ACE ENGLISH 6 GRAMMAR

ACE naraiiilih, Comdtisition O ' f or schools @ t Black

Cover design by Vincent Moses Raja lllustrated by Print Mirchi Studio lmage Credits Unit 2: Geese/publicdomain/commonslvikimedia.org, Sputnikasmjpg/publicdomain/NSSDC,NASA/commons. wikimedia.org; Unit5! Asha-Bhoslejpg/CCbySAgo/commonswikimedia.org; Unit6: Gateway of India, Mumbai, Mahrashha, Indiajpg/CCbySAa.o/Yamini vijay lawhate; l,rnit 9: l..lount Everest as seen from Drukair2 pLW edit. jpg/CCbySAz.o/PapaLimaWhiskey:/commons.wikimedia.org; Unit z5: lstanbul/CCbyz.o/MoyanBrenn/commons. wikimedia.org; Unit 2,t3 cupcake-decorations-312344/Clker-Free'Vector'lmages/publicdomain/pixa bay.com; Unit :o: MobyDick/Pete Simon/CCbyzof lickr.com. 6ACE English Grammarand Composition for Schoolg ORIENT BLACKSWAN PRIVATE LIMITED Registered Office 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India e-mail: centraloff [email protected] Other Of{ices Bengaluru, Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida, Patna, Visakhapatnam O Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2020 ffi First published 2020 Reprinted 2020 tsBN 978-93-5287-712-6 Typeset at Envisage Information Technology, Cochin Printed in lndia at ss colour lmpression Pvt Ltd, Chennai 600 106 Published by Orient Blackswan Private Limited 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India e-mail: [email protected]

'li',,.: .,,,.,r,;,,..1], ACE . ;. tudents' Bool(s I ll Icachers' Snrart Books 8 eachcrs'Portal Grammar Grammar Worksheets > lvell shrctured and graded syllabus ) cyciic revision ofkcy concepts > shol1. clear gt antntar explanatiors for r-eview and consolidation > easy to-tbllow rules > exam-style gratnmar practice > nlc|rl\\ ',ic\\a'rp (. t ' t.lr..lr.rt\\'(,.jhcIr c u'orksheets in 6, 7 and ll > \\L.idc renge ofoxcrcises fbl dlill Grammar Activities and practlcc l inlerestingclassroonr Composition activitics 10 revise > wide ran8c ofwriting acti!ities grarnnar conccpls ) complcte ntodels lbr letters. essays, Reading paragraphs. crnails, and so on. llxercises for as pcr syllabus rcquircments Oral Practice Comprehension > cxam orientcd > cncourages rcti!c grdl]lntar ) frcsb reading passages > adequale pfacticc ) develops rcadirg skills ) tnpxrvcs Ianguage skills usage Listening > lbcus on lluency and lccurac\\' Comprehension > \\\\,hilc and post llstcrring tasks > cngngrng cxcrctses ) shalpcns )istening sk ills Vocabulary Digital Support > dedicated section in each book For Teachcrs ) builds active vocabulary ) emphasis on fluency ) ISmart Books 8 > lnleractive teaching modules ) Answer Key ]]|llilt It I tlt ll il|t llll'l

\\-^-LN Contents t. Nouns,.....,......,. I r Common Nouns r Proper Nottns r Abstract Nouns r Collective Nouns r Concrete Nouns r Countable Nouns r Uncountable Nouns 2. Nounsr Number ....,.....,... .....,..'....'..'....'........ 5 r Singular Nor,rns I Plural Nouns . Regular and lrregular Nouns r Compound Nouns 5. Nouns: Gender .'.......'.'.... Io r Masculine Gender I Feminine Gender. Common Gender r Neuter Gender r lrregular Feminine Gender words r Gender-Neutral Nouns 4. Nounsr Case.-. ..'...'.......... 14 . Subject r Object . Possessive 'Apostrophe for Possession 5. Adjectives......, .........'.'.'..' lE r Attributive Adjectives r Predicative Adjectives o Order of Adjectives r Descriptive Adjectives CDNouemmmoeprnoasultnrAaddtivAjeedcjteAivcdetjisevecrtsivInertseFro.rrompgoaasttsiiovenessAoivfdejAeAdcdjteijvecetcisvtiev'esDs is'QtriubauntivtietatAivdejecAtidvjeesctrivePsroper r Adjectives I r 6. Degrees of Comparison .,,.,..,--. .'.....'.'....... 25 . positive, Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 7. Articles .,....,.,... .'......\"....... 28 . Definite and Indefinite Articles. Omission of Articles 8. Pronouns......... .--.----'- 55 r Personal Pronouns I Possessive Pronouns I Demonstrative Pronouns r Reflexive Pronouns 'r Emphasising Pronouns r Indefinite pronouns Interrogative Pronouns r Relative Pronouns 9. Pronouns: Number, Gender, Case..............'.'.'. ....................'.' 59 r First, Second and Third Person Pronouns ' Gender Pronouns 'Singular and Plural Pronouns r Subject and Object Pronouns r Possessive Pronouns Io. Verbs.,.,.......... ...............'. 43 r Main raVnedrbAsuxoifliaCroymveprlebtserPPreridmicaarytioAnuxrilViaerrybs' l''4odal Auxiliary ' Transitive and lntransitive Finite and Non-Finite Verbs of Incomplete Predication ' Verbs. Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles Grsmmar Worksheet 7...................... '.........'...... 46 It. Verbs: Be, flave, Do..,,..,................' ..'......... 5I r Auxiliary Verbs I Be. Have ' Do MII IIII

\\--Lvu ^L--v tz. The Tenses..... ..--.......... 55 I The Simple Present Tense r The Simple Past Tense r The Simple Future Tense t3. The Simple Fresent Tense 57 . Form . Uses. Practice t4. The Simple Past Tense 62 r Form r Uses r Forms of Verbs t5, The Simple Future Tense...,., ......,....,........ 66 I Form r Uses t Wll and Sholl t Going Io Form t5. The Continuous Tenses............. ..,.....-.-.. 70 r Present Continuous Tense, Forms and Uses r Past Continuous Tense: Forms and Uses r Future Continuous Tense, Forms and Uses r Forms of Continuous Tenses t7. The Perfect Tenses.......,............. ........,....., 77 I Present Perfect Tense, Forms and Uses r Past Perfect Tense: Forms and Uses r Future perfect Tense' Forms and Uses t8. Modals ..,......., ...,.,.,....,... Ej I Permission r Possibility. flelp. Suggestion. Advice l Necessity r Request r Repeated Actions and General Truths t9. Active and Passive Voice,..... ......,..,........,.. 69 r Simple Present r Simple Past r Simple Future r Present Perfect. Past Perfect . present Continuous r Past Continuous 20. Subject\"Verb Agreement .,......,.. ,.,........... 96 r Two subjects joined with ond r lntroduction to fhere r Singular and Plural usage I Collective Nor-rns r Singular Verbs with Nouns that have Singular Meaning. Either...or. Neither..nor r Singular Verbs with Indefinite Pronouns r Same, Any, All, V1ost. Everyone, Each, Someone, Anyone, No one, One of the. Nothing zt. Adverbs......... ..-....,..,.,.... 99 r Adverbs of Manner r Adverbs of Time r Adverbs of Place r Adverbs of Freouencv I Adverbs of Degree r lnterrogative Adverbs r Adjectives and Adverbs r Formation of Adverbs r Positions of Adverbs 22. Comparison of Adverbs --.--.*__._._..._ lo5 I Positive, Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adverbs r Formation of Comparative Adverbs 1 Formation of Superlative Adverbs Grammor Worksheet 2......,.............. ,............... ro5 25. Prepositions. ..,..,...,...... ro9 r Prepositions of Place r Prepositions of Time r Prepositions of Direction r For and From r Bg and For r,4s and Like r Simple and Complex Prepositions rrlr TI

