ace english grammar 7

English rammar ComfEsition for Schools

ata,i?lilt -7 Comdtisition I ' f or Schools Orient BlackSwan

Covrr dolgn by Vlncent Moses Raja llft.rstrated by I Print MirchiStudio lmage Credits Unitr: Buckingham Palace from gardens, London,UK\"DiliffjpS, Diliff/CCbySAjo/commons.wjkimedia.org; Untt 2l people-ridins-aiet-ski-r4jo675: Unknown/pD/pel\"k..o., iiiit re, L\"op\"ia;pg,i1.*l\"\"tii\"r\".lccbySA2.oftickr com, [rnil 22! American Beaver.jpC,Steve/CCbySAz.o/en.wikiped;a.ory /Grammar and Compo:ition for Schools ORIENT BLACKSWAN PRIVATE LIMITED Registered Office 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 5oo o29, Telangana, lndia e-mail: centraloff [email protected] Other Offices Eengaluru, Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida, patna, Visakhapatnam @ Orient Blackswan private Limited 2o2o 03159 r First published 2o2o Reprinted 2o2o ffi ISBN 978-93-5287-7r3-j Typeset at Envisage Information Technology, Cochin Printed in India at Navaneetham Enterprises, Chennai 600 096 Published by Orient Blackswan Private Limited 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 5oo oz9, Telangana, lndia e-mail: [email protected]

The Package u-rAamqmFar.*\\ tudents' Books 1 8 Comp'tisition eachers' Smart Books 1 8 ' for Schools eachers' Portal Grammar Grammar Worksheets > well-stuctwed and graded syllabus > cyclic r€visiotr ofkey concepts > short, clear grammar explanatioDs for review and consolidation > easy-to-follow rules > exam-style glanmar practice > plenty of examples to illushate concepts worksheets in 6, 7 and 8 ) wide range of exercises for drill Grammar Activities and pnctice Composition > interesting classroom 't ) wide range ofwriling activities activities to revise ) complete models for letters, essays, grammar concepts paragraphs, emails, and so on, >{ as per syllabus requirements Exercises for exam oriontsd Oral Practice ) adequate practice ) improves language skills Reading > encowages active grammar Comprehension Listening usage ) Aesh reading passages ) focus on fluency and accuracy ) develops reading skills Comprehension > while- and post-listedng tasks '.!ir ,+!f- t ) engaging exercises > sharpenslistening;kills -voaabulary Digital Support sl ir Iqqe4sy, For Teachcrs- S#i' . > Smart Books 1-8 !.....' > hteractive teaching modules > A$wer Key

i:, \\', Contents L Nouns.......,...... I r Defining a Noun r Common and Proper Nouns r Countable Nouns . Uncountable Nouns r Abstract Nouns r concrete Nouns r Formation of Abstract Nouns r colrective Nouns r Grammar Activity Adjectives......rrrz. .ODDPoiersdsftisernieibrnsuogstifivvaAeend.AAAjedddcjjejteeicvcctetitivisvveeesrsDorreKQgPinurredaoesnpsetoitrofafAAtiCvddejjoeemccAttpiidvvajeeerssicstoirrvneEDsm.espprch6Nrariupstiimtcsiviienpergia;AllAdAAdjjedjjeecjecctictvtiitveviveseesss. rDr.FIGenomtrreamormrnaomstigtoaraanrttiiAvvoeefctAiAAvdiddtjeyjjeeccctittviivveeesss6 5. Articles,......... .....,,........... 15 . A/An. The. Omission of Articles 4. pronouns.,...... ,................ 20 r Defining a Pronoun r Kinds of pronouns r personar pronouns r possessrve pronouns r Demonstrative Pronouns r Reflexive pronouns r Emphasising pronouns.Indefinite pronouns r Interrogative Pronouns. Distributive pronouns. Reiative prinouns o Grammar Activity \"\"'..'......5' verbs r ,......,......... 26 I Main and Incomprete predication Auxiliary Verbs Transitive and Intransitive Verbs r verbs of r Strong and Weak Verbs r Formation of Verbs Present....................6. Verbs: Expressing the r Be r flave r simple Present rense' Uses I Present Perfect Tense, Forms Uses . Gramm6r Activity ........_-. 52 Forms and uses r present continuous Tense: Forms and and Uses r present perfect Continuous Tense, Forms and Past,........,........,...;..,..........,7. Verbsr Expressing the r Be r Have r simple Past rense, Forms r Past Perfect Tense, Forms and Uses r .,.,.,._.-_. 40 and uses . past continuous Tense: Forms and Uses past perfect Continuous Tense: Forms and Uses 8. Verbs: Expressing the Future ..........-.....:..,........,............,.............................,..... 47 . 14411 . SAall . Gotng Io r Simple Present with a Future Meaning r present Continuous with a Future Mearing r se + To I Mog, Might and courd r Futr-rre conti-nrou\" Future Perfect Tense: Forms and Uses r Fr.rture perfect Continuous T\"n.., For-s and Uses r and Uses Tense, Forms o Grammar Activity Moda1s..........,.9. probability ......__.-_ 56 .Inference I Defining Modals r Permission . Ability . possibility . . Sussestion . Advice . Necessity. Obligation r Promise r Offer .lntention r Rei\"uest r Wish . Grammar Activitv IIIT ---rI

ro. Non-finite Verbs ...............,.,...., .,............,.. 64 r Defining Finite and Non-finite Verbs r Present Participle r Past Participle r Regular and lrregular Verb Forms .Infinitives.Io Infinitives r Bare Infinitives. Gerunds r The Gerund and Present Participles tt. Verbsr Active and Fassive Voise. -------, t4 r Defining Active and Passive Voice r Changing Sentences from Active Voice to Passive Voice r Simple Present r Simple Past r Simple Future r Present Perfect r Past Perfect r Present Continuous r Present Continuous r Past Continuous r Changing lmperative to Passive Voice r Changing Interrogative to Passive Voice r Changing Sentences from Passive Voice to Active Voice r Changing Sentences to Passive Voice without using bg Grammsr Worksheet t .................... .,..,.,........ 65 tz, Adverbs r Defining an Adverbs r Adverbs of Manner r Adverbs of Time r Adverbs of Place r Adverbs of Frequency I Adverbs of direction r Adverbs of Degree r Formation of Adverbs r Position of Adverbs r Comparison of Adverbs 15. prepositions. ................. 91 r Prepositions of Place r Preposltions of Time . Prepositions of Direction r For and From o Bg and Mth o As and Like . Grammar Activity t.4. Conjunctions. .....,.......... 98 r Defining a Conjunction r Coordinating Conjunctions-And, 8ut, Oa Yet r Subordinating Conjunctions I Conjunctions to indicated Time, Place, Purpose, Condition, Reason, Contrast r Correlative Conjunctions r5. Direct and Indirect Speech.. ,....,.......,....,.. ro2 r Defining Direct Speech r Defining Indirect Speech r Changing Sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech I Changing Commands and Requests to Indirect Speech I Changing Questions to lndirect Soeech r Grammar Activitv t6. Phrases ......... ................. Itr . Defining a phrase . Differentiating between Phrases and Sentences I Adverb Phrases . Adjective Phrases r Noun Phrases r Prepositional Phrases lVerb Phrases 17, Clauses.......... ,.....,....,..... tro 1 Defining a Clause . Main Clauses r Subordinate Clauses r Phrases, Clauses and Sentences o Adverb Clauses r Adjective Clauses r Nor-rn Clauses G rammsr Worksheet 2 ....,..,....,....,.. ........,....... t29 t8. The Sentence . Subject and Predicate I Verbs, Direct and lndirect Objects, Complements and Adverbials r Deciarative, lmperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences r Positive and Negative Sentences r Grammar Activity IIII ITI

