\\"Marital\tConflict\tand\tParenting:\tThe Role\tof\tNegativity\tin\tFamilies,\\\"\tin\tM.\tH.\tBornstein,\ted.,\tHandbook\tof\tParenting,\tvol.\t4\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ: Lawrence\tErlbaum,\t1994). 2.\tThe\tresearch\ton\temotions\tin\tthe\tfamily\twas\tan\textension\tof\tJohn\tGottman's\tmarital\tstudies\treviewed\tin Chapter\t9.\tSee\tCarole\tHooven,\tLynn\tKatz,\tand\tJohn\tGottman,\t\\\"The\tFamily\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion Culture,\\\"\tCognition\tand\tEmotion\t(Spring\t1994). 3.\tThe\tbenefits\tfor\tchildren\tof\thaving\temotionally\tadept\tparents:\tHooven,\tKatz,\tand\tGottman,\t\\\"The Family\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion\tCulture.\\\" 4.\tOptimistic\tinfants:\tT.\tBerry\tBrazelton,\tin\tthe\tpreface\tto\tHeart\tStart:\tThe\tEmotional\tFoundations\tof School\tReadiness\t(Arlington,\tVA:\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tClinical\tInfant\tPrograms,\t1992). 5.\tEmotional\tpredictors\tof\tschool\tsuccess:\tHeart\tStart. 6.\tElements\tof\tschool\treadiness:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t7. 7.\tInfants\tand\tmothers:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t9. 8.\tDamage\tfrom\tneglect:\tM.\tErickson\tet\tal.,\t\\\"The\tRelationship\tBetween\tQuality\tof\tAttachment\tand Behavior\tProblems\tin\tPreschool\tin\ta\tHigh-Risk\tSample,\\\"\tin\tI.\tBetherton\tand\tE.\tWaters,\teds., Monographs\tof\tthe\tSociety\tof\tResearch\tin\tChild\tDevelopment\t50,\tseries\tno.\t209- 9.\tLasting\tlessons\tof\tfirst\tfour\tyears:\tHeart\tStart,\tp.\t13. 10.\tThe\tfollow-up\tof\taggressive\tchildren:\tL.\tR.\tHuesman,\tLeonard\tEron,\tand\tPatty\tWarnicke-Yarmel, \\\"Intellectual\tFunction\tand\tAggression,\\\"\tThe\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\t(Jan.\t1987). Similar\tfindings\twere\treported\tby\tAlexander\tThomas\tand\tStella\tChess,\tin\tthe\tSeptember\t1988\tissue\tof Child\tDevelopment,\tin\ttheir\tstudy\tof\tseventy-five\tchildren\twho\twere\tassessed\tat\tregular\tintervals\tsince 1956,\twhen\tthey\twere\tbetween\tseven\tand\ttwelve\tyears\told.\tAlexander\tThomas\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Longitudinal Study\tof\tNegative\tEmotional\tStates\tand\tAdjustments\tFrom\tEarly\tChildhood\tThrough\tAdolescence,\\\" Child\tDevelopment\t59\t(1988).\tA\tdecade\tlater\tthe\tchildren\twho\tparents\tand\tteachers\thad\tsaid\twere\tthe most\taggressive\tin\tgrade\tschool\twere\thaving\tthe\tmost\temotional\tturmoil\tin\tlate\tadolescence.\tThese were\tchildren\t(about\ttwice\tas\tmany\tboys\tas\tgirls)\twho\tnot\tonly\tcontinually\tpicked\tfights,\tbut\twho\talso were\tbelittling\tor\topenly\thostile\ttoward\tother\tchildren,\tand\teven\ttoward\ttheir\tfamilies\tand\tteachers. Their\thostility\twas\tunchanged\tover\tthe\tyears;\tas\tadolescents\tthey\twere\thaving\ttrouble\tgetting\talong with\tclassmates\tand\twith\ttheir\tfamilies,\tand\twere\tin\ttrouble\tat\tschool.\tAnd,\twhen\tcontacted\tas\tadults, their\tdifficulties\tranged\tfrom\ttangles\twith\tthe\tlaw\tto\tanxiety\tproblems\tand\tdepression. 11.\tLack\tof\tempathy\tin\tabused\tchildren:\tThe\tday-care\tobservations\tand\tfindings\tare\treported\tin\tMary\tMain","and\tCarol\tGeorge,\t\\\"Responses\tof\tAbused\tand\tDisadvantaged\tToddlers\tto\tDistress\tin\tAgemates:\tA Study\tin\tthe\tDay-Care\tSetting,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t21,\t3\t(1985).