XAM IDEA Social Science

SOCIAL SCIENCE Class-X (2021-22) Term-1 Time: 90 minutes Max Marks: 40 Unit–I India and the Contemporary World – I No. of Periods Marks Unit–II Contemporary India – I 10 Unit-III Democratic Politics – I 12 10 Unit-IV Economics 16 10 14 10 Total 20 40 62 Course Content–X TERM – 1 Unit–I: India and the Contemporary World – II Section 1: Events and Processes 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe l Enable the leamers to identify and comprehend the l The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation forms in which nationalism developed along with the l The Making of Nationalism in Europe formation of nation states in Europe in the post-1830 l The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848 period. l The Making of Germany and Italy l Visualising the Nation l Establish the relationship and bring out the difference l Nationalism and Imperialism between European nationalish and anti-colonial nationalisms. l Understand the way the idea of nationalism emerged and led to the formation of nation states in Europe and elsewhere. Unit-II: Contemporary India – II Themes Learning Objectives 1. Resources and Development l Understand the value of resources and the need for l Types of Resources their judicious utilisation and conservation. l Development of Resources l Resource Planning in India l Land Resources l Land Utilisation l Land use pattern in India l Land Degradation and Conservation Measures l Classification of Soils l Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation 3. Water Resources l Comprehend the importance of water as a resource l Water Scarcity and the need for Water Conservation as well as develop awareness towards its judicious use and conservation. and Management l Multi-purpose River Projects and Integrated Water l Identify different Dams in the country. Resources Management l Rainwater Harvesting Note: The theoretical aspect of chapter “Water Resources” to be assessed in the Periodic Tests only and will not be evaluated in Board Examination. However, the map items of this chapter as listed will be evaluated in Board Examination.

4. Agriculture l Explain the importance of agriculture in national l Types of farming economy. l Cropping Pattern l Major Crops l Identify various types of farming and discuss the l Technological and Institutional Reforms various farming methods; describe the spatial l Impact of Globalisation of Agriculture distribution of major crops as well as understand the relationship between rainfall regimes and cropping Unit-III: Democratic Politics – II pattern. Themes l Explain various government policies for institutional 1. Power Sharing as well as technological reforms since independence. l Case Studies of Belgium and Sri Lanka l Why power sharing is desirable? Learning Objectives l Forms of Power Sharing l Familiarize with the centrality of power sharing in a 2. Federalism democracy. l What is Federalism? l What make India a Federal Country? l Understand the working of spatial and social power l How is Federalism practiced? sharing mechanisms. l Decentralization in India Unit-IV: Economics l Analyse federal provisions and institutions. l Explain decentralization in rural and urban areas. Themes Learning Objectives 1. Development l Familiarize with macroeconomics. l What Development Promises - Different people different l Understand the rationale for overall human goals development in our country, which includes the rise of l Income and other goals income, improvements in health and education rather l National Development than income. l How to compare different countries or states? l Understand the importance of quality of life and l Income and other criteria sustainable development. l Public Facilities l Identify major employment generating sectors. l Sustainability of development l Reason out the government investment in different 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy sectors of economy. l Sectors of Economic Activities l Comparing the three sectors l Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India l Division of sectors as organized and unorganized l Sectors in terms of ownership: Public and Private Sectors List of Map Tems Class–X (2021-22) Term-1 A. GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1: Resources and Development (a) Major soil Types Chapter 3: Water Resources Dams: (a) Salal (b) Bhakra Nangal (c) Tehri (d) Rana Pratap Sagar (e) Sardar Sarovar (f ) Hirakud (g) Nagarjuna Sagar (h) Tungabhadra Note: The theoretical aspect of chapter “Water Resources” to be assessed in the Periodic Tests only and will not be evaluated in Board Examination. However, the map items of this chapter as listed will be evaluated in Board Examination. Chapter 4: Agriculture (a) Major areas of Rice and Wheat (b) Largest / Major producer States of Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Cotton and Jute

1 SOCIAL SCIENCE BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART IMPORTANT EVENTS/TERMS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Including Competency-based MCQs) CASE-BASED QUESTIONS ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS MAP QUESTIONS

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1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART CHANGES DURING THE 1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION France was under The revolution transferred the Ideas like ‘La Patrie’ (the The Royal flag was Absolute monarchy. governmental power or ruling fatherland) and ‘Le replaced by the power from monarchy to French Citoyen’ (the citizen) were New French Flag. people or its citizens. adopted. French became Uniform weights Abolishment of A centralized National Assembly was renamed the national and measures internal customs administrative system as ‘Estate General’, which was language. were adopted. duties and dues. was established. elected by the citizens. NAPOLEON (1769-1821) Ruler of France Became the first Napoleonic Code from 1799-1815. consul by assuming (1804) absolute powers. or Civil Code Simplification of Right to Abolishment of all Equality before law administrative property for privileges based divisions. French citizens. on birth right. Removed Abolishment of There was improvement restrictions on feudal system & in transport and guilds in towns. serfdom. communication system. History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 5

GREEK REVOLUTION (1830) Greek War of Since 15th cen., Struggle for Greece’s Support from the Greek culture and Independence Greece was part of literature inspired Independence started with West European the poets and artists the Ottoman Empire. who supported the the Growth of nationalism countries. revolution. in Europe from the Ottoman empire in 1821. GERMANY REVOLUTION OF THE LIBERALS (1848) 831 elected Drafted a Prussian King The parliament mainly took Troops forcibly representatives Constitution for a Friedrich Wilhelm IV interest in the workers and disbanded the marched to take their German nation based —rejected their artisans – as it was largely assembly. places in the on constitutional demands. dominated by the middle Frankfurt Parliament. monarchy. class members. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY (1866-71) Efforts were made by These efforts were The national Otto-Von Bismark of 1871 – Kaiser William I the middle class suppressed by the unification was taken Prussia played the role was declared as the Germans to write the monarchy and under by the of a main leader in act new Emperor of a new different regions of military and the leadership of Prussia. of nation-building. Empire. German Confederation landowners in into a nation-state. Prussia. The unification of Germany Currency, banking, legal and judicial established Prussian dominance systems were introduced by the New in Europe. German Empire. UNIFICATION OF ITALY (1859–1870) Mid 19th Century Around 1830s Sardinia – 1859 1861 Piedmont’s force Austrian forces Victor Emmanuel Was divided into 7 For uniting Italian marched into South were defeated by became the king of states. Republic-Giuseppe Italy and the France + Sardinia United Italy and Mazzini program was Kingdom of the Two – Piedmont Rome was Only formed. Sicilies and drove out alliance. declared the Sardinia-Piedmont the Spanish rulers. capital of Italy. was ruled by an Young Italy – a secret Italian princely society was also house. formed during this time. North was ruled by Failure of revolutionary Austrian Habsburgs. uprisings from 1831-1848 by King Whereas the centre Victor Emmanuel II. was under Pope. Count Cavour –Chief And the south was Minister of Sardinia – under the Bourbon Piedmont – led the Kings of Spain. movement for the unification of Italy. 6 Social Science–X: Term–1

VISUALISING THE NATION Artists in 18th and Represented Female figures During French Revolution, In French, she 19th centuries country as a person became an allegory artists used female allegory was christened personified nations. called ‘Allegory’. of the nation. to portray ideas like liberty, ‘Marianne’. justice and republic. Germania wears a crown of Germania became In red cap, the tricolor oak leaves as the German the Allegory of the cockade represented oak stands for heroism. Germany. liberty and the Republic. BRITAIN Before 18th century, Constant growth in England entrenched as An Act of the Union (1707) Scotland and Ireland it was not a nation power helped English a nation. The power of was formed between were dominated by state. nations to extend their the monarchy was England and Scotland by England in all aspects. control over other taken over by the the United Kingdom of nations and islands. English parliament. Great Britain. British Nation was formed – After the failed revolution led by which included various the Wolfe and his United symbols— flag, National Anthem Irishmen (1798), British took and the English language. over Ireland forcibly. IMPORTANT EVENTS 1707 – Act of Union – Between England and Scotland- resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. 1789 – The French Revolution occurred. 1797 – Napoleon invades Italy, Napoleonic wars begin. 1801 – Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. 1804 – Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law and secured right to property. 1814-1815 – Defeat of Napoleon by European powers—Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. 1815 – The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna was signed. 1815 – Conservative regimes were set up. 1821 – Greek struggle for independence begins. 1830 – The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherland. 1830s – Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. Economic hardship in Europe. History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 7

