วัจนกรรมการแสดงความไม่พอใจ รุ่งอรุณ ใจซื่อ

วัจนกรรมการแสดงความไมพ อใจในภาษาไทย: กรณศี กึ ษานิสิตนกั ศกึ ษา นางสาวรุงอรณุ ใจซือ่วทิ ยานพิ นธน ีเ้ ปนสวนหนงึ่ ของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปริญญาอักษรศาสตรมหาบณั ฑติ สาขาวชิ าภาษาไทย ภาควชิ าภาษาไทย คณะอกั ษรศาสตร จฬุ าลงกรณม หาวิทยาลยั ปการศึกษา ๒๕๔๙ ลิขสิทธิ์ของจฬุ าลงกรณมหาวทิ ยาลยั

THE SPEECH ACT OF COMPLAINING IN THAI: A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Miss Rungaroon Jaisue A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Art Program in Thai Department of Thai Faculty of Arts Chulalongkorn University Academic Year 2006 Copyright of Chulalongkorn University







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13 (Ó) ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…Á„ɸ¥ª„´ž{‹‹´¥¡Êºœ“µœ (Preparatory precondition) „¨nµª™¹Š…°o „ε®œ—Áº°Ê Š˜oœÁ„É¥¸ ª„´‡ªµ¤‡·—‡ªµ¤ÁÉ°º …°ŠŸo¡¼ —¼ Ÿ¼o¢{Šš¤É¸ ¤¸ µ„n°œš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—‹³­Éº°°„Á‹˜œµœœ´Ê Ç (Ô) ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…Á„ɸ¥ª„´‡ªµ¤‹¦·ŠÄ‹ (Sincerity condition) „¨nµª™¹Š ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦Âš‹o ¦·Š…°ŠŸ¼¡o —¼ Ĝ„µ¦­ºÉ°°„Á‹˜œµœÊœ´ Ç (Õ) ÁŠÉº°œÅ…Á„ɸ¥ª„´­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ (Essential condition) „¨nµª™¹Š ‹»—¤n»Š®¤µ¥…°Š„µ¦­°ºÉ °„Á‹˜œµœœÊ´ Ç ÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œÊ¸ œ°„‹µ„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…Äœ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ŽÉ¹Šœ·¥µ¤˜µ¤ °°­ÁšœÂ¨³ÁªœÂ (Olshtain and Weinbach, 1987) ¨oª Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—oœÎµÁŠÉº°œÅ…ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š´ÊŠ Õ …o°…°ŠÁŽ°¦r¨ (Searle, 1969) ¤µÁž}œÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦„µÎ ®œ—ÁŠº°É œÅ…ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—ªo ¥Ö „¨»¤n ‡°º œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ÁŽ°¦r¨ (Searle, 1976) ¥´ŠÅ—o‹ÎµÂœ„ª´‹œ„¦¦¤°°„Áž}œ„¨n»¤˜nµŠÇ Ò) „¨»n¤ª´‹œ„¦¦¤°„Á¨nµ (representative) ŗo„n ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—Ÿ¼„¤´—˜´ªÁ°Š „´ ‡ªµ¤‹¦Š· …°Š™o°¥‡µÎ š¡¸É —¼ Áœn „µ¦°„Á¨µn „µ¦­¦»ž Ó) „¨»n¤ª´‹œ„¦¦¤¸ÊœÎµ (directive) ŗo„nª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—¡¥µ¥µ¤Ä®oŸ¼o¢{ŠšÎµ­É·ŠÄ— ­É·Š®œ¹ŠÉ Áœn „µ¦…°¦°o Š „µ¦­ÉŠ´ Ô) „¨n»¤ª´‹œ„¦¦¤Ÿ¼„¤´— (commissive) ŗo„n ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—Ÿ¼„¤´—˜´ªÁ°Šªnµ‹³ šµÎ ­É·ŠÄ—­ÉŠ· ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ°œµ‡˜ Áœn „µ¦­´µ „µ¦…n¼ „µ¦Á­œ°Ä®o Õ) „¨¤n» ª´‹œ„¦¦¤Â­—Š‡ªµ¤¦o­¼ „¹ (expressive) ŗÂo „n ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉŸ¡o¼ —¼ ­—Š£µª³ Á„¸É¥ª„´‹·˜Ä‹®¦º°°µ¦¤–r‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ Ánœ „µ¦…°‡»– „µ¦…°Ãš¬ „µ¦Â­—Š ‡ªµ¤¥·œ—¸ Ö) „¨»n¤ª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸„n°Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š (declarations) ŗo„n ª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸ „n°Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦Áž¨É¸¥œÂž¨Šš´œš¸ ¤´„Á„ɸ¥ª¡´œ„´­™µ´œ Ÿo¼„¦³šÎµ‹³˜o°Š¤¸­·š›· ®¦°º °Îµœµ‹ Ánœ „µ¦ž¦³„µ«­Š‡¦µ¤ „µ¦ž¦³„µ«­¤¦­ „µ¦Ãž¦—«¸¨¨oµŠµž „µ¦Å¨°n °„ ĜŠµœª·‹´¥œÊ¸ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ (complaint) ‹´—°¥n¼Äœ„¨»n¤ª´‹œ„¦¦¤Â­—Š‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ (expressive) °´œÁž}œ„¨»n¤š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—­—Š£µª³Á„¸É¥ª„´‹·˜Ä‹®¦º°°µ¦¤–r‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹˜°n „µ¦™¼„‡»„‡µ¤°¥µn ŠÄ—°¥nµŠ®œÉŠ¹

1Õ4Ò.Ù.Ò.Ó Âœª‡·—Á¦Éº°Š‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡ ĜŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹™º°ªnµÁž}œ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸo¼¢{Š°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦Â­—Š°°„™¹Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n­»£µ¡ ¨³°µ‹‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á­É¸¥Š˜n°‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r°´œ—¸¦³®ªnµŠ‡¼n­œšœµÅ—o Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹¹Š˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ¦³®ªnµŠ „µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦o¼­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹…°Š˜œ ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°ŠÁ¤Éº°¦¦š´—“µœšµŠ­´Š‡¤™¼„¨³Á¤·— ¨³„µ¦¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°Š‡¼n­œšœµ®¦º°„µ¦¦´„¬µ®œoµ˜œÁ°Š —´ŠœÊ´œÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê œª‡·—¨³š§¬‘¸Á„ɸ¥ª„´‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´Â¨³‹ÎµÁž}œ „µ¦«¹„¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Ä£o µ¬µœ´œÊ ¤¸¤Ãœš´«œr˜µn ŠÇ —´ŠœÊ¸(Ò) ‡ªµ¤­£» µ¡…°ŠÃ¦œ· Á¨‡°¢ (Robin Lakoff, 1973) Á¨‡°¢ (Lakoff, 1973 °oµŠÄœ –´“¡¦ ¡µœÃ¡›Í·š°Š, ÓÖÕØ) Á­œ°ªnµ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦Ä£o µ¬µ…°Š¤œ»¬¥r ž¦³„°—oª¥„‘ Ó …o° ‡º° ˜o°Š—´ Á‹œ (Be Clear) ¨³˜o°Š­»£µ¡ (Be Polite) ˜nĜ„µ¦­Éº°­µ¦Ÿ¼o‡œ­nªœ¤µ„ ¤´„‹³Á¨º°„‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡ (be polite) ¤µ„„ªnµ‡ªµ¤—´ Á‹œ (be clear) —´Šš¸É Á¨‡°¢ (Lakoff, 1973) „¨µn ªÅªªo nµ (P) oliteness usually supercedes: it is considered more important ina conversation to avoid offense than to achieve clarity (Lakoff, 1973) Á¨‡°¢ (Lakoff, 1973) ŗoÁ­œ°„‘‡ªµ¤­£» µ¡Åªo Ô …°o ‡º° Ò) Ťn´Š‡´ (Don’t impose) Ó) Ä®ošµŠÁ¨º°„ (Give Option) Ô) šµÎ Ä®oŸ¼o¢Š{ ¦¼­o ¹„—¸ (Make A Feel Good) (Ó) œª‡—· Á¦É°º Š‡ªµ¤­£» µ¡…°Š¦µªœr¨³Á¨ªœ· ­´œ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987) ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987) œÎµÁ­œ°š§¬‘¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡ ×¥Áœoœ„µ¦Äo‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡Á¡Éº°¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°Š‡¼n­œšœµ ×¥¤µ‹µ„Âœª‡ªµ¤‡·—šÉ¸ªnµ š»„‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤˜nµŠ„¤È ¸®œµo (face) ¤£¸ µ¡¨´„¬–šr ɘ¸ o°Š„µ¦¦´„¬µÁ¡ºÉ°Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š­´Š‡¤ Á¦µ¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°Š‡n¼­œšœµ Á¡ºÉ°¦´„¬µÅªoŽÉ¹Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršÉ¸—¸˜n°„´œ Á¦µ¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°ŠŸ¼o°Éºœ„ÈÁ¡Éº°Ä®oŸo¼°ºÉœ¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°ŠÁ¦µ—ªo ¥Ánœ„œ´ ‡ªµ¤‡—· Á¦ºÉ°Š®œoµ (face) —´Š„¨µn ª œ¥· µ¤˜µ¤ „°¢Â¤œ (Goffman, 1967) š¸ªÉ nµ