t9. Question Tags .......,....,... 156 r Defining Question Tags r Question Tags: Forms and Uses r Positive Statements r Negative Statements zo. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences.........,.........,....... ............--.-- I40 r Simple Sentence r Compound Sentence: Coordinate Clauses r Complex Sentencer Subordinate Clauses zt, Transformation of Sentences ... ...,............ 145 r Interchanging Simple and Complex Sentences I Interchanging Simple and Compound Sentences r Interchanging Compound to Complex Sentences r Interchanging Declarative and Interrogative Sentences r Interchanging Declarative and Exclamatory Sentences zz. Subject-Verb Agreement..,.,.,...., .............. 149 . Two subjectsjoined with ond r lntroduction to Ihere r Singular and Plural usage r Collective Nouns r Singular Verbs with Nouns that have Singular meaning r Either,..or r Neither...nor r Some, Any, All, Most r Everyone, Each, Someone, Anyone, No one, One of the, Nothing 25. Punctuation and Capital Letters................ .,-.,,.,.,..,.,.......... t54 o Capital Letters I Full Stops r Commas r Exclamation Marks r Question Marks o Single Quotation Marks r Double Quotation l\"larks r Hyphens r Em Dash r En Dash o Semicolons I Colons r Parentheses or Brackets Grammar Worksheet 5 ..,.,............... r6l 24. Integrated Grammar Practice Worksheet 25. |<eaorng 19omprenen3ron.......,... 16a 20. LrStenrng Lomprehensron 157 27. Writing Letters and Emails........ 175 2U. MaKrng a Poster........,....,.,., 179 29. Writing a Paragraph ...,.,...., $7 5o. Writing a Notice,..,....---.-. 5t. Writing a Biographical Sketch.....,.,..,....,......... 52. Writing a Story --.--.---.---,- 55. Writing an Essay -.--.---.-- IIII

Nouns Look at these words, . nero EE., ' boy . Kolkata These words are nouns. We know that a noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, feeling or idea. A common noun is the name given to a person, place, animal or thing. . girl . book . school A proper noun is the special name given to a particular person, place or thing and it always begins with a capital letier. . Arvan . Paris . Charminar An abstract noun is the name for a thing which we cannot smell, touch or feel physically. lt could be a quality, action, state or idea. . honesty . sadness . enthusiasm A collective noun is the name of a group of people, things or animals that we think of as a whole. . audience . flock . ood Underline the nouns in these sentences and state whether they are common, proper, abstract or collective nouris. 1.A crowd of people gathered outside Buckinsham Palace, collective, cornmon, proper Suraiya is respected for her honesty and integrity. 3. Cleopatra was famous for her beauty. A committee was appointed to manage the funds. III

5. Abhay has been a hardworking person since childhood. 6. Zoe was part of the team that won the competition. Z The sailor saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. 8. There is a pile of books and a bunch of grapes on the table. Concrete and Abstract Nouns We know that concrete nouns name objects that we can see, hear, taste, smell, or touch. . crayon . chair . computer Abstract nouns are things that we cannot taste, touch, smell, hear, or see, Abstract nouns usually name ideas, feelings or concepts. We can form abstract nouns from orner nouns. . brother ) brotherhood . )leader leadership . neithbour ) neighbourhood . scholar ) scholarship We can also form abstract nouns from verbs. ). appear appearance . )behave behaviour . believe ) belief . grow ) growth We can also form abstract nouns from adiectives. . angry ) anger . brave ) bravery . different ) difference ). strong strength This table shows us how we can add suffixos to words to form abstract nouns. marriage, pilgrimage, shortage, weightage appearance, remembrance, competence, dependence, silence absence, delicacy, idiocy, inheritance, leniency, obstinacy boredom, f reedom, martyrdom ITII 2 III

-ery/\"ry ancestry, bravery, imagery, mimicry, revelry, slavery, trickery -- -f -nooq oelreT, gneI, relrel -ion adulthood, brotherhood, childhood, priesthood, womanhood -lsm admiration, decision, digestion, possession, revolution -rty heroism, modernism -menr absurdity, scarcity, serenity, speciality -ness enjoyment, entertainment, government, merriment +h awareness, happiness, kindness. seriousness, togetherness -tude breadth, death, growth, health, length, strength, truth, warmth gratitude, magnitude ty certainty, cruelty, entirety, novelty, piety, safety capture, failure, pleasure -ure difficulty, discovery, jealousy, modesty, tyranny, villainy o Form abstract nouns from these words. 't. bitter bitterness 2. strong 3. decent 4. VaCanr 5. cruel 6. young 7. oa rK at. wtse 9. brave lo. human . a ote 12, prease r3. brother 14. scno ta r r5. teaqer r6. marry 17. honest r8. lgnorant 20. just r9. I\"^^ 3 III TTII

Complete these sentences with the abstract noun forms of the words in the box. 't. We all admired Vikas' ability to perform acrobatic feats. (able) a l-{aving the right attitude towards work will lead to (succeed) 5. We spent most of our in Mussoorie. (child) 4. Rahim was concentrating hard because he understood the of the task before him. (urgent) We need to test the of the metal. ( pu re) 6. Evervone resoects Himesh for his (kind) 7. This swimming pool has a of ten feet. (deep) 8. A little is a dangerous thing. (know) Collective Nouns llere is a lirt of colleqtive nouns for your reference. . a quiver of arrows . a team of players . a range of mountains . a troop of scouts . a ream of paper . a bunch of crooks . a reel of film . a choir of singers . a set of clubs . a class of students . a sheaf of grain . a crowd of people . a shower of rain . an anthology of poems . a stack of wood . a horde of savages . a string of pearls ' . a basket of fruit . a wad of notes . a galaxy of stars . a chest of drawers . a group of islands . a cluster of coconuts . a fleet of ships . a cloud of dust . a forest of trees a regiment of soldiers . a heap of rubbish a staff of employees . a hedge of bushes IIII 4 :_-I