1832 – Treaty of Constantinople was signed and Greece was recognised as an independent nation. 1848 – Renunciation of the French Monarch. 1848 – 831 elected representatives marched towards the Frankfurt parliament and drafted the constitution for a German nation. 1852-1860 – Chief Minister Cavour, became the Prime Minister of Piedmont of Italy. 1859-1870 – Unification of Italy. 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy. 1864 – Bismarck fought a war against Denmark and took control of Schleswig. 1866-1871 – Unification of Germany. (An assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers (including the Chief Minister Bismarck) gathered in the Hall of mirrors at Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.) 1867 – Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians. 1905 – Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. What major issue was criticised against by the liberal nationalists? (a) Censorship laws to control the press (b) Preservation of the Church (c) A modern army (d) Efficient bureaucracy 2. What type of conservative regimes set up in 1815 in Europe? (a) Autocratic (b) Aristocratic (c) Democratic (d) Dictatorial 3. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’? [CBSE 2020 (32/1/1)] (a) French Revolution (b) Russian Revolution (c) Glorious Revolution (d) The Revolution of the liberals 4. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy, in 1861? (a) Giuseppe Garibaldi (b) Victor Emmanuel II (c) Giuseppe Mazzini (d) Cavour 5. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of: (a) Russian empire (b) Ottoman empire (c) German empire (d) Habsburg empire 6. Which of the following did the European conservatives not believe in? (a) Traditional institution of state policy (b) Strengthened monarchy (c) A return to a society of pre-revolutionary days (d) None of the above 8 Social Science–X: Term–1

7. Which of the following was not a part of Napoleon’s defeat? (a) Britain (b) Austria (c) Italy (d) Germany 8. Treaty of Constantinople recognised _____________ as an independent nation. (a) Greece (b) Austria (c) Italy (d) Japan 9. Who hosted the ‘Treaty of Vienna’? (b) Victor Emmanuel (a) Frédéric Sorrieu (d) Giuseppe Garibaldi (c) Duke Metternich 10. Which one of the following was NOT the result of the Treaty of Vienna 1815 ? [CBSE 2020 (32/2/1)] (a) The Kingdom of the Netherlands was set up in the North. (b) Austria was given control of Northern Italy. (c) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. (d) Russia was given German Confederation of 39 states. 11. The meaning of ‘Volksgeist: (b) Spirit of the nation (a) Common people (d) None of the above (c) Music 12. Name the customs union formed by Prussia to abolish tariff barriers. (a) Elle (b) Zollverein (c) Zweibiicken (d) La Patrie 13. Identify the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dreams of a world from the following: (a) Kitagewa Utamaro (b) Richard M Hoe (c) Voltaire (d) Frederic Sorrieu 14. Which of the following artist painted the image of Germania? (a) Philip Veit (b) Frederic Sorrieu (c) Ernst Renan (d) Richard M Hoe 15. What happened to Poland at the end of the 18th century? Which of the following answers is correct? (a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century. (b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia. (c) Poland became the part of East Germany (d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and Austria. 16. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany? (a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) – Kaiser William I (b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister) (c) Johann Gottfried Herder – German philosopher (d) Austrian Chancellor – Duke Metternich 17. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark , Germany and France ended in – (a) Danish victory (b) Prussian victory (c) French victory (d) German victory 18. The political and constitutional changes brought about by the French Revolution were (a) it ended the absolute monarchy (b) it transferred power to a body of the French citizens (c) it proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny (d) all the above History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 9

19. What does blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise? (a) Peace (b) Equality (c) Justice (d) Liberty 20. What was the main intention behind ‘Treaty of Vienna of 1815’? (a) Restore republics (b) Restore democracies (c) Restore monarchies (d) None of these 21. What did ‘Das Volk’ stand for? (b) Factory workers (a) Democracy (d) common people (c) Slum dwellers 22. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism? (a) concept of government by consent (b) freedom of markets (c) cultural movements (d) freedom of an individual 23. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means (a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture. (b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations. (c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others. (d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world. 24. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because (a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants. (b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens. (c) it ensures Parliamentary form of government to its inhabitants. (d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants. 25. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna? (a) Britain (b) Russia (c) Prussia (d) Switzerland 26. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was (a) to conquer the people of Europe. (b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism. (c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe. (d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world. 27. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions? (a) England (b) Spain (c) Regions under French control (d) Poland 28. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means: (a) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men. (b) the right to vote for all adults. (c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men. (d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women. 29. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’? (a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy. (b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change. (c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy. (d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies. 10 Social Science–X: Term–1

30. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain? (a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval. (b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament. (c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state. (d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales. 31. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure: (a) cloth (b) thread (c) land (d) height 32. Zollevrein started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a: (a) Trade Union (b) Customs Union (c) Labour Union (d) Farmer’s Union 33. Romanticism refers to a: (b) religious movement (a) cultural movement (d) literary movement (c) political movement 34. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789? (a) Dictatorship (b) Military (c) Body of French Citizen (d) Monarchy 35. Which of the following countries is considered as the ‘cradle of European civilization’? (a) England (b) France (c) Greece (d) Russia 36. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ was: (a) The Russian Revolution (b) The French Revolution (c) The American Revolution (d) India’s First War of Independence 37. ‘Crown of oak leaves’ symbolises? (b) Being freed (a) heroism (d) Beginning of a new era (c) willingness to make peace 38. What did the ‘German Sword’ stand for? (b) Readiness to fight (a) Heroism (d) Symbol of German empire-strength (c) Beginning of a new era 39. Which one of the following types of government was functioning before the revolution of 1789? (a) Dictatorship (b) Military (c) Monarchy (d) Council of French citizen 40. Which one of the following was not a part of the concept of nation-state? (a) Clearly defined boundary (b) National identity based on culture and history (c) Sovereignty (d) Freedom from monarchy 41. What is an “allegory’? (c) Art form (d) Song (a) Idealistic state (b) Abstract idea 42. What were the contributions of the Grimm Brothers in nation-building? (a) Fairy tales (b) Folk dances (c) Operas (d) Music 43. Women were admitted in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, but only as: (a) Opposition (b) Waitresses (c) Guards (d) Observers History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 11

44. What did weavers in Silesia, in 1845, revolt against? (a) Bad quality raw material (b) Insufficient supply of raw material (c) Contractors who didn’t pay them enough (d) None of these 45. What was the result of Polish being used as the medium of instruction for preaching in all Church gatherings, in late eighteenth century? (a) Priests and bishops were jailed (b) Followers were tortured (c) Preachers were forced to preach in Russian (d) Followers were sent to Siberia 46. How did Karol Kurpinski celebrate the national struggle? (a) Operas (b) Plays (c) Books (d) Poetry 47. Why was the kingdom of Netherlands, which included Belgium, set up in the North? (a) To control censorship laws (b) To curb government activities (c) To prevent French expansion (d) Both (a) and (b) 48. What led to the abolishing of the tariff barriers in the German-speaking regions of Europe and the reduction of currencies? (a) Formation of the Customs Union (b) Formation of traditional institutions (c) Abolition of feudalism (d) State power 49. What was viewed as obstacle to economic change and growth by new commercial classes? (a) Absence of railways (b) Limited suffrage (c) Customs duties (d) Reduced status of women 50. A merchant traveling from Hamburg to Nuremberg, in the first half of the nineteenth century, had to pass through how many customs barriers to sell his goods? (a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 11 51. In revolutionary France, who were granted exclusive rights to vote? (a) All women (b) Property-owning men (c) Property-owning women (d) All men 52. Nationalism brought about in Europe the emergence of: (a) The Nation State (b) The modern state (c) Multinational Dynastic state (d) Alliances formed among many European states. 53. The term Plebiscite means: (a) Adult Franchise (b) A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal (c) When the rich and the aristocrats select their leaders (d) A vote by the people to elect their leader. 54. The ideas of a United community enjoying equal rights under a constitution were expressed by the French as: (a) La Patrie (b) Le Citoyen (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above 55. Liberalism meant to the new middle classes (a) political freedom (b) Freedom of the individual and equality of all before law (c) End of aristocracy (d) New political rights 12 Social Science–X: Term–1