1Ö5 The concept of “face” can be defined as “the positive self-value a person effectively claims for himself.” (Goffman, 1967) ®œµo (face) ®¤µ¥™¹Š £µ¡¨„´ ¬–ršš¸É „» ‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤˜o°Š„µ¦ Áž}œ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦¡ºÊœ“µœ…°Š­¤µ„· Ĝ­´Š‡¤ Ž¹ŠÉ ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦—´Š„¨µn ª¤¸ 2 —oµœÅ—o„n Ò) ®œoµ—µo œª„ (Positive face) ‡º° ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦š¸É‹³Å—o¦´„µ¦¥°¤¦´‹µ„­Š´ ‡¤ Ó) ®œoµ—µo œ¨ (Negative face) ‡°º ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦š‹É¸ ³Å¤™n ¼„´Š‡´ ¨³Å¤™n „¼ …—´ …ªµŠ„µ¦„¦³šµÎ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ®¦º°‡Îµ¡¼—Ä—Ç š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oŸ¼o°ºÉœ ®¦º°˜œÁ°ŠÁ­¸¥®œoµ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown andLevinson, 1978, 1987) Á¦¸¥„ªnµ ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ (Face - threatening acts ®¦º° FTA)‹µÎ œ„ž¦³Á£š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤ ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µªµn Ážœ} „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤Ÿ¼o¡¼—®¦º°Ÿ¼o¢{Š —Š´ œÊ¸ Ò) ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š‡É¸ „» ‡µ¤®œµo —µo œ¨…°ŠŸo¼¢Š{ Ánœ „µ¦­´ŠÉ …°¦o°Š œ³œÎµ Á˜º°œ …n¼ Ó) ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸‡É »„‡µ¤®œµo —oµœª„…°ŠŸ¼¢o {Š Ánœ „µ¦Å¤nÁ®Èœ—ªo ¥ ª·‹µ¦–Är œšµŠ¨ „µ¦¦£· µ¬ Ô) ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œµo —oµœ¨…°ŠŸo¼¡¼— Ánœ „µ¦„¨nµª…°‡–» „µ¦˜°¦´ „µ¦…°¦°o Š Õ) ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š‡¸É »„‡µ¤®œµo —oµœª„…°ŠŸ¼o¡—¼ Áœn „µ¦…°Ãš¬ „µ¦¥°¤¦´ Ÿ·— „µ¦­µ¦£µ¡ ‹µ„Âœª‡·—…°Š ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987)„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ Áž}œ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ—oµœª„…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÁ®Èœªnµ „µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{ŠÅ¤nÁ®¤µ³­¤ Ÿo¼¡¼—ª·‹µ¦–r¡§˜·„¦¦¤®¦º°„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢Š{ ĜšµŠ¨ šµÎ Ä®oŸo¢¼ {ŠÁ­¸¥®œµo šÊŠ´ œÁ¸Ê ¡¦µ³ ­—Šªµn ¡§˜„· ¦¦¤®¦º°˜´ªŸo¼¢{ŠÅ¤nÁž}œš¸É¥°¤¦´…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—®¦º°…°Š­´Š‡¤ —´ŠœÊ´œ Ÿo¼¡¼—‹¹Š˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µšµŠÁ¨º°„¦³®ªnµŠ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµÅ¤n¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r (socially unacceptable act ®¦º° SUA) œ´Êœ ®¦º°Á¨º°„Ťn­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Á¡Éº°¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°Š‡n¼­œšœµ ×¥Ÿo¼¡¼—¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤Á­É¸¥Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼o¢{Š (payoff)—´ŠÂŸœ£¼¤—· ´Šœ¸Ê

Circumstances determining 16 choice of strategy: Lesser 1. without redressive action, baldlyEstimation on record 2. positive politenessof riskof face Do the FTA with redressive actionloss 4. off record 3. negative politeness 5. Don’t do the FTA Greater Ÿœ£¼¤·Â­—ŠšµŠÁ¨º°„Äœ„µ¦Äo„¨ª·›¸˜nµŠÇ Á¤ºÉ°˜o°Š„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¢¼o Š{ ˜µ¤Âœª‡—· …°Š¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­œ´ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987: 60) ‹µ„Ÿœ£¤¼ ·…µo Š˜oœ Á¤°ºÉ Ÿo¼¡—¼ ¡·‹µ¦–µªnµª´‹œ„¦¦¤œœÊ´ ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥É ŠÄœ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼¢o {Š¤µ„ Ÿo¡¼ ¼—°µ‹Á¨°º „ŤnšÎµª‹´ œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œÁ¨¥ ®¦°º °µ‹Á¨°º „„¨ª›· š¸ ¨É¸ —‡ªµ¤¦œ» ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤¨ŠÄœ„¦–¸š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­É¸¥ŠÄœ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼o¢{Šœo°¥ Ÿo¼¡¼—°µ‹Á¨º°„­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ„Èŗo š´ŠÊ œÊ¸ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ ŗoÁ­œ°„¨ª·›¸šÉ¸‹³„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ Õ „¨ª·›¸­Îµ‡´ (The four super – strategies for doing FTAs) ×¥¡·‹µ–µ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ‹µ„œo°¥Åž¤µ„ —Š´ œ¸Ê Ò) Bald on record Áž}œª·›¸„µ¦šÉ¸Äo„µ¦„¨nµª°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ „¨nµª™¹Š„¨ª·›¸œÊ¸ªnµÁž}œ„µ¦ž’·´˜·˜µ¤®¨´„„µ¦Äœ„µ¦­Éº°­µ¦…°Š ń¦Žr (Grice’s Maxims) ŽÉ¹Šž¦³„°—ªo ¥®¨´„„µ¦ Õ …o° ‡°º (Ò) ®¨´„‡»–£µ¡ (Maxim of Quality) ‡º° Ťn¡¼—­É·ŠšÉ¸Áž}œÁšÈ‹ ¡¼—˜nĜ­·ÉŠš¸ÉÁž}œ ‡ªµ¤‹¦·Š ¤¸‡ªµ¤‹¦Š· ċ (Ó) ®¨´„ž¦·¤µ– (Maxim of Quantity) ‡º° „µ¦¡¼—ÁšnµšÉ¸‹ÎµÁž}œ Ťnœo°¥®¦º°¤µ„ Á„œ· ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š (Ô) ®¨´„­¤´ ¡´š›r (Maxim of Relation) ‡º° ¡—¼ Ĝ­ÉŠ· šÉ­¸ ´¤¡´œ›r Áž}œÁ¦º°É ŠÁ—¥¸ ª„´œ (Õ) ®¨´„‡»–¨´„¬–r (Maxim of Manner) ‡º° ¡¼—´—Á‹œ Á…oµÄ‹Šnµ¥ Ťn„優¤ ¨³Áž}œ¨µÎ —´

17Ÿo¼¡¼—‹³Äo„¨ª·›¸˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ „Șn°Á¤ºÉ° ª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­É¸¥Š˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµœo°¥ ®¦º°Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rœ´Êœ “®œoµ” ¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´œo°¥„ªnµ„µ¦„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤ Ánœ Ĝ„¦–¸Œ»„ÁŒ·œ „µ¦Âœ³œÎµ„µ¦Á˜º°œÁ¡É°º ž¦³Ã¥œ…r °ŠŸ¢¼o {Š „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤¥œ· —¸ ®¦º°°„¨µ Áž}œ˜œo ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁœn “Help!” “Watch up!” “Careful! He’s a dangerous man.” “Come in, don’t hesitate, I’m not busy.” “°¥µn ŽŠŽª· ³” Ó) Positive politeness „¨ª·›¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡—oµœª„ ‡º° ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š®œoµ—oµœª„…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Šš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦Áž}œšÉ¸¥°¤¦´…°Š­´Š‡¤ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹³Äo™o°¥‡Îµš¸É­—Š„µ¦¥°¤¦´Ÿ¼o¢{Š ¡¼—Äœ­É·Šš¸ÉŸo¼¢{Š˜o°Š„µ¦ Ánœ čo‡ÎµšÉ¸Â­—Š‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Ÿ¼o¢{Š ­—Š‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¡ª„¡o°Š„¨n»¤Á—¸¥ª„´œ ­—ŠªnµÁž}œÁ¡É°º œ„œ´ ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ “What a beautiful vase this is! Where did it come from?” “Wouldn’t you like a drink?” “„¼ªnµÂ¨oªšÎµÅ¤®¤—Á¦Èª œÉ¸¤¹Šnª¥Äoœ³Á°Š Á±o¥ ‡¦µª®œoµnª¥„´œ°°„˜´Š‡r —oª¥Á¨¥” Ô) Negative politeness „¨ª›· ‡¸ ªµ¤­£» µ¡—µo œ¨ ‡º° ª›· ¸„µ¦šÉ¸‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š®œoµ—oµœ¨…°ŠŸo¼¢{ŠšÉ¸˜o°Š„µ¦Áž}œ°·­¦³ Ťn™¼„´Š‡´®¦º°…´—…ªµŠ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ „¨nµªªnµ ®´ªÄ‹­Îµ‡´…°Š„¨ª·›¸œ¸Ê ‡º° „µ¦Å¤n´Š‡´…n¤…n¼®¦º°‡ª‡»¤Ÿ¼o¢{Š (Don’t coerce H) Ÿo¼¡¼—‹³Äo™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸¨—œÎµÊ ®œ„´ „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤¨Š ®¦º°Â­—Š„µ¦…°Ãš¬š¸É„oµª„nµ¥®¦º°¨nªŠ¨³Á¤—· °·­¦£µ¡…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š ˜ª´ °¥nµŠÁœn “Can you please pass the salt?” “I don’t suppose I could possibly ask you for a cup of flour, could I?” “Excuse me, but…” “…°Ãš¬œ³‡³ ¡°——¸ ·Œœ´ ¦¸ ¤µ„ „¦–» µÅž˜°n ™ªÅ—Åo ®¤‡³ …°‡»–‡³n ” Õ) off record „¨ª·›¸°o°¤ ‡º° „µ¦Äo™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸­µ¤µ¦™˜¸‡ªµ¤Å—o¤µ„„ªnµ®œÉ¹Š‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ čoÁ¤ºÉ°ª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œÁ­É¸¥Š˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼o¢{Š¤µ„ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ „¨nµªªnµ „¨ª·›¸œÊ¸Áž}œ„µ¦Äo„µ¦¨³Á¤·—®¨´„„µ¦„µ¦­Éº°­µ¦…°Š ń¦Žr (Grice’s Maxims) Á¡ºÉ°ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rµŠ°¥nµŠÂ¨³Ÿo¼¢{Š­µ¤µ¦™˜¸‡ªµ¤Á‹˜œµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Å—o×¥°µ«´¥ž¦·š…°Š„µ¦­œšœµ Ÿo¼¡¼—‹³Äo™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸Å¤n

