202110730-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-FY_Optimized

practice workbook Social Studies Grade 7 Name: Roll No: Section: School Name:

by classklap IMAX is India’s only customised content and educational assessment m. 610+ Published Books Team of IITians & PhDs IMAX Program has authored about 610+ Content development and automation are publications which are used by more than led by a team of IITians, data scientists and 4,50,000+ students. education experts Workshops Lakh Assessments IMAX Program has conducted IMAX Program has conducted more than teacher training workshops for more 85,00,000+ assessments across 17 states in the last 10 years. than 15,000+ teachers. Copyright © 2020 BGM Policy Innovations Pvt Ltd) All rights reserved. No part of this publication, including but not limited to, the content, the presentation layout, session plans, themes, key type of sums, mind maps and illustrations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior, written permission of the copyright owner of this book. This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/ have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action. Some of the images used in the books have been taken from the following sources www.freepik.com, www.vecteezy.com, www.clipartpanda.com Creative Commons Attribution This book is part of a package of books and is not meant to be sold separately. For MRP, please refer to the package price.

This practice book is designed to support you in your journey of learning Social Studies for class 7. The contents and topics of this book are entirely in alignment with the NCERT syllabus. For each chapter, a concept map, expected objectives and practice sheets are made available. Questions in practice sheets address different skill buckets and different question types, practicing these sheets will help you gain mastery over the lesson. The practice sheets can be solved with the teacher’s assistance. There is a self-evaluation sheet at the end of every lesson, this will help you in assessing your learning gap.



TABLE OF CONTENT • Assessment Pattern: 40 Marks • Assessment Pattern: 80 Marks • Syllabus & Timeline for Assessment Geography Page 1: 1. Environment Page 6: 2. Inside Our Earth Page 11: 3. Our Changing Earth Page 17: 4. Air Page 23: 5. Water Page 29: 6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Page 36: 7. Settlement, Transport and Communication Page 42: 8. The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Page 50: 9. Life in the Deserts History Page 55: 1. Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Page 60: 2. New Kings and Kingdoms Page 66: 3. The Delhi Sultans Page 71: 4. The Mughal Empire Page 76: 5. Rulers and Buildings Page 83: 6. Town, Traders and Craftspersons Page 91: 7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Page 97: 8. Devotional Paths to the Divine Page 103: 9. The Making of Regional Cultures Page 109: 10. Eighteenth - Century Political Formations Social and Political Life Page 116: 1. On Equality Page 122: 2. Role of the Government in Health Page 129: 3. How the State Government works? Page 135: 4. Growing Up As Boys and Girls Page 141: 5. Women Change the world Page 147: 6. Understanding Media Page 153: 7. Markets Around Us Page 158: 8. A Shirt in the Market Page 164: 9. Struggles for Equality







ASSAESSSSEMSESNMTEPNATTPTAETRTNERN MarkMsa:r4k0s: 40 Grade 7 / Social Studies Grade 7 / Social Max Internal PAPER: BEGINNER PAPER: PROFICIENT Mark Option Q.No Skill Level Difficulty Level Skill Level Difficulty Level Easy Medium Difficult Easy Medium Difficult Section A (Question Type: VSA) 11 Remembering • Remembering • 21 Understanding • Understanding • 31 Remembering • Remembering • 41 Remembering • Remembering • 51 Applying • Applying • 6 1 • Understanding • Understanding • 71 Remembering • Remembering • 8 1 • Analysing • Analysing • 91 Analysing • Analysing • 10 1 Applying • Applying • Section B (Question Type: SA) 11 3 • Remembering • Remembering • 12 3 Applying • Applying • 13 3 • Understanding • Understanding • 14 3 Applying • Applying • Section C (Question Type: LA) 15 5 • Remembering • Remembering • 16 5 Understanding • Understanding • 17 5 Analysing • Analysing • 18 3 • Map • Map • Beginner Paper: (Easy: 50%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 10%) Proficient Paper: (Easy: 40%, Medium: 40%, Difficult: 20%) Easy Question: Remembering questions directly from the text or from the given exercises. (Mostly from content of book or end of chapter exercise). Medium Difficulty Question: In-depth understanding of questions, not necessarily from the text. (Slightly modified concepts or end of chapter questions). Difficult Question: Question involving creativity like story writing, analysis question like character analysis, justification of title or extracts (mostly requires creative and thinking skills).

ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 7 / Social Studies Max Internal PAPER: BEGINNER PAPER: PROFICIENT Mark Option Q.No Skill Level Difficulty Level Skill Level Difficulty Level Easy Medium Difficult Easy Medium Difficult Section A (Question Type: VSA) 11 Remembering • Remembering • 21 Remembering • Remembering • 31 Applying • Applying • 41 Understanding • Understanding • 51 Remembering • Remembering • 61 Understanding • Understanding • 71 Remembering • Remembering • 81 Remembering • Remembering • 91 Applying • Applying • 10 1 Remembering • Remembering • 11 1 • Remembering • Remembering • 12 1 Remembering • Remembering • 13 1 Understanding • Understanding • 14 1 Applying • Applying • 15 1 • Remembering • Remembering • 16 1 Analysing • Analysing • 17 1 Analysing • Analysing • 18 1 • Remembering • Remembering • 19 1 Understanding • Understanding • 20 1 Analysing • Analysing • Section B (Question Type: SA) 21 3 • Remembering • Remembering • 22 3 Understanding • Understanding • 23 3 • Remembering • Remembering • 24 3 Applying • Applying • 25 3 Analysing • Analysing • 26 3 • Remembering • Remembering • 27 3 Understanding • Understanding • 28 3 Analysing • Analysing • Section C (Question Type: LA) 29 5 • Remembering • Remembering • 30 5 Applying • Applying • 31 5 Understanding • Understanding • 32 5 Applying • Applying • 33 5 • Understanding • Understanding • 34 5 Analysing • Analysing • Section D (Question Type: SA) 35 3 Map • Map • 36 3 Map • Map •

SYLLABUS FOR ASSESSMENT Grade 7 / Social Studies CHAPTERS PT-1 TE-1 PT-2 TE-2 Geography: 1. Environment ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 2. Inside Our Earth ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 3. Our Changing Earth ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 4. Air ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 5. Water ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife ✓ ✓ Geography: 7. Settlement, Transport and Communication ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 8. The Tropical and the Subtropical Region ✓ ✓ ✓ Geography: 9. Life in the Deserts ✓ ✓ ✓ History: 1. Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years ✓ History: 2. New Kings and Kingdoms ✓ ✓ History: 3. The Delhi Sultans ✓ ✓ History: 4. The Mughal Empire ✓ ✓ History: 5. Rulers and Buildings ✓ ✓ History: 6. Town, Traders and Craftspersons ✓ ✓ History: 7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities ✓ History: 8. Devotional Paths to the Divine ✓ History: 9. The Making of Regional Cultures History: 10. Eighteenth - Century Political Formations ✓ Social and Political Life: 1. On Equality ✓ Social and Political Life: 2. Role of the Government in Health ✓ Social and Political Life: 3. How the State Government works ✓ Social and Political Life: 4. Growing Up As Boys and Girls Social and Political Life: 5. Women Change the world Social and Political Life: 6. Understanding Media Social and Political Life: 7. Markets Around Us Social and Political Life: 8. A Shirt in the Market Social and Political Life: 9. Struggles for Equality Assessment Timeline Periodic Test - 1 22nd July to 12th August Term Exam - 1 23rd September to 21st October Periodic Test - 2 16th December to 13th January Term Exam - 2 1st March to 30th March



LESSON WISE PRACTICE SHEETS (This section has a set of practice questions grouped into different sheets based on different concepts. By answering these questions you will strengthen your subject knowledge. A self-evaluation sheet is provided at the end of every lesson.)



1. Environment Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe ecosystem and the factors affecting it. • Define environment and explain its importance. • Differentiate between natural environment and • Elaborate on the four components of environment- human environment. lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Concept Map Environment Natural Human Environment Environment Basic life support Modified as per system- lithosphere, needs hydrosphere, New inventions biosphere, atmosphere Biotic and abiotic- Land, air, water, flora and Fauna Ecosystem Development Key Points the earth. • Gravitational force of the earth holds the atmo- • Environment is our basic life support system. • It is comprised of land, water, air, flora, fauna and sphere around it. • It protects us from harmful rays and scorching heat human made things. • It is a combination of natural and human made of sun. • It consists of a number of gases, dust and water va- phenomena. • Natural environment refers to both biotic and abi- pour. • Plant and animal kingdom together make bio- otic conditions existing on earth. • Natural environment is comprised of lithosphere, sphere. • It is the narrow zone where land, water and air in- hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. • Lithosphere is the solid crust or hard top layer of teract with each other to support life. • Ecosystem is a biological community of interacting the earth. • Lithosphere is made up of rocks and minerals and organisms and their physical environment. • Human beings modify the environment according covered by a thin layer of soil. • Forests, grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture to their needs. • Humans learn new ways to use and change the en- and land for human settlement are in the litho- sphere. vironment. • Domain of water is hydrosphere- rivers, lakes, seas, • A perfect balance is necessary between the natural oceans etc. • Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds and human environment. 1

1. Environment Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Natural Environment • Definition and components- Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. PS-1 • Ecosystem Human Environment • Man makes changes in the environment based on needs. PS-2 • Needs grow with time • Man finds ways to use and change environment • Settlement and development demand changes. • Inventions changed life and environment • Perfect balance between natural and human environment Worksheet for “Environment” PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 2