56. Which new spirit guided European nations after Napolean’s defeat? (a) Fascism (b) Conservatism (c) Nazism (d) Communism 57. When did the French Revolution start? (a) 1789 (b) 1879 (c) 1780 (d) 1769 58. What emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution? (a) la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) (b) French people in common (c) French Flag (d) idea of one nation state 59. Regional dialects were discouraged and _________, became the common language of the nation. (a) English (b) Polish language (c) French (d) Italian 60. What mission did the revolutionaries declare as the destiny to the French people? (a) to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism - to help other peoples of Europe to become nations. (b) to make a one nation state (c) to become a democracy (d) to become sovereign 61. What happened when the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe? (a) There was tumult (b) The people did not know how to react (c) Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs (d) There was confusion and dissatisfaction in the air 62. What idea did the French armies carry abroad through the revolutionary wars? (a) Despotism (b) Nationalism (c) War Strategies (d) Violence and bloodshed 63. What did Napoleon do in the territory that was under his control? (a) set about introducing many reforms (b) set about war strategies (c) worked for peace (d) worked towards democratic ideas 64. Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed ___________ in France. (a) Monarchy (b) Democracy (c) Federal rule (d) Sovereignty 65. What did Napoleon do to make the system efficient and rational in France? (a) in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles (b) brought about different reforms (c) worked on military (d) worked on the financial conditions 66. What did the Civil Code of 1804 bring about? (a) Right by birth to all facilities of state (b) did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. (c) no right to property (d) No right to equality History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 13

67. What did Napoleon do in the rural areas of these regions? (a) simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial due (b) made administration strict (c) encouraged the feudal system (d) put taxes on the peasants 68. What changes did Napoleon bring about in the towns? (a) guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. (b) Transport and communication systems were improved. (c) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen had to pay tax (d) guild restrictions remained as they were 69. In mid-eighteenth-century Europe what was the status of Germany, Italy and Switzerland? (a) they were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories (b) they were sovereign states (c) they were democracies (d) they were republics 70. When did Industrialisation take place in France and parts of the German states? (a) 18th century (b) later 18th century (c) nineteenth century (d) mid 18th century 71. What is Liberalism? (a) ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free-freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. (b) end of autocracy (c) equal rules for all (d) liberty to the upper classes 72. What is Suffrage? (c) Right to vote (d) Right to complain (a) Right to property (b) Right to Justice 73. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to ______. (a) property-owning men (b) all (c) Men and women (d) upper class 74. What did the customs union or zollverein do? (a) abolished tax (b) abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two (c) abolished tariff charges and reduced the currencies to 5 (d) only abolished tariff barriers 75. What was conservatism? (a) strict rules on the society (b) social norms became conservative (c) monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved (d) different norms for different classes 76. When did the Treaty of Vienna take place and who were the participants? (a) 1816, Britain, Russia, Prussia (b) 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria (c) 1820, Britain and Russia (d) 1817, Russia, Prussia, Austria 77. In which year did Louis Philippe flee and the National Assembly was proclaimed a Republic? (a) 1846 (b) 1848 (c) 1845 (d) 1847 14 Social Science–X: Term–1

78. Which area was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? (a) Southern Europe (b) mid Europe (c) Balkan States (d) Eastern States 79. What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the utopian vision? (a) Equality among people (b) Fraternity among nations (c) Freedom of nations (d) Resentment against nations 80. What territories did the Habsburg Empire rule over? (a) Austria (b) Romania (c) Hungary (d) Both (a) and (c) 81. Why was the Treaty of Vienna drawn up in 1815? (a) To abolish tariff barriers (b) To restore the monarchies (c) To divide the German Confederation of 39 states (d) None of these 82. Name the Italian revolutionary from Genoa. (a) Metternich (b) Johann Gottfried (c) Giuseppe Mazzini (d) None of these 83. When did Napoleon invade Italy? (a) 1821 (b) 1905 (c) 1797 (d) 1795 84. What was ‘Young Italy’? (b) Secret society (a) Vision of Italy (d) None of these (c) National anthem of Italy 85. Which of the following did not play a role to develop nationalist sentiments? (a) Art (b) Music (c) Climate 86. German philosopher, Johann Gottfried claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the: (a) Common people (b) Aristocratic (c) Middle class elite 87. The place where the priests and bishops were punished. (a) Siberia (b) Tundra (c) Mongolia 88. Name the act which resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. (a) The Act of Union 1707 (b) Tax Reform Act, 1784 (c) Commutation Act 1784 (d) None of the above 89. Who followed the policy of Golden Mean? (a) Matternich (b) Mazzini (c) Louis Philippe (d) Duke of Orleans 90. What was Helairia Philike? (c) A custom Union (d) An Allegori (a) A Secret Society (b) A Political Party 91. Who founded the revolutionary militia ‘Red Shirt’? (a) Wilson (b) Tsar Alexander II (c) Garibaldi (d) Matternich 92. Who was Frederick Sorrieu? (b) Chancellor of Austria (a) A Revolutionary (d) French Artist (c) King of Frame 93. Vienna Congress was convened in 1815 for what purpose? (a) To declare completion of German Unification. (b) To restore conservative regime in Europe. (c) To declare war against France. (d) To start the process of Italian unification. 94. Which year was known as the year of dear bread? (a) 1830 (b) 1848 (c) 1789 (d) 1815 History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 15

95. Name the state which led the process of Italian unification? (a) Rome (b) Prussia (c) Sardinia Piedmont (d) Vienna 96. Who said Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi: three her brain, her soul, her sword? (a) Victor Emmannual (b) George Meredith (c) Louis XVIII (d) Guizot 97. Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for national unification? (a) Garibaldi (b) Otto Von Bismark (c) Mazzini (d) Matternich 98. United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in the year - (a) 1789 (b) 1798 (c) 1707 (d) 1801 99. Who said that, Italy was merely a geographical expression? (a) Cavour (b) Napoleon (c) Matternich (d) Guizot 100. Which one was not included in the Balkan Region? (a) Croatia (b) Bosnia Harzegovina (c) Serbia (d) Spain 101. Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution? (a) Marie Antoniate (b) Louis XVI (c) Czar Nicolas (d) Edward II 102. Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic code? (a) Equality before the law (b) Universal adult franchise (c) right to property (d) privileges based on birth 103. After Napoleon’s defeat, who captured the power of Europe? (a) Fascists (b) Conservatives (c) Communists (d) None of the above 104. Who remarked “When France Sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold? (a) Giuseppe Mazzini (b) Metternich (c) Louis Philippe (d) Johann Gottfried 105. Which country had been part of the ‘Ottoman Empire’ since the 15th century? (a) Spain (b) Greece (c) France (d) Germany 106. Which country became full-fledged territorial state in Europe in the year 1789? (a) Germany (b) France (c) England (d) Spain 107. When was the first clear expression of nationalism noticed in Europe? (a) 1787 (b) 1759 (c) 1789 (d) 1769 108. Which language was spoken for purposes of diplomacy in the mid 18th century in Europe? (a) German (b) English (c) French (d) Spanish 109. Liberal-national mainly belong to which class? (a) Elite class (b) Educated middleclass elite (c) Working class (d) Artisans 110. Where was the first upheaval took place in July, 1803? (a) Italy (b) France (c) Germany (d) Greece 111. Which newly designed flag was chosen to replace the formal flag ‘Royal Standard’ in France? (a) Union Jack (b) Tricolour (c) White Saltire (d) Red Cross 112. Which of the following reforms made the whole system in France more rational and efficient? (a) Administrative reform (b) Social reform (c) Economic reform (d) Political reform 113. What was the main occupation in the mid 18th century in Europe? (a) Trade and commerce (b) Peasantry (c) Craftmanship (d) All of the above 16 Social Science–X: Term–1