1Ù8Ÿ¼„¤´—˜œÁ°Šªnµ˜œ„¨nµªª´‹œ„¦¦¤Ä—„´œÂœn Ánœ „µ¦„¨nµªœo°¥®¦º°¤µ„„ªnµ‹¦·Š „µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ „µ¦Äo°»ž¨´„¬–r „µ¦¡¼—‡¨»¤Á‡¦º° Áž}œ˜oœ ¨³Ÿo¼¢{Š‹³˜o°Š˜¸‡ªµ¤Á‹˜œµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼——oª¥˜ª´ Á°Š ˜ª´ °¥µn ŠÁnœ “It’s cold in here.” (c.i. Shut the window) “I washed the car again today.” “Lovely neighbourhood, eh? (in a slum) “œ´— ÒÑ Ã¤Šœ³‹³p ŤÄn Án š¥¸É Š” „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—‹³Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Ä—œ´Êœ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹³˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ…o°—¸…°ŠÂ˜n¨³„¨ª·›¸—´Šš¸É¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987 °oµŠÄœ –´“¡¦ ¡µœÃ¡›Í·š°Š, ÓÖÕØ)„¨nµª™Š¹ Ūo —´Šœ¸Ê - ª›· ¸˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ­ºÉ°Á‹˜œµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Å—°o ¥µn Š—´ Á‹œ Ť„n µÎ „ª¤ - ª·›¸¦´„¬µ®œµo —oµœª„ ¦´„¬µ®œoµŸo¢¼ Š{ šÎµÄ®o ¦¦¥µ„µ«Áž}œ¤·˜¦ - ª·›¦¸ ´„¬µ®œoµ—µo œ¨ ¦„´ ¬µ®œoµŸ¼o¢{Š ¨—¦¦¥µ„µ«…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤ - ª›· ¸°°o ¤ ¨—‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥É Š˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Å—o¤µ„ Ÿo¢¼ {Š¤š¸ µŠÁ¨°º „œ°„‹µ„œÊ¸ ¥´Š…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ ¨³˜´ªÂž¦ (factors) ¦³®ªnµŠŸo¼¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´ÊœÇ ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown and Levinson,1978, 1987) ŗo„¨nµª™¹Š˜´ªÂž¦š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Ūo Ô ˜´ªÂž¦ ŗo„nœÊ宜´„…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Äœª´•œ›¦¦¤œ´Êœ (The absolute ranking of impositions in the particularculture) čo˜´ª¥n° R °Îµœµ‹®¦º°­™µœ£µ¡…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{ŠÄœž¦·šœ´Êœ (The relative power of Sand H) čo˜´ª¥n° P ¨³¦³¥³®nµŠ®¦º°‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{Š (The social distance ofS and H) čo˜´ª¥n° D ×¥˜´ªÂž¦šÊ´Š Ô ˜´ªÂž¦­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–‡ªµ¤Á­É¸¥Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµÅ—o ×¥œÎµ¤µ¡‹· µ¦–µ¦ªn ¤„´œÄœ­˜¼ ¦˜n°ÅžœÊ¸ Wx = D (S, H) + P (H, S) + Rx ­¼˜¦œÊ¤¸ ‡¸ ªµ¤®¤µ¥ªnµ ‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤‹³¤¸¤µ„™oµ¦³¥³®nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠŸ¡o¼ ¼—¨³Ÿo¢¼ Š{ ¤µ„ Ÿ¼o¢{Š¤¸°µÎ œµ‹Á®œº°Ÿ¼o¡—¼ ¤µ„ ¨³œµÊÎ ®œ„´ …°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤…°Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ¤µ„

1Ú9 °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ „µ¦‹³˜´—­·œÄ‹„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉÁž}œ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼o°ºÉœ¤µ„®¦º°œo°¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ—œÊ´œ Ťnŗo…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´Â‡nž¦·š ®¦º°„µ¦¥°¤¦´šµŠ­´Š‡¤ÁšnµœÊ´œ ˜n¥´Š¦ª¤Åž™¹Š‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™šµŠ‹·˜ª·š¥µš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—‹³­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ (perform the act) ®œÉ¹ŠÇ —oª¥(Tatsuki, 2000) (Ô) œª‡—· Á¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤­£» µ¡˜n°˜œÁ°Š (Self – Politeness) ¦°Š Áœ (Rong Chen, 2001) ­¦oµŠÂœª‡·—Á¦Éº°Š‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡˜n°˜œÁ°Š (Self–Politeness) £µ¥Ä˜o„¦°š§¬’¸…°Š ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œ (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987)ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ Áœ Á®Èœªnµ š§¬‘¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡…°Š¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­´œœ´Êœ ¤»nŠ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Åžš¸É‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡Á¡Éº°¦´„¬µ®œoµŸo¼°ºÉœÁž}œ®¨´„ šÊ´Šš¸ÉĜ‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š š´ÊŠ­°Š iµ¥˜nµŠ„Ȥ¸ “®œoµ” …°Š˜œšÉ¸˜o°Š¦´„¬µ„µ¦š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—‹³˜´—­·œÄ‹„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤ŽÉ¹Š‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸo¼°ºÉœ Ÿo¼¡¼—„È‹³˜o°Š˜´—­·œÄ‹—oª¥ªnµª´‹œ„¦¦¤œœÊ´ ‡»„‡µ¤®œµo ˜ª´ Á°Š¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— “Self – politeness refers to cases in communication where the need to protect and enhance one’s own face influences what one says and the way she says it.” (Chen, 2001) Áœ „¨nµªªnµ ‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡˜n°˜œÁ°Š‹³™¼„čoĜ„µ¦­ºÉ°­µ¦šÉ¸˜o°Š„µ¦ž„žj°Š ®¦º°¥„¦³—´®œµo ˜œÁ°Š Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤°¸ š· ›·¡¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨°º „ª·›„¸ µ¦¡—¼ ¨³‡Îµ¡—¼ Áœ (Chen, 2001) Á¦¸¥„„µ¦„¦³šÎµš¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Šªnµ SFTA(Self–Face Threatening Act) ×¥„n°œš¸É‹³Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤ŽÉ¹Š˜o°Š‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°ŠœÊ´œ Ÿ¼o¡¼—˜o°Š¡‹· µ¦–µ Ó ž{‹‹¥´ ‡°ºÒ) ¦³—´ „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤šÉ¸Ÿ°o¼ ºœÉ „¦³šµÎ (The degree to which self – face is threatened by other) …ʹœ°¥n„¼ ´ Ò.Ò) ‡ªµ¤¦œ» ¦Š…°Š„µ¦ÁŸ· ®œµo (The confrontationally of the communicative event) Ò.Ó) œÎʵ®œ„´ …°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤ (The gravity of threat of the FTA by other) ¡‹· µ¦–µ‹µ„ Ò.Ó.Ò) ‡ªµ¤¦œ» ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤ (The severity of the FTA) Ò.Ó.Ó) Ážœ} „µ¦‡»¤‡µ¤Ã—¥˜¦Š®¦º°Ã—¥°o°¤ (The directness of the FTA)