:- ^-LV f,\";:;v'r:,L V 24. Correct Use of Prepositions,.........,..,,.,,..--- ...............'.'.'... 114 I Verb and Preposition Collocations r Noun and Preposition Collocations r Adjective and Preposition Collocations I Words Followed by Appropriate Prepositions 25. Conjunctions. .......'.....'. 116 . Coordinating Conjunctions r Subordinating Conjunctions ' Joining Sentences with Conjunctions 26. Direct and Indirect Speech.. .................'. 125 r Direct and Indirect Speech r Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives r Change of Tenses r Words expressing Time and Place . Questions to Indirect Speech I Commands and Requests to lndirect Speech 27. Interjections. ................ I5o r Words expressing Joy, Grief, Angel Relief, Surprise, Fear, Disgust ' Word Level r Phrase Level 28. The Sentence ....\".....'...'. I5l r The Sentence r The Phrase r Declarative Sentences lmperative Sentences r Interrogative 'Sentences . Exclamatory Sentences 29. Subject and Fredicate......,.,.., ....'............. 154 . Subject . Predicate r Sr-rbjects in Declarative, lmperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences 5o. Punctuation and Capital Letters ..,..,..--.... .....'..'..'.....'.'..... 156 . Capital Letters r Full Stops r Commas. Exclamation Marks r Question Marks . Single Quotation Marks r Double Quotation Marks'Apostrophes'Semicolons Grommsr Worksheet 3 .--...---.--, ..'.......'.'.. r4I 51. f ntegrated Grammar practice Worksheet ............'.. 52. Reading Comprehension..........,. .'...'.'.'.. 1!'5 .....'......., 147 55. Listening Comprehension........,. ....'......'.' 156 51, Writing Letters and Emai1s......,........... ...'..\"...............'......... I60 55. Writing a Notice.,.............., .............'.....'.' 167 56. Writing a Message ....,.,,.,... ....................... t69 57. Writing a Diary.....,.,.,....,..-, .'................'..... l7r 5E. Writing a Paragraph.....,.,.., ...'.................... U2 59, Writing a Story ----..,---.---., .,,..............171 40. Writing an Essay..........,...,..,. '.\"............'...' 176 II-I iNII

\\,'@L,V7 A^'V 1 Nouns Look at these words. . girl . Mumbai 'love . bunch w These words are nouns. We know that a noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, feeling or idea. Kinds of Nouns This table shows us the kinds of nouns and their uses. Kind of Noun Uses Example boy common noun name given to a person, place, animal or thing proper noun special name given to a particular crty person, place or thing monkey (lt always begins with a capital Anup letter.) Farida Red Fort abstract noun name for a thing which we cannot Chennai smell, touch or feel physically- kindness a quality, action, state or idea laughter childhood collective noun name of a group of people, things ignorance or animals that we think of nero as a wnote flock family crowd rriffiI ffiI

\\^-LV 1^J7'4*')-r, @ Und\".lin. the nouns in these sentences and state whether they are common, proper, abstract or collective nouns. r. They have planned to go to the g99. common noun z. I'm going to Dubai next month. g. That bookshop sells very interesting books. 4. We saw a flock of birds flying high in the sky. 5. Loyalty is a very important quality. 6. The dress is in the cupboard. 7 A team of technicians are here. 8. Jatin was rewarded for his bravery. q. The Taj Mahal is in Agra. ro. They are sending a spacecraft to Mars. o Circle the noun that does not belong to the group. r.R rya April Mumbai \\/,€2:\\ 9, Wednesday z. honesty team kindness peace love flng Vineet flower scnool 4. bouquet fleet nerq pack photograph Concrete and Abstract Nouns We know that abstract nouns are things that we cannot taste, touch, smell, hear, or see. Abstract nouns usually name ideas, feelings or concepts. On the other hand, concrete nouns name objects that we can see, heat taste, smell, or touch. . flower . table ' house ' aeroplane ldentify whether the words in bold are abstract nouns (A) or concrete nouns (C). t. Anis was given an award for his courage. ,A 2. The door was open when I came home from scnoor. MII IITI l\\

The audience admired the creativity of the performers. 4. They moved the chair to the corner. The children sang a beautiful song. o. He spreads the message of peace. 7. Maya made some soup for herself. 8. We do not have a lot of time to work on the essav Irr Add the correct suffixes from the box to make abstract nouns. You may need to make changes to the spelling in some words. l. cold coloness curious 4. boy 5. bore 7. mature 6. 9. useful 8. friend lo. nappy O sentences with abstract noun forms of the words ;ruL::.||;se l. llercules was well known for his strength. (strong) _.The people in this part of the city live in extreme (poor) Sushma spent her in Ooty. (child) 'l We should try to avoid of food. (waste) 5. We need to wear seatbeits for our own (safe) _.In the film, there was no end to the villain's (wicked) 7. lndia got from British rule in 1947. grce) 8. The natural -. of this region attracts a lot oftourists. (beautiful)

\\-^lLv V'l*, Countable and Uncountable Nouns ''\\ As we aiready know, nouns may be classified as countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are things we can count. They can be singular or plural. ' toy ) toys ' pencil ) pencils Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. Therefore they do not have a plural form. We always use the singular form. ' milk ' furniture ' honey Underline all the nouns in these senrences. List them in the correct cotumns. t. The wind was blowing gently. z. I borrowed a pen from Rajat. :. She had a sandwich and a glass of milk. 4. He bought two va>es made ol ceramic. 5. We will need two more cups. 6. Would you like to have some more rice? 7. Both the windows are open. 8. I like the blue shirt more than the white one. 9. The water is boiling on the stove. to. I'm looking for some information on volcanoes. Countable Noqng Uncountable nouns wtno Grammar Activity Take turns to name eight things that you find in your kitchen or the {ridge. Say whether the things are countable or uncountable nouns. rIII 4 ffiTI