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define Environment. b. World Heart Day 2. Differentiate between biotic and abiotic factors. c. World Environment Day 3. Explain the importance of lithosphere. d. World Science Day 4. Define hydrosphere. 5. Describe the importance of atmosphere. 4. Name the fourth component which our nature 6. What is biosphere? provides us. 7. Explain the term ‘Ecosystem’. 8. Why do animals, vegetation and the way people Air – Breathe; Food – Eat; Land – Live; _____ - _____ live, differ from place to place? a. Car – Drive 9. Make three uses of land water. b. Books – Read c. Water – Drink PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) d. Television – See 1. Define human environment. 5. _______ describes a living component of an 2. How do humans change the environment? ecosystem. 3. How does nature produce perfectly balanced a. Biotic b. Abiotic things for life? c. Environment 4. Why is perfect balance needed between natural d. Surrounding and human environment? 5. How are living organisms interdependent? 6. Describe an ideal environment to live in. 7. How are human activities affecting natural environment? 8. How can we maintain balance between natural environment and human environment? 9. What are the activities by which hydrosphere is badly affected? 10. What are the factors that affect human environment? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 1. Given below are some human activities: Car fumes pollute the air; land is used to build factories; industrial waste pollutes water. Which of the given statements relates to these activi- ties? a. Human beings do not do any of these activities b. Human beings enjoy the life in this way c. Human beings are polluting the environment in this way d. Human beings do this for their living 2. A trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money is called ___________. a. Exchange commodities b. Barter system c. Give and take system d. Interchange system 3. 5th June is celebrated as __________ every year. a. World literacy Day 3

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 6. Why do we always find lush green fields in Ker- II. Short Answer Questions: ala? 1. Define the following terms: a. Because it has a coastline b. It consists of lots of streams, rivers, tributaries a. Ecosystem and it rains a lot there b. Biosphere c. Because it is on the western side of India c. Atmosphere d. It has lots of backwaters 2. State the difference between biotic and abiotic 7. The surroundings or conditions in which a per- components. son, animal or plant lives or operates is called _________. 3. Humans must learn to live and use their en- a. Habitat vironment in a harmonious way. Explain this b. Environment statement. c. Ecosystem d. Neighbourhood III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Answer the following questions. 8. i) Define lithosphere. How is lithosphere useful Birds in the air to us? Animals Ii) Define human made components of environment. 2. What are the sources of water and state its uses? How can we conserve water? State the narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to sup- port life. a. Earth b. Ecosystem c. Biosphere d. Environment 9. How is the atmosphere circling around the earth without moving away? a. There is an attractive force between the various gases of the atmosphere and the earth’s crust. b. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it. c. Atmosphere is a part of the earth. Hence, it is built around the solid earth. d. None of the explanation is true. 10. How is Ozone layer helpful to us? a. It creates oxygen gas which is very useful for us b. It helps in keeping the atmosphere stable c. It protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation d. It holds the atmosphere from moving away from our earth 4

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or a III. Think and answer:  (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Humans make changes in the natural 1. In which domain of the environment, do we environment for their need but at the same find minerals and rocks? time humans find solutions to the problems resulted by their activities. Justify with 2. Define barter system. examples. 3. When is the Wold Environment day celebrated? 4. Name two natural ecosystems. II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Why is biosphere important? 2. How are abiotic conditions important for human environment? 5

2. Inside Our Earth Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Differentiate between different types of rocks. • Explain about the concentric layers of earth. • Identify the reasons and effects of • Describe the main mineral constituents of the transformation of rocks. continental mass. Concept Map Inside Our Earth Layers of Types of Rock Cycle Earth Rock Crust Igneous Rock Molten Magma Mantle Sedimentary Igneous Rocks Rock Core Metamorphic Sedimentary Rock Rocks Key Points Metamorphic Rocks • Earth is made up of many concentric layers, one in- side another. • Molten magma cools down deep inside earth’s crust to form intrusive igneous rocks- Eg: granite. • Uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is crust- the thinnest of all the layers- about 35 km on the • Rocks roll down, crack, hit and broken down to continental crust and 5 km on the ocean crust. form sediments. • Main mineral constituents of the continental mass • Sediments are transported and deposited by wind, are silica and alumina- sial. later compressed and hardened to become sedi- mentary rocks. Eg: sandstone. • Oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magne- sium- sima. • Igneousandsedimentaryrockstransformtobecome metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure. • Just beneath the crust is mantle- 2900 km deep. Eg: Clay into slate; limestone into marble. • Innermost layer is core- 3500 km- made up of nickel • Rocks are useful in making roads, houses and and iron-nife. buildings. • Central core has very high temperature and pres- • Rocks change from one type to another in a cyclic sure. manner called rock cycle. • Natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the • Igneous rocks break down to form sedimentary earth’s crust is rock. rocks and due to heat and pressure become meta- • Three major types of rocks: igneous rock, sedimen- morphic rocks. tary rocks and metamorphic rocks. • Metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure • Molten magma cools to become igneous or prima- melt down to form molten magma which again cools down to form igneous rocks. ry rocks. • Two types of igneous rocks: intrusive rocks and ex- • Rocks are made up of different mineral. • Minerals are useful to us in many ways especially in trusive rocks. • Lava is fiery red molten magma coming out from industries. 6 interior of the earth on its surface. • Molten lava rapidly cools down to form extrusive igneous rocks on the crust- Eg: basalt.