20Ó) ¦³—´ „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Š (The degree to which self – face is threatened by SFTA) …¹œÊ °¥„¼n ´ Ó.Ò) ‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤®œµo ˜œÁ°Š (The severity of the SFTA) Ó.Ó) Ÿ¨¨¡´ ›rš¸‹É ³Á„—· ˜µ¤¤µ (The consequence of the SFTA) Ÿ¨š¸Éŗ‹o µ„„µ¦¡‹· µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤Á­¥É¸ Š˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Š ‹³™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦Á¨°º „„¨ª·›¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡˜n°˜œÁ°Š —´ŠÂŸœ£¼¤·˜n°Åžœ¸Ê‡ªµ¤Á­¥É¸ Š˜°n œ°o ¥„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œµo ˜œÁ°Š 1. ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ (Baldly) 2. ˜„˜Šn ‡µÎ ¡—¼ (With redress) 3. ª›· ¸°o°¤ (Off record) 4. ŤnšµÎ ª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œµo ˜œÁ°Š (Withhold the SFTA) ¤µ„ Ÿœ£¼¤·Â­—ŠšµŠÁ¨º°„Äœ„µ¦Äo„¨ª·›¸˜nµŠÇ Á¤Éº°˜o°Š„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Š˜°n „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Š ˜µ¤Âœª‡—· …°Š Áœ (Chen, 2001) ‹µ„Ÿœ£¼¤…· µo Š˜oœ Á¤º°É Ÿo¼¡¼—¡‹· µ¦–µªµn ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ¤‡¸ ªµ¤Á­¸¥É ŠÄœ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Š¤µ„ Ÿo¼¡¼—°µ‹Á¨º°„Ťn„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œÁ¨¥ ®¦º°°µ‹‹³Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸š¸Énª¥¨—‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤¨Š Ĝ„¦–š¸ ¸¤É ¸‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥É Š˜°n „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ˜œÁ°Šœo°¥ Ÿo¡¼ ¼—°µ‹Á¨º°„š‹É¸ ³Â­—Šª‹´ œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œ°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ„Èŗo š´ÊŠœÊ¸ Áœ ŗoÁ­œ°„¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉÁ­É¸¥Š˜n°„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ…°ŠŸo¡¼ —¼ (Strategies for doing SFTA’s) Ūo Õ „¨ª›· ¸ —Š´ ˜n°ÅžœÊ¸ Ò) Baldly ‡º° ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµª°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ čoÁ¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á®Èœªnµª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ˜œÁ°Š¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­¥¸É Š˜°n „µ¦Á­¸¥®œµo œo°¥š­¸É »— Ánœ “Oh, I’m sorry.” („¨nµª…°Ãš¬Á¤ºÉ°˜œÁ°ŠÁ—·œœŸo¼°ÉºœÃ—¥¤·Å—o˜Ê´ŠÄ‹ ¤o˜œ‹³Á­¸¥®œoµÂ˜n„È Ážœ} „µ¦šÎµŸ·—Á¡¸¥ŠÁ¨„È œ°o ¥ ®¦º°…°Ãš¬˜µ¤¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤) Ó) With redress ‡º° „µ¦˜„˜nŠ™o°¥‡ÎµÃ—¥Äo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÂ˜nµŠÇ čoÁ¤Éº°Ÿo¼¡¼—Á®Èœªnµ˜œÁ°Š‡n°œ…oµŠÁ­¸É¥ŠšÉ¸‹³Á­¸¥®œoµ®µ„ªnµÂ­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ „¨ª·›¸š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—č˜o „˜Šn ‡µÎ ¡¼— ¤—¸ Š´ œÊ¸

21 Ó.Ò) „µ¦„¨nµªÊ¸Â‹Š®¦º°Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ (Justify) Áž}œª·›¸„µ¦š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—čo…°Ãš¬°›·µ¥ ®¦º°Ä®oÁ®˜Ÿ» ¨˜°n „µ¦„¦³šÎµª‹´ œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œÇ Ánœ “Yes, I did X, but there is a reason for it.” “I’m extremely sorry, ma’m, but it’s my job.” “Sorry for the late payment, but I didn’t get your bill until today.” Ó.Ó) „µ¦Â¥oŠ (Contradict) Áž}œª·›¸„µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—čoÁ¡Éº°Â­—Šªnµ˜œ¦´¦¼o®¦º°¥°¤¦´ ‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—…°Š˜œ …–³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„žÈ ’·Á­›‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—œœ´Ê —oª¥ Ánœ Father: So you were a bit reckless. Son: Yes and no. It’s not entirely my fault. He didn’t have the headlights on. Ó.Ô) „µ¦„¨Á„¨Éº°œ (Hedge) Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨Á„¨Éº°œšÉ¸nª¥¨—œÊ宜´„…°Š™°o ¥‡µÎ Ä®°o n°œ¨Š ×¥„µ¦Â­—Šªµn Ÿ¼o¡—¼ Ÿ·—¡¨µ—Á¡¸¥ŠµŠ­ªn œÁšnµœ´Êœ Áœn “I was kinda silly, wasn’t I?” “Perhaps I wasn’t paying enough attention.” Ó.Õ) „µ¦Á¨¸É¥Š„µ¦„¨nµª™¹Š»‡‡¨ (Impersonalize) Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—Á¨É¸¥ŠÅ¤nčo­¦¦¡œµ¤°oµŠ™¹Š ŽÉ¹ŠÁž}œ„µ¦¡¥µ¥µ¤œÎµ˜œÁ°Š°°„®nµŠ‹µ„‡ªµ¤Ÿ·— ¨³‹³„¨nµªÁ¡¥¸ Šªµn ¤¸ µŠ°¥nµŠÁ„—· …¹Êœ ®¦°º Á¡¸¥Š„¨µn ªªµn ¤„¸ µ¦„¦³šÎµŸ·—Ášµn œÊ´œ Ánœ “That was stupid.” “It wasn’t the right thing to do under the circumstances.” Ó.Ö) čo°µ¦¤–r…´œ (Use humor) ‡º° ª·›¸„µ¦šÎµÄ®oÁž}œÁ¦ºÉ°Š˜¨„ Á¡Éº°„¨Á„¨º°É œ‡ªµ¤Ÿ—· ®¦°º ­Š·É š¸šÉ εĮ˜o œÁ­¥¸ ®œµo Áœn “I told you I was an excellent speller” (said by a teacher after a student had pointed out a misspelled word on board) “Only intelligent people like me can do that.”

22 Ó.×) ­—Š‡ªµ¤¤œ´É ċ (Be confident) Ážœ} „¨ª·›¸šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—čoÁ¡Éº°Á¡É·¤‡ªµ¤ ¤É´œÄ‹Ä®„o ´ ˜œÁ°Š ×¥„µ¦Â­—Š™Š¹ ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™®¦º°‡ªµ¤Á…o¤Â…ÈŠ…°Š˜œÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸É ˜°o ŠÁ­É¸¥Š˜n°„µ¦Á­¸¥®œµo Ánœ “Don’t worry, I’ll do it.” “I’ll be fine.” Ó.Ø) ­—Š„µ¦™n°¤˜œ (Be modest) Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸š¸É˜¦Š…oµ¤„´„¨ª·›¸Â­—Š ‡ªµ¤¤œÉ´ ċ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹³Äo„¨ª·›¸œ¸ÊÁ¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µÁ®ÈœªnµÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rœ´Êœ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤™n°¤˜œ Ážœ} šµŠÁ¨º°„šÉÁ¸ ®¤µ³­¤„ªµn ¨³Ážœ} šµŠÁ¨°º „šÉ¸—¸š¸É‹³¥„¦³—´®œoµ…°Š˜œÁ°Š Áœn “I know a little bit about Shakespeare.” Said by a Shakespeare specialist Ó.Ù) ­—Š„µ¦¨´ŠÁ¨Ä‹ (Hesitate) Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—čoÁ¤Éº°¦o¼­¹„ªnµ ª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ´œšÎµÄ®o˜œ™¼„‡»„‡µ¤ ŤnÁž}œ°·­¦³®¦º°™¼„´Š‡´ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹³Äo„µ¦Â­—Š„µ¦¨´ŠÁ¨Ä‹ Á¡É°º ®¨¸„®œ‹¸ µ„„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤œÊœ´ Áœn “I’ve already made plans for that day. I’ll see if I can reschedule.” (Ÿ¡¼o —¼ „¨nµªÁ¤º°É ™„¼ …°¦°o ŠÄ®Åo ž¦nª¤Šµœ Ž¹ŠÉ Ÿ¼o¡—¼ Ť°n ¥µ„Åž) Ó.Ú) „µ¦Á¡É·¤ÁŠºÉ°œÅ… (Attach conditions) Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—čoÁ¤Éº° ª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ‡»„‡µ¤Ä®oŸo¼¡¼—Ťn¤¸°·­¦³ ®¦º°™¼„´Š‡´ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ„´„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤ ¨´ŠÁ¨Ä‹ ˜nŸo¼¡¼—‹³Äo„µ¦Á­œ°ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸo¼¢{Š¥ºœ¥´œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ´Êœ°¸„‡¦Ê´Š®œÉ¹Š Ánœ “I’ll do it if you insist.” Ô) Off record ®¦º°„¨ª·›¸°o°¤ ‡º° „µ¦š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—čo„µ¦¨³Á¤·—®¨´„„µ¦„µ¦­Éº°­µ¦…°ŠÅ„¦Žr (Grice’s Maxims) Á¡°Éº ª´˜™ž» ¦³­Š‡rµŠ°¥µn Š ®¦°º Á¡ºÉ°Âœ³‡ªµ¤µŠ°¥nµŠ „¨ª·›¸°°o ¤…°Š ÁœÂ˜„˜µn Š‹µ„„¨ª›· ¸°°o ¤…°Š ¦µªœr¨³Á¨ª·œ­œ´ ˜¦ŠšÉ¸ Áœ ŗÂo nŠœ—· …°Š„¨ª›· °¸ °o ¤˜µ¤„µ¦¨³Á¤—·®¨´„„µ¦„µ¦­°Éº ­µ¦…°Š Grice ˜¨n ³…o° —´ŠœÊ¸ (Ò) ¨³Á¤—· ®¨„´ ž¦¤· µ– ‡°º ¡¼—¤µ„®¦°º œ°o ¥Á„œ· ‡ªµ¤‹µÎ Ážœ} (Ó) ¨³Á¤—· ®¨´„‡–» £µ¡ ‡°º ¡¼—Äœ­ŠÉ· šÉ¸Å¤Án ž}œ‡ªµ¤‹¦Š·