\\JlVv,::i Nouns: Number Look at these words. . cow ) cows ' bus ) buses . berry ) berries A singular noun refers to only one person, place or thing. A plural noun refers to more than one person, place or thing. Plural nouns are of two kinds-regular and irregular. Nouns that form plurals by adding -s or -es are called regular plurals. However, some nouns form plurals by changing their spelling. They are called irregular plurals. We add -s to singular nouns to fornr prurars. ' boat ) boats . )house houses . cat ) cats ' river ) rivers ' bottle ) bottles ' cup ) cups . pencil ) pencils . desk ) desks . sticker ) stickers . bee ) bees . tree ) trees . truck ) trucks We add -es to singular nouns ending in -s, -ss, 'sh, -ch, -x or -z to make them plural. ' wish ) wishes ' gas ) gases . box ) boxes ' watch ) watches ' lunch ) lunches . tax ) taxes . brush ) brushes . )class classes ' dish ) dishes ' oass ) oasses . match ) matches . buzz ) buzzes We add -s or -es to singular nouns ending in -o to make them plural. ' photo ) phoios ' piano ) pianos ' stereo ) stereos . mango ) mangoes . potaio ) potatoes . tomato ) tomatoes IIII rurI

\\^-tvRL^J For singular nouns ending in consonan{ * -y, we remove the -y and add -ies. \\ . penny ) pennies . spy ) spies ' )baby babres ' puppy ) puppies . city ) cities . )daisy daisies ' cherry ) cherries ' family ) families ' fairy ) fairies We add only -s to singular nouns ending with vowel * 'v. . day ) days . toy ) toys . kidney ) kidneys For singular nouns ending in \"f or -fe, we change the or -fe to -ves. . wolf ) wolves . wife ) wives ' )leaf leaves ' life ) lives ' )half narves ' )knife knives ' elf ) elves ' loaf ) loaves . calf ) calves There are some exceptions to this rule. We add only -s to some singular nouns ending in -f. . roof ) roofs . belief ) beliefs . chef ) chefs . chief ) chiefs . proof ) proofs . cliff ) cliffs We change the vowels in some singular nouns to form plurals. . man ) men ' woman ) women ' foot ) feet . tooth ) teeth . goose ) geese . )fireman firemen Sometimes, there is no change to the noun in the plural form. . deer ) deer . sheep ) sheep ' fish ) fish Sometimes, we use different words in the plural form. . ox ) oxen . child ) children . person ) people For some nouns that have only one form which ends in -s, we always use them in the singular. t measles . series . mathematics . athletics We use some nouns only in the plural form as they are made of two parts. We never use them in the singular. 'trousers . spectacles . binoculars . pyjamas III- 6 III l\\ l\\

L---LN m We use some nouns only in the singular form. We never use them in the plural. ' furniture ' data ' information . luggage In compound nouns, we change the head word to the plural form. ' passer'by ) passers-by ' )sister-in-law sisters-in-law ' )runner-up runners-up . )editor-in-chief editors-in chief We use the singular and plural form for countable nouns. ' book ) books ' bottle ) bottles . apple ) apples We use only the singular form for uncountable nouns that refer to some material, Iiquid or other substances. 'salt 'cotton 'milk 'magnesium We use some abstract nouns only in the singular form. We use others in the singular and plural form. ' peace ' harmony ' honesty . beauty ' hope ) hopes ' thought ) thoughts . friendship ) friendships ii w.it\" th. plural forms of these nouns. t. calf calves 2, 3. potato 4. tay s. half 6. OX z fish 8. s poon 9. Person to. penny It. class 12. city 15. tooth 14. ch ild 15. bush t6. shampoo tZ lioness tq. cliff zo. batch IIII ITI

Ntr v^tarT 'v-\\7- vl Write the singular {orms of thege nouns. wife z. watches 5. volcanoes 4. mrce 5. chefs 6. stitches 7. daughters-in-law 8. scarves ]o. boys 9. Plateaus i2. dictionaries 11. runners-uP 15. hooYes t6. ladies 15. heroes 18. deer l7 feet '19. moose 20. sheep @- Rewrite these sentences with the nouns in the plural form. Make other changes, if necessary. t. The child is playing in the park. The children are playins in the park. z, A man and a woman came to visit my aunt. g. The baby is playing with a toy. 4. lam having a potato, carrot, radish and tomato. 5. A baby lion is called a cub. 6. I went to the store to buy a loaf of bread and a knife. z I saw a mouse, a goose, an ox, a wolt a deer and an ostrich at the zoo. 8. The porter at the airport loaded our luggage onto a trolley. Ilrrfif'iffi4ffiIIII

L---LN Z.'-ffi&*A.-.J Rewrite these sentences with the nouns in the singular {orm. Make other changes, if necessary. L lVy shirts and jeans have gone for washing. [ys!tt!sd-]eq!-:beye eone for washing 2. Children have many hopes, dreams and aspirations. 3. Forget-me-nots are my favourite flowers. 4. We looked through the binoculars and spotted parrots, finches, cucKoos ano sparrows. 5. The chimneys on the roofs let out smoke. 6. There are pyjamas, shirts and caps on the sheives. @ Correct the errors in each of these sentences. l. There were about a dozen ehie*e+ running around in the yard. chickens z. The snows was falling heavily. 5. I am afraid the new is really bad. There has been another earthquake! 4. Her weddins veil was made of beautiful white lacesl s. The first satellite was launched into outer spaces by the Russians. 6. Some people believe that aJl hate is based on fears. 7. We really need some new furnilur es 'n this flat. 8. Can you give me some informations, please? Inffin mffinI

\\^llNK Nouns: Gender Look at these words. 'prince 'lady 'nurse pencil We use masculine nouns for males. They belong to the masculine gender. ' man ' uncle ' hero ' king ' lion We use feminine nouns for females. They belong to the feminine gender. ' woman ' aunt ' heroine ' queen ' lioness We can use some words for both males and females. Such words are in the common gender. ' child ' cousin ' friend ' teacher ' person Non-living things are said to belong to the neuter gender. They are neither male nor female. ' book ' river ' table ' city ' desk ' tree Changing masculine nouns to feminine nouns We add -ess to some masculine nouns to form feminine nouns. 'lion lioness t count Fit*iffirei,{ shepherdess 'shepherd pflestess ' steward countess stewardess 'host hostess 'qiant giantess 'prince heiress 'heir reoparoess 'leopard 10 l,.t