\tThe\tfindings\thave\tbeen repeated\twith\tpreschoolers\tas\twell:\tBonnie\tKlimes-Dougan\tand\tJanet\tKistner,\t\\\"Physically\tAbused Preschoolers'\tResponses\tto\tPeers'\tDistress,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t26\t(1990). 12.\tDifficulties\tof\tabused\tchildren:\tRobert\tEmery,\t\\\"Family\tViolence,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Feb.\t1989). 13.\tAbuse\tover\tgenerations:\tWhether\tabused\tchildren\tgrow\tup\tto\tbe\tabusing\tparents\tis\ta\tpoint\tof\tscientific debate.\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tCathy\tSpatz\tWidom,\t\\\"Child\tAbuse,\tNeglect\tand\tAdult\tBehavior,\\\"\tAmerican Journal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\t(July\t1989). \t Chapter\t13.\tTrauma\tand\tEmotional\tRelearning \t 1.\tI\twrote\tabout\tthe\tlasting\ttrauma\tof\tthe\tkillings\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\tSchool\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes \\\"Education\tLife\\\"\tsection\t(Jan.\t7,\t1990). 2.\tThe\texamples\tof\tPTSD\tin\tcrime\tvictims\twere\toffered\tby\tDr.\tShelly\tNiederbach,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe Victims'\tCounseling\tService,\tBrooklyn. 3.\tThe\tVietnam\tmemory\tis\tfrom\tM.\tDavis,\t\\\"Analysis\tof\tAversive\tMemories\tUsing\tthe\tFear-Potentiated Startle\tParadigm,\\\"\tin\tN.\tButters\tand\tL.\tR\tSquire,\teds.,\tThe\tNeuro-psychology\tof\tMemory\t(New\tYork: Guilford\tPress,\t1992). 4.\tLeDoux\tmakes\tthe\tscientific\tcase\tfor\tthese\tmemories\tbeing\tespecially\tenduring\tin\t\\\"Indelibility\tof Subcortical\tEmotional\tMemories,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tCognitive\tNeuroscience\t(1989),\tvol.\t1,\t238-43. 5.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCharney\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t12,\t1990). 6.\tThe\texperiments\twith\tpaired\tlaboratory\tanimals\twere\tdescribed\tto\tme\tby\tDr.\tJohn\tKrystal,\tand\thave\tbeen repeated\tat\tseveral\tscientific\tlaboratories.\tThe\tmajor\tstudies\twere\tdone\tby\tDr.\tJay\tWeiss\tat\tDuke University. 7.\tThe\tbest\taccount\tof\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tunderlying\tPTSD,\tand\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tin\tthem,\tis\tin Dennis\tCharney\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Psychobiologic\tMechanisms\tof\tPosttraumatic\tStress\tDisorder,\\\"\tArchives\tof General\tPsychiatry\t50\t(April\t1993),\t294-305. 8.\tSome\tof\tthe\tevidence\tfor\ttrauma-induced\tchanges\tin\tthis\tbrain\tnetwork\tcomes\tfrom\texperiments\tin which\tVietnam\tvets\twith\tPTSD\twere\tinjected\twith\tyohimbine,\ta\tdrug\tused\ton\tthe\ttips\tof\tarrows\tby South\tAmerican\tIndians\tto\trender\ttheir\tprey\thelpless.\tIn\ttiny\tdoses\tyohimbine\tblocks\tthe\taction\tof\ta specific\treceptor\t(the\tpoint\ton\ta\tneuron\tthat\treceives\ta\tneurotransmitter)\tthat\tordinarily\tacts\tas\ta\tbrake on\tthe\tcatecholamines.\tYohimbine\ttakes\tthe\tbrakes\toff,\tkeeping\tthese\treceptors\tfrom\tsensing\tthe secretion\tof\tcatecholamines;\tthe\tresult\tis\tincreasing\tcatecholamine\tlevels.\tWith\tthe\tneural\tbrakes\ton anxiety\tdisarmed\tby\tthe\tdrug\tinjections,\tthe\tyohimbine\ttriggered\tpanic\tin\t9\tof\t15\tPTSD\tpatients,\tand lifelike\tflashbacks\tin\t6.\tOne\tvet\thad\ta\thallucination\tof\ta\thelicopter\tbeing\tshot\tdown\tin\ta\ttrail\tof\tsmoke and\ta\tbright\tflash;\tanother\tsaw\tthe\texplosion\tby\ta\tland\tmine\tof\ta\tJeep\twith\this\tbuddies\tin\tit\u2014the\tsame scene\tthat\thad\thaunted\this\tnightmares\tand\tappeared\tas\tflashbacks\tfor\tmore\tthan\t20\tyears.\tThe yohimbine\tstudy\twas\tconducted\tby\tDr.