2. Inside Our Earth Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Concentric layers of earth • Concentric layers of earth: Crust- Main mineral constituents thinnest of all the layers, 35 km. of continental mass • Mantle- Just beneath crust, 2900 km deep. PS-1 • Core- innermost layer, 3500 km. • Main mineral constituents of continental mass- silica and alumina called sial; Oceanic crust- silica and magnesium, sima; core- nickel and iron-nife Rocks and Minerals • Three major types of rocks- igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks- Molten magma cools to form PS-2 igneous rocks- rocks formed that way on crust is extrusive igneous rocks- such rocks formed deep inside the crust is intrusive igneous rocks- These rocks break to form sedimentary rocks- igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks transform under great heat and pressure to form metamorphic rocks Rock cycle-transformation • Rock Cycle of rocks • Molten magma cools down to form igneous rocks • Igneous rocks break to form sedimentary rocks • Sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks transform under great heat and PS-3 pressure to form metamorphic rocks • Under great heat and pressure, metamorphic rocks turn into molten magma, then igneous rocks, then sedimentary rocks and again metamorphic rocks Worksheet for “Inside Our Earth” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 7

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define crust. 2. Explain the term Sial. 3. What is sima? 4. Define mantle. 5. Describe core. PRACTICE SHEET - 12 (PS-21) 1. What is a rock? 2. Name the three major types of rocks. 3. How are igneous rocks formed? 4. Differentiate between extrusive igneous rocks and intrusive igneous rocks. 5. Give examples for extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. 6. Define sedimentary rocks. 7. How are metamorphic rocks formed? 8. What are fossils? 9. Write a note on the usefulness of the rocks. 10. Describe the importance of rocks in the grand appearance of buildings with examples. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Explain transformation of rocks. 2. Define rock cycle. 3. How is molten magma formed? 4. What are rocks made up of? 5. Why are minerals important? PRACTICE SHEET - 41 (PS-14) I. Choose the correct option: b. M etamorphic rocks c. S edimentary rocks 1. What is the radius of our earth (approx)? d. Basalt rocks a. 3 200 km b. 6 371 km 4. Process of transformation of the rock from one c. 4 5000 km to another is known as the _________. d. 2200 km a. Rock birth b. Rock transformation 2. Name the main mineral constituents of the con- c. Rock cycle tinental mass. d. R ock modification a. Iron and aluminium b. Silica and iron 5. What are fossils? c. S ilica and Alumina a. It is a name of some company. d. S ilica and magnesium b. The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks . 3. Which type of rocks is found in Deccan Plateau? c. Some dead organisms upon heat and pressure a. Igneous rocks inside earth convert into solid rocks called 8

PRACTICE SHEET - 14 (PS-14) fossils. II. Short Answer Question: d. T he rocks on which we can find remains of dead 1. Explain the minerals that are found in rocks. (U) 2. What does this picture denote? Explain it briefly. animals are called fossils. 3. Give reasons: 6. A fiery red molten liquid comes out from the a. Metamorphic rocks change into igneous rocks. interior of the earth on its surface. What is it b. Most ancient monuments are made of called? limestone a. M agma c. We cannot go near the core of our earth b. Volcano c. Lava III. Long Answer questions: d. F ossil 1. What are rocks and its types? What are its uses? 2. What are fossil fuels? State their uses. Are they 7. The rock cycle is driven by two forces: a. Earth’s internal heat engine and hydrological harmful to our environment? cycle b. Gravitational pull of earth’s crust and the magnetic field of earth c. Internal and external heat of the earth d. Atmospheric pressure and earth’s crust pressure 8. What is the special feature of famous iron pillar? a. It is made up of bricks and stands tall b. The pillar made of iron which is high resistance to corrosion and stands as testimony to the high level of skilled ancient Indian iron smiths c. I t is made up of sandstone which did not have any corrosion d. It is made up of a single rock standing tall 9. How does clay change into slate and limestone into marble? a. u nder great heat and pressure inside the earth. b. after few years clay becomes dry and hard and changes into slate. c. after few years the chemical combination changes and converts clay into slate. d. d ue to various factors like atmospheric temperature, time lapse and various weather conditions. 10. Why is the earth’s core hot? a. Frictional heating, caused by denser core material. b. Heat from when the planet formed and accreted. c. H eat from the decay of radioactive elements. d. A ll of the above. 9

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. How do minerals contribute to the economy 1. Name the innermost layer of the earth. of the country? 2. Name the rocks that contain fossils. 3. What kind of rock is marble? 4. What is sial? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Which layer of the earth is the largest? Describe it. 2. How are primary rocks formed? 10