L-.€llv v ^Lv Sometimes, we have to make changes to the spelling before adding -ess to form feminine nouns. masculine feminine masculine feminine mrstress 'wait-or wattTess ' duke o ucness empress goddess t emperor Sometimes we add -ine, -ina or -a to masculine nouns to form feminine nouns. ' hero ) heroine ' Tsar ) Tsarina ' )sultan sultana Sometimes, we use different words for the masculine and feminine nouns. masculine feminine masculine feminine 'bridegroom DflOe 'buck doe 'rooster nen ' fox vrxen 'horse mare 'gentleman aoy ' bull cow 'nephew n tece 'drake oucK madam ln compound nouns, we add or change a word before or after the main noun to form the masculine or feminine noun. masculine feminine masculine feminine 'grandfather grandmother ' son in law daughter-in-law cow calf t cock sparrow hen-sparrow 'bull-calf 'billy-goat nanny goat 'landlord 1a nd lady headmistress ' man serva nt maro-5erva nt Nowadays, we use gender-neutral words to refer to both males and females. '1'rr,ri'Inl 11

L---Llv ,L-l This table shows the neutral forms of some masculine and feminine nouns. masculine feminine gender-neutral actor acto r actress a uth or authoress a utho r chairwoman c ha irperso n cha irm a n policewoman po lice ma n police officer We use the neuter gender for collective nouns. ' The herd of cows was grazing in the field. lt was grazing near the pond. @ w,it.th\" feminine forms of these nouns. t. husband 2. nephew wife 3. washerman 4. hero 5. gentleman 6. uncle 7 shepherd 8. 9. emperor to. boy ll. son 12. m ilkma n 13. horse 14. watler r5. widower 'r6. bridegroom Write the masculine forms of these nouns. - L kine 2. hostess 3. 4. la nd lady 5. mtstress 6. madam 7. countess 8. mother 9. witch to. su tana 'I. stepmother 12. nanny goat r3. doe 14. goose r5. nun r6. filly IIII 12 ffiII

@ Write whether the words in bold are in the masculine, feminine, common or neuter gender. t. The surgeon operated on the patient. common 2. The rooster crowed early in the morning and woke the baby. 5. The pride of lions was resting in the sunshine. ',| The wizard granted the little boy s wish. 5. The mare galloped through the field. 6. The shopkeeper was not in the store so the gentleman waited for some time. 7. Plants need air, water and sunlight to grow. 8. The police officer arrested the thief. o Rewrite these sentences after changing the gender of the nouns. Make other changes, if necessary. t. The tsar gave the shepherd a flock of sheep. The tsarina gave the shepherdess a flock of sheep. z. The artist drew a picture of a cow, horse, lion, tiger, peacock and fox on the animal rights poster. 3. Fler husband, uncle, brother and father-in-law are all waiters in this restaurant. 4. The heroine of the film is portrayed as a creative woman who makes sculptures. 5. The farmer had many fillies, drakes and ganders on his farm. 6. The poet, the landlord and the headmaster are childhood friends. Z The hostess welcomed the empress, queen, duchess and countess. rlrr 13 rITI

\\^llvv Nouns: Gase Read these sentences. . Karan is making a paper plane. . The earth revolves around the sun Subject In the first sentence, Karan is the subject. Karan is the answer to the question- Who is making a paper plane? ln the second sentence, the earth is the subject. The earth is the answer to the question-What revolves around the sun? The subject of a sentence carries out the action of the verb in the sentence. To deteimine the subject of a sentence, we need to ask who or what before the verb' Object Read these sentences. . Divya is drinking water. . Rishi wrote a letter to John. ln the first sentence, water is the object. Water is the answer to the question- What is Divya drinking? In the second sentence, letter and John are the objects. Letter is the answer to the question-What did Rishi write? John is the answer to the question-Whom did Rishi write to? IIIE 14 mtrr

\\^-Lv Y The object of a sentence is the person or the thing upon whom the action of the verb is carried out. To determine the object of a sentence, we need to ask what or whom after the verb. Possessive Read these sentences. . This is Virat's book. . The rabbit's fur is soft. In the first sentence, Virat's book refers to the book belonging to Virat. In the second sentence rabbit! fur refers to the fur belonging to the rabbit. These nouns show possession or ownership of something. We use an apostrophe (') to show possession. We add apostrophe (') * s to singular nouns to form the possessive. . Anjali's friend . the lion! mane We add only the apostrophe (') to plural nouns and words ending with s. . girls'shoes . St James'School We use apostrophe (')t s with plural nouns that do not end with s. . women's section r sheeo's woor When we are talking about two people, places, or things that share possession of an object, we use apostrophe (') * s only once, and with the second noun. . y' .Rahuland Rohit's room rRahul's and Rohit's room We use the apostrophe (') * 5 66iy yy;1h living things. We do not use apostrophe (') * s with nonJiving things. . the tables legs x . thelegsof thetabler' IIII ,5 III

Rewrite these phrases in the possessive form using apostrophe (') or apostrophe (') + s. '1. the toys of children the children's tovs the bicycles of the twins the order of the commander-in-chief 4. the changing room for men the uncle of Munira and Zainab 6. the clothes of women 7. the uniform of the policeman 8. the cars of the parents 9. the photographs of the boys lo. the cupboard of Shreyas ll. the car of the architect 12. the patients of the doctor r5. the sweater of the instructor 14. the watches of my aunts the bottles of the girls o Change these phrases to the plural form. '1. my friend's house my friends' houses my neighbour's car the man's jersey the bird's beak the flower's smell o. the childt cup 7. the fish s fin 8. the wife's decision 9. the boy s bed IIII lo. the mouses hole ITITb

@ Charrge these sentences using the possessive forms without changing tne meanrng, t. We listened to the speech of the principal in silence. We listened to the orincioal's speech in silence. I handed over the books belonging to Charles to his sister. 5. The father of Richa and lvlili is an architect by profession. 4. The letter written by Asha explained everything. 5. The stripes on the zebra make it look attractive. 6. We enjoyed the dinner party at the house of my uncle. z The house of the sisters is on the hill. 8. They want to buy one of the paintings done by Hussain.