\tJohn\tKrystal,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tLaboratory\tof\tClinical Psychopharmacology\tat\tthe\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tPTSD\tat\tthe\tWest\tHaven,\tConn.,\tVA\tHospital. 9.\tFewer\talpha-2\treceptors\tin\tmen\twith\tPTSD:\tsee\tCharney,\t\\\"Psychobiologic\tMechanisms.\\\" 10.\tThe\tbrain,\ttrying\tto\tlower\tthe\trate\tof\tCRF\tsecretion,\tcompensates\tby\tdecreasing\tthe\tnumber\tof\treceptors that\trelease\tit.\tOne\ttelltale\tsign\tthat\tthis\tis\twhat\thappens\tin\tpeople\twith\tPTSD\tcomes\tfrom\ta\tstudy\tin which\teight\tpatients\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\tthe\tproblem\twere\tinjected\twith\tCRF.\tOrdinarily,\tan\tinjection\tof CRF\ttriggers\ta\tflood\tof\tACTH,\tthe\thormone\tthat\tstreams\tthrough\tthe\tbody\tto\ttrigger\tcatecholamines.","But\tin\tthe\tPTSD\tpatients,\tunlike\ta\tcomparison\tgroup\tof\tpeople\twithout\tPTSD,\tthere\twas\tno\tdiscernible change\tin\tlevels\tof\tACTH\u2014a\tsign\tthat\ttheir\tbrains\thad\tcut\tback\ton\tCRF\treceptors\tbecause\tthey\talready were\toverloaded\twith\tthe\tstress\thormone.\tThe\tresearch\twas\tdescribed\tto\tme\tby\tCharles\tNemeroff,\ta Duke\tUniversity\tpsychiatrist. 11.\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tNemeroff\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(June\t12,\t1990). 12.\tSomething\tsimilar\tseems\tto\toccur\tin\tPTSD:\tFor\tinstance,\tin\tone\texperiment\tVietnam\tvets\twith\ta\tPTSD diagnosis\twere\tshown\ta\tspecially\tedited\t15-minute\tfilm\tof\tgraphic\tcombat\tscenes\tfrom\tthe\tmovie Platoon.\tIn\tone\tgroup,\tthe\tvets\twere\tinjected\twith\tnaloxone,\ta\tsubstance\tthat\tblocks\tendorphins;\tafter watching\tthe\tmovie,\tthese\tvets\tshowed\tno\tchange\tin\ttheir\tsensitivity\tto\tpain.\tBut\tin\tthe\tgroup\twithout the\tendorphin\tblocker,\tthe\tmen's\tpain\tsensitivity\tdecreased\t30\tpercent,\tindicating\tan\tincrease\tin endorphin\tsecretion.\tThe\tsame\tscene\thad\tno\tsuch\teffect\ton\tveterans\twho\tdid\tnot\thave\tPTSD,\tsuggesting that\tin\tthe\tPTSD\tvictims\tthe\tnerve\tpathways\tthat\tregulate\tendorphins\twere\toverly\tsensitive\tor hyperactive\u2014an\teffect\tthat\tbecame\tapparent\tonly\twhen\tthey\twere\treexposed\tto\tsomething\treminiscent of\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma.\tIn\tthis\tsequence\tthe\tamygdala\tfirst\tevaluates\tthe\temotional\timportance\tof\twhat we\tsee.\tThe\tstudy\twas\tdone\tby\tDr.\tRoger\tPitman,\ta\tHarvard\tpsychiatrist.\tAs\twith\tother\tsymptoms\tof PTSD,\tthis\tbrain\tchange\tis\tnot\tonly\tlearned\tunder\tduress,\tbut\tcan\tbe\ttriggered\tonce\tagain\tif\tthere\tis something\treminiscent\tof\tthe\toriginal\tterrible\tevent.\tFor\texample,\tPitman\tfound\tthat\twhen\tlaboratory rats\twere\tshocked\tin\ta\tcage,\tthey\tdeveloped\tthe\tsame\tendorphin-based\tanalgesia\tfound\tin\tthe\tVietnam vets\tshown\tPlatoon.\tWeeks\tlater,\twhen\tthe\trats\twere\tput\tinto\tthe\tcages\twhere\tthey\thad\tbeen\tshocked\u2014 but\twithout\tany\tcurrent\tbeing\tturned\ton\u2014they\tonce\tagain\tbecame\tinsensitive\tto\tpain,\tas\tthey\toriginally had\tbeen\twhen\tshocked.\tSee\tRoger\tPitman,\t\\\"Naloxone-Reversible\tAnalgesic\tResponse\tto\tCombat- Related\tStimuli\tin\tPosttraumatic\tStress\tDisorder,\\\"\tArchives\tofGeneral\tMedicine\t(June\t1990).\tSee\talso Hillel\tGlover,\t\\\"Emotional\tNumbing:\tA\tPossible\tEndorphin-Mediated\tPhenomenon\tAssociated\twith Post-Traumatic\tStress\tDisorders\tand\tOther\tAllied\tPsychopathologic\tStates,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tTraumatic Stress\t5,\t4\t(1992). 