114. What was the main feature of the pattern of land holding prevailing in the Eastern and Central Europe? (a) Tenants (b) Vast estates (c) Small owners (d) Landlords 115. Which country began to use language as a weapon of national resistance? (a) Poland (b) Prussia (c) Hungary (d) Austria Answers 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 1. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 9. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (b) 17. (b) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (d) 25. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (a) 33. (a) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (a) 41. (b) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (a) 49. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (c) 71. (a) 72. (c) 57. (a) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (d) 65. (a) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (a) 73. (a) 90. (a) 91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (b) 81. (b) 98. (c) 99. (c) 100. (d) 101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (b) 104. (b) 89. (c) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (c) 109. (b) 110. (b) 111. (b) 112. (a) 97. (b) 114. (b) 115. (a) 1 05. (c) 113. (b) CASE-BASED QUESTIONS Attempt all sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The Ottoman Empire sought to strengthen itself through: (a) Modernisation (b) internal reforms (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above (ii) The Balkan people based their claims for __________ or __________ on nationality. (a) independence, political rights (b) power sharing, federalism (c) secularism, political rights (d) modernisation, strength History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 17

(iii) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area of _____________. (a) Ottoman Empire (b) Balkans (c) Greece (d) Albania (iv) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism was responsible for: (a) disintegration of Greece (b) Balkans disintegration from the Ottoman Empire (c) integration of Macedonia (d) none of the above 2. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations. When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The political and constitutional changes brought about by the French Revolution were: (a) it ended the absolute monarchy. (b) it transferred power to a body of the French citizens. (c) it proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny. (d) all the above. (ii) The first clear expression of nationalism came with: (a) The American Revolution (b) The French Revolution (c) The Russian Revolution (d) The Industrial Revolution (iii) The ideas of a United Community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution were expressed by the French as: (a) La Patrie (b) Le Citoyen (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (iv) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was renamed as: (a) National Assembly (b) Body of Executives (c) Rule of Directory (d) None of these 3. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and 18 Social Science–X: Term–1

society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna? (a) Britain (b) Russia (c) Prussia (d) Switzerland (ii) Why was the treaty of Vienna (1815) drawn up? (a) To establish tariff barriers (b) To restore the monarchies (c) To divide the German Confederation of 39 states (d) To establish democracies (iii) Who among the following was associated with the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? (a) Bismarck (b) Duke Metternich (c) Louis Philippe (d) Victor Emmaunel II (iv) After the Napoleon which dynasty was restored in France? (a) Bourbon (b) Mazzini (c) Bouborn (d) none of the above 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as: (a) The French Revolutionary Code (b) Napoleonic Code (c) European Imperial Code (d) The French Civil Code History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 19

(ii) The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions? (a) England (b) Spain (c) Regions under French control (d) Poland (iii) Match the following 1. Civil code (a) Napoleon 2. Jacobins (b) carried the idea of nationalism abroad 3. Destroyed democracy (c) Napoleonic code in France 4. French armies (d) political club Choose the correct option: (a) 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(a), 4-(b) (b) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a), 4-(d) (c) 1-(a), 2-(c), 3-(d), 4-(b) (d) 1-(b), 2-(a), 3-(d), 4-(c) (iv) Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic Code? (a) Equality before the law (b) Universal Adult Franchise (c) Right to Property (d) Privileges based on birth 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Who was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861? (a) Victor Emmanuel II (b) Louis Philippe (c) Mazzini (d) Cavour (ii) Cavour’s contribution to Italian unification was: (a) Diplomatic alliance with the enemies of Austria (b) War with Austrian and Bourbons (c) Diplomatic alliance with France in 1859 and strengthening Sardinia and Piedmont (d) Defeated the Bourbon Kings (iii) Which one of the following is true regarding the ideas promoted by Mazzini? (a) opposition to monarchy and support to democratic republic (b) to establish liberty and freedom under a monarchy (c) disintegration of the German confederation under 39 states (d) censorship of newspapers, books, plays and songs 20 Social Science–X: Term–1

(iv) Who amongst the following the Italian leaders was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat? (a) Mazzini (b) Cavour (c) Garibaldi (d) Victor Emmanuel II 6. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go about giving a face to a nation? Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. You will recall that during the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a: (a) Marianne (b) Union Jack (c) Britannia (d) Germania (ii) Which of the given aspects signifies the image of ‘Germania’? (a) Fold and Cultural Tradition (b) Auterity and Asceticism (c) Revenge and Vengeance (d) Heroism and Justice (iii) What did Germania symbolise? (a) French nation (b) German nation (c) British nation (d) None of the above (iv) What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise? (a) Peace (b) Equality (c) Justice (d) Liberty Answers (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (b) 2. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) 4. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) 1. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) 6. (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) 3. (i) (d) 5. (i) (a) ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 21

1. Assertion (A) : During the years following 1818, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Reason (R) : Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. 2. Assertion (A) : The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Reason (R) : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. 3. Assertion (A) : Language, too, played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. Reason (R) : After Russian occupation, the Polish language was welcomed in schools and the Russian language was forced out. 4. Assertion (A) : The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Reason (R) : National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. 5. Assertion (A) : During the 1830s, Giuseppe Garibaldi had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. Reason (R) : Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic. Answers 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 1. (d) zzz 22 Social Science–X: Term–1

2 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART RENEWABLE RESOURCES Resources whose They can be renewed Renewable resources Biotic resources that Example: Wind, water, quantity is not or reproduced by like sunlight, wind, are renewable, may forests, etc. reduced due to use physical, chemical or water are flow be temporarily and which can be mechanical process. resources, whose diminished but may repeatedly used stock is continuous be renewed again by without fear of and are being used natural process and exhaustion are since time proper management. termed as renewable immemorial. resources. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES Substances whose They cannot be Their quantity is more These resources can Example: fossil fuels stock gets reduced increased or or less fixed because never be renewed or like coal, petroleum and are gradually recovered. their formation takes replenished. and minerals. exhausted with use long geological period are termed as of millions of years. non-renewable resources. They are exhaustible resources. Geography: Resources and Development 23

ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP Individual Community National International Owned privately by Accessible to all the Technically, all the resources The oceanic resources individuals e.g., members of the available in the country are beyond 200 km of the plots, house, car, national resources e.g., forests, Exclusive Economic wells, etc. community e.g., public wildlife, land division and the parks, picnic spots, Zone are known as playgrounds, etc. political territories International resources. ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT Potential Developed Stock Reserves Which are found in Which are surveyed and Which have the potential to Can be put into use with a region but have their quality, quantity satisfy human needs but the help of technical has been determined not been yet for utilisation they do not have appropriate know-how but their use utilised technology to access them has not been started DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES Major Problems and Need for Sustainable Development Need for Resource Planning Accumulation of resources in few hands dividing the society in ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ There are regions which are rich in certain Indiscriminate use of resources leading to global warming, ozone layer depletion and environmental pollution, land degradation resources and deficient in some other resources Resource planning needed for sustainable existence of all forms of life Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but Sustainable economic development is development that should take place without damaging the environment lacks infrastructural development The first International Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, attended by 100 countries Rajasthan has abundance of solar and wind energy Adopted Agenda 21 to achieve global sustainable development but lacks in water resources and to combat poverty, disease from the world 24 Social Science–X: Term–1

RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA A complex process involving Conservation of three processes Resources (i) Identification and inventory of resources Vital for any development activity (ii) Evolving a planning structure Irrational consumption and overutilisation lead to socio-economic (iii) Matching the resource development plan with national development plans and environmental problems Five year plans launched after independence Indian resource development depends on technology, quality of human resources and historical experiences of people LAND RESOURCES Importance of Land Relief Features Land Utilisation Perform all economic Variety of relief features in Forests activities on land India Land not available for It’s a natural resource Plains — Covering cultivation—Barren and supporting natural 43% area wasteland vegetation, wildlife, economic activities, transport and Mountains — Covering Permanent pastures and communication systems 30% area grazing lands An asset of a finite Plateaus — Covering Land under miscellaneous magnitude 27% area trees and culturable wastelands Possesses rich resources in all these relief features Fallow lands and Net Sown Area Geography: Resources and Development 25