3. Our Changing Earth Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Realize the reasons for change in the landforms. • Describe the movements of the lithospheric plates. • Elaborate on work of a river, work of sea waves, • Explain endogenic and exogenic forces. • Understand the cause and effects of earthquakes work of ice and work of wind. and volcanic eruption. Concept Map Our Changing Earth Reasons for Major Land Results change Forms Movement of Work of a river Earthquake Lithospheric Plates Endogenic Waterfall Volcanoes forces Exogenic forces Work of Destruction Seawaves Work of Ice Work of Wind Key Points • Large, small, rigid, irregularly shaped plates that called focus. carry continents and oceans on earth’s crust is • The place on the surface above the focus is called called Lithospheric plates. epicentre. • Lithospheric plates move slowly because of the • Greatest damage is usually closest to epicentre and movements of molten magma inside the earth. decreases away from the centre. • Molten magma inside the earth moves in a circular • Studying animal behaviour is the method adopted way. by people to predict earthquake. • Forces which act in the interior of the earth are • Due to weathering and erosion, landscape is being called endogenic forces. worn away continuously. • Forces that work on the surface of the earth are • Different agents like water, wind and ice erode the called exogenic forces. landscape. • Endogenic forces produce sudden movements and • Work of river, work of waves, work of ice and work slow movements at times. of wind are responsible for erosion. • Sudden movements like earthquakes and volca- 11 noes cause mass destruction. • When volcanoes erupt, molten magma flows out to the earth’s crust. • Vibration of earth’s surface due to the movements of lithospheric plates causes earthquake. • The starting point of movement of earthquake is

3. Our Changing Earth Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Lithospheric Plates, • Definition of lithospheric plates, PS-1 Movements of Lithospheric Reasons for movements of lithospheric Plates plates • Force leading to movements- Endogenic forces and exogenic forces Effects of Movements • Sudden movements of lithospheric of Lithospheric Plates – plates result in earthquake and earthquakes and volcanoes volcano • Earthquake – starting point of PS-2 vibration, focus- place on the surface above the focus, epicentre • Damages caused due to earthquake • Prediction of earthquake observing animal behaviour • Safety measures Major Landforms • Weathering and erosion. • Work of River. • Work of sea waves. • Work of ice. • Work of wind Worksheet for “Our Changing Earth” PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 12

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are lithospheric plates? 2. State the reason for the movements of lithospheric plates. 3. Differentiate between endogenic and exogenic forces. 4. How do earthquakes and volcanoes affect earth’s surface? 5. Define volcano. 6. How are earthquakes caused? 7. Explain the term ‘focus’. 8. Define epicentre. 9. Where does the greatest damage usually happen during an earthquake? 10. How do local people predict an earthquake? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Explain the two main processes that create various landforms. 2. Define meanders. 3. How is ox-bow lake formed? 4. Explain the formation of floodplain and levees. 5. How are deltas formed? Name a few rivers that form deltas. 6. Describe sea caves. 7. Explain the formation of sea arches. 8. What are stacks? 9. How do glaciers lead to the formation of lakes? 10. Describe the formation of glacier moraines. 11. Define mushroom rocks. How are they formed? 12. What are sand dunes? 13

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 6. What is caused by the sudden movements of the 1. Can you name this instrument? earth? a. Delta a. Galvanometer b. Cloud bursts b. Seismograph c. Earthquake c. Manometer d. Springs d. Anemometer 2. Which of the following rivers do not form a 7. The landscape is being continuously worn away delta? by two processes. Name them. a. Brahmaputra a. Weathering b. Amazon b. Erosion c. N armada c. Wind d. Indus d. Option a and b 3. The highest waterfall is Angel Falls of Venezuela in South America 8. What happens to the rocks in a river? a. Niagara water falls a. All the sand gets carried away and rocks remain. b. A ngel falls b. Rocks move downstream if it is a sloppy place. c. Victoria falls c. Erosion occurs when the pieces broken from d. Jog falls the rock get carried away by the river. 4. Why do lithosphere plates move around though d. Rocks are not movable with water. slowly? a. Because of the movement of the molten 9. Why are rocks narrower base and wider top in deserts? magma inside the earth. a. They have surfaced in that way. b. Because of the rotation of the earth. b. This is due to wind erosion. c. B ecause of the gravitational pull of the earth. c. The rocks are cut in that shape by people to d. B ecause of the way the magnetic field of the take shelter under it from the hot sun. d. The rocks grow larger on top as they are formed earth’s crust. due to large deposition of sand on them. 5. The earth’s crust consists of several large and 10. What should not be done during earthquakes? some small, rigid, irregularly shaped plates. a. Stay away from fire places, areas around What are these called? chimneys, windows that shatter including a. Tectonic plates mirrors and picture frames. b. Lithosphere plates b. Find a safe spot like under a kitchen counter, c. Earth’s crust table or desk, against an inside corner or wall. d. Volcanic plates c. Use a lift to get down faster from a tall building d. Be prepared and spread awareness amongst your friends and family members 14

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) II. Short Answer Question: 1. What can you see in the picture? Describe it. 2. Glaciers affect the landscape of that place. Explain. 3. How does the concept of erosion and deposition work on coastal land forms? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Answer the following: i) What are exogenic and endogenic forces? ii) What is an earthquake and how is it caused? How do you survive an earthquake? 2. How does a river change the earth’s surface? Why are rocks in rivers smooth? 15