23 (Ô) ¨³Á¤·—®¨´„­´¤¡´š›r ‡°º ¡¼—Äœ­ŠÉ· š¸ÅÉ ¤­n ´¤¡œ´ ›„r œ´ ®¦º°Å¤Án „¥É¸ ª…o°Š„´ šÉ¸ Ÿ¼o¢Š{ ˜o°Š„µ¦ (Õ) ¨³Á¤—· ®¨´„‡»–¨´„¬–r ‡º° ¡¼—Ťn´—Á‹œ „優¤ ŤnÁžœ} ¨Îµ—´˜´ª°¥µn Š „µ¦¨³Á¤—· ®¨„´ ž¦¤· µ– Ánœ Q: Where were you when you had this conversation with Vernon Jordan? A: I don’t have any idea. I talk to Vernon a lot. ˜´ª°¥nµŠœ¸ÊŸ¼o¡¼— (ŽÉ¹ŠÁž}œŸo¼˜°‡Îµ™µ¤) ‹ÎµÅ¤nŗoªnµ˜œÅ—o­œšœµ„´ Áª°¦rœ°œ š¸ÉÅ®œÂ¨³Å—o„¨nµª¥°¤¦´ªnµ˜œ‹ÎµÅ¤nŗoĜž¦³Ã¥‡Â¦„š¸Éªnµ “I don’t have any idea.” °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ „µ¦¥°¤¦´„È°µ‹šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o¡¼—Á­¸¥®œoµÅ—o Á¡¦µ³Ÿ¼o¢{Š°µ‹¤°Šªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¨É¸¥ŠšÉ¸‹³˜°‡Îµ™µ¤ ®¦º°°µ‹‡·—ªnµŸ¼o¡¼—Ä®„„Èŗo —´Šœ´Êœ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹¹ŠÅ—o„¨nµªž¦³Ã¥‡˜n°¤µ ץčo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Ê¸Â‹ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o˜œÁ°ŠÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™˜°‡Îµ™µ¤—´Š„¨nµªÅ—o šÎµÄ®o‡Îµ˜°œ¸Ê¨³Á¤·—®¨´„ž¦·¤µ– ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„Áž}œ„µ¦Ä®o…o°¤¼¨¤µ„Á„œ· „ªµn š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—™µ¤ Õ) Withhold the SFTA ‡º° „µ¦Å¤„n ¨µn ª™°o ¥‡µÎ Ä—Ç ®¦º°ÁŠ¸¥ š´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁ¡Éº°Á¨É¸¥Š„µ¦šÎµÄ®Ÿo ¡¼o ¼—Á­¸¥®œoµ Šµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê˜o°Š„µ¦«¹„¬µªnµ Ÿo¼Äo£µ¬µÅš¥‹³Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠÅ¦ Á¤ºÉ°„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹œ¸ÊÁž}œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµš¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{ŠÃ—¥˜¦Š ŽÉ¹Š…´—Â¥oŠ„´›¦¦¤µ˜·…°Š¤œ»¬¥rš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦‹³¦´„¬µ¤·˜¦£µ¡Â¨³‡ªµ¤„¨¤Á„¨¸¥ª­¤µœŒ´œšr¦³®ªnµŠ„´œ (Leech, 1983) „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°µ‹‹³œÎµ¤µŽÉ¹Š„µ¦š³Á¨µ³Áµ³ÂªoŠ „µ¦˜n°˜oµœ Ÿ¼o¢{Š°µ‹Ã„¦›®¦º°šÎµ¦oµ¥Ÿo¼¡¼—Å—o Ĝ…–³šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á°Š„Ȥ¸‡ªµ¤¦Îµ‡µ®¦º°‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦¦³µ¥°°„ ®¦º°˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸ¼o¢{ŠÂ„Åo …¡§˜„· ¦¦¤µŠ°¥nµŠ—oª¥Áœn „´œ —´ŠœÊ´œ Ÿo¼š¸É‹³Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹¹Š‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ “…o°—¸…o°Á­¸¥” (payoff) Ĝ„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ¸Ê„n°œ ×¥ž{‹‹´¥šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—œÎµ¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µœ´Êœ‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼— ŽÉ¹Šž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠŸo¼¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{Š„È™º°ªnµÁž}œž{‹‹´¥®œŠÉ¹ šÉ¤¸ ‡¸ ªµ¤­µÎ ‡´šÉ¸Ÿ¡¼o ¼—˜o°Š‡µÎ œ¹Š™¹Š

24Ò.Ù.Ò.Ô ª´‹œ„¦¦¤Â¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ ž¦·ššµŠª´•œ›¦¦¤Â¨³¦¦š´—“µœ…°Š­´Š‡¤ ¥n°¤Áž}œÁ‡¦Éº°ŠÊ¸Âœ³®¦º°„ε®œ—„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤ Ánœ ­´Š‡¤Åš¥Áž}œ­´Š‡¤š¸É¤¸Âœª‡·—Á¦Éº°Š¦³°µª»Ã­ ­nŠŸ¨Ä®o‡œÅš¥‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Šž{‹‹´¥Á¦Éº°Š‡ªµ¤°µª»Ã­ Ĝ„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦­ºÉ°­µ¦ (žª¸–µª´¦­»ª¦¦–, ÓÖÕØ) ®¦º°Äœ­´Š‡¤É¸ži»œŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸Âœª‡·—Á¦Éº°Š‡ªµ¤°n°œœo°¤™n°¤˜œ ¨³¦³—´œ´ÊœšµŠ­´Š‡¤ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´­´Š‡¤Åš¥ „ȚεĮoµª¸Éži»œ¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡¨oµ¥‡¨¹Š„´œ„´‡œÅš¥Ánœ „µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥oŠ (Wetzel, 1988 °oµŠÄœ žª¸–µ ª´¦­»ª¦¦–, ÓÖÕØ) Áž}œ˜oœÄœ…–³š­É¸ ´Š‡¤°œºÉ Ž¹ÉŠ¤Å· —oÄ®‡o ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´ ¦³°µªÃ» ­ ®¦°º ŤÁn ®Èœªµn „µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥Šo Ážœ} „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤®œoµŸo¼¢{Š Ánœ Ĝ­´Š‡¤…°ŠµªÁªÁœŽ¼Á°¨µšÉ¸Á®Èœªnµ„µ¦Â¥oŠÁž}œ­É·ŠšÉ¸¡¹Šž¦µ¦™œµÂ¨³Áž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°­´Š‡¤ „Ȥ´„‹³Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥oŠ°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ¤µ„„ªnµ„µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥oŠÃ—¥°o°¤(Garcia, 1989 and Endstrom, 2004 °oµŠÄœ žª–¸ µ ª´ ¦­ª» ¦¦–, ÓÖÕØ) ®¦º°Äœ­Š´ ‡¤…°Šµª„¦„¸šÉ¸Á®Èœªµn „µ¦Â¥Šo Ážœ} „µ¦Â­—Š™Š¹ „µ¦¤ž¸ ’·­¤´ ¡œ´ ›¦r ªn ¤„œ´ …°Š‡œÄœ­Š´ ‡¤ „šÈ εĮo µª„¦„¸ ¤„´ ‹³Â­—Š„µ¦Ã˜oÂ¥Šo „œ´ °¥Án¼ ­¤° (Kakava, 2002 °µo ŠÄœ žª–¸ µ ª´¦­»ª¦¦–, ÓÖÕØ) Áž}œ˜oœ ÁœÉ°º Š‹µ„ª´•œ›¦¦¤Áž}œž{‹‹´¥„µÎ ®œ—„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µ —´ŠœÊ´œ „µ¦«¹„¬µª´‹œ„¦¦¤„È¥n°¤­³šo°œÄ®oÁ®Èœ™¹ŠÂœª‡·—®¦º°ª´•œ›¦¦¤…°Š­´Š‡¤œ´ÊœÇ š´ÊŠœÊ¸ Á¡¦µ³£µ¬µÁž}œŸ¨¤µ‹µ„‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ° ®¦º°„µ¦¦´¦o¼„µ¦¤°ŠÃ¨„…°ŠŸo¼‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤œ´ÉœÁ°Š Ánœ Á¦µ¦o¼ªnµ‡œ¸Éž»iœ‹³¡¥µ¥µ¤¦„´ ¬µ‡ªµ¤„¨¤Á„¨¸¥ª„œ´ …°Š‡œÄœ­Š´ ‡¤ ¨³¤„´ ‡µÎ œŠ¹ ™Š¹ ‡œ°ºÉœ ‹µ„¨´„¬–³„µ¦Ä£o µ¬µÂ°o°¤‡o°¤Å¤n˜¦Šž¦³Á—Èœ ¨³¤´„®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥Šš¸É‹³Â­—Š‡ªµ¤‡·—Á®Èœ…°Š˜œ°°„¤µ˜¦ŠÇ (Wetzel, 1988°µo ŠÄœ š´«œ¸¥r Á¤‰™µª¦ª•´ œµ, ÓÖÕÒ) Áž}œ˜œo „µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´ª´•œ›¦¦¤ ¨³­³šo°œÄ®oÁ®Èœ™¹Šª´•œ›¦¦¤…°ŠŸ¼očo£µ¬µœÊ´œÇ Á¡¦µ³Â˜n¨³­´Š‡¤Â˜n¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤¦´¦¼o„µ¦¤°ŠÃ¨„˜nµŠ„´œ ¨³­³šo°œ­É·ŠÁ®¨nµœ´Êœ°°„¤µšµŠ£µ¬µ —´Šœ´Êœ „µ¦«¹„¬µª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼Äo£µ¬µÅš¥„œÈ nµ‹³­³šo°œÄ®oÁ®Èœ¨´„¬–³µŠž¦³„µ¦…°Šª•´ œ›¦¦¤Åš¥Ánœ„œ´Ò.Ù.Ó Šµœª·‹¥´ šÉÁ¸ „¸É¥ª„´ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ¤¸Ÿo¼«¹„¬µ‹µ„®¨µ„®¤µ¥¤»¤¤°Š ¨³Å—oÄ®oœ·¥µ¤…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Åªo˜„˜nµŠ„´œ —´ŠœÊ´œ „n°œš¸ÉŸo¼ª·‹´¥‹³„¨nµª™¹ŠŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸É«¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥‹³„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦Ä®oœ·¥µ¤…°Š‡Îµªnµ ª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ¨³‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ „´ª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦nœ Ĝ°´œ—´Â¦„ ×¥¤¸¦µ¥¨³Á°¥¸ ——´Š˜n°ÅžœÊ¸