LAND RESOURCES Land use Pattern of Land Conservation of India Degradation Land Determined by both physical Degraded land — 130 million Afforestation and proper and human factors hectare. 28% forest management of grazing lands Land use data available only degraded, 56% water eroded, Planting of shelter belts for 93% area certain human activities Control on overgrazing Mining sites are abandoned Thorny bushes to stabilise Overgrazing and over sand dunes irrigation is responsible for Control on mining activities alkalinity Proper discharge and disposal Mineral processing like of industrial effluents cement industry, industrial effluents SOIL AS A RESOURCE ALLUVIAL SOIL The entire northern plains Alluvial soil is also found The alluvial soil consists of Mostly these soils contain are made up of alluvial soil. in the eastern coastal various proportions of adequate proportion of plains particularly in the sand, silt and clay. potash, phosphoric acid deltas of and lime which are ideal for Alluvial soils are described the growth of sugarcane, These have been deposited on the basis of their age. paddy, wheat and other by these important cereal and pulse crops. Himalayan river systems. Mahanadi Krishna river river Indus Brahmaputra Godavari Kaveri river river Ganga (Old) Bangar (New) Khadar has higher concentration has less concentration of of ‘Kanker’ nodules ‘Kanker’ nodules than Bangar less fertile is more fertile than Khadar than Bangar 26 Social Science–X: Term–1

BLACK SOIL These soils are They are ideal for This type of soil is The black soils are These soils are black in colour growing cotton typical of the made up of sticky when wet and are also known and is also known Deccan trap extremely fine, i.e., and difficult to as ‘regur’ soils. as ‘black cotton’ (Basalt) region, clayey material work on unless soil. spread over tilled immediately northwest after the first Deccan plateau shower or during and is made up of the pre-monsoon lava flows. period. RED AND YELLOW SOILS Red soil develops on Yellow and red soils are These soils develop a crystalline igneous rocks in found in parts of Orissa, reddish colour due to areas of low rainfall in the Chhattisgarh, southern parts diffusion of iron in eastern and southern parts of the middle Ganga plain crystalline and of the Deccan plateau. and along the piedmont zone metamorphic rocks. of the western ghats. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. LATERITE SOIL The laterite develops This soil is suitable These soils are After adopting in areas with high for cultivation with mainly found in appropriate soil temperature and adequate doses of Karnataka, Kerala, conservation heavy rainfall. manures and Tamil Nadu, Madhya techniques, fertilizers. Pradesh and the hilly particularly in the hilly areas of Orissa and areas of Karnataka, Assam. Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing Tea and Coffee. ARID SOILS Arid soils range from They are generally In some areas, the The bottom layer of After proper irrigation, red to brown in sandy in texture and salt content is very Kankar restricts the these soils become colour. saline in nature. high and common infiltration of water. cultivable as has salt is obtained by been in the case of evaporating the western Rajasthan. water. Geography: Resources and Development 27

Soil Erosion Soil Conservation Denudation of soil cover and subsequent Ploughing along contour lines— washing down is called soil erosion Contour ploughing Due to human activities like deforestation, Steps can be cut on slopes— overgrazing, construction and mining Terrace farming Natural forces like wind, water, glacier and Strips of grass are left to grow between water lead to soil erosion crops called—strip cropping Running water cuts through clayey soil and forms gullies Also caused due to defective method of farming-ploughing in a wrong manner IMPORTANT TERMS 1. Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively. 2. Biotic: Relating to or resulting from living organisms. The biotic factors of an ecosystem are all the living organisms that affect other organisms in an ecosystem and include animals, plants, microorganisms, dead organisms, and even animal waste. 3. Abiotic: Devoid of life. Non biological factors, material or process which can affect living or non-living organisms, like rocks, weather and sunlight. 4. Renewable Resources: It is a substance of economic value that can be replaced or replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to draw the supply down. 5. Non-Renewable Resources: It is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. 6. Natural Vegetation: It refers to the plants and other flora that make up the plant life in the region. 7. Recycle: To convert (waste) into reusable material. 8. Individual Resources: These types of resources are owned by individuals, for instance, people in rural areas own lands while in urban areas, people have their own houses, plots, etc. to live in. 9. Community owned Resources: This type of resources can be accessed by all the members of a community. This includes public parks, picnic spots, grazing grounds, and playgrounds, etc. which are accessible by everyone living around. 28 Social Science–X: Term–1

10. International Resources: The international Resource Panel is a scientific panel of experts that aim to help nations use natural resources sustainably without compromising economic growth and human needs. 11. Potential Resources: Resources found in a region but not being used at present. 12. Developed Resources: They are those resources which have been surveyed and identified for their quantity and quality. Their development depends upon the availability of technology. 13. Reserves: These are such materials that can be utilised with existing technology but their use has not yet been started. 14. Conservation: The protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important buildings especially from the damaging effects of human activity. 15. Land Resources: It refers to the land available for exploitation, like non-agricultural lands for buildings, developing townships, etc. Land resources (natural resources) (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. 16. Degradation: The process in which the beauty or quality of something is destroyed or spoiled: environmental degradation. 17. Stock: These are materials in the environment that can be utilised as resources but lack of adequate technology hampers their usage. 18. Sheet Erosion: Loss of top layers of nutrient rich soil due to water (rain), loosening soil particles and carrying them across the land. 19. Gullies: A ravine formed by the action of water. 20. Bad Land: It is a type of dry terrain where softer sedimentary rocks and clay-rich soils have been extensively eroded by wind and water. 21. Soil Erosion: It is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. Displacement of upper layer of soil. 22. Plateau: A large flat area of land that is high above sea level. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. Which one of the following is an example of Cultivable Wasteland? (a) Gross cropped Area (b) Uncultivable Land (c) Barren Wasteland (d) Current fallow Land 2. Khadar is a type of: (a) Black soil (b) Alluvial soil (c) Laterite soil (d) Desert soil 3. The resources of ownership are (a) plantation (b) pasture land (c) ponds (d) all of the above 4. Resource planning is essential for ___________ existence of all forms of life. (a) ecological balance (b) sustainable (c) exploitation (d) none of these 5. Which one of the following method is used to break up the force of wind? (a) Shelter belt (b) Strip cropping (c) Contour ploughing (d) Terrace farming Geography: Resources and Development 29

6. Where was the first international Earth Summit held? (a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Geneva (c) Switzerland (d) Philippines 7. Geothermal energy in Puga valley and Parvati Valley are (a) stock resources (b) developed resources (c) reserve resources (d) potential resources 8. Which soil is known as Black cotton soil? (a) Red soil (b) Arid soil (c) Mountain soil (d) Black soil 9. Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year is called ___________. (a) culturable wasteland (b) current fallow land (c) wasteland (d) none of the above 10. Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are known (a) potential resources (b) stock (c) developed Resources (d) reserves 11. Which of the following is not a measure for soil conservation? (a) strip cropping (b) terrace cultivation (c) shelter belts (d) overdrawing of groundwater 12. Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore? (a) Renewable (b) Biotic (c) Flow (d) Non-renewable 13. Under which of the following types of resources can tidal energy be put? (a) Replenishable (b) Human-made (c) Abiotic (d) Non-renewable 14. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab? (a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over-grazing (d) Over irrigation 15. In which of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced? (a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Uttaranchal 16. In which of the following states is black soil found? (a) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Gujarat (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand 17. What percentage of our land should be under forest cover according to the National Forest Policy? (a) 33% (b) 22.5% (c) 31% (d) 30% 18. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have appropriate technology to access them are called- (a) Potential resource (b) Stock (c) Developed resource (d) Reserves 19. India’s territorial water extends up to a distance of- (a) 12km (b) 12 nautical miles (c) 19.2 miles (d) 200 nautical miles 20. Resources that take long geological time for their formation are called- (a) Renewable resources (b) Reserve (c) Community resources (d) Non-renewable resources 21. Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as- (a) Net sown area (b) Forest cover (c) Waste land (d) Gross cropped area 22. The total degraded land in our country is- (b) 130 million sq. km. (a) 133 million hectares (d) 130 million hectares (c) 140 million hectares 30 Social Science–X: Term–1