13.\tThe\tbrain\tevidence\treviewed\tin\tthis\tsection\tis\tbased\ton\tDennis\tCharney's\texcellent\tarticle, \\\"Psychobiologic\tMechanisms.\\\" 14.\tCharney,\t\\\"Psychobiologic\tMechanisms,\\\"\t300. 15.\tRole\tof\tprefrontal\tcortex\tin\tunlearning\tfear:\tIn\tRichard\tDavidson's\tstudy,\tvolunteers\thad\ttheir\tsweat response\tmeasured\t(a\tbarometer\tof\tanxiety)\twhile\tthey\theard\ta\ttone.\tfollowed\tby\ta\tloud,\tobnoxious noise.\tThe\tloud\tnoise\ttriggered\ta\trise\tin\tsweat.\tAfter\ta\ttime,\tthe\ttone\talone\twas\tenough\tto\ttrigger\tthe same\trise,\tshowing\tthat\tthe\tvolunteers\thad\tlearned\tan\taversion\tto\tthe\ttone.\tAs\tthey\tcontinued\tto\thear\tthe tone\twithout\tthe\tobnoxious\tnoise,\tthe\tlearned\taversion\tfaded\taway\u2014the\ttone\tsounded\twithout\tany increase\tin\tsweat.\tThe\tmore\tactive\tthe\tvolunteers'\tleft\tprefrontal\tcortex,\tthe\tmore\tquickly\tthey\tlost\tthe learned\tfear.\tIn\tanother\texperiment\tshowing\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes'\trole\tin\tgetting\tover\ta\tfear,\tlab\trats\u2014as is\tso\toften\tthe\tcase\tin\tthese\tstudies\u2014learned\tto\tfear\ta\ttone\tpaired\twith\tan\telectric\tshock.\tThe\trats\tthen had\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tlobotomy,\ta\tsurgical\tlesion\tin\ttheir\tbrain\tthat\tcut\toff\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tfrom\tthe amygdala.\tFor\tthe\tnext\tseveral\tdays\tthe\trats\theard\tthe\ttone\twithout\tgetting\tan\telectric\tshock.\tSlowly, over\ta\tperiod\tof\tdays,\trats\twho\thave\tonce\tlearned\tto\tfear\ta\ttone\twill\tgradually\tlose\ttheir\tfear.\tBut\tfor\tthe rats\twith\tthe\tdisconnected\tprefrontal\tlobes,\tit\ttook\tnearly\ttwice\tas\tlong\tto\tunlearn\tthe\tfear\u2014suggesting\ta crucial\trole\tfor\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tin\tmanaging\tfear\tand,\tmore\tgenerally,\tin\tmastering\temotional lessons.\tThis\texperiment\twas\tdone\tby\tMaria\tMorgan,\ta\tgraduate\tstudent\tof\tJoseph\tLeDoux's\tat\tthe Center\tfor\tNeural\tScience,\tNew\tYork\tUniversity. 16.\tRecovery\tfrom\tPTSD:\tI\twas\ttold\tabout\tthis\tstudy\tby\tRachel\tYehuda,\ta\tneurochemist\tand\tdirector\tof\tthe Traumatic\tStress\tStudies\tProgram\tat\tthe\tMt.\tSinai\tSchool\tof\tMedicine\tin\tManhattan.\tI\treported\ton\tthe results\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Oct.\t6,1992). 17.\tChildhood\ttrauma:\tLenore\tTerr,\tToo\tScared\tto\tCry\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1990). 18.\tPathway\tto\trecovery\tfrom\ttrauma:\tJudith\tLewis\tHerman,\tTrauma\tand\tRecovery\t(New\tYork:\tBasic","Books,\t1992). 19.\t\\\"Dosing\\\"\tof\ttrauma:\tMardi\tHorowitz,\tStress\tResponse\tSyndromes\t(Northvale,\tNJ:\tJason\tAronson, 1986). 20.\tAnother\tlevel\tat\twhich\trelearning\tgoes\ton,\tat\tleast\tfor\tadults,\tis\tphilosophical.\tThe\teternal\tquestion\tof the\tvictim\u2014\\\"Why\tme?\\\"\u2014needs\tto\tbe\taddressed.\tBeing\tthe\tvictim\tof\ttrauma\tshatters\ta\tperson's\tfaith that\tthe\tworld\tis\ta\tplace\tthat\tcan\tbe\ttrusted,\tand\tthat\twhat\thappens\tto\tus\tin\tlife\tis\tjust\u2014that\tis,\tthat\twe can\thave\tcontrol\tover\tour\tdestiny\tby\tliving\ta\trighteous\tlife.\tThe\tanswers\tto\tthe\tvictim's\tconundrum,\tof course,\tneed\tnot\tbe\tphilosophical\tor\treligious;\tthe\ttask\tis\tto\trebuild\ta\tsystem\tof\tbelief\tor\tfaith\tthat allows\tliving\tonce\tagain\tas\tthough\tthe\tworld\tand\tthe\tpeople\tin\tit\tcan\tbe\ttrusted. 21.