\\^a\\vv A.^'V Adjectives Read these sentences. . Asha Bhosle is a famous singer of India. . fle shared some rice with his friend. . The second innings was very interesting to watch. GIJ The words in bold are adjectives. We use adjectives to modify or describe a noun or a Pronoun. Attributive and Fredicative Adjectives We can place an adjective before the noun or pronoun that it modifies. In this case, it is called an attributive adjective. . She is a famous singer. We can also place an adjective after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. In this case, it is called a predicative adjective. . The sineer is famous. Underline the adjectives in these sentences, Then, write A if they are attributive and P for predicative. t. The milk tastes 9991. P z. She saw tropical fish in the aquanum. 3. Please do not ask silly questions! a. The film *as long and had a tragic ending. 5. The children were bored and sleepy. 6. The old man went fishing in the deep blue sea. IIII 18 ,je#nI

\\--LNM Order of Adjectives Sometimes, we may use more than one adjective before a noun. In such cases, the adjectives must be placed in a particular order. Flere is a table that shows the order of adjectives. Number twelve Op in ion beautiful Size bie Physical quality smooth Age Sha pe YOUng CoJour Nationa litylOrigin/Material triangular P u rpose pin k Indian/Bengali/silk washing Complete these sentences by inserting the adjectives in the brackets in the correct order. i. We went for a walk on a beautifql!91g.14!g!g path. (winding, long, beautiful) z. The boy is Ajay. (tall, thin) 3. Mr Kumar has a (German, sleek, small, blue) 4. He bought a table yesterday. (brown, *ooden, small) 5. I enjoy listening to son8s. ( Hindi, old, melodious) 6. The woman drank a cup of coffee. (Brazilian, hot, steaming) 7. Aditi saw a lamp. (red, large, glass, Turkish) 8. The dancer wore a dress. (yellow, silk, Assamese) IIII l9 III

\\^-Lv v a.--v Kinds of Adjectives This table shows us the different kinds of adiectives and how to use them. Kind of Adjective Use Example descriptive to describe the nature or . Amrita is a helpful girl. characteristics of a person, animal . A new bakery has adjective / or thing openeo near our nouse, adjective of qua lity demonstrative to demonstrate or point to a This water bottle is particular person, animal or thing empty. possesSrve The demonstrative adjectives are Those apples look juicy. this, that, these and those. adjective . ls this your pen? to show that something belongs to . Their garden has many quantitative someon e f lowers. ad.jective / The possessive adjectives are my, . Many people attended adjective of your, our, his, her, its and their. the programme. q uantity to indicate rhe amount of a noun but . There are a lot of do not indicate an exact number. oranges in the basket. Adjectives of quantity include some, rory, nr\"\\. rrore, less, sereral, o te*. a itt e, a lot of, enough, and so on. numeral adjective t. to give the number of a noun . Five girls are wearing blue dresses. interrogative z. to show the place of a noun in a adjective . History books are on distributive seq u en ce the second shelI adj ectives Numeral adjectives include one, two, Whose jacket is this? three, first, second, third, and so on. Which dish would you to ask a question about a noun like to try? Interrogative adjectives include what, . Each student was which, *hose, and so on. t. describe specific members out of holding a flag. . Either answer is correct. a Sroup 2. used to single out one or more lndividual items or people. Distributive adjectives include each, every, either, neither, any, and so on. fIE- zo i''.6..,F6lnI

proper adjectiyes lfrom proper nouns . This shirt is made of Chinese silk. . Let us make some Mexican rice. Demonstrative and possessive adjectives are placed before the nouns that they moqrry. . .This glass is empty. My book is on the table. vI- Underline the adjectives in these sentences and write what kind they are. t. !!f;g! project are !!999 children working on? Interrogative. demonstrative 2. Three boys are absent today. 5. I will bring some juice and a few sandwiches. 4. These umbrellas are colourful and those are black. Every visitor has to buy an entry ticket. 6. We are going to see the Russian circus. 7. The princess let down her long, beautiful black hair. 8. What time will her performance begin? Compound Adjectives Sometimes, we combine two or more words to describe the same noun. These words are called compound adjectives. . Diana is a twelvelear-old girl. . Taher is a well.known author. O sentences with the correct compound adjectives i;*.$these t. Puneet's office is situated in a twentv-storeved building. 2. Some ofthese oid traditions are based on beliefs of the community. trlr 21 rIII

\\^-Lv .a 3. Vishal's family is quite and they accept people from all backgrounds. 4. Varsha is a girl. She has never liked to be dependent on others for anything. candidate and will surely be selected for the post. skirt to the party. 5. Janet is a 6. Smita wore a lights in our house. 7. We have installed crty. 8. New York is a Formation of Adjectives We add suffixes such as -ent, -ant, -ive, -ful, -al, -able, -ible, -y, -ic, -ous to some nouns and verbs to form adjectives. . support + -ive = supportive . ,l-^an.l * -ah+ =.la^a^/]a^t . nation + -al = national Add the correct suffixes to these words to form adjectives. You may need to change the spellings of some words. t. beauiy beautifu I 5. region 4. hero 5. patriot 6. fun Z attract 9. courage lo. wonder rIII n LTI

\\,lllv vl ' A.^-v Degrees of Gomparison Read these sentences. . Taxis are more expensive than buses. . This is the shortest route to my house. We use an adjective in the positive degree when we are describing one person, l thing or animal. When we compare two people, things or animals, we use the comparative degree. We use than with adjectives in the comparative degree. When we compare three or more people, things or animals, we use the superlative degree. We use the definite article the before the adjective in the superlative degree. This table shows us how to change the forms of adjectives from the positive to the comparative and superlative degrees. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree - -l -.J ^-r most adjectives aqo -er . tallest . tailer 'srrongesr 'tall . stronger add st . strong . whitest adjectives ending with e aoo -r .large . whiter double the consonant and add -est . wntre . thinnest . biggest adjectives ending with a double the consonant consonant preceded by a vowel and add -er 'thin . thinner 'big . bigger ITffiE 23 ffinI

L---LN w-f=L = adjectives with one or two aoo -er add -est syllables 'sweeter sweeteSl . narrower narrowest . sweet change y to iand add . narrow -esr adjectives with two syllables change y to iand add .loveliest ending with y -er . funniest add -est (the final y .lovely .lovelier remains unchanged) 'funny . funnier . greyest adjectives with one syllable add -er (the final y . driest remains unchanged) add most before and ending with y . Sreyer the word . most beautiful ' Srey . drier add more before .least But the adjective dry is an the word . best . more beautiful ' worst exception to this rule. . most . drv . farthest/furthest adjectives with three or more syllables . beautiful irregular adjectives .less . better .little 'worse ' good . more . farther/further . oao . mucn/many . far When we use one of the before the superlative form, we use a plural noun. ' This is one of the oldest monuments in lndia. We do not use two comparatives or superlatives in the same sentence. ' rThe students have become more quieter. ' /The students have become quieter ' This is the most nicest present.t . Thi. i. fh- nira<t ^.-.-.+ y' IIIT rII