\\ a library of books a bundle of sticks - a catalogue of prices a pack of wolves a murder of crows a pride of lions a swarm of locusts a school of whales a board of directors a crew of sailors a gaggle of geese a collection of coins a herd of cattle a gang of thieves a hive of bees a troupe of artistes a bouquet of flowers an army of ants a bunch of keys a brood of chickens @ Complete these sentences with the correct collective nouns. t. A fleet of cars was displayed in the showroom. 2. lhe of cattle was attacked by a of locusts. g, lgave my mother a of flowers on her birthday. 4,4 of wolves attacked a of sheep. 5. The police arrested the of thieves. 6. There was a of clothes on the floor in Riva's room. a of musicians played music while of dancers performed on stage. 8. My friend has a fine of old stamps. Countable and Uncountable Nouns Look at these words. . biscuii -+ biscuits . flock + flocks We know that countable nouns are things that we can count. They can be singular or plural. Collective nouns that name a group of people or objects are also countable nouns. III nI-

\\4\\N . . ' 'Ud0.onnwc\"nnoaoouttenrhnrtaa\"v\"b\"el,ea\"ntptosltuuurrSn\"acsal rtfaornremotu.hniUnsgnbs.roathnuacnthtwe\"setlocnfasonlmeunanoor.tnkiicnneogcu'lunadtn.ehdTsehsooelaiydolsnat,hreIiqaulwidbasioy, slgoagssYinegsu, lnarataunradl Thistab|eshowsusthedeterminersthatareusua||yusedwithcountab|eand uncountable nouns. Determiners countable nouns , a, an, the a table an apple ' some, many, any, few, . some papers . many bananas a few, a lot of, lots of, these, a large number of, no, . the juice in the fridge enough, plentY of' . the rice on the Plate , a lot of water How many.. ? . a liitle sugar uncountable nouns the (when referring to . some books something sPecific) . some milk much, a little, anY, a lot of, lots of, this, a large amount of, no, enough, PlentY of, How much...? both countable and . the, some, anY, no, a lot of, uncountable nouns lots of, enough, PlentY of Some nouns can be used as both countable and uncountable dePending on the context in which they are used' . This lantern is made of PaPer' . There were papers all over the floor' v_- Choose the correct answers to complete these sentences' I Anita has a lot of (a lot of / a few) chores to finish today' 2. There is (no / any) sugar left in the jar' 3. lf you are going to the market, pick up (some / manY) rice too, please. 6 mlI IITII

't 1*;' 4. Bonnie must have (a lot of / much) courage to face challenges like that. 5. There are (few / little) bears left in this national park. 6. Clark can sit in the back'of the bus. There is (plenty of / a large amount ofl room back there. 7 The spectators showed (a large amount of / a lot of) enthusiasm (the/ a little) patience. for the game. o, Ine parcet w arnve soon. Have o Write whether the nouns in bold are countable (C) or uncountable (UC). l. Tu rn the tap three times so that the water does not drip. C 2. My sister had long, flowing hair before she cut it ofl 3. Please move the furniture to make some space in this room, I don't usually like ihe taste of tea. But I ended up ordering a tea this morning, because I had a headache. 5. I like to try new kinds of food every now and then. However, I am allergic to some foods. 6. There has never been a time when I have told a lie. 7. The glasses on the counter are dirty. I will help you wash them. 8. My sister has written a paper on the issue of global warming. Grammar Activity Form groups of four. Each group must take five minites to decide what items they will need to survive on a deserted island. You can only bring ten items of which at least four should be un€ountable nouns. You can choose the quantity of the things you need. Read out your lists in class. III III

( '| Adiectives Read these sentences' ' Please bring me the round'yellow box' ' The history book5 3re en 1lq third shelf' ' This ring has been in our family for generations' words in bold are adjective-s' know that an adjeccrtrive mmooudrirtirees5.oa The f]t.mfX;jl*Wwe n' 'woY\"'A\".?$':!i\"::.:p:i\"1e15 (smart angry)' degree :ii-1tii'(tli'lf;illltlliL\"l'5l;a;rv.r\"\"J.\",tiinv'rlrl\"\"\"\"a\"rr'\"\"tron or prace (' ru'ar'e*te*\"r)' Kind o{ Adjectives ir\". A descriptive;\"a#dajel cotirvethionrgaFdojercetixvaemopfleq' uloanligty' bdeeasuctrifibuel' satnhceiennat'tuarnedosrocohna'racteristics '' \";\";;,z. adjective points to a particular person' animal or thing' adjectives are this' that' these and those' A demonstrative \"r iJi\".t\"\"u\"tiveAadjective shows that something belongs to someone The possessive vour' ot''r' his' her' its and their' oossessive ;d;;;;;\";\"';'l. \"\"\"tplt''ott'-5'. 6. abAiAnunqnt\"uuidn\"m\"o\"tneqenrturrioato\"t\"lngtianla\"\"d.dt\".ijivecF\"ecadottjireaevedec\"xjnteigavci\"mvet*eivp\"soetlertth'aaonesdnkujenes'tucsatmte\"iqvc'b'euoeenFrosdootf'ritofyqnvaueanalvonbeutoi'ntuytoaairnndtdnoiocsusoanhtoeo'tnaswF'nosthryte'heexmaamupmcloaphucl'enea'tnowodfhfaasatonn'oowounuhn'nich ' whose, and so on. psrpoepceiFfriocn|-om\"u\"en\"m'rFpboe1rr.se,.xo\"au.mht,op,lfeea'v.Cegrrhyoi,nuaPensyoe,r' aIsnninddgiasleons'oonu' t I .jj\".j\".7. distributive adjective describes one or more individr\", ,r..\" 8. A proper adjective comes from a Bengali, and so on. is used to lay stress on the noun that comes after it' 9. An emphasising adjective Fo, example, u\"rY, own' and so on' FI- I *ffidwII

o Underline the adjectives in these sentences and say what kind they are. t. Sushma needs a lot of patience when she deals with unhappv customers at the supermarket. quantitative, descriptive z. I would like to have some rice and a bit of dalwith a little pickle. 3. Rohit was the first person to reach the destination. 4. lwant to buy these socks, this shirt and those trousers. 5. This is the very book that lwas looking for. 6. Whose bag is lying on my desk? 7 Roma is a kind and helpful person. 8. Each person received a packet of Brazilian coffee. Formation of Adjectives We can form adjectives from nouns -- ' accident ) accidental . danger ) dangerous ' length ) long ' )star starry We can form adjectives from verbs. ' )enjoy enjoyable ' )help helpful ' obey ) obedient ' )talk talkative We can also form adjectives from other adjectives. ' comic ) comical ' correct ) corrective ' elder ) elderly ' red ) reddish This table shows a list ofsuffixes that we can add to form adjectives. -able, -ible comfortable, readable, incredible, -al, -ial invisible comical, normal, musical, industrial III I III