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Enlist a few measures to be taken during 1. Name the machine that is used to measure earthquake. earthquake. 2. Define sea cliffs. 3. What is meant by loess? 4. Which is the highest waterfall in the world? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. How are beaches formed? 2. How are the rocks of deserts different from rocks seen in other areas? 16

4. Air Learning Outcomes • Differentiate between weather and climate. • Enlist the factors affecting weather. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Discuss the factors determining the climate of a • Explain the importance of atmosphere. • Describe the composition of atmosphere. place at different times of the day and year. • Illustrate the structure of atmosphere. Concept Map Air Composition of Weather and Structure of Atmosphere Climate Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen Temperature Troposphere 21 % Oxygen Air Pressure Stratosphere All others Wind Mesosphere 0.04% Moisture Thermosphere Dust and Moisture Argon 0. 93 % Exosphere Key Points • Atmosphere is the air-cover around the earth. • Increased volume of carbon dioxide is resulting in • All living beings depend on atmosphere for the air global warming. to breathe. • Earth’s atmosphere is divided into five layers: tropo- • It also protects us from harmful effects of sun rays. sphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, • Heat of the sun can bake us alive and cold nights exosphere. can freeze us without atmosphere. • Troposphere (13  km high) is the most important • Atmosphere consists of many gases like nitrogen, layer as the air, we breathe exists here. oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon etc. • Rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur to troposphere. • 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen which plants need • Stratosphere (50 km high) is free from clouds and for survival. associated with weather phenomenon. • Plants cannot take nitrogen directly from air. • Stratosphere contains a layer of ozone gas. • A bacteria that lives in the soil and roots take nitro- • Mesosphere (80 km high) is above stratosphere. • Meteorites burn up in this layer. gen from the air. • In thermosphere (80-400 km), temperature increas- • The bacteria changes the form of nitrogen so that es very rapidly. plants can use it. • Ionosphere is part of thermosphere. • 21% of atmosphere is oxygen which all living be- • Radio waves are transmitted through and reflected ings need for breathing. back through thermosphere. • Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthe- • Exosphere, the uppermost layer has very thin air. • Light gases like helium and hydrogen floats into the sis. • Carbon dioxide is used by plants to make food and space from exosphere. • Weather is the state of atmosphere at a particular they release oxygen. • Concentration of carbon dioxide in the air increas- place and time. es by burning fuels and other things. 17

4. Air • Weather is determined by temperature, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain etc. • Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by earth. • Temperature decreases moving away from equator and with heights. • Air pressure is highest at sea level and decreases with height. • Movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure area is wind. • Three types of wind-permanent winds, seasonal winds, local winds. • Moisture in the air is known as humidity. • Heat of the sun results in evaporation and vapours cool down to form clouds. • When these droplets of water become too heavy to float in the air, they come down as precipitation (rain). • Three types of rainfall: convectional, orographic and cyclonic rainfalls. • Rainfall is essential for survival of plants and • animals. 18

4. Air Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Atmosphere-definition and • Blanket of air cover around the earth. composition • Essential to support life on earth. • Protects us from getting baked alive PS-1 in the heat of the sun, and from being frozen in the cold nights. • Composition of Atmosphere: Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21% Argon 0.93%., Others .04% • Uses of the component gases of atmosphere • Balance of carbon dioxide due to absorption for photosynthesis Layers of atmosphere • Structure of atmosphere • Troposphere-13 km high, contains PS-2 the air we breathe, rainfall, fog and hailstorm occurs here • Stratosphere- 50 km- free from clouds, associated with weather, makes condition ideal for airplanes, protection from harmful rays • Mesosphere- 80 km- meteorites burn here • Thermosphere- 80-400 km- Helps in transmission and reflection of radio waves • Exosphere- uppermost layer, Thin air- light gases like helium and hydrogen float into air from here Weather and climate-Factors • Definitions PS-3 affecting weather and • Factors affecting weather and climate: climate Temperature, Air Pressure, Wind, Moisture Worksheet for “Air” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 19

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define atmosphere. 2. How is atmosphere useful? 3. Name the most plentiful gas in the atmosphere and how is it useful? 4. How do plants get nitrogen from the air? 5. How is the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air balanced? 6. How is the balance of carbon dioxide in the air affected? 7. How does air circulation take place? 8. Why is carbon dioxide called as green house gas? 9. Define global warming. 10. What are the effects of global warming? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Name the layers of earth’s atmosphere. 2. Which is the most important layer of atmosphere? 3. Why is troposphere considered as the most important layer of atmosphere? 4. Name the layer of atmosphere that contains a layer of ozone. 5. Why is ozone layer important? 6. Describe stratosphere. 7. What do you know about mesosphere? 8. Explain the condition of thermosphere. 9. Name the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. 10. How is the condition of exosphere? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Differentiate between weather and climate. 14. Why do we see white trail when jet planes fly? 2. Define temperature. 15. Name the three types of rainfall. 3. How do you know that the temperature of the 20 atmosphere changes not only between day and night? 4. What is insolation? 5. Why does the temperature decrease from equator to poles? 6. Define air pressure. 7. Why don’t we feel air pressure? 8. How does air pressure affect the weather? 9. Define wind and name the three types of wind. 10. What are Permanent winds? 11. How are seasonal winds different from local winds? 12. What is humidity? 13. Why is humidity more when the day is hot? Why do we feel very uncomfortable on humid days?