L-^-Llv M @ Complete this table with the correct forms of the adjectives. 2. tastier tastiest younger politest 3. luckier highest 4. urgent friendlier prettiest 5. 6. humble 7. 8. sensible 9. bad lo. courageous . 12. rude r3. 14. trny 15. interesting @ fi\"l 111 the correct forms of the adjectives in these sentences. t. Mumbai is more populated / most populated than other big cities in India. z. She is one of the best / bestest dancers in our school. :. This is the deliciousest / most delicious dish I have ever tasted. 4. My shirt has become tighter / tightest than before. 5. No furthest / further information is available about the artefact. 6. She is the capablest / most capable person in this room. Z Amava looks taller / tallest than her brother. 8. My cousin is the younger / youngest member of the family. 9. The new bed is heavier / more heavy than the old one. to. Which is more slow / slower-a tortoise or a snail? rrrl 25 IIII

xllz l^tat4q7 v^\\tz vr Complete these sentences with the correct {orms of the adjectives in the brackets. 't. Rashmi is !g!!91(good) at Chemistry than the other students in the class 2. Jojo is the (nice) person in the neighbourhood. 3. Rajasthan is the (hot) state in India. 4. Swimming regularly is a (good) way to stay fit. 5. My brother is the (calm) person in our family. 6. Todays weather is (bad) than what it was yesterday. 7. Who is the (popular) actor in your country? 8. This is one of the (noisy) houses in the street. 9. l'1y grandmother is the (kind) person lhave ever met. lo. The apples are (juicy) and also very (sweet). - Complete these sentences by using the correct forms of the adjectives from the box. t. Jaya is more !919\\y9{iqg than Sushma. 2. This essay is the of the six. The hedge is than the wall. My writing is than yours. We had the holiday in Goa last month! 6. Usha is the of them all. 7. This bag is than the one I bought. 8. Diya gave Neha a and comforting hug. @ Correct these sentences. r. Which is the lecger river in Africa? longest 2. Although Reena is a faster runner, she missed the bus. 5. The crow dropped pebbles into the pitcher until the water level was high than it was before. IIII n IIII

L-^-LN ry&^^. v Suresh wishes he had a newest scoorer. 5. Jasmeet is a best dancer than Gauri. 6. That is the more interesting film I have ever seen. We use as + adjective * as to compare two things or people that are similar in some way. . This knife is as sharp as that one. We use not as * adjective * as to talk about how two things or people are different from each other. . My sister is not as tall as my mother. o Complete the second sentences using as...as and the word in the brackets. t. Yusuf and Kuresh scored zo marks in the test. Yusuf did as well as Kuresh in the test. (well) 2. Mother and Father are thirty,five years of age. Father is Mother. (old) 5. The temperature has been at five degrees both yesterday and today. Today is yesterday. (cold) 4. Mona went to bed at B o'clock. Saneeetha went to bed later than that. Sangeetha did not go to bed Mona. (early) 5. I can throw a ball farther than you. You cannot throw a ball me. (far) Grammar Activity Work in groups of four or five. Write advertisement slogans for these products using the various degrees of comparison, L chocolates 2. shoes 3. travel agents 4. a new model TV 6. a supermarket : For example-We are better than the best. - Amaia Nlilk products IITI 27 III

L-^-Lry V ^L--V Articles Read these sentences. ' A boy saw an aeroplane in the sk,. . An elephant has a long trunk. The words in bold are articles. A and an are indefinite articles. The is ihe definite article. This table shows us how to use articres. Article Use Example before singular countable a nouns (or noun phrases) 'a tlSer beginning with consonant sounds . a ta ll man . a group of people before singular countable . a unicorn (here, the vowel u has nouns (or noun phrases) the sound of the consontant y) beginning with vowel sounds. . an apple . an eagle to refer to a group or class . an exciting journey that someone or something . an interestine book belongs to . The pigeon is a bird. to refer to cost, speed and . The iion is an animal. frequency twenty rupees a kilo sixty kilometres an hour five times a day the to refer to a particular . the boy who was wearing a blue person or thing hat . the vellow bottle on the last shelf IIMf, 28 MTI

\\ffiLN 4..'V Example to refer to a person or thing . I saw a girl in the park. Tl-e girl was for the second time ing on the seesaw. to refer to a particular class . The coconut-palm grows very tall. of animals or thi before the names of rivers, . the Nile seas, oceans, mountatn . the Bay of Bengal ranges and groups of islands . the Indian Ocean . the Himalayas . the Caribbean used when talking about one . the principal particular person or thing . the door to the kitchen when the speaker and the listener share a common expeTtence before names of objects . lhe earth revolves around the surr. or things that are universal truths . The moon gets its light from the su n. used before the names of . the Gitonjoli Express trains, boats and aeroplanes .lhe Seqfqrer before the names of holy . the Bible books . the Gita before the names of . The Times of India newspapers . The Telepraph before the names of well- . tne Etltel iower known buildings . the Red Fort It Complete these sentences using a, an or the, t. She bought a beautiful painting. 2. Eils wss _ important discover y. 5. omelette is made with eggs. _4. appliance that is used to bake cakes. .,, ' oven is _5. scanner is electronic device that can copy pictures ano woros. 6. Riya wants to become _ engrneer. Z Fle returned home in nour ano ha lf. IIMI 29 fII

L-^ALN ffi\"^L-J 8. This was great occasion for me. 9. prin-cipal of school was absent. sunset yesterday? to. Did you watch -11. Chennai Express was moving at the speed of -sixty kilometres hour. -12. dress that I bought yesterday is green. r3. Ganga is an important river. -14. We went to Agra to visit Taj lVahal. _ -r5. I went to eraser. shop to buy o- Circle the correct answers to complete these sentences. t. Mohit is a /(an)electrician br.rt his father is@ / an businessman. 2. A / An teamif scientists has thought up a / an new technique of recycling old rubber tyres. J. One autumn evening, a / an man and a / an woman were walking along a / an dusty road. 4. The President of India lives in a / the Rashtrapati Bhavan. 5. Not a / the sound was heard in the corridor all day long. 6. We went to New Delhi by a / the Rojdhoni Express. Z There is not a / an ounce of truth in this newspaper report. 8. An / The Alps are a mountain range in Europe. 9. Saloni has a / an exercise book in her school bag. tr ro. A / The palace has an / the enormous dining room. Omission of Articles We do not use articles before- l. proper names. . I met Riaz in Chennai. z, abstract nouns that are used in a general sense. . Integrity is a very important quality. . My hobby is coin-collecting. . Physics always interests me. IIII 30 III

\\^a\\az@^l.-d 5. uncountable nouns, when used in general statements. . .We walked for hours in search of water. We get milk from cows. However, when uncountable nouns refer to something specific, we use the definite article the. . .The water from the well tastes sweet. The milk in the glass is sour. 4. a noun that is used in the general sense. . l{umans are intelligent beings. 5. plural nouns which are not followed by phrases or clauses that modify them. . Students should wear their sports uniform tomorrow. . People should stand in a queue. 6. the names of cities, towns, countries, continents, days, months, arts, languages, sciences and some diseases. . I will meet you on Friday. . She is trying to learn French. . There has been an outbreak of dengue. Sometimes, in the case of some illnesses or diseases, we use suitable articles. . l havea headache/fever. o Say the correct sentences aloud. (Oral Practice) L What will you do after you finish the college? Will you apply for the job? What willyou do after you finish college? Will you apply for a iob? z. The milk is a must for all growing children. 5. Preeti6raduated from the Calcutta University. 4. Jatin has son and daughter. 5. An unicorn was on a cover of a ooor. 6. I waited for my friends for a hour and then I went home. 7 The hockey is the national sport of India. 8. Farmer is well-known as a honest man. 9. Labourers have finished a work. Io. As child, Philip was interested in the botany, the zoology and the geography. TINI TI31