23. In which of the following states mining gas caused severe land degradation? (a) Gujarat (b) Jharkhand (c) Kerala (d) Uttaranchal 24. The main cause of land degradation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh is______________. (a) mining (b) over irrigation (c) deforestation (d) over grazing 25. Which is the most common soil of Northern India? (a) Black soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Alluvial soil (d) Red soil 26. Red soil is mostly found in- (a) Parts of Jammu and Kashmir (b) Upper Ganga Plains (c) Eastern and Southern part of Deccan plateau (d) None of the above 27. Red soil is reddish in color due to- (a) high clay content (b) presence of kankar nodules in the sub soil (c) diffusion of iron in igneous and metamorphic rocks (d) high moisture content 28. Which of the following is not important for soil formation? (a) Relief (b) Parent Rock (c) Climate (d) Duration of day 29. Black soil is also called- (a) Bangar (b) Khadar (c) Regur (d) Humus 30. Black soils are common in- (a) Deccan Trap (b) Kashmir Valley (c) Ganga Valley (d) Northern Plains 31. Laterite soil is very useful for growing- (b) tea, coffee and cashew nut (a) rice, wheat and mustard (d) none of the above (c) pulses, sugarcane and resin 32. Black soil is deficient in- (b) Magnesium (a) Calcium carbonate (d) Phosphoric contents (c) Potash 33. Which of the following soils has self-aeration capacity? (a) Alluvial (b) Red soil (c) Black soil (d) Mountain soil 34. Ploughing along the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes is called (a) Strip cropping (b) Sheet erosion (c) Contour ploughing (d) Terrace cultivation 35. Land that is left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years is called- (a) Pasture land (b) Culturable waste land (c) Barren land (d) Current fallow land 36. Which one of the following soils is ideal for growing cotton? (a) Regur soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Desert soil (d) Mountain soil 37. Soil is formed by the process of - (a) Denudation (b) Deposition (c) Weathering (d) all the above 38. Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year is called- (a) Culturable waste (b) Current fallow land (c) Waste land (d) None of the above 39. ‘There is enough for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed’. Who said this? (a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Atal Bihari Bajpai (c) M. K. Gandhi (d) Sunder Lal Bahuguna Geography: Resources and Development 31

40. Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and quality have been determined for utilization are known as- (a) Potential resources (b) Stock (c) Developed resources (d) Reserves 41. Which one of the following statements is correct as regard to international resources? (a) They are regulated by international institutions. (b) They lie beyond the territorial waters. (c) They are found along the international frontier. (d) They are not yet developed. 42. The most widespread relief feature of India is- (a) Mountains (b) Forests (c) Plains (d) Plateaus 43. Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized are known as- (a) Renewable (b) Developed (c) National (d) Potential 44. Which one of the following statements is true about the term resources? (a) Resources are all the things that are found in nature. (b) They are free gifts of nature. (c) They are the functions of human activities. (d) Things which cannot be used to fulfill our needs. 45. Soil formed by intense leaching is called- (a) Alluvial soil (b) Red soil (c) Laterite soil (d) Desert soil 46. Old alluvial soil is also called- (a) Khadar (b) Hangar (c) Terrai (d) Hangar 47. _________ is a method of growing rows of trees in arid regions. (a) Shelterbelts (b) Contour ploughing (c) Terrace farming (d) None of the above 48. Land consisting of many gullies and ravines are called______________. (a) Gullies (b) Bad lands (c) Basin (d) Slopes 49. Which among the following soils have high water retaining capacity? (a) Alluvial soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Black soil (d) Arid soil 50. Which soil is the most widespread soil of India? (a) Black soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Alluvial soil (d) Red and yellow soil 51. Fossil fuels are examples of- (a) Renewable (b) Non-renewable (c) Non-recyclable (d) All of the above 52. Protection of soil from erosion is called- (a) Sheet erosion (b) Soil conservation (c) Shelter belts (d) None of the above 53. Solar energy is an example of- (b) Non-renewable resource (a) Renewable resource (d) National resource (c) Abiotic resource 54. Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs is called a- (a) Human resource (b) International resource (c) Resource (d) Reserve 55. Which are the two main types of resources? (a) Abiotic and Biotic (b) Renewable and non-renewable (c) Natural and human (d) National and international 32 Social Science–X: Term–1

56. Non-renewable resources are further divided into- (a) Renewable and non-renewable (b) Biotic and abiotic (c) Recyclable and non-recyclable (d) None of the above 57. Name any two community owned resources? (a) Solar energy and wind energy (b) Canals and railways (c) Public parks and picnic spots (d) Oceans and seas 58. Which one of the following is an example of cultivable waste land? (a) Uncultivable land (b) Barren wasteland (c) Current fallow land (d) Gross cropped area 59. Which of the following methods does not help in soil conservation? (a) Contour ploughing (b) Strip cropping (c) Creating shelter belts (d) Ploughing up and down the slope 60. Which one of the following is a renewable resource? (a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Solar energy (d) Fossil fuel 61. The alluvial soil consists of- (a) sand (b) clay (c) silt (d) all of the above 62. Which one of the following does not check land degradation? (a) Control on overgrazing (b) Creating shelter belts (c) Deforestation (d) Afforestation 63. Burial ground is an example of- (b) National resource (a) Community owned resource (d) International resource (c) Individual resource 64. Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country? (a) Leh (b) Kargil (c) Ladakh (d) Dras 65. Which one of the following states has laterite soil? (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Bihar (c) Rajasthan (d) Meghalaya 66. Which one of the following is not the community owned resources? (a) Grazing grounds (b) Burial grounds (c) Village ponds (d) Privately owned house 67. How can the resources be classified on the basis of their origin? (a) Biotic and Abiotic (b) Renewable and Non-renewable (c) Individual and community (d) Potential and Reserve 68. Which among the following is a type of resources classified on the basis of exhaustibility? (a) Biotic and Non-biotic (b) Renewable and Non-Renewable (c) National and International (d) Potential and Reserve 69. What is the arrangement of soil in different layers or horizons known as? (a) Soil composition (b) Soil erosion (c) Soil profile (d) Soil texture 70. Khadar is a type of- (b) Alluvial soil (c) Laterite soil (d) Desert soil (a) Black soil 71. Which one of the following is an example of biotic resources? (a) Rock (b) Mountain (c) Mineral (d) Flora 72. Which one of the following is an example of non-renewable resource? (a) Solar energy (b) Tidal energy (c) Petroleum (d) Hydel power 73. On the basis of ownership resources are classified into- (a) two types (b) three types (c) four types (d) none of the above Geography: Resources and Development 33

74. The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interactive relationship between ______________. (a) nature and technology (b) nature, technology and institutions (c) environment and nature (d) environment and technology 75. Are resources free gifts of nature? (a) Yes, they are. (b) They are not, resources are a function of human activities. (c) Yes, resources are nurtured by nature. (d) No, anything from which a product can be manufactured. 76. Where are biotic resources obtained from? (a) From biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock (b) From composing of non-living things (c) From reproduction by physical, chemical or mechanical processes (d) From minerals and fossil fuels 77. What are renewable resources? (a) These are obtained from biosphere and have life. (b) These are composed of non-living things. (c) Which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes. (d) These are from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, live stock. 78. Give examples of renewable resources. (a) Minerals and fossil fuels (b) Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife (c) Rocks and metals (d) Flora, fauna, fisheries and livestock 79. Give examples of national resources. (a) Plots and houses (b) Public parks, playgrounds, grazing grounds and burial grounds (c) Oceanic resources (d) Minerals, water resources, forests, wild life and land. 80. What are potential resources? (a) Resources which can be renewed or reproduced. (b) Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. (c) Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. (d) Those things which are composed of non-living things. 81. What are developed resources? (a) Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. (b) Resources which can be renewed or reproduced. (c) Those things which are composed of non-living things. (d) Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. 82. What is a stock? (a) Resources which can be renewed or reproduced. (b) Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. (c) Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these. (d) Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife. 34 Social Science–X: Term–1