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a 1. The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is perfect balance. Then how do you think co2 is known as _______. increasing? a. Heat b. Weather a. Burning of fuels, such as coal and oil c. Temperature d. Summer/winter b. Burning of wood 2. Moisture in the air at any time is known as c. Deforestation ____________. a. Humidity d. All of the above b. Temperature c. Condensity 9. A strong, dusty, gusty, hot and dry summer wind d. precipitation from the west which blows over the western Indo-Gangetic Plain region of North India in the 3. Which instrument is used in measuring month of May and June is called _________. atmospheric pressure? a. Westerlies a. A nemometer b. Loo b. Barometer c. Trade winds c. Wind vane d. Easterlies d. R ain gauge 10. Nitrogen gas is useful in the growth of plant. 4. Which of the following gases is used in fire extin- How does a plant take in? guishers? a. Some plants have a kind of bacteria in their a. Oxygen roots which helps them to take . b. Carbon dioxide b. Sometimes farmers use fertilizers rich in c. Nitrogen nitrogen. d. H elium c. Nitrogen is optional for plants. d. Option a and b. 5. Most of the ground water comes from a. Rivers II. Short Answer Questions: b. Lakes and ponds c. Rain water 1. State the difference between weather and cli- d. A quifers mate. 6. Apart from carbon dioxide and oxygen, plants 2. Explain the effects of a storm with an example. use another gas for their growth. Name it. a. Helium 3. Analyse the following: b. Water vapour a. Astronauts need to wear special space suits c. Nitrogen when on moon. d. Methane b. Temperature in cities is much higher than that of villages 7. Nitrogen and oxygen together account for 99% c. Jet planes flying in the sky leave a white trail of the atmosphere but has no influence on behind them. Earth’s temperature because a. They absorb heat but do not give out III. Long Answer Questions: b. They do not cause any reaction 1. What is atmosphere? Describe its structure. c. they do not absorb heat 2. What are Green house gases? What are the d. they are non-reacting gases causes of global warming and what are its 8. The amount of carbon dioxide released by effects? 21

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Describe the disastrous effects of cyclone. 1. Which of the layer of atmosphere is free from clouds? 2. What happens to air pressure as we go up the layers of atmosphere? 3. Name two forms of precipitations. 4. Give the name of the instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 marks) 1. Why do astronauts have to wear special space suits while going to moon? 2. Why is global warming dangerous? 22

5. Water Learning Outcomes • Realise that only about 2% of total water available on earth is fit for drinking. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Illustrate the process of water cycle. • Describe waves, tsunami, ocean currents and • Explain the reason for salinity of the ocean water. their effects. Concept Map Water Basic Facts Ocean Circulation Water Cycle Waves Availability Tides Distribution Ocean Currents Key Points • Earthquake, volcanic eruption or underwater landslide can shift large amount of ocean water • Heat of the sun causes evaporation of water. and result in huge tidal waves called tsunami. • Water vapour cools down and condenses to form • Tsunami causes heavy damages. clouds. • Tsunami that hit on 26th December 2004 had caused • Clouds pour down on the land as rain, snow or major destructions in Andaman. sleet. • Indira Point, the southernmost point of India got • Circulation of water forms between oceans, completely submerged in water. atmosphere and land is known as water cycle. • Earthquake cannot be predicted but it is possible • The major sources of fresh water are the rivers, to give a three hour notice of a potential tsunami. ponds, springs and glaciers. • Early warning systems are there across the Pacific • Ocean water contains large amount of dissolved Ocean but not across Indian Ocean. salt and hence it is saline. • In 2004 December, tsunami ravaged the South and • More than 3/4th of earth’s surface is covered by South east Asian coasts. water. • First indication of tsunami is the rapid withdrawal • 97.3% of total water is in the oceans and so unfit of water from the coastal region. for drinking. • Destructive waves at tremendous speed make • Water is essential for survival of life on earth. • Movements that occur in oceans can be categorised tsunami deadly dangerous. • Rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice a day is as waves, tides and currents. • Waves are formed when wind blows across the called tide. ocean surface. 23