25 —µ¨¸É (Daly, 2004) nŠ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Áž}œ Ó ž¦³Á£š ‡º° „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥˜¦Š ®¦º° direct complaints ¨³ „µ¦nœ ®¦º° whinges ץĮo‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹šÊŠ´ ­°ŠÂ˜µ¤šÉ¸ ‡¨·œ (Clyne, 1994) Ä®o‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥Åªo —Š´ œÊ¸ (complaints) – are speech acts in which disappointment or a grievance is expressed. (Clyne, 1994: 49) ‡¨·œ „¨nµªªnµ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ (complaints) Áž}œª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸Â­—Š°°„™¹Š‡ªµ¤Ÿ—· ®ª´Š®¦º°‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ (complaints) ¡n»ŠÁžjµÅžš¸ÉŸ¼o¢{ŠÃ—¥˜¦Š Ÿo¼¡¼—‡µ—®ª´ŠªnµŸo¼¢{Š‹³Á…oµÄ‹ ¦¼o˜´ª ®¦º°Â„oŅ„µ¦„¦³šÎµšÉ¸Å¤nÁ®¤µ³­¤œÊ´œ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„œÊ¸ ¥´Š¦ª¤Åž™¹Š„µ¦„¨nµª®µ ®¦º° accusation š´ÊŠÃ—¥˜¦ŠÂ¨³Ã—¥°o°¤°¸„—oª¥ —´Šœ´Êœ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹¹ŠÁžœ} „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ—oµœª„…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—Šªnµ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸo¼¢{ŠÅ¤nÁž}œš¸¥É °¤¦´…°Š­´Š‡¤ …–³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„ÈÁž}œ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ—oµœ¨ ‡º°‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦šÉ¸‹³Å¤n™¼„…´—…ªµŠÂ¨³Áž}œ°­· ¦³…°ŠŸ¼o¢Š{ —ªo ¥ Á¡¦µ³Ÿo¼¢Š{ ˜o°Š„¦³šµÎ µŠ°¥µn ŠÁ¡ºÉ°Â„oŅ¡§˜„· ¦¦¤…°Š˜œÁ°Š ­nªœ„µ¦nœ (whinges) œ´Êœ ‡¨·œ (Clyne, 1994) Ä®o‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥Åªoªnµ Áž}œ„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµ…œµ—¥µª ®¦º°Áž}œ„µ¦„¨nµªŽÊ뵂 Á¡ºÉ°Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ץŤn‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š¤¸Á‹˜œµš¸É‹³Ä®oÁ„—· „µ¦Áž¨¥É¸ œÂž¨Š®¦º°Â„oŅ¡§˜„· ¦¦¤šŸ¸É ¡¼o —¼ Ť¡n °Ä‹ (whinges) – is a long or repeated expression of discontent not necessarily intended to change or improve the unsatisfactory situation (Clyne, 1994: 49) „µ¦nœ (whinges) ˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ˜¦Šš¸É „µ¦nœÅ¤nŗo¡n»ŠÁžjµÅžšÉ¸Ÿo¼¢{Š ®¦º°Å¤nŗoÁ„·—…¹Êœ‹µ„„µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¢{ŠšÎµ­·ÉŠÄ—Ÿ·—¨oª˜o°Š¦´Ÿ·—°˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœ´Êœ (Boxer,1993) „µ¦nœ¤¸®œoµš¸ÉĜ„µ¦ž¨—ž¨n°¥šµŠ°µ¦¤–r ®¦º°„ε‹´—‡ªµ¤¦o¼­¹„šµŠ¨…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Á°Š¤µ„„ªnµ‹³Áž}œ„µ¦„¦³˜o»œÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Â„oŅ¡§˜·„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤ „¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»žÅ—oªnµ „µ¦nœœ´ÊœÅ¤n™º°ªnµÁž}œª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸É‡»„‡µ¤®œoµÁ­¸¥š¸Á—¸¥ª ĜŠµœª·‹´¥…°Š ‡¨·œ (Clyne, 1994) Ž¹ÉŠÁ„ȝ…o°¤¼¨„µ¦­Éº°­µ¦ÄœÃ¦ŠŠµœ…°Šµª°°­Á˜¦Á¨¸¥ ¡ªnµ „µ¦nœÄœšÉ¸šÎµŠµœœ´Êœ¤´„‹³Á„·—…ʹœ¦³®ªnµŠ‡œšÉ¸¤¸

26­™µœ£µ¡Á—¸¥ª„´œ®¦º°Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´œ ¨³¤´„čoÁ¡ºÉ°Â¨„Áž¨É¸¥œ‡ªµ¤‡·—®¦º°‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„¦³®ªnµŠ„´œ°¸„šÊŠ´ ¥Š´ °µ‹­¦oµŠÄ®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡­n¼ œšœµÅ—o°¸„—ªo ¥ ŗ°³œµ È°„ÁŽ°¦r (Diana Boxer, 1993) ŗonŠ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°°„Áž}œÓ Ánœ„´œ ‡º° „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ (Indirect Complaint ®¦º° ICs) ¨³„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥˜¦Š (Direct complaint ®¦º° disapproval ®¦º° D) „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°°o ¤ (ICs) ˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹Ã—¥˜¦Š (D) š¸É „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Å¤nŗo¡nŠ» ÁžjµÅžš¸ÉŸ¢o¼ {Š “ICs differ from instances of D in that the addressee is not held responsible for a perceived offense.” (Boxer, 1993: 106) Ĝ…–³š¸É „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥˜¦Š (Direct complaint) Áž}œ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Ÿ¼o¢{Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ (ICs) „¨´Áž}œ„µ¦­¦oµŠ­´¤¡´œ›Å¤˜¦¸Â¨³‡ªµ¤Ä„¨o·—¦³®ªnµŠ‡¼n­œšœµ ‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦«„¹ ¬µ Boxer ¡ªµn „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ (ICs) nŠ°°„Áž}œ Ô Â‡º° (Ò) „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤Á„¸É¥ª„´˜´ªÁ°Š ®¦º° „µ¦nœÁ¦Éº°Š˜´ªÁ°Š (selfICs) ‡º° „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—„¨nµª™¹Š˜´ªÁ°ŠÄœšµŠ¨ Ťnªnµ‹³Áž}œÁ¦Éº°Š ¡§˜·„¦¦¤ ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™ ¨´„¬–³šµŠ„µ¥£µ¡ ²¨² Ánœ “Oh, I’m so stupid.”, “I’m losing it. I’m losing it fast. You know, well,I’m telling you right now, my mind, I’m not sharp any more. I can’t keep up with thestudents any more.” (Ó) „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°»‡‡¨°ºÉœ (Other ICs) ‡º° „µ¦¡¼—™¹Š­É·ŠšÉ¸Å¤nÁž}œšÉ¸¡¹Šž¦µ¦™œµ…°Š»‡‡¨°ºÉœ ¨´„¬–³‡¨oµ¥„´„µ¦œ·œšµ Ánœ “He takes such bad care ofhimself. It’s not so much that he overeats but that he eats such crap.” (Ô) „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°Á®˜»„µ¦–r (situation ICs) ‡º° „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°ž{®µ˜nµŠÇ š¸ÉÁž}œÁ®˜»Ä®o„´Šª¨ Ánœ Áª¨µ ÁŠ·œ °µ®µ¦ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ °µ„µ«„µ¦Á‹È žªi ¥ ²¨² nŠÅ—oÁž}œ Ó ž¦³Á£š¥n°¥‡°º (Ô.Ò) ž¦³Á£š „ (person situation ICs) ¡¼—™¹ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r×¥¤¸„µ¦ „¨nµª™¹Š»‡‡¨ÄœÁ®˜»„µ¦–rœÊ´œ—oª¥ Ánœ “I have no clothes. I bought three dresses without trying them on and they’re all too big.” Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n° Á®˜»„µ¦–rŤn¤¸Á­ºÊ°Ÿoµ‹³­ª¤Ä­n ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á­Êº°Ÿoµš¸É˜œŽÊº°¤µœ´ÊœÄ­nŤn¡°—¸˜´ª »‡‡¨šÉ¸¡µ—¡·Š ™¹ŠÄœ„µ¦œn œ¸Ê‡º° ˜œÁ°Š ŽŠÉ¹ Ážœ} Ÿ¼šo Å¸É ¤Ån —¨o °Š­ª¤Á­°ºÊ Ÿµo Á®¨µn œ´Êœ„n°œŽº°Ê