83. Human beings used resources indiscriminately and this has led to following major problems, which are these problems? (a) Not well-planned use of these resources (b) Wastage of resources (c) Not many problems (d) Accumulation of resources in few hands 84. What is sustainable development? (a) Well planned use of resources and development. (b) Accumulation of resources and then using them accordingly. (c) Development should take place without damaging the environment keeping in mind the future generations. (d) Using materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs. 85. Why do we need resource planning? (a) Because of enormous diversity in the availability of resources (b) Because we need to think of future generations (c) Because we need to consider materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs (d) Because of the need to collect materials and resources and then using them accordingly 86. What does resource planning in India involve? (a) Defining the number of resources (b) Surveying, mapping and qualitative estimation and measurement of the resources (c) Taking government permission (d) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans 87. Why is conservation of the resources important? (a) So that they don’t get wasted (b) Irrational consumption and over utilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems (c) For evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up (d) For matching the resource development plan with overall national developmental plan 88. Which type of land is not used for cultivation? (a) Already on crop production (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. (c) All types of land (d) Black soil land 89. What is the total geographical area of India? (a) 3.25 million sq km (b) 3.20 million sq km (c) 3.22 million sq km (d) 3.28 million sq km 90. ___________ percentage of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. (a) 70 (b) 80 (c) 90 (d) 95 91. Which human activities have led to land degradation? (a) Deforestation and overgrazing (b) Agriculture (c) Buildings and making roads (d) Factories and industries 92. How can we solve the problem of land degradation? (a) Afforestation (b) More agricultural crops (c) Try to grow plants in desert areas (d) Keep agricultural land free 93. Which important river system has formed alluvial soil? (a) Ganga basin (b) Kaveri basin (c) Beas basin (d) Godavari basin Geography: Resources and Development 35

94. Alluvial soils are favorable for the growth of – (a) Sugarcane, paddy and wheat (b) Nuts (c) Palm (d) Cotton 95. Where among the following is black soil mostly found? (a) Karnataka and Kerala (b) Plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra and Malwa (c) Rajasthan and Gujarat (d) Assam 96. Where are red soils mostly found? (b) Kerala and Karnataka (a) Deccan plateau and parts of Odisha (d) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (c) Rajasthan and Gujarat 97. Where is arid soil found in India? (a) Rajasthan (b) Odisha (c) Assam (d) Madhya Pradesh 98. When the land becomes unfit for cultivation is known as- (a) Fallow land (b) Bad land (c) Waste land (d) Deserted land 99. The processes of _______ and________, go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between two. (a) denudation and erosion (b) soil formation and erosion (c) soil formation and denudation (d) climatic conditions and soil erosion 100. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as___________. (a) tributaries (b) ravines (c) gullies (d) drains 101. Which one of the following is a human made resource? (a) Petroleum (b) Forests (c) Machines (d) Land 102. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of exclusive economic zone can be termed as which of the following types of resources? (a) Individual resources (b) Community owned resources (c) National resources (d) International resources 103. What was the main contribution of the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987? (a) Sustainable development as means for resource conservation (b) Advocated resource conservation for the first time (c) Presented Gandhian philosophy (d) All the above 104. What is the land used for grazing cattle and livestock known as? (a) Forest (b) Barren land (c) Pasture (d) Fallow land 105. Which of the following is the root cause for resource depletion at global level according to Gandhiji? (a) Conservation of resources (b) Use of resources (c) Greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology (d) Backward technology 106. Which of the following regions in India possesses rich reserves of minerals and fossil fuels? (a) Plains (b) Mountains (c) Plateaus (d) Deserts 107. Laterite has been derived from the Greek word Later which means- (a) Brick (b) Rock (c) Stone (d) Mountain 36 Social Science–X: Term–1

108. In which of the following states is overgrazing responsible for land degradation? (a) Jharkhand and Odisha (b) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (c) Punjab and Haryana (d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu 109. The mountain share in the total land area is _________. (a) 30% (b) 27% (c) 43% (d) 40% 110. What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area? (a) 43% (b) 23% (c) 33% (d) 27% 111. When the top soil is washed away it is called as- (a) sheet erosion (b) later erosion (c) soil erosion (d) land erosion 112. What is strip cropping? (a) Planting lines of trees (b) Planting between water beds (c) Cultivating making steps (d) Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops 113. What are shelter belts? (b) Planting lines of trees to create shelter (a) Cultivating making steps (d) Planting near water beds (c) Planting huge bush plants in desert 114. What is the contribution of shelter belts? (b) To conserve soil (a) To conserve water (d) To maintain forests (c) To stabilize sand dunes 115. What type of resources are rocks? (a) Abiotic (b) Renewable (c) Potential (d) Biotic 116. Water in the dams, forests, etc. is a _________ resource, which can be used in the future. (a) potential (b) reserve (c) renewable (d) national 117. What is the main reason behind global ecological crisis such as global warming and environmental pollution? (a) Depletion of resources (b) Accumulation of resources in a few hands (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources (d) Use of resources 118. From which five-year plan has India made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning? (a) First five-year plan (b) Fifth five-year plan (c) Annual plans (d) Tenth five-year plan 119. On the basis of ownership, plantation can be considered as which of the following types of resources? (a) Individual resource (b) Community owned resource (c) National resource (d) International resource 120. What is necessary for sustained quality of life and global peace? (a) Stopping use of resources (b) Saving resources for future (c) Exploitation of resources (d) Equitable distribution of resources Answers 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) Geography: Resources and Development 37

41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (c) 61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (b) 71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (d) 80. (b) 81. (c) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (d) 90. (d) 91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (b) 100. (c) 101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (c) 105. (c) 106. (c) 107. (a) 108. (b) 109. (a) 110. (a) 111. (c) 112. (d) 113. (b) 114. (c) 115. (a) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (d) CASE-BASED QUESTIONS Attempt all sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. In villages there are people with land ownership but there are many who are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals. Community owned resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there. National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. You might have seen roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The resources which are owned by the community are: (a) plantation (b) pasture land (c) ponds (d) all the above (ii) Which one of the following is an example of Biotic Resources? (a) Rock (b) Mountain (c) Mineral (d) Flora (iii) On the basis of ownership, plantations can be better considered as which of the following types of resources? (a) Individual resource (b) Community owned resource (c) National resource (d) International resource (iv) The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone can be termed as which of the following types of resource? (a) Individual resources (b) Community owned resources (c) National resources (d) International resources 38 Social Science–X: Term–1

2. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: Resource planning is a complex process which involves: (i) identification and inventor of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region, but mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development. There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources but these are included in economically backward regions. On the contrary there are some regions which have a poor resource base but they are economically developed. The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attractions for the foreign invaders. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies. Therefore, resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. India has experienced all this in different phases of colonisation. Therefore, in India, development in general, and resource development in particular do not only involve the availability of resources, but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) From which Five Year Plan has India made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning? (a) First Five Year Plan (b) Fifth Five Year Plan (c) Annual Plans (d) Tenth Five Year Plan (ii) Resource planning is essential for __________ existence of all forms of life. (a) ecological balance (b) sustainable (c) exploitation (d) None of these (iii) What was main attraction of foreign invaders to India? (a) architecture (b) resource (c) irrigation method (d) spices (iv) Which of the following is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life? (a) Resource planning (b) Resource management (c) Resource extraction (d) Resource generation 3. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy. The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. After all, “energy saved is energy produced”. Geography: Resources and Development 39