Add the correct suffixes to these words to form adjectives. You may need to make changes to the spelling of some words' r. imagine imaeinarv 2. Commerce 4. energy 5. miracle 6. green 8. moment 7. awe 9. magic lo. victory 6 Cotnpl.t\" these sentences with the adjective forms of the words in the box. 't. The creative minds of the group came up with this innovative design. 2. Lubaina is to all kinds of nuts and mushrooms. 5. The train ride was a lot more than lwas expecting it to be. After an farewell, Kamal and Murtaza left for Canada. III t0 III

5. Jovita was asked to submit cooies of her qualifications. 6. Milind is about his work as a photographer. 7. The presentation on global warming was very 8. The names in the register are in order. Degrees of Comparison When we use an adjective to compare two or more things, we use the somParative or superlative forms. The comparative and superlative forms of many adjectives take the -er and -est forms. ' long -+ longer + longest ' sharp -+ sharper -+ sharpest Usually, longer adjectives take more and most. ' intelligent -+ more intelligent -+ most intelligent @ thi\" g.\"ph .hows the average temperature (in degree Celsius) recorded in April zor6 in four Indian cities. Study the graph and complete the sentences. 40 30 20 r maximum tcmpcfaturp i< r mlnlmum t€mp0fatur0 t0 Mumbal (olkcta l. Chennai recorded tlq highest (high) temperature in April. 2. The maximum temperature recorded in Delhi was (much) than that of Mumbai, but its minimum temperature is (little) than that of Mumbai. III 11 III

5. Mumbai seems to be the (cool) of the four cities shown in the graph 4. Kolkata was (hot) than Mumbai, but (cool) than C h en nai. 5. In Mumbai, the difference between the maximum and the minimum temperatures was the (little) out of the four cities 6. According to the graph, it would have been (pleasant) to visit Mumbai in April than Chennai, Delhi or Kolkata. Complete these sentences with Positive, comparative or suPerlative adjectives. This lesson is easier than that. (easy) lam the member in the group. (quiet) Mother made pasta lor lunch. (tasly) Mohan looks than before. (slim) Alisha is than her brother. (short) A train ride is mode of travelling but is than flying. (slow safe) She is the of the two sisters. (talkative) Ranjit is than everyone else in the class. (clever) I am learning to play volleyball and it does not seem as as I had imagined it would be. (difficult) lo. lam at Maths now than I used to be. (confident) Order of Adjectives When two or more adjectives are used before a noun, they are placed in a particular order. Number) Opinion ) Size) Quality) Age ) Shape ) Colour ) Origin ) Materialt purpose When we use two adjectives of the same category, the shorter of the two comes first . tall, strong boy We should try not to use too many adjectives in a sentence, in order to keep our writing simple and appealing. IIII II12

@t. W.it. th\" \"djectives in the brackets in the correct order. a song (popular, English, new) a popular, new, English song z. a lamp (handmade, paper, beautiful) 3. a sari (embroidered, silk, new) 4. a chair (teakwood, brown, shiny) 5. a hat (brown, stiff, cowboy) 6. a path (deserted, winding, long) z. a film (old, action, l-lindi) 8. a pair of shoes (new, leather, shiny) Participial Adjectives Read these phrases. . a ringingsound . a broken glass Present participles and past participles can also do the work of adjectives. These are called participial adjectives. The -ing form of participial adjectives help us describe what something is like or its effect on us, . an interestingfilm . an exciting match The -ed forms. of participial adjectives help us describe how we feel about something or the state of our feelings. . a talented man . an abandoned house @ Underline the participial adjectives in these sentences. t. I went tojet-ski in Goa. lt was a thrilling expeflence. u. The most interesting part of my day is when lgo for my ballet class. 3. I can't go on the upcoming excursion to Shimla because of a wedding in the family. 4. Dinesh made the surprising decision not to play the match. 13

5. The exhausted farmer walked home slowly. 6. lt wasn't a good idea to watch the frightening film last night. z All interested students can meet Prerna Ma'am after the class for more information on the event. 8. I have a driving test tomorrow, wish me luck! Grammar Activity Paste pictures of any two historical monsments here. Compare and contrast the two using as many adjectives as possible. III 14 III

u.,dlu\\|17 &.^aY Articles Read these sentences. \" There is a sparrow on the oa rcony. \" The man forgot to take an umore a. We use the indefinite articles a and an to refer to something in general. They are placed before singular countable nouns or noun phrases. ' There is a meeting in the afternoon. ' The dodo is an extinct bird. We use an with letters that begin with a vowel sound. ' My sister has an MA in English. /We do noi use a or an before uncountable nouns. We use a an * countable noun * of * uncountable noun. ' lwant a milk. (r) . lwant a glass of milk. (y') We use the definite article the to refer to specific people or things. ' Do you know the boy who is wearing a blue sh;rt? \" The plate on the table is not clean. We use the at the beginning of a noun or a noun phrase, to refer to a person, thing or event that has been mentioned once. \" Grandfather planted a sapling in the garden. The sapiing has grown into a talltree. It is used to refer to things which are unique, that is, things of which there is only one in the universe. ' the earth . theAravallis It is used before countable nouns when we wish to refer to the whole system. \" Who invented the telephone? ' Mereorologists study l\\- weather. 15

It is used before nationalities. . The French have a delicious cuisine' . The Japanese are proud of their rich cultural heritage' It is used before the names of regions, islands' oceans and newspapers' . The northern plains of India are very fertile' . We subscribe to the Reader's Digest magazine every month' It is used in superlative constructions' . Sana is the fastest runner in the class' . This vendor makes the best tea in the area' It is also used before the names of musical instruments . Do you know how to PlaY the Piano? . Mr GuPta PlaYs the violin' Omission of the Article We do not use articles before proper nouns' . lam Asha. llive in this building' We omit the article before abstract nouns used in a general sense' . Integrity is a quality that everyone appreciates' Wedonotusearticlesbeforenounsthatareusedinagenera|sense,including uncountable nouns. . Plants need air, water and sunlight to grow' There are no articles before the names of cities' towns' countries' continents' days' months, arts, languages, sciences and some diseases' . Zahir is moving to New Delhi. . lt is very cold in Srinagar in January'