Complete this description of a computer with a, an or the. Use (*) where no article is required, is'- 5-'The computer great electronic device. lt is used to make calculations at t- s- 6-speed. computer has four main parts. first part is inPut device often t-called the keyboard. keyboard is used to give instructions and information toB \"- 1'-output device, which is like computer. t- second part is .- screen on B- !- s-television. lt shows third part is '1 results of computert work. tcomputer's memory. This stores '3-information. fourth part is called 'e mrcro- --processor. lt controls operations of \"- computer. '- screen displays 3 z-answers to questions it has been set. stores-CDs, DVDs and hard disks are also used to transfer or information when'6 t- o-computer's memory is not enough. paper copy of printer is used to make Iinformation displayed on computer screen. t- computer can be used in several ways-to create colourful pictures, to print letters u-and to make sure documents are saved in case one needs them later; to watch films and also to listen to music. $- s-most common types of computers used are desktops and laptops. desktop s-computers stay in one place and their parts are contained in case that sits beneath $- e-or beside screen- Laptops are lightweight and small and can be used by s-people who need computer as they move from one place to another. IIIIffiliiiIIII

\\d\\v7 a.^lv Pronouns Read this paragraph. . Ronnie and Rohit are playing badminton. They are quite good at it. Their sister wants to play too. She likes to play with them. They share the racquels amongst themselves. The words in bold are pronouns. We already know that a pronoun is a word use in place of a noun. lt helps us refer to the noun and avoid repeating it. . Jason is twelve years old. Jason has a younger sister. . Jason is twelve years old. He has a younger sister This table tells us about the different kinds of pronouns and their uses. Personal l, you, he, she, it, refer to one or 'l like reading. pronouns more persons, we, they, me, you, things or groups . They invited us for him, her, it, us, them d in ner. . We saw him today. Possessive mine, yours, his, show that . This house is theirs. Pro n ou ns hers, its, ours, someone owns . This book is hers. theirs something Demonstrative this, that, these, point out things . That is a mango tree. and also stand . These are my shoes. pronouns those for the thing that is pointed out mrII-I 33 lr

\\^.\\AZV A..AV Name Pronouns Use Examples Reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, refer back to the Gayatri taught herself subject of the how to play the guitar. Emphasising himself, hersell sentence The chiJdren went (emphatic) itself, ourselves, pronouns yourselves, lndefinite pronouns themseJves themselves. Interrogative myself, yourself, emphasise a Tom made this himself. pronouns himself, herself, noun or pTonoun They decided to do itself, ourselves, in a sentence the work themselves. Relative yourselves, pronouns themselves somepooy, refer to a . Somebody left the someone, something, person or thing door open. anypooy, anyone, anything, in a manner that . There were gifts for is not definite or eYeryone. specific everyoooy, everyone, everything, nobody, no one/none, nothine who, whose, whom, are used to ask . Which of these shirts what, how which, questrons wnere, wnen do you want to buy? . Where is your who, whose, what, ^.^ ,,-^..J r^ sweater? how, which, where, aoo more when, that tnrormaUon to . This is the pencil that I wanted to buy. . Here is the man who works in the shop. The same words are used as demonstrative and interrogative pronouns and adjectives. As pronouns they are used in place of nouns and as adjectives they modify the noun. When they are placed before a noun in a sentence, they are adjectives. When they are not foilowed by a noun, they act as pronouns. That is my pen. (demonstrative pronoun) That pen is mine. (demonstrative adjective) ITII 34

\\^-\\v r What is the lime? (demonstrative oronoun) . What time will the show begin? (demonstratlve ad.jective) A reflexive pronoun is an important part of a sentence. lf we remove it, the sentence will not be complete. Whereas, if an emphasising pronoun is removed, the sentence will still make complete sense. . Anna fell down and hurt herself. (reflexive pronoun) . Anna completed the work herself. (emphasising pronoun) @ Rewrite these sentences using personal pronouns in place of the words in bold. t. Mother asked Vishal to help her carry the bags. She asked him to help her carrv them. 2. The car was parked outside the park. 3. Her brothers are verv hardworkinp. 4. My mother and I are making dinner. 5. JaCK anO yOU SnOUTO part|Ctpale the debate. 6. The children do not know how to do this sum. /. Fatner ts on nrs wav to tne ofttce. 8. Ms James told Jess and me to bring the globe. IIII IT

@ Choose the correct possessive pronouns to complete these sentences. t. The students had a test today. These test papers are !!g!gg. (his / theirs). z. Barkha brought lunch from home. This tiffin-box is ---------:- (her / hers). g. Has anyone got an extra pencil? | have forgotten to bring (mine / my). 4. We all submitted our exercise books today. Did you submit-(yours /your)? 5. The house with the blue window is _(ours / their). - _(his6. Colin has a new bicycle. The red one is / its). 7. Vren and Rupa were absent today. The remaining sweets are / hers). @ Underline the demonstrative pronouns in these senten-(ctehs.eirs t. These are dirty clothes. z. This is a brand new dining table. 5. Those are my socks. a. That is an eleohant. 5. These are fridge magnets. 6. That is her photograph. Complete these sentences with suitable reflexive or emphasising pronouns. Write R for reflexive and E for emphasising pronouns. 1. Clara considers !s45slf the best athlete in the class. R 2, Dinesh fell from the swings and hun My friend did the assignment easily though I could not complete it. -. _4. Mother mended the torn shirt - You and your brother must iron your uniform 6. We must prepare for a long wait. 7- All the winners thought lucky. - -8. You and I should teach to paint on fabrics. 9. Edward -could not believe the news. -\"lo. Farida, did you make this tasty sandwich lt is deiicious. IIIIMI-II -?

o Complete these sentences with suitable indefinite pronouns. l.s hall we begin the test? ls gycryglc ready? z. l-lave we got need to make ihis dish? _who5. The television has broken down. Do you know can repair it? -we4. There is in the refrigerator. We need to go to the market. 5. ls there that you need my help with? -6. told me that there is a good library near the park. -else7. at home so the postman could not deliver the parcel. -8. She said she needs to talk to us about -was @ Co-plete these sentences with the correct interrogative pronouns. t. -[!q[- are they doing in the garden? 2. slippers are these? - is your grandmother? 5. - are my keys? Have you seen them? 6. - is the next vaccination? is the shortest route? 7. is the weather like in Darjeeling? you have the most confidence in? 8. - - @ -dCoomplete these sentences with the relative pronoum in the box. t. The man whom I met in the conference last week is a famous artist. z. The girl is carrying the bouquet is my sister. 5. The sofa | have bought is very comfortable. 4. The -person, were broken, was very grateful for -your help.' 5. lcan tell you-spectacloeutscome wiil be. rIIIllf;ff-ith;eilIII