\tThat\tthe\toriginal\tfear\tpersists,\teven\tif\tsubdued,\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\tstudies\twhere\tlab\trats\twere conditioned\tto\tfear\ta\tsound,\tsuch\tas\ta\tbell,\twhen\tit\twas\tpaired\twith\tan\telectric\tshock.\tAfterward,\twhen they\theard\tthe\tbell\tthey\treacted\twith\tfear,\teven\tthough\tno\tshock\taccompanied\tit.\tGradually,\tover\tthe course\tof\ta\tyear\t(a\tvery\tlong\ttime\tfor\ta\trat\u2014about\ta\tthird\tof\tits\tlife),\tthe\trats\tlost\ttheir\tfearfulness\tof\tthe bell.\tBut\tthe\tfear\twas\trestored\tin\tfull\tforce\twhen\tthe\tsound\tof\tthe\tbell\twas\tonce\tagain\tpaired\twith\ta shock.\tThe\tfear\tcame\tback\tin\ta\tsingle\tinstant\u2014but\ttook\tmonths\tand\tmonths\tto\tsubside.\tThe\tparallel\tin humans,\tof\tcourse,\tis\twhen\ta\ttraumatic\tfear\tfrom\tlong\tago,\tdormant\tfor\tyears,\tfloods\tback\tin\tfull\tforce with\tsome\treminder\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma. 22.\tLuborsky's\ttherapy\tresearch\tis\tdetailed\tin\tLester\tLuborsky\tand\tPaul\tCrits-Christoph,\tUnderstanding Transference:\tThe\tCCRT\tMethod\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1990). \t Chapter\t14.\tTemperament\tIs\tNot\tDestiny \t 1.\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tJerome\tKagan\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Initial\tReactions\tto\tUnfamiliarity,\\\"\tCurrent\tDirections\tin Psychological\tScience\t(Dec.\t1992).\tThe\tfullest\tdescription\tof\tthe\tbiology\tof\ttemperament\tis\tin\tKagan, Galen's\tProphecy. 2.\tTom\tand\tRalph,\tarchetypically\ttimid\tand\tbold\ttypes,\tare\tdescribed\tin\tKagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy,\tpp. 155-57. 3.\tLifelong\tproblems\tof\tthe\tshy\tchild:\tIris\tBell,\t\\\"Increased\tPrevalence\tof\tStress-related\tSymptoms\tin Middle-aged\tWomen\tWho\tReport\tChildhood\tShyness,\\\"\tAnnals\tof\tBehavior\tMedicine\t16\t(1994). 4.\tThe\theightened\theart\trate:\tIris\tR.\tBell\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Failure\tof\tHeart\tRate\tHabituation\tDuring\tCognitive\tand Olfactory\tLaboratory\tStressors\tin\tYoung\tAdults\tWith\tChildhood\tShyness,\\\"\tAnnals\tof\tBehavior Medicine\t16\t(1994). 5.\tPanic\tin\tteenagers:\tChris\tHayward\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Pubertal\tStage\tand\tPanic\tAttack\tHistory\tin\tSixth-and Seventh-grade\tGirls,\\\"\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\tvol.\t149(9)\t(Sept.\t1992),\tpp.\t1239-43;\tJerold Rosenbaum\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Behavioral\tInhibition\tin\tChildhood:\tA\tRisk\tFactor\tfor\tAnxiety\tDisorders,\\\"\tHarvard Review\tof\tPsychiatry\t(May\t1993). 6.\tThe\tresearch\ton\tpersonality\tand\themispheric\tdifferences\twas\tdone\tby\tDr.\tRichard\tDavidson\tat\tthe University\tof\tWisconsin,\tand\tby\tDr.\tAndrew\tTomarken,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tVanderbilt\tUniversity:\tsee Andrew\tTomarken\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\t\\\"Frontal\tBrain\tActivation\tin\tRepressors\tand\tNonrepressors,\\\" Journal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\t103\t(1994).","7.\tThe\tobservations\tof\thow\tmothers\tcan\thelp\ttimid\tinfants\tbecome\tbolder\twere\tdone\twith\tDoreen\tArcus. Details\tare\tin\tKagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy. 8.\tKagan,\tGalen's\tProphecy,\tpp.\t194-95. 9.\tGrowing\tless\tshy:\tJens\tAsendorpf,\t\\\"The\tMalleability\tof\tBehavioral\tInhibition:\tA\tStudy\tof\tIndividual Developmental\tFunctions,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t30,\t6\t(1994). 10.