\\ o Some of these sentences have incorrect articles or missing articles. Rewrite them correctly. Put a tick (r') if the sentence is correct. Early bird catches worm. The early bird catches the worm. 2. A house that lused to live in is being renovated. 5. There is a unease among the party members about the new candidate. 4. The ltalian student whom I had met last semester is coming to India agarn. 5 Concert is scheduled for next Friday. 6. The life on Mars doesn't look impossible anv more. A group of sherpas and well-trained mountaineers are planning to scale the Everest this summer. 8. There is a speck of dust in my eye. lt went in when I was riding the bike. @ Insert the wherever necesgary in these sentences. Say the sentences aloud. (Oral Practice) t. New Delhi is capital of lndia. New Delhi is the capital of India. z. Pacific Ocean is largest ocean in world. 3. Andes are a mountain range. 4. Actors in play were extremely talented. 5. Rahman is very good at lt4aths. rIII 17 III

6. Pass milk, please. 7 We enjoyed musical concert. 8. All roads to New Market will be closed for next two hours' o Expand these newspaper headlines into full sentences' Use at least one article in each sentence. You may also need to make changes to the tense' 1. Hindustan Park tense after daylight robbery Hindustan Park is tense after a davlieht robberv. z. Army called in to keep watch g. Engineering student invents new water purifier 4. Indian team to meet this week 5. Car thief arrested 6. Communication with Moon Lander lost 7 Army to help in rescue efforts in Sikkim 8. Trees cut down to widen road 9. Ship makes first voyage to. Chief Minister inaugurates new hospital Frrr 18 I;:II

@ Read the passage and insert a, an or the in the correct places. A man went through a forest seeking any bird of interest he might find. l-le caught young eagle, brought it home and put it among his fowls, even though it was eagle, king of birds. Five years later, naturalist iame to see him, and after passing through his garden, said, \"That bird is eagle, not hen.\" \"Yes,\" said its owner, \"but I have trained it to be hen. lt is no longer eagle; it is hen even though it measures fifteen feet from wingtip to wingtip.\" \"No,\" said naturalist, \"it is still eagle; it has heart of eagle, and I will make it soar to heaven.\" \"That's impossible,\" said owner, \"it is hen and it will never fly.\" They agreed to test it. The next morning naturalist rose early and took eagle outside city, away from houses to foot of high mountain. l-le picked up eagle and said to it, \"Eagle, you arle eagle; you belong to sky and not to this earth. Siretch your wings and fly.\" Eagle looked around and trembled as if new life were flowing into it. lt stretched out its wings and flapped them few times. Suddenly, with screech, it lifted itself into air. At first it was clumsy, and it wobbled as it flew. But soon it became more graceful and confident. lt never returned. lt was eagle, though it had been treated as hen. So children, even if people consider you to be hens, remember that you are eagles, so soar and flv! rII I-19

Pronouns Read these sentences. -4. . They themselves did not know what to do about the leaking rool ' This is the man who helped me. . Somebody came here looking for you. The words in bold are pronouns. We already know that a pronoun is a word we use in place of a noun. lt helps us refer to the noun and avoid repeating it. Kinds of Pronouns 't. Personal pronouns, such as l, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, and so on, refer to one or more persons, things or groups. ' fle met us in the park. . lwas studying. 2. Possessive pronouns, such as mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, and so on, show that someone owns something. ' This furniture is ours. . This painting is hers. 3. Demonstrative pronouns, such as this, that, these, those, point out things and also stand for the thing that is pointed out. , ' That is a colourful scarl . Those are my books. 4. Reflexive pronouns, such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves. yourselves, themselves and so on, refer back to the subject of the sentence. ' Asmita taught herself howto bake. ' Iworked on this chart all by mysell Frrr NI

5. Emphasising pronouns, such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, and so on, emphasise a noun or pronoun in a sentence. ' Gina made this hersel[ ' They decided to paint the house themselves. A reflexive pronoun is an important part of a sentence. lf we remove it, the sentence will not be complete. Whereas, if an emphasising pronoun rs removed, the sentence will still make complete sense. 6. Inde{inite pronouns, such as somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, ano so on, refer to a person or thing in a manner that is not definite. . Nobody came to collect the money. . Everyone wanted to play the game. 7 Interrogative pronouns, such as who, whose, whom, what, which, and so on, are used to ask questions. . Which of these bicycles is yours? . Whose is this bag? 8. Distributive pronouns, such as each, either and neither refer to persons or things one at a time. . Each of the girls was given a present. . Neither of the suggestions is suitable. 9. Relative pronounq such as who, whom, which, whose and that are used to add more information to a sentence. . The man who is a famous artist came to our school. . Flere is the girl whose brother is in the army. o Underline the pronouns in these sentences and state what kind they are. ould anyone like something to eat? indefinite pronouns 2. We will be late if you don't wake up now. 5. Arwa locked herself out of the house by mistake. IIffidT 21

4. These are the flowers I love. 5. The fault is completelY mine. 6. The horse who won the race is called Chestnut 7tl Who knows the secret hiding Place? 8. She will make the dress herself. g. Each of the dishes is delicious. to. Someone left a chocolate for me on my desk' o Complete these sent€nces with Personal pronouns' t. Bindu and Clara are my friends. I know them very well and we are all in the quiz team together. 2. This camera takes excellent pictures. I like very mucn. The birthday boy gave sweets to his friends and thanked Mother said, \"Varun, helP in the kitchen.\" 5. completed his work and then helped others. 6. We have a good teacher. advised to work harder. always listen to -must 7 lYy father told me, \"l want to take these papers and Put in a folder. Give them to wnen ask for them.\" o -. Complete these sentences with Possessive Pronouns' l. Rati has already eaten her cake, but I will have mine after dinner' 2, We gave them our address and they gave us I do not have a lab coat. Can I borrow ---s-? Sayantan bought a new car. The red one i\" 5. She once got an award for a Poem of 6. Many friends of got us sweets for Diwali. - - III 2 -II