5. Water • Strong gravitational pull exerted by sun and moon • When the moon is in its first and last quarters, ocean on earth’s surface causes the tides. water gets drawn diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun resulting in low tides. • Moon’s gravitational force causes high tide. • During full moon day, the sun, moon, and earth are • Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite in same line and the tides are highest. directions. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Water cycle, terrarium, • Evaporation of water from the ocean distribution of water due to heat of the sun, condensation, formation of clouds, precipitation, Repetition of the process PS-1 • Definition of terrarium- earth as a terrarium • Distribution of water- ocean 97.3% remaining 2.7% into ice caps, ground water, fresh water lakes, inland seas and salt lakes, moisture in the atmosphere, rivers etc., • Location of major seas and rivers on world map Ocean Circulation- Waves, • Water in the ocean moves continuously Tsunami, Tides, Ocean • Movements that occur in the ocean are Currents waves, tides and currents • Waves are the result of wind scraping PS-2 across the surface of the ocean- • Tsunami-Huge tidal waves caused by earthquake, volcano eruption and landslide • Tides- High tide- low tide- Ocean Currents Worksheet for “Water” PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 24

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define terrarium. 2. How do we get rain and snow? 3. Describe water cycle. 4. Why is our earth compared to a terrarium? 5. Name the major sources of fresh water. 6. Why is the water in the ocean saline? 7. How are the swimmers able to float in the Dead Sea Israel? 8. Why do so many countries face water scarcity? 9. Why is water important to us? Why should it be conserved? 10. On World Map, locate Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Arctic Ocean, Black Sea, Lake Victoria. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What are waves? How are waves formed? 2. Why do storms cause damage? 3. Define tsunami. 4. Explain the reasons for the tsunami that caused havoc in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. 5. Why are tsunamis rare in the Indian Ocean compared to the Pacific Ocean? 6. What was the reason for the large damage caused to life and property during tsunami on 26th December 2004? 7. What is a tide? 8. How are high tides caused? 9. How are high tides useful? 10. What are ocean currents? 11. How do the ocean currents influence the temperature? 12. What happens when warm and cold currents meet? 25

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: d. A ll of the above 1. Name this model set up of plants. 7. Why is ocean water salty? a. Terrarium a. The ocean water is polluted with many b. Plant aquarium chemicals which give this pungent taste c. Bonsai b. The ocean water contains large amount of d. Artificial aquarium dissolved salts in it 2. The major sources of fresh water are . c. The ocean bed is made up of sodium chloride a. Rivers, ponds which is a life sustenance for various aquatic b. Springs animals c. Glaciers d. The aquatic animals are prone to give out the d. All of the above salt from their bodies which mixes with water 3. The chemical name (scientific name) of com- mon salt is _______. 8. What are the various indications of tsunami? a. Ammonium chloride a. A strong earthquake b. Sodium chloride b. Withdrawal of water from the coastal region, c. Sodium nitrate c. Followed by rapid and destructive wave with a d. Potassium chloride loud roar 4. Why is March 22 celebrated as World water day? d. All of the above a. The day is celebrated to focus on the importance 9. Why do swimmers float in the Dead Sea? of water and the need to preserve it. a. The ocean bed in Dead Sea is very shallow b. That day usage of water is reduced. which enables a swimmer to float on it c. It was one of the day when a major Tsunami b. The swimmers knows to swim and float on water occurred in the world. c. The extremely high concentration of dissolved d. I t is a day when people help each other and see mineral salts in the water causes the water to be denser which in turn makes our body float that nobody is deprived of water. on it 5. _______ is a series of waves caused by d. None of the above are correct earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. 10. If there is more water than land on this earth, a. Waves why do so many countries face water scarcity? b. Tide a. 97% of sea water is saline and not suitable for c. Tsunami drinking. d. N eap tide b. The fresh water on the land is not distributed 6. When can there be a shift of large amounts of evenly every where. ocean water? c. Most of the available water is getting polluted a. A underwater volcanic eruption with the industrialisation and development. b. An underwater earthquake d. All of the above. c. U nderwater landslides 26

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Define the following: a. Waves b. Ocean currents c. Water cycle 2. Mark five oceans on the world map. 3. What are the major problems that the world is facing regarding water? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Define tide. Also explain spring tide and neap tide and their uses. 2. ‘Water is absolutely essential for survival’- Explain this statement. What measures need to be taken to preserve this resource? 27

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence: (4 Marks) III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) 1. When is World water Day celebrated? 1. When do we have high tides and low tides? How are the high tides useful? 2. What is precipitation? 3. Define salinity. 4. Which were the worst affected areas in India during the 26th December 2004 tsunami? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Mention three disastrous effects of the tsunami that ravaged the Indian Ocean in 2004. 2. On the World Map, locate the following: Caribbean Sea, Caspian Sea 28

6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe the features of wild life found in different • Understand that the flora and fauna of a place regions. change as per altitude and climate. • Compare and contrast the type of vegetation and • Explain about the type of vegetation found in wild life found in different regions. different geographical regions. • Illustrate the impact of deforestation. Concept Map Key Points • Thorny bushes are found in deserts and dry regions. • Thick tropical hardwood forests are found in humid • Case Study: Visit to Manali- changes in the vegetation as travelled up the mountain. regions. • Tropical evergreen forests are found near equator • Deep jungles with sal and teak at the foothills, trees with pointed leaves and cone shaped canopies on and close to the tropics. the mountain slopes. • Tropical