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) What is considered to be the basic requirement of economic development? (a) resources (b) energy (c) technology (d) citizens (ii) There is an urgent need of _________ development. (a) unsustainable (b) sustainable (c) non-energy (d) none of the above (iii) How will using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles help us? (a) saving resources (b) saving energy (c) saving vehicles (d) all the above (iv) Meaning of sustainable: (a) viable (b) temporary (c) conserve (d) none of the above 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: On the Basis of the Status of Development Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. Identify at least two resources from each category. Do you know that India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the exclusive economic zone. Identify some other resources which are international in nature. Stock: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For example, water is a compound of two gases; hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have advanced technical ‘know-how’ to use it for this purpose. Hence, it can be considered as stock. Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Identify the correct basis of the Status of Development potential resources. Basis Potential resources (a) resources 1. No appropriate technology to use them (b) stock 2. Not utilised (c) developed resource 3. Subset of the stock (d) reserves 4. Surveyed (quantity and quality) Choose the correct option- (a) (a)-1, (b)–3, (c)–2, (d)–4 (b) (a)–2, (b)–1, (c)–4, (d)–3 (c) (a)–3, (b)–1, (c)–4, (d)–2 (d) (a)–4, (b)–2, (c)–3, (d)–1 (ii) Resources that take long geological time for their formation are called: (a) Renewable resources (b) Reserve (c) Community resources (d) Non-renewable resources (iii) Which one of the following statements is true about the term resources? (a) Resources are free gifts of nature. (b) They are the functions of human activities. (c) All those things which are found in nature. (d) Things which cannot be used to fulfill our needs. 40 Social Science–X: Term–1

(iv) Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are __________. (a) Potential Resources (b) Individual Resources (c) Developed Resources (d) Stock 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab? (a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over-irrigation (d) Overgrazing (ii) In which of the follo wing States mining has caused severe land degradation? (a) Gujarat (b) Jharkhand (c) Kerala (d) Uttarakhand (iii) One of the following which does not check land degradation- (a) control on overgrazing (b) creating shelter belts (c) deforestation (d) afforestation (iv) In which of the following states is overgrazing responsible for land degradation? (a) Jharkhand and Orissa (b) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (c) Punjab and Haryana (d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu 6. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. The renewable resource may further be divided into continuous or flow Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use. On the Basis of Ownership Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. In villages there are people Geography: Resources and Development 41

with land ownership but there are many who are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals. Make a list of resources owned by your household. Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there. National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. You might have seen roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which among the following is a type of resources classified on the basis of exhaustibility? (a) National and individual (b) Renewable and non-renewable (c) Biotic and abiotic (d) Potential and reserves (ii) Match the following 1. Renewable resource (a) wells 2. Individual resource (b) Ocean 3. National resource (c) solar energy 4. International resource (d) plantation Choose the correct option: (a) 1–(a), 2–(c), 3–(d), 4–(b) (b) 1–(c), 2–(d), 3–(a), 4–(b) (c) 1–(b), 2–(a), 3–(c), 4–(b) (d) 1–(d), 2–(c), 3–(a), 4–(b) (iii) Resources that take long geological time for their formation are called: (a) Renewable resources (b) Reserve (c) Community resources (d) Non-renewable resources (iv) Which one of the following is not the community owned resource? (a) Burial grounds (b) Grazing grounds (c) Privately owned house (d) village ponds Answers (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) 2. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) 4. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) 1. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (b) 6. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (d) (iv) (c) 3. (i) (b) 5. (i) (c) ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. 42 Social Science–X: Term–1

1. Assertion (A) : Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help land degradation to some extent. Reason (R) : Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. 2. Assertion (A) : Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Reason (R) : Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. 3. Assertion (A) : The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. Reason (R) : They are well known for their capacity to hold dryness. 4. Assertion (A) : Arid soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Reason (R) : Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. 5. Assertion (A) : Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. Reason (R) : The Forest soil develops under tropical and subtropical climate with alternate wet and dry season. Answers 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (b) MAP QUESTIONS Maps (Identify the shaded regions on the map) 1. The soil marked below is (a) arid soil (b) alluvial soil (c) laterite soil (d) Black soil Geography: Resources and Development 43

2. The soil marked below is (a) Black soil (b) Mountainous or Forest soil (c) Black soil (d) Arid soil 3. Look at the map below and name the marked state where Laterite soil is found. (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Odisha (d) Gujarat zzz Answers 2. (b) 3. (a) 1. (a) 44 Social Science–X: Term–1

3 WATER RESOURCES BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECTS Are meant to take various problems associated with river valleys in an integrated manner. They help to control flood, check soil erosion, provide water for irrigation and drinking purpose, generate electricity for industries, villages, cities, provide inland navigation, help in preservation of wildlife and development or fisheries. Damodar Valley Bhakra-Nangal Hirakud Kosi Chambal Valley Corporation Built on Satluj, Built on river Built on river Built over river Built on river beneficiary states are Mahanadi-beneficiary Kosi-beneficiary state Chambal – Damodar, beneficiary Punjab, Haryana, state is Odisha. - Bihar and our beneficiary states are states are Jharkhand Rajasthan & neighbouring Madhya Pradesh & and West Bengal. Himachal Pradesh. country-Nepal. Rajasthan. RAINWATER HARVESTING Is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater by constructing wells, percolating pits and check dams. Main objectives of the rainwater harvesting are: To meet increasing demand of water To reduce runoff. To avoid the flooding of roads. To augment the groundwater storage and raise the water table. To reduce groundwater pollution. To improve the quality of groundwater. To supplement domestic water requirement during summer and long dry spells. [The chapter is to be assessed in the Periodic Test only and will not be evaluated in Board Examination. However, the map items of this chapter as listed in the syllabus will be evaluated in Board Exam.] Geography: Water Resources 45

ADVANTAGES OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS Irrigation Hydro- Water supply Flood Recreational Inland Pisciculture Soil electricity for for domestic control fish breeding conservation our and facilities navigation through industries industrial afforestation. and homes. use, regulating flow of water. DISADVANTAGES OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS Their failure to fulfil Regulating and The reservoirs that Multi purpose Excessive use of their basic objectives damming of rivers are created in the projects lead to large water, and like flood control and affect the natural floodplains overflow scale displacement over-irrigation on the disadvantages flow of the rivers, and submerge the of local communities account of the resulting out of cause excessive existing vegetation and to loss of their projects lead to land building of such sedimentation and and soil livelihood. degradation and projects. adversely affect consequently leading cause water borne aquatic life. to their disease, pests and decomposition. pollution. IMPORTANT TERMS 1. Hydrological Cycle: The sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapour in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration —called ‘hydrological cycle’. 2. Scarcity: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. 3. Conservation: The protection of plants and animals, natural areas and interesting and important buildings especially from the damaging effects of human activity. 4. Non-renewable Resources is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. 5. Groundwater: Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock. 6. Hydroelectric Power: A form of energy generated by the conversion of free-falling water to electricity; the generation of electricity by using the motive power of water; also called hydroelectricity. 7. Archaeology: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains. 8. River Basin: The area of land drained by a river and its branches. 9. Dams: A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply. 46 Social Science–X: Term–1

10. Industrialisation: The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale. 11. Sedimentation: The process of settling or being deposited as a sediment. 12. Reservoirs: A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply. 13. Decomposition: The state or process of rotting; decay. 14. Flood Plains: An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding. 15. Irrigation: The supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels. 16. Rainwater Harvesting: The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from surfaces on which rain falls, and subsequently storing this water for later use. Normally water is collected from the roofs of buildings and stored in rainwater tanks. 17. Soil Erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing of a field’s topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage. 18. Roof top Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is the technique through which rain water is captured from the roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is located in (a) Odisha (b) Uttarakhand (c) Rajasthan (d) Andhra Pradesh 2. Bamboo drip irrigation system is prevalent in (a) Manipur (b) Meghalaya (c) Mizoram (d) Madhya Pradesh 3. Which options are true for dams? (a) They check the sediment flow in rivers. (b) Dams have helped provide ample water for agriculture. (c) Dams have solved problems of drought in Central India. (d) Dams have helped in power generation. 4. The Narmada Bachao Andolan is associated with (a) Sardar Sarovar Dam (b) Tehri Dam (c) Hirakund Dam (d) Gandhi Sagar Dam 5. The remote village that has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater? (a) Gari (b) Kaza (c) Gendathur (d) none of the above 6. Name the state where almost all the houses traditionally had tankas. (a) Rajasthan (b) Odisha (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra 7. Which of the following rivers is not having any multipurpose river project? (a) Satluj-Beas (b) Mahanadi (c) Narmada (d) Yamuna 8. During whose reign were the dams, lakes and irrigation systems built extensively? (a) Ashoka (b) Chandragupta Maurya (c) Akbar (d) None of these Geography: Water Resources 47