\tHubel\tand\tWiesel:\tDavid\tH.\tHubel,\tThorsten\tWiesel,\tand\tS.\tLevay,\t\\\"Plasticity\tof\tOcular\tColumns\tin Monkey\tStriate\tCortex,\\\"\tPhilosophical\tTransactions\tof\tthe\tRoyal\tSociety\tof\tLondon\t278\t(1977). 11.\tExperience\tand\tthe\trat's\tbrain:\tThe\twork\tof\tMarian\tDiamond\tand\tothers\tis\tdescribed\tin\tRichard Thompson,\tThe\tBrain\t(San\tFrancisco:\tW.\tH.\tFreeman,\t1985). 12.\tBrain\tchanges\tin\ttreating\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder:\tL.\tR.\tBaxter\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Caudate\tGlucose Metabolism\tRate\tChanges\tWith\tBoth\tDrug\tand\tBehavior\tTherapy\tfor\tObsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\\\" Archives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t49\t(1992). 13.\tIncreased\tactivity\tin\tprefrontal\tlobes:\tL.\tR.\tBaxter\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Local\tCerebral\tGlucose\tMetabolic\tRates\tin Obsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\\\"\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\tAA\t(1987). 14.\tPrefrontal\tlobes\tmaturity:\tBryan\tKolb,\t\\\"Brain\tDevelopment,\tPlasticity,\tand\tBehavior,\\\"\tAmerican Psychologist\tAA\t(1989). 15.\tChildhood\texperience\tand\tprefrontal\tpruning:\tRichard\tDavidson,\t\\\"Asymmetric\tBrain\tFunction, Affective\tStyle\tand\tPsychopathology:\tThe\tRole\tof\tEarly\tExperience\tand\tPlasticity,\\\"\tDevelopment\tand Psychopathology\tvol.\t6\t(1994),\tpp.\t741-58. 16.\tBiological\tattunement\tand\tbrain\tgrowth:\tSchore,\tAffect\tRegulation. 17.\tM.\tE.\tPhelps\tet\tal,\t\\\"PET:\tA\tBiochemical\tImage\tof\tthe\tBrain\tat\tWork,\\\"\tin\tN.\tA.\tLassen\tet\tal.,\tBrain Work\tand\tMental\tActivity:\tQuantitative\tStudies\twith\tRadioactive\tTracers\t(Copenhagen:\tMunksgaard, 1991).","PART\tFIVE:\tEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY Chapter\t15.\tThe\tCost\tof\tEmotional\tIlliteracy \t 1.\tEmotional\tliteracy:\tI\twrote\tabout\tsuch\tcourses\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(March\t3,1992). 2.\tThe\tstatistics\ton\tteen\tcrime\trates\tare\tfrom\tthe\tUniform\tCrime\tReports,\tCrime\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\t1991, published\tby\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tJustice. 3.\tViolent\tcrimes\tin\tteenagers:\tIn\t1990\tthe\tjuvenile\tarrest\trate\tfor\tviolent\tcrimes\tclimbed\tto\t430\tper 100,000,\ta\t27\tpercent\tjump\tover\tthe\t1980\trate.\tTeen\tarrest\trates\tfor\tforcible\trape\trose\tfrom\t10.9\tper 100,000\tin\t1965\tto\t21.9\tper\t100,000\tin\t1990.\tTeen\tmurder\trates\tmore\tthan\tquadrupled\tfrom\t1965\tto 1990,\tfrom\t2.8\tper\t100,000\tto\t12.1;\tby\t1990\tthree\tof\tfour\tteenage\tmurders\twere\twith\tguns,\ta\t79\tpercent increase\tover\tthe\tdecade.\tAggravated\tassault\tby\tteenagers\tjumped\tby\t64\tpercent\tfrom\t1980\tto\t1990. See,\te.g.,\tRuby\tTakanashi,\t\\\"The\tOpportunities\tof\tAdolescence,\\\"\tAmerican\tPsychologist\t(Feb.\t1993). 4.\tIn\t1950\tthe\tsuicide\trate\tfor\tthose\t15\tto\t24\twas\t4.5\tper\t100,000.\tBy\t1989\tit\twas\tthree\ttimes\thigher,\t13.3. Suicide\trates\tfor\tchildren\t10\tto\t14\talmost\ttripled\tbetween\t1968\tand\t1985.\tFigures\ton\tsuicide,\thomicide victims,\tand\tpregnancies\tare\tfrom\tHealth,\t1991,\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\tand Children's\tSafety\tNetwork,\tA\tData\tBook\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tInjury\t(Washington,\tDC:\tNational Center\tfor\tEducation\tin\tMaternal\tand\tChild\tHealth,\t1991). 5.