\\^a:.AZW.&IA.^J 6. Govind has no idea to take care of his mother's plants. z lhis is the pJace demonsrration took place. -8. Sakina often uses the purse we gifted her. -the rc' - An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun replaces or refers back to. The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number and gender. A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun. A masculine pronoun must replace a masculine noun and a feminine pronoun must replace a feminine noun. . l{ansa has a basketball. She often plavs with it. . My parents are very kind-hearted. They often help others. @ Complete these sentences with the correct pronouns. I The carpenters are working in the bedroom. Thev are building a cupboard. 2. Rajat boarded the bus. sat next to the window. 5. Sandhya went to the market because needed groceries for the house. -4. The elephant is a large animal. has a long trunk. -5. The children are feeding the ducks. have brought bread to feed them. 6. Mr Sarkar is a policeman. - wears a uniform to work. - Grammar Activity - Read these tongue-twisters aloud, Now, write three of your own tongue- twisters using different pronouns suitably. Remember to choose words that are tricky to pronounce together. Read them aloud with a friend and have some fun. For example- t. She sells seashells on the seashore. z. So this is a thin stick. that is a thick brick. IITI 38 NII

\\^lL..lv _ .A.^^ Pronouns: Number, Gender, Case Read these sentences. . Father gave lsha an apple. l.le had cut it into four pieces for her. . Mr Sharma gave sweets to his neighbours. He gave them a box of laddoos. The words in bold are pronouns. We have already learnt that pronouns are - used in place of nouns. Personal pronouns are classified as first, second and third person. t. )First person (1, me, we, us) refers to the person/s speaking- . We are going to play in the park. )u. Second person (you) refers to the person/s addressed or spoken to- . You can come with us if you would like to. )3. Third person (he, him, she, her, it, they, them) refers to the person/s spoken about- . They will also come to the park today. Number Like nouns, pronouns may be singular or plural, -Singular l, me, he, him, she, her, it, anyone, this, that, herself, and so on . This is her cup. Plural - we, us, they, them, all, these, those, yourselves, theirs, ours, and so on . We told them to meet us here. 39

L---LN V '\".4. v Gender Like nouns, pronouns may belong to the masculine, feminine, common or neuter gend er. -Masculine he, him, his, and so on ' My brother is tall. He plays basketball. -Feminine she, her, hers, and so on ' Sheila is in my class. She is very good at sports. -Common I, my, you, they, them, tnerrs, ano so on 'lamadoctor. Neuter - it, its, that, this, and so on ' The tree has grown tall. lt has many branches. Case lf ihe pronoun is the subject o{ the sentence, we say it is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns go before the verb. The subject pronouns are l, you, he, she, il, we, they, and so on. ' He was absent yesterday. ' We practised the song tor many hours. lf the pronoun is the object of the sentence, we say it is an object Pronoun. Object pronouns go after the verb. The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, them, and so on. ' Rahul gave her a book. ' Varsha wrote a letter to them. When we use pronouns to show that something belongs to someone, we use the possessive form. Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership or possession. The possessive pronouns are his, hers, ours, yours, mine, theirs, and so on. ' The house belongs to Rashmi. The house is hers. . Ravi and Raju bought a ball. The ball is theirs. II-I 40 mnI

Complete these sentences with the correct pronouns. Use the nouns in the brackets as clues. t. !19 is thinking about the football match. (Karan) 2. green. (blackboard) 5. -is on the wall. (paintings) 4. -are to reach the grapes. (fox) -jumpewdatching a film. (my mother and l) -are6. blooming in the garden. (flowers) 7. -are riding (Mr Roy) 8. -is is the hig-hsecstopoeatkeirn.the world. (lYt Everest) [f Circle the subject pronouns and underline the object pronouns In these sentences. t. \\!9)must telllq about the missing statue. :. I am buying train tickets for them. 3. Have you seen him in school today? 4. She wants to borrow it for a few days. 5. Didn't they inform you about the reason for the delay? 6. It has been disturbing us every night. 7 l-le didn't tell anyone about the awaro. 8. They invited me for a picnic on the beach. [! Complete these sentences with pronouns to show possession. t. This is Ali's book. This book is his. z. Vani bought this bag. ltis--------. j. _This is Usha and Tara s house. This house is _4. Anand made this painting. lt is _5. This is Sunaina's car. This car is _.6. This is my bracelet. This bracelet is rITI 41 III

v v raz7 vI7 tr 7. These are.our report cards. These report cards are 8. These are their clothes. These clothes are - - Change the pronouns from singular to plural Say the changed sentences aloud in class. Make other changes, if necessary. (Oral Practice) l. It was looking for food. They were looking for food. 2. l-le greeted me at the entrance of the school. 3. She sent an email to her friend. You will hurt yourself if you are careless with sharp tools. I went to the zoo by myself. 6. She told him not to make the same mistake again. 7. He wrote a poem, 8. My parents drink tea every morning. o Complete these sentences with pronouns in the correct gender. t.sameer kicked the ball so hard that it wenr over the fence. 2. Maria tried hard to complete the sums but could not. -When Nimit opened the jar, found that empty. Grandmother ma-dwe saosme chutney and then the fridge. -stored -in Roshan wears spectacles. These cnart:ela< mrr<l ha The cat meowed so loudly that could be heard three houses away. II-IffiIIII

\\^l\\vv 10 Verbs Read these sentences. . The old man walked to the railway station. . The children sang merrily. The words in bold are verbs. We know that a verb shows an action, an event or a state. Main and Auxiliary Verbs We use a main or principalverb to indicate the action of the subject. lt has a meaning of its own, agrees with the subject(s) and indicates time (past, present or {uture). . Alifya plays volleyball with her frrenos. . Badalgoes to school by bus. We use an auxiliary or helping verb to indicate the tense of the main verb. It does not carry any meaning on its own. . Fatheris readingthe newspaper. . Calliewill complete the pending work. Auxiliary verbs are of two kinds- -t. Primary auxiliaries be (is, are, was, were, am), do (do, does, did), have (has, have, had) . We are studying for the test. . lhaye written an essay. z. Modal auxiliaries - wjll, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, ought . You should try to work harder. . lwill go to Chennai next week. The verbs be, do and have can be used both as main verbs and auxiliary verbs, . lam thirsty. (main verb) . lam drinking water. (auxiliary verb) rITI II