27 (Ô.Ó) ž¦³Á£š … (imperson situation ICs) ¡¼—™¹ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–rץŤn¤¸„µ¦ „¨nµª™¹Š»‡‡¨ ®¦º°Ÿo¼¡¼—Ťnŗo˜o°Š„µ¦¡µ—¡·Š™¹ŠÄ‡¦ÄœÁ®˜»„µ¦–rœÊ´œ Ánœ That’s the problem with the media, you know? They’re just looking for these issues to make big stories. ‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Š Boxer ¡ªnµ Ĝ„¦–¸‡œš¸É­œ·š­œ¤ „¨n»¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ¤´„‹³Äo„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°»‡‡¨°Éºœ (Other ICs) ¨³„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°Á®˜»„µ¦–r ž¦³Á£š „ (person situation ICs) ­nªœÄœ„¦–¸‡œÂž¨„®œoµ „¨n»¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ‹³Äo „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°˜´ªÁ°Š (self ICs) ¨³„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤˜n°Á®˜»„µ¦–rž¦³Á£š … (imperson situation ICs) œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê Ĝ„¦–¸…°Š‡œÂž¨„®œoµ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ (ICs) ŤÄn n‡Án ¡¥¸ ŠÁž}œ„µ¦Á¦·É¤„µ¦­œšœµ„´œÁšnµœÊ´œ ˜n¥´ŠÁž}œ„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤Å—o°¸„—oª¥ Boxer Ä®o…o°­´ŠÁ„˜ªnµ „µ¦Äo„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ (ICs) „´‡œÂž¨„®œoµÁž}œ„¨ª·›­¸ ¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­¤´ ¡œ´ ›ršÉ°¸ µ‹‡»„‡µ¤®œµo Ÿo¢¼ {Šœ°o ¥„ªµn „µ¦¤ ®¦º°„µ¦Á· Á­¸¥°¸„ °°­ÁšœÂ¨³ÁªœÂ (Olshtain and Weinbach, 1987; Weinbach, 1988) «¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µ±¸¦¼ ‹µ„µª°·­¦µÁ°¨š¸ÉÁž}œœ´„«¹„¬µ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥‹ÎµœªœÔÖ ‡œ Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ ¡ªµn „¨ª›· ¸„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ÂnŠÅ—oÁžœ} Ö ¦³—´ —´ŠœÊ¸ Ò) Ťn™¹Š„´˜n°ªnµ (Below the level of reproach) ‡º° „µ¦š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥ŠšÉ¸‹³„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦„¦³šÎµ®¦º°Ÿo¼„¦³šÎµÃ—¥˜¦Š °µ‹‹³Â­—Š°°„¤µÁ¡¸¥Šªnµ¤¸µŠ°¥nµŠÁ„·—…¹Êœ Ánœ “suchthings happen”, “Don’t worry about it, there’s no real damage” Ó) ­—Š°°„Ä®o¦o¼ªnµ¦Îµ‡µ®¦º°Å¤n¡°Ä‹ (Expression of annoyance) ‡º° „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥°o°¤ Ťn„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦„¦³šÎµ®¦º°Ÿ¼o„¦³šÎµÃ—¥˜¦Š ˜n­—Š°°„ªnµ¤¸„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤µŠ°¥nµŠÁ„·—…¹Êœ Ánœ “such lack of consideration!”, “This is really unacceptablebehavior” Ô) ­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ (Explicit complaint) ‡º° „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸ¼o¢{ŠÃ—¥˜¦Š ˜nŤn¤¸œ´¥„µ¦¨ŠÃš¬Ÿ¼o¢{Š Ánœ “You’re inconsiderate!”, “One should notpostpone this type of operation” Õ) „¨nµª®µÂ¨³˜´„Á˜º°œ (Accusation and warning) ‡º° „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—‡»„‡µ¤®œoµŸo¼¢Š{ ×¥˜¦Š ¨³¥Š´ ¤¸œ¥´ …°Š„µ¦¨ŠÃš¬Ÿo¼¢Š{ —ªo ¥ Ánœ “Next time I’ll let you wait for hours” Ö) ‡»„‡µ¤„¨´š´œš¸ (Immediate threat) ‡º° „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—­—Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Ÿo¼¢{Š°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ„¨´Åžšœ´ š¸ Ánœ “You’d better pay the money right now”, “You’re an idiot”

28 Olshtain and Weinbach «¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ªnµÁž}œª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉÁ„·—…ʹœÁ¤Éº°Ÿo¼¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ¦Îµ‡µ ®¦º°˜Îµ®œ·Ÿo¼¢{Š „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Áž}œž’·„·¦·¥µ˜°­œ°Š˜n°­É·ŠšÉ¸„ε¨´ŠÁ„·—…¹Êœ®¦º°šÉ¸Á„·—…¹Êœ¤µÂ¨oª Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ­É·Šš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—Ťn° „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹(complaint) ¤„´ ‹³„¦³šµÎ ˜°n Ÿ¼¢o Š{ ×¥˜¦Š œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê Olshtain and Weinbach ¥´ŠÅ—o«¹„¬µÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ˜nµŠª´•œ›¦¦¤°¸„—oª¥ ×¥Á„ȝ…o°¤¼¨‹µ„„¨n»¤˜´ª°¥nµŠšÉ¸Áž}œ µª°´Š„§¬µª°Á¤¦·„´œ ¨³µª°·­¦µÁ°¨ Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµ Ó Äœ Ô Á¨º°„­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ Ĝ…–³š¸É ÒĜ Ô Á¨º°„šÎµÁŒ¥Ç Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µÅ¤n¡‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸°o°¤ ª·›¸­»£µ¡ ¨³ª›· ¦¸ »œÂ¦Š …°Šš´ŠÊ Ô „¨¤»n ˜´ª°¥µn Š°¥nµŠ—´ Á‹œ ˜n¡ªnµ Ÿ¡¼o —¼ £µ¬µ°Š´ „§¬Â¨³Ÿo¡¼ —¼ £µ¬µ±¸¦¼ ¤¸„µ¦˜—´ ­œ· ¦³—´ ‡ªµ¤¦œ» ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤‡¨µo ¥‡¨¹Š„œ´ ­nªœŸ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬ „´µª°·­¦µÁ°¨šÉ¸¡¼—£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬Áž}œ£µ¬µš¸É­°Š ¡ªnµ µª°·­¦µÁ°¨š¸É¡¼—£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬Áž}œ£µ¬µš¸É­°Š‹³Äo™o°¥‡µÎ š¥É¸ µª„ªnµ ¨³Äo„¨ª›· š¸ ɜ¸ »¤n œª¨®¦º°‡„» ‡µ¤Ÿ¢¼o {Šœo°¥„ªnµ ¨³Á¨º°„čo„¨ª›· ¸Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹š®¸É ¨µ„®¨µ¥¤µ„„ªnµÁ‹oµ…°Š£µ¬µ ¤µ¦r˜¸Ê ¨µ¢°Á¦­šr (Marty Laforest, 2002) «¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹µ„š­œšœµÄœ¸ª˜· ž¦³‹Îµª´œ…°Šµª¤°œš¦¸°°¨ Á„ȝ…o°¤¼¨‹µ„„µ¦´œš¹„„µ¦­œšœµ¦³®ªnµŠ‡œš¸É­œ·š­œ¤‡o»œÁ‡¥„´œ ‹µ„…°o ¤¼¨š¡¸É ­µ¤µ¦™ÂŠn ¦³—´ ‡ªµ¤¦œ» ¦Š…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹Å——o Š´ œ¸Ê­™µœ„µ¦–r : Áª¨µ Ö š»¤n X ¨³ Y °¥Än¼ œ®°o Š‡¦´ª š´œÄ—œ´Êœ X Á®¨°º ÅžÁ®Èœ …œ¤žŠ{ Á®¨º°Â˜™n »ŠÁž¨µn Çcomplaint realization pattern ˜ª´ °¥µn Š1. Á°n¥™¹Š„µ¦„¦³šµÎ šÉ¸‡„» ‡µ¤Ÿo¡¼ —¼ X: There’s no bread left.2. °„­µÁ®˜š» ɸšµÎ Ä®oŤ¡n °Ä‹ X: I’m gonna have to get up earlier again tomorrow morning to go to the bakery!3. …°Ä®o°›· µ¥ªnµšÎµÅ¤‹Š¹ šµÎ Áœn œœÊ´ X: How come you ate all the bread!4. „¨µn ª™Š¹ Ÿ¼o„¦³šÎµÂ¨³„µ¦„¦³šµÎ šÉ¸‡„» ‡µ¤œœÊ´ X: You ate all the bread!5. …°Ä®oÁž¨¸¥É œÂž¨Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤ X: Hey, do you think you could mange to leave some bread for breakfast?6. ª·‹µ¦–Ÿr ¢¼o Š{ —µo œ¨ X: You never think about others! ¨µ¢°Á¦­šr ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®Èœªnµ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Áž}œª·›¸„µ¦®œÉ¹Š š¸É‹³Á˜º°œÄ®o°¸„ µi ¥¦o¼™¹Š¨´„¬–³¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š˜œÁ°Š ‡n¼­œšœµšÉ¸¦¼o‹´„­œ·š­œ¤„´œ‹¹Š¤¸Ã°„µ­ž¦³Á¤·œ¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š