@ Gompletethege sentences with distributive, demonstrative, indefinite or Inrerrogatry€ pronoun8, l. Neither of these shirts look clean. 2. of these streets lead to the park. are my socKs. 4. book did you choose to buy in the end? 5. child is different. is the girl who got the first prize. 7. A prize will be given to can solve the puzzle. 8. can take me home? @ Complete thege eentences with the correct reflexive or emphasising pronouns. Write R for reflexive and E for emphasising. t. Ramona will do the assignment herself. 2. Vishal hurt while he was running down the street. He made the observation. We have got into a mess. at the party. _5. We enjoyed 6. You have set an impossible goal. 7. She was sitting by 8. I cannot bring to do it. @ Underline tha relative pronouns in these sentgnces. t. Jyoti senta letter to heruncle,who livesin Nagpur. The police identified the burglar whose fingerprints were found on the doorknob. 5. Raju returned the book that belonged to me. Katie loves watching films that make her laugh. The vase that was displayed in the fair was bought by my aunt. IIIEIII

6. lthrew away the vegetables that were not fresh. 7 This is the family whom we met in Amritsar last year. 8. He bought all the books that he needed to learn about rockets. tl @ Join th.\"\" sentences using suitable relative pronouns. t. This is the boy. We asked him for directions. This is the boy whom we asked for directions. z. These are the boys. They won the bronze medal in hockey. 3. The book is out of stock. Lata wanted it. 4. This is myjacket. The one I bought last month. 5. John is a helpful boy. His father is an engineer 6. They hired the girl. They interviewed her last week. 7 We are going to a hill station this summer. lt is near Darjeeling. 8. The man is resting. He is very tired. l[ Correct the errors in the use of rjative pronouns in these sentences. t.- I spoke to your friend that seemed to be very pleasant and friendl,. I spoke to your friend who seemed to be very pleasant and friendl,. z. The discussion finally arrived at a point what everyone agreed upon. J. Sunil Kumar, whom joined the school only lastyear, isgoingto be the sports captain. III 24

money, is working rather well. 5. They stayed at a hotel whom owner knew him. 6. This is the singer who my parents admire. 7. Ravish, whom owned a tour boat, took us on a ride on the lake. Grammar Activity Pfay a game caffed Pronoun Dicein clasg. you will need two sets of dice (one white and one red) to play the game. Before you begin- i . List the numbers one through six on a sheet of paper. . Assign each number a person such as-r. you, 2. your partner, 5. Mary or Suresh, 4, Suresh's friend, 5, You and your partner, 6. Mary and Suregh. ; . Remember that odd numbers are subject pronouns and even numbers are object pronouns on the red dice. Take turns to roll both the dice. The number they roll on the white dice i corresponds to the person / people / thing they must make a sentence about using i an appropriate pronoun. The number on the red dice determines whether that i person / people / thing will be replaced by a subject pronoun or an object pronoun i in the sentence. IITI 25 III

Verbs Read these sentences. xq% ', Anne gave her mother a present yesterday. ' We are going on a trek tomorrow morning. The words in bold are verbs. We know that a verb shows an action, an event or a state. Main and Auxiliary Verbs We use a main or principal verb to indicate the action of the subject. ' Batul loves horse riding. We use an auxiliary or helping verb to indicate the tense of the main verb. Be (is, are, was, were, am), do (do, does, did), have (has, have, had), will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, ought are auxiliary verbs. ' Yana has grown some plants on her oarcony. @ Complete these sentences with suitable main or auxiliary verbs. l. Tell me, are you coming to the party? 2. They finished the job.' 3. you do every Sunday? like to watch TV There is a qood film at 6 otlock. I not want to stay at home. She wants to play with her friends. 5. She alwavs wanted to meet Sachin, her favourite cricketer 6. She Suhail and Manmeeta go yesterday? 7. the children doinp when the teacher walked into class? 8. II [frrr



@ fi.t tu) ttt\" sorrect answer' Circle the objects' 2, Metals exPand on heating' Heat expands metals. a. Transitive b' Intransitive /a. Transitive b. Intransitive tll 5. The driver stoPPed the car' The car stoPPed abruPilY' a. Transitive b. Intransitive a. Transitive b. Intransitive You must sPeak the truth' 6. You must sPeak loudlY. a, Transitive b. Intransitive a. Transitive b. Intransitive 7. The boY is flYing the kite' 8. The birds are flYing in the skY' a, Transitive b. Intransitive a. Transitive b. Intransitive 9. The explosion sank the shiP' to. The shiP sank suddenlY a. Transitive b. lntransitive a. Transitive b. Intransitive v Underline the direct objects and circle the indirect objects in these sentences' 1. Francine teaches German to 2. The crowd cheered the bowler' The police are questioning the suspect' 4. The students elected Mahira as the head-girl' Pallavi gave Ravi all her stamPs' 6. We watched the match on the television all day' 1. The students boarded the train' 8. He washed the clothes. Verbs of IncomPlete Predication All verbs cannot convey the complete meaning by themselves' . Maya was to a;;d\"d;o;;ffth.fe\"i\"ro\"w,;on;r.dt1s' .oto:ro;Pthth' r*\"ai\"sepstolteoLntthe'earseper\"neetdrebincscaeoti.ofttnin'\"c:lostm'paplmtlet'\"aterelph'r:wedaitsic:'aiw:t:ieo'rne'' il\"\"5#\";:We need has' ;\";\";;' III n III

' Maya was in the room. The words that are added to verbs of incomplete predication to complete the meaning are known as complements. . Dina is a teacher. o Circle the verbs and underline the complements in these sentences. t. Ananya @ a timid gt!. 2. Jack became a scientist. 3. Apurva painted her sister s face. 4. The girls were singing songs. 5. Punit has twenty cats. 6. The boys played cricket. /. That is a very difficult question. 8. The children looked surprised. Strong and Weak Yerbs Yn A weak verb is a verb which forms its simple past and past participle forms by adding -ed, -d or -t to the base form, either with or without a change in the vowel sound. Weak verbs are also known as regular verbs. love loved loved told sotq teJl kept kept keep rIII II25

A strong verb is a verb which forms its simple past and past participle forms by changin! the main vowel of the base form without the addition of any ending' tl Strong verbs are also known as irregular verbs. otown spoken Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the words in the brackets. t. fle has 3919q!9! his partner for the project. (select) 2. Has the problem been ? (solve) 3. My watch was on the train. (steal) 4. The song was by Meghna and her brother. (sing) 5. All the milk has been by our cat. (drink) 6. the class every Tuesday for a year. (attend) 7. He has - to France, so you cannot meet him now. (go) - Formation of Verbs We can form verbs from nouns . beauty ) beautify . )courage encourage . friend ) befriend ' unity ) unite We can form verbs from adjectives . broad ) broaden . fertile ) fertilise . rich ) enrich . simple ) simplify I-III 30 ffiS'f,{ffiII