\tOver\tthe\tthree\tdecades\tsince\t1960,\trates\tof\tgonorrhea\tjumped\tto\ta\tlevel\tfour\ttimes\thigher\tamong children\t10\tto\t14,\tand\tthree\ttimes\thigher\tamong\tthose\t15\tto\t19.\tBy\t1990,\t20\tpercent\tof\tAIDS\tpatients were\tin\ttheir\ttwenties,\tmany\thaving\tbecome\tinfected\tduring\ttheir\tteen\tyears.\tPressure\tto\thave\tsex\tearly is\tgetting\tstronger.\tA\tsurvey\tin\tthe\t1990s\tfound\tthat\tmore\tthan\ta\tthird\tof\tyounger\twomen\tsay\tthat pressure\tfrom\tpeers\tmade\tthem\tdecide\tto\thave\tsex\tthe\tfirst\ttime;\ta\tgeneration\tearlier\tjust\t13\tpercent\tof women\tsaid\tso.\tSee\tRuby\tTakanashi,\t\\\"The\tOpportunities\tof\tAdolescence,\\\"\tand\tChildren's\tSafety Network,\tA\tData\tBook\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tInjury. 6.\tHeroin\tand\tcocaine\tuse\tfor\twhites\trose\tfrom\t18\tper\t100,000\tin\t1970\tto\ta\trate\tof\t68\tin\t1990\u2014about\tthree times\thigher.\tBut\tover\tthe\tsame\ttwo\tdecades\tamong\tblacks,\tthe\trise\twas\tfrom\ta\t1970\trate\tof\t53\tper 100,000\tto\ta\tstaggering\t766\tin\t1990\u2014close\tto\t13\ttimes\tthe\trate\t20\tyears\tbefore.\tDrug\tuse\trates\tare\tfrom Crime\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\t1991,\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tJustice. 7.\tAs\tmany\tas\tone\tin\tfive\tchildren\thave\tpsychological\tdifficulties\tthat\timpair\ttheir\tlives\tin\tsome\tway, according\tto\tsurveys\tdone\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates,\tNew\tZealand,\tCanada,\tand\tPuerto\tRico.\tAnxiety\tis\tthe most\tcommon\tproblem\tin\tchildren\tunder\t11,\tafflicting\t10\tpercent\twith\tphobias\tsevere\tenough\tto interfere\twith\tnormal\tlife,\tanother\t5\tpercent\twith\tgeneralized\tanxiety\tand\tconstant\tworry,\tand\tanother\t4 percent\twith\tintense\tanxiety\tabout\tbeing\tseparated\tfrom\ttheir\tparents.\tBinge\tdrinking\tclimbs\tduring\tthe teenage\tyears\tamong\tboys\tto\ta\trate\tof\tabout\t20\tpercent\tby\tage\t20.\tI\treported\tmuch\tof\tthis\tdata\ton emotional\tdisorders\tin\tchildren\tin\tThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Jan.\t10,\t1989). 8.\tThe\tnational\tstudy\tof\tchildren's\temotional\tproblems,\tand\tcomparison\twith\tother\tcountries:\tThomas Achenbach\tand\tCatherine\tHowell,\t\\\"Are\tAmerica's\tChildren's\tProblems\tGetting\tWorse?\tA\t13-Year","Comparison,\t\\\"Journal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\t(Nov.\t1989). 9.\tThe\tcomparison\tacross\tnations\twas\tby\tUrie\tBronfenbrenner,\tin\tMichael\tLamb\tand\tKathleen\tSternberg, Child\tCare\tin\tContext:\tCross-Cultural\tPerspectives\t(Englewood,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1992). 10.\tUrie\tBronfenbrenner\twas\tspeaking\tat\ta\tsymposium\tat\tCornell\tUniversity\t(Sept.\t24,\t1993). 11.\tLongitudinal\tstudies\tof\taggressive\tand\tdelinquent\tchildren:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tAlexander\tThomas\tet\tal., \\\"Longitudinal\tStudy\tof\tNegative\tEmotional\tStates\tand\tAdjustments\tfrom\tEarly\tChildhood\tThrough Adolescence,\\\"\tChild\tDevelopment,\tvol.\t59\t(Sept.\t1988). 12.\tThe\tbully\texperiment:\tJohn\tLochman,\t\\\"Social-Cognitive\tProcesses\tof\tSeverely\tViolent,\tModerately Aggressive,\tand\tNonaggressive\tBoys,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology,\t199'4. 13.\tThe\taggressive\tboys\tresearch:\tKenneth\tA.\tDodge,\t\\\"Emotion\tand\tSocial\tInformation\tProcessing,\\\"\tin\tJ. Garber\tand\tK.\tDodge,\tThe\tDevelopment\tofEmotion\tRegulation\tand\tDysregulation\t(New\tYork: Cambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991). 