29„´œÂ¨³„´œn°¥‡¦´ÊŠ„ªnµ Á¡¦µ³‡œšÉ¸¤¸‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤„´œ‹³®µ‹»—šÉ¸Áž}œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµšÉ¸š´ÊŠ­°Š iµ¥˜nµŠ‹³­µ¤µ¦™¥°¤¦´¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œÅ—o Á¡ºÉ°š¸É‹³­µ¤µ¦™—ε¦Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršÉ¸—¸¦³®ªnµŠ„´œÂ¨³„´œ˜n°Åž —´ŠœÊ´œ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ„¦–¸‡œ¦o¼‹´„ ¨³„¦–¸‡œÂž¨„®œoµœ´Êœ ‹¹ŠÁ„·—…ʹœ—oª¥Á‹˜œµšÉ¸˜nµŠ„´œ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹„´‡œ¦¼o‹´„Áž}œÅžÁ¡Éº°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¨³Â­ªŠ®µ‹»—šÉ¸š´ÊŠ­°Š iµ¥‹³­µ¤µ¦™¦´Å—o„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ Á¡ºÉ°—ε¦ŠÅªoŽÉ¹Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršÉ¸¦µ¦ºÉœ Ĝ…–³š¸É„´‡œÂž¨„®œoµÁ¦µÅ¤n‹ÎµÁž}œ‹³˜o°Š­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r—oª¥ ‹¹ŠÅ¤n‹ÎµÁž}œš¸É‹³˜o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œ¦o¼Á¡Éº°ž¦´Áž¨¸É¥œ¡§˜·„¦¦¤Ä—Ç …°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹¹ŠÁž}œ„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„…°ŠŸo¼¡—¼ ¨³Á¡ºÉ°‹³šµÎ Ä®Áo „·—„µ¦Â„Åo …¡§˜„· ¦¦¤Á¡É°º —ε¦ŠÅªŽo ŠÉ¹ ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜°o Š ®¦º°­š· ›·…°Š­Š´ ‡¤­ªn œ¦ª¤ Á±oµ­r¨³Â‡­Áž°¦r (House and Kasper, 1981 °oµŠÄœ Tatsuki, 2000) «¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ…°Š„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤ House and KasperŗÄo ®o ¨„´ „µ¦ Õ …o°Äœ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„¦³—´ ‡ªµ¤˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ (directness levels) —Š´ œ¸Ê (Ò) „¨nµª™Š¹ „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤œœÊ´ ×¥˜¦Š®¦º°Ã—¥œ´¥ (Ó) ¤„¸ µ¦ª·‹µ¦–r¡§˜·„¦¦¤œ´ÊœÄœšµŠ¨®¦º°Å¤n (Ô) ª‹· µ¦–rŸoš¼ ¸‡É „» ‡µ¤œ´œÊ ®¦°º Ťn ¨³Ã—¥˜¦Š®¦°º ×¥œ¥´ (Õ) ª·‹µ¦–šr ´ŠÊ Ÿo¼¢Š{ ¨³¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°ŠŸ¢o¼ {ŠÄœšµŠ¨®¦º°Å¤n ×¥˜¦Š®¦°º ×¥œ´¥ Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ House and Kasper ¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤´„­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ¨³¤´„Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸š¸É¦»œÂ¦Š¤µ„„ªnµŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤House and Kasper „¤È ‡¸ ªµ¤Á®Èœªnµ ¦³—´‡ªµ¤˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ…°Š„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œ¸Ê Ťn­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³œÎµ¤µÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥Äœ˜nµŠª´•œ›¦¦¤Å—o Á¡¦µ³Â˜n¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤˜nµŠ„È¥n°¤¤¸¦¦š´—“µœÄœ„µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œ®¦º°Â­—Š°°„˜n°¡§˜·„¦¦¤˜nµŠÇ …°Š˜œÁ°Š „¨nµª‡º° ¤oªnµŸ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹³°°„¤µÁž}œÁnœœ¸Ê Á¦µ„ÈŤn­µ¤µ¦™‹³­¦»žÅ—oªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡œo°¥„ªnµŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬Â˜n­·ÉŠšÉ¸Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹³­µ¤µ¦™°„Á¦µÅ—o „ȇº° Á¤ºÉ°œÎµÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´œ£µ¥Ä˜o¦¦š´—“µœ…°Š­´Š‡¤ª•´ œ›¦¦¤°Š´ „§¬Â¨ªo Ÿ¨¨¡´ ›r‹³°°„¤µÁžœ} Áœn œÁ¸Ê šnµœœ´Ê Á°Š ‹µ„„µ¦ššªœÁ°„­µ¦Â¨³Šµœª·‹´¥šÉ¸Á„ɸ¥ª…o°Š„´ „µ¦«¹„¬µª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ Šµœª·‹´¥šÉ¸Ÿnµœ¤µÁž}œ„µ¦¡¥µ¥µ¤‹´—nŠž¦³Á£š…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ­·ÉŠšÉ¸Šµœª·‹´¥š»„Á¦Éº°Š¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ¡o°Š„´œ‡º° „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Áž}œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµšÉ¸‡»„‡µ¤®œoµ Ž¹ŠÉ ¤´„‹³Á„—· …¹Êœ„´‡ªµ¤…—´ Â¥oŠÄœž’·­¤´ ¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‡» ‡¨

30 ĜšµŠ˜¦Š„´œ…oµ¤ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â„µ¦nœ ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ®œoµš¸ÉĜ„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rŗo Ĝ„¦–¸…°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤®Š»—®Š·—š¸ÉŤnÁ„ɸ¥ª„´»‡‡¨ Ánœ Á¦ºÉ°Š­£µ¡—·œ¢jµ°µ„µ« (Boxer, 1993) Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ¨´„¬–³Ánœœ¸Ê —¼¢i°œ (DuFon, 1995) čo‡Îµªnµgriping šœ complaining ­·ÉŠ­Îµ‡´š¸É˜o°Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š ‡º° ª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ Áž}œª´‹œ„¦¦¤š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ£µ¥Ä˜oÁŠÉº°œÅ…ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ (pre–conditions) šÉ¸˜o°Š¤¸¤µ„n°œÁ­¤° ¤·Ánœœ´ÊœÂ¨oª Á¦µ‹³Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™Â¥„‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªµn Šª‹´ œ„¦¦¤„µ¦…°¦o°ŠÂ°o°¤ „´ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Å—o Áœn(Ò) “Ĝœ®¸Ê œµª‹Š´ ” Á‹˜œµ …°¦°o ŠÄ®o ªn ¥ž—d ®œµo ˜µn Š(Ó) “Ĝœ®Ê¸ œµª‹Š´ ” Á‹˜œµ ‡°º ˜o°Š„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹š¸ÉŸ¢¼o Š{ ŤÅn —‹o nµ¥ ‡nµÂ„­p ®¦º°‡µn Å¢¢jµšÎµÄ®Áo ‡¦ºÉ°ŠšµÎ ‡ªµ¤¦°o œÅ¤šn 劵œ„µ¦‹³‹ÎµÂœ„‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ…°Šš´ÊŠ­°Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤Ã—¥­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„ÁœÊº°‡ªµ¤œÊ´œšÎµÅ—o¥µ„ š´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁ¡¦µ³ª´‹œ„¦¦¤°o°¤ (indirect speech acts) ˜o°Š°µ«´¥ž¦·šÄœ„µ¦˜¸‡ªµ¤ ˜n®µ„Ÿo¼¢{Š­µ¤µ¦™¦o¼­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸É¤¸¤µ„n°œ™o°¥‡Îµœ¸Ê¨oª„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ¸„È‹³šÎµÅ—o —´ŠÁnœšÉ¸ Á·¦r„¤œÂ¨³Â‡­Áž°¦r (Bergman and Kasper, 1993 °oµŠÄœ Tatsuki, 2000) „¨nµªªnµ „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³„µ¦…°Ãš¬ ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤º°œ„´œ˜¦Šš¸É˜nµŠ„ÈÁž}œ„µ¦°oµŠ„¨´Åž™¹ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸„µ¦¨³Á¤·—…o°˜„¨ŠµŠ°¥nµŠ…°Š­´Š‡¤ ‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ…°Š­°Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤œÊ¸„ȇº° „µ¦…°Ãš¬ Ÿo¼„¨nµª…°Ãš¬Áž}œ‡œŸ·—¨³Ÿo¼¢{ŠÁž}œŸ¼o¦´Ÿ¨‹µ„„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤ ­nªœ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ Ÿo¼¡¼—Áž}œŸo¼¦´Ÿ¨‹µ„„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤Â¨³Ÿ¢¼o {Š‡º°Ÿ¼„o ¦³šµÎ ­·ŠÉ š¸É‡„» ‡µ¤Ÿo¼¡¼— Ò.Ù.Ô Šµœª‹· ´¥šÁɸ „ɸ¥ª„´ „µ¦ž¦³Á¤œ· ¦³—´ „µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤ ‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š…°Š„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤ Ážœ} ®œŠÉ¹ Ĝž{‹‹´¥šÉ¤¸ ¸Ÿ¨˜°n „µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤ °°­Ášœ (Olshtain, 1989 °oµŠÄœ Kuha, 2003) ¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µ±¸¦¼‹³Â­—Š„µ¦…°Ãš¬¤µ„…ʹœ Á¤ºÉ°‡·—ªnµ˜œÁ°ŠšÎµÄ®oŸo¼°ºÉœ…»nœÁ‡º°Š¤µ„ ê¨Á¤°¦r¨³°°­Ášœ (Vollmerand Olshtain, 1989 °oµŠÄœ Kuha, 2003) ¡ªnµ ¦³—´…°Š„µ¦Äo„¨ª·›¸Á¡Éº°Â­—ŠÁ‹˜œµ…°Ãš¬Â¨³„µ¦­Îµœ¹„ªnµ˜o°Š…°Ãš¬œ´Êœ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´ Á·¦r„¤œÂ¨³Â‡­Áž°¦r(Bergman and Kasper, 1993 °oµŠÄœ Kuha, 2003) ¡ªnµ „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤µŠ°¥nµŠÂ¤o‹³Áž}œ„µ¦‡„» ‡µ¤Á¡¸¥ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ Ÿ¼¡o —¼ £µ¬µ°´Š„§¬„¤È ´„‹³Äo„¨ª·›…¸ °Ãš¬¤µ„…¹Êœ

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