This table shows a list of prefixes and suffixes thet we can add to form verbg. - darken, deepen, widen appreciate, celebrate, congratulate identify, purify, satisfy reelise, recognise, modernise enable, enslave, enlarge Complete these sentences with the verb forms of the words in the brackets. t. The soil should be fertilised (fertile) before the seeds are planted. 2, The government needs to (wide) the narrow roads of the city. 5. We need to (food) the fish only once a day. The suspect can (proof)that he was not in the city at the time of the burglary. 5. We can_ (pure) the water by boiling it. _6. The factory workers (threat) to go on strike if their demands are not met. 7. What does this strange message (sign)? 8. The shopkeeper tried to tpeace, rne unnappy customers. rTII 31 IIT

Verbs: ExPressing the Present Read these sentences. . The school organisesa programme on Children's Day' . The teachers are planninga picntc' . They have decidedto go to Chaplin Park' . They have been keepingit a secret from the students' The first sentence is in the issimple present tense The second sentence v i; il lai;t;;s;e;n;tienc\"e;tiins uinotuhe\" t\"ni\" ih\" third. sentence is in the present perfect tense' The present perfect continuous tense The Simple Present Tense This table shows us how to use the simple present tense' for things that haPPen as a routine . lt rains a lot in CherraPunji. . Muscat is in Oman. for stating general facts about the state of people, places and things . The train arrives at 9 P.m. for future events that are part of a timetable . Vanessa looks exhausted or schedule for verbs related to belief, emotion and perception Verbs that indicate possession (belong have), the senses (feel hea'; smelI touch prefe6-regrel wanl wish) feelings (believe' i\"ll\"j, i.\"tinc, ttote hate like or.abstract know.think inderstand) are used only in the simple present tense . Richard loves broccoli. r' . Richard is loving broccoli' tc n III

i :.... ,\"\\\\ i \\ - :l::.: I :-. Sirniole l]rc:serxt T,eirse For!'ns Positive-base lorm of ihe verb * -s or -es with s ngu ar nouns and pronouns or base form of the verb with plurai nouns anC pfonouns Negative-clo / does + not + base {or- of lhc ver b Question-do / cloes * subicct ' base forrr of the ver b or q!estlor.r word * Co/does * subject * base form o{ ihe verb ,e l!-resent eontinuous Tense This table shows us how to use the present continuous tense. Uses Example fo lhings t'rat are haopering at lhe rro'nent . The wind is blowing really hard. . Anisa is preparlng for fo - long actions that are happening at |1.,- .rionra nr riz pr esent (but not necessarily at the moment) . \\{6 are having a dinner pariy an d wtl di.\"ortinre in the lrtu'e th is weekend. for an action that has been planned to take , Someone is always spitting on plarce in the near future the wa lls. for actions that happen very often, usuarry in at negative manner - :sert Cr.lii\"..:r.us T:nse Forrns Positive-am / is / ere * present participle form of the vcrb Negative-arr / is / are + noi + present parlicinle for n of thc verb Question-arr / is / are * subject * present participle form of the verb or question r,vord + am / is / are * subjcct * present parliciple form of the verb Coni;crlelre these sentencc5 using the simple present tense or the present continuous tense Forms ot{ the verbs in the brackets. t. Chiradeep ',',r ies (write) poems for children. Manish (want) to have a chocolate. . :;irl 33

5. There (be) a lot of stories about the mysterious Bermuda Triangle. +. They (not come) for lunch. They (not be) nungry. (not have) to go to office on Sundays. ,,,, 5. Kalindi 6. (watch) TV you (want) to join me? Mohini (play) a computer game right now. In the game, she (have) to build cities. 8. Jagjit (do) a lot of research on the subject right now. Gl Rewrite these sentences using the simple present tense forms of the verbs. - t. Water is boiling at too degree Celsius. Water boils at too deFree Celsius. z. Do she learn the Kathak or Odissi form ofdance? g. My sister head the basketball team of her college. 4. How often are you practising the piano? 5. She usually is eating cereals and milk for breakfast. 6. Do you go to the football game today? Z I am thinking that you are wrong about this. 8. The film is starting at 6 p.m. Itrrrr III:t4

Tick (r') the correct verbs to complete this letter. ,K% The Present Perfect Tense This table shows us how to use the present perfect tense. 'i . u:*.:'l.l:, 7 - 4, i'\". r'i.ir'q I .),+, ;''-il;l-ii-_-]- ,. -, :: ''';, ., to refer to an action or event in the past that Gaurav has bought a new is connected to the present camera. to describe an action that began in the past . lt has rained all day. and leads up to the present to describe an action performed during . Munira has gone to three a period that is not yet over countries this year. to describe an action that is repeated . I nave vtstteo Pune many trmes. to describe an action that happened in the I have misplaced my past, but is important at the time of speaking speclactes. to describe an action that was completed in I have just returned home. the recent past We use ever, never, just, already, yet, since and for with the present perfect tense to talk about an action finished at an unknown or unstated time. . We have lived in this house sinqe zoot. III 35

The Present Perfect Tense Forms Fogitive-has / have * past participle form of the verb Negative-has / have * not. past participle form of the verb Question-has / have * subject ' past participle form of the verb or of the verb have * subject * past participle form question word * has / @ Complete,this conversation using the present perfect tense form ot the verbs tn the box. Akash:'Have you packed all your clothes? Richa: Yes, | \" everything. up presents for your parents in Kolkata? you Akash: 3 'Richar Yes, | books for my father and a new phone for my mother. you a printout of the tickets? Akash: Nicel s Richar Yes, I o two copies, and 7 them in my handbag. Akashr Good. you a taxi yet? Richar No, I q that yet. I will do that tomorrow. Complete these sentences or questions using the words in the brackets' Use the present perfect tense intppropriate places. l. This is the best chocolate ice cream I have ever had (l / ever / have). 2. It is the first time (l / reach / home / so / late). g. Ireosure /slond is the most interesting book (that/ l/ ever/ read). t-rrr :t6 IIII

4. Mihir is excited I(because / win / the first / prize). (he I go / lo / London) and won't be back 5. (she/ invite/ her/ until next month. o. Do you know if friends / yet)? The Prasent Perfect Continuous Tense - to refer to an action that began in the past is . I have been cleaning my still going on in the present room all morning. to indicate how long something has been . I have been waiting since 5 otlock. happening; usually indicated by the words sinqe or for to show a habitual event . They have been volunteering with the NGO for many years. The present perfect continuous teitse is.often used with vetbs of continuous action like stay lie wor[ read, study arid so on. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Formg 'Pocitive-has / have been * present participle form of the verb Negative-has / have+ not* been+ present participle form oftheverb 'Question-has / have * subject been * present participle form of the verb or question word * has/ have+ subject + been. present participle form of the verb rIII fl III