14.\tDislike\tfor\tbullies\twithin\thours:\tJ.\tD.\tCoie\tand\tJ.\tB.\tKupersmidt,\t\\\"A\tBehavioral\tAnalysis\tof\tEmerging Social\tStatus\tin\tBoys'\tGroups,\\\"\tChild\tDevelopment\t54\t(1983). 15.\tUp\tto\thalf\tof\tunruly\tchildren:\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tDan\tOfford\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Outcome,\tPrognosis,\tand\tRisk\tin\ta Longitudinal\tFollow-up\tStudy,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry 31\t0992). 16.\tAggressive\tchildren\tand\tcrime:\tRichard\tTremblay\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Predicting\tEarly\tOnset\tof\tMale\tAntisocial Behavior\tfrom\tPreschool\tBehavior,\\\"\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t(Sept.\t1994). 17.\tWhat\thappens\tin\ta\tchild's\tfamily\tbefore\tthe\tchild\treaches\tschool\tis,\tof\tcourse,\tcrucial\tin\tcreating\ta predisposition\tto\taggression.\tOne\tstudy,\tfor\texample,\tshowed\tthat\tchildren\twhose\tmothers\trejected them\tat\tage\t1,\tand\twhose\tbirth\twas\tmore\tcomplicated,\twere\tfour\ttimes\tas\tlikely\tas\tothers\tto\tcommit\ta violent\tcrime\tby\tage\t18.\tAdriane\tRaines\tet\tal.,\t\\\"Birth\tComplications\tCombined\twith\tEarly\tMaternal Rejection\tat\tAge\tOne\tPredispose\tto\tViolent\tCrime\tat\tAge\t18\tYears,\\\"\tArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry (Dec.\t1994). 18.\tWhile\tlow\tverbal\tIQ\thas\tappeared\tto\tpredict\tdelinquency\t(one\tstudy\tfound\tan\teight-point\tdifference\tin these\tscores\tbetween\tdelinquents\tand\tnondelinquents),\tthere\tis\tevidence\tthat\timpulsivity\tis\tmore directly\tand\tpowerfully\tat\tcause\tfor\tboth\tthe\tlow\tIQ\tscores\tand\tdelinquency.\tAs\tfor\tthe\tlow\tscores, impulsive\tchildren\tdon't\tpay\tattention\twell\tenough\tto\tlearn\tthe\tlanguage\tand\treasoning\tskills\ton\twhich verbal\tIQ\tscores\tare\tbased,\tand\tso\timpulsivity\tlowers\tthose\tscores.\tIn\tthe\tPittsburgh\tYouth\tStudy,\ta well-designed\tlongitudinal\tproject\twhere\tboth\tIQ\tand\timpulsivity\twere\tassessed\tin\tten-to\ttwelve-year- olds,\timpulsivity\twas\talmost\tthree\ttimes\tmore\tpowerful\tthan\tverbal\tIQ\tin\tpredicting\tdelinquency.\tSee the\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\\\"On\tthe\tRelation\tBetween\tIQ,\tImpulsivity,\tand\tDelinquency,\\\"\tJournal\tof Abnormal\tPsychology\t104\t(1995). 19.\t\\\"Bad\\\"\tgirls\tand\tpregnancy:\tMarion\tUnderwood\tand\tMelinda\tAlbert,\t\\\"Fourth-Grade\tPeer\tStatus\tas\ta Predictor\tof\tAdolescent\tPregnancy,\\\"\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tSociety\tfor\tResearch\ton Child\tDevelopment,\tKansas\tCity,\tMissouri\t(Apr.\t1989). 20.\tThe\ttrajectory\tto\tdelinquency:\tGerald\tR.\tPatterson,\t\\\"Orderly\tChange\tin\ta\tStable\tWorld:\tThe\tAntisocial Trait\tas\tChimera,\t\\\"Journal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\t62\t(1993). 21.\tMind-set\tof\taggression:\tRonald\tSlaby\tand\tNancy\tGuerra,\t\\\"Cognitive\tMediators\tof\tAggression\tin Adolescent\tOffenders,\\\"\tDevelopmental\tPsychology\t24\t(1988). 22.\tThe\tcase\tof\tDana:\tfrom\tLaura\tMufson\tet\tal.,\tInterpersonal\tPsychotherapy\tfor\tDepressed\tAdolescents (New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993). 23.\tRising\trates\tof\tdepression\tworldwide:\tCross-National\tCollaborative\tGroup,\t\\\"The\tChanging\tRate\tof Major\tDepression:\tCross-National\tComparisons,\\\"\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\t(Dec.\t2, 1992)."]
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