@ Complete these sentences using the present perfect continuous forms of the verbs in the brackets. t. Kavita is tired, because she has been playing (play) cricket for the last three hours. 2. Brijesh (try) to finish his homework all morning. \", 5. My rabbit is getting weaker, because it (not eat) properly for the last few weeks. How long you (learn) French? 5. Where are my shoes? | (look) for them all day. 6. My mother (use) the same phone for the last five years. 7. Simi and Tina (practise) their guitar skills for the upcoming music festival. 8. Divya (work) on this presentation all week. @ Rewrite these sentences using the present perfect continuous tense such that their meaning remains the same, Use the words for and since' wherever required. l. Vijay started cleaning his room an hour ago. lle is still cleaning it. Viiay has been cleaning his room for an hour. 2. Dinesh went to sleep in the afternoon. Why is he still sleeping? 3. Jatin is travelling in the USA. fle started his travels a month ago. 4. Five years ago, Josie and Betty started a company together. They still run the company together. 5. You waited to meet me for five hours. Why did you wait? 6. Kiran started learning the veena in 2olo. She is still learning it. III 38 III

7. Mother is working on her presentation. She started working on it at 6 p.m. 8. My family visits the same doctor. We first visited her in zor4. Grammar Activity i What activities have you been doing for the time periods mentioned here? : t. lhave been writing in my iournal regularlyfora week. .2. t^r ^h6 m^h+h 5. _ since last vear. _4. since lwas a child. 5. since yesterday. _6. all morning. - III .,t:ffil..,Irl

Verbs: Expressing the Past Read these sentences. . We went to the station at 7 a.m. . My cousins were arriving by train. . They had written to us about their travel plans. . We had been waiting eagerly for their arrival. The first sentence is in the simple past tense. The second sentence is in the past continuous tense. The third sentence is in the past perfect tense. The fourth sentence is in the past perfect continuous tense. The Simple Past Tense This table shows us how to use the simple past tense. to talk about actions that were started . We flew kites on the terrace. and completed in the past . l-le was the principal of our school to show that something was true for for many years. some time in the past to indicate that an action happened They visited their grandparents repeatedly in the past during the holidays every year. to show a sequence of events that . I did my homework, ironed my happened in the past uniform, packed my bag and then went out to play. It is often used with expressions that refer to points of time in the past, such as last year, yesterday, five minutes ago, and so on. . We participated in a drawing competition last week. III o MII

'1 Siry1t1. Past'['ense Forms 1.i,., Positive-base form of the verb * -d or,cd for rcgu ar verbs or thc correct past tense form for irregular verbs Negative-did * not * base form of the verb Question-did * subjcct * base form of the verb or question word + dld r subject * base form of the verb t hc. []ast Continuous Tense This table shows us how to use the past continuous tense. Uses Example to refer to an action that was going on . I was waiting for the bus. for a certain period of time in the past to show that something happened while . I rvas sleeping when my another action was stillgoing on father left for office. to show that an action happened repeatedly Jim was working on his book in the past for a few months. to show change or growth . We were preparing ourselves for the move ro a new ctty. he. Fast eontinuous Tense Forms Positive-was / were + present participle form of the verb Negative-was / were + noi + present particip e form of the verb Question-was / were * subject, present participle form of the verb or question word * was / were + subject + present participle form of the verb ( i:) I rck ( / ) the correci verbs to complete thcse scntences. L Although I l<new / v,,as knowing Priya, I didn't know / wasn't knowing her friends. 2. alisha did n t be ieve / rvasn't believing it when Zoya to d / was telling her that she met P V Sindhu, the badminton champion. t-r.,-: j::ti:.i, 4l

s. I didn't like / wasn't liking doing the chores that my sister asked me to do. 4. lYother hu ng / was ha nging the clothes to dry when the doorbell rang. s. The children were having / had a good time, so they wasn't wanting / didn't want to go nome. o. Bryce wasn't feeling / didn't feel well after having eaten the burger. 7. The boys were playing / played excitedly in the garden and wasn't wanting / didn't want to come inside when it began to rain. 8. Can you tell me when you was hearing / heard the loud noise? @ Comelete these sentences with the sorrect forms of the yerbs in the brackets. r. | 99g!g!991 (contact) Manisha yesterday, but she was (be) not home. _2. Su rojoy (go) to a very interesting inter-school quiz lastweek. i. | _ (meet) an old friend of mine, while I (ttavel) to Srinagar two weeks ago. Koel (sing) when the music director (call) her. 5. you (know) where Kunal lives? He said he (come) back home today. - 6. Mother (talk) to Priya on the sofa when the telephone (ring). 7. Rajashree (not be) tired so she read an interesting novel. (b.) (teach) us Geography in school when I 8. Mrs Ray a student. Complete this passage with the simple past tense or the past continuous tense forms of the verbs in the box. | 'met an old friend of mine while we' to Sikkim on a holiday. in the queue to get into the compartment. She 5 me while I a Jne ' up to me when l6 tn. we realised that we 8 at the same hotel. At the hotel, she' me to her parents. She said that they'o to Canada soon. She \" me to visit her. I am very '' about ii. III n III

The Past Perfect Tense !l The past perfect tense is used to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past. ' I had locked the house before the telephone rang. . Mehul came home to find that his mother had gone out. In the examples, it is clear that one actior was completed before another action began. We use time words or phrases such as already, by then, until, before, after, and sJon, with verbs in the past perfect tense. The Past Perfect Tense Forms Positive-had * pasi participle form of the verb Negative-had + not + past participle form of the verb Question-had * subject * past participle form of the verb or question word + had + subject. past participle form of tl-,. vero @ W\"it\" th. t.rbs bold in the past perfect tense to complete these sentences. t. Akhil baked a cake after he cook lunch. had cooked z. Sumitra be sick yesterday. .1. He was tired, since he not sleep well for weeks. a. I couldn't remember the lines of the poem we read the week before. t;. She use the medicine for weeks, but it didn't help her 6. Though they not request us, we went over to help them. /. I see him a few times, before I spoke to him. tJ. I ask for a bigger size, but this is what the shop assistant gave me. @ Complete these sentences with the simple past tense or the present perfect tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. L Rohan has not arrived yet. He boarded the wrong bus. (not arrive, boaroT Where is the car? Mother _it. She it to go to the doctor. trake, need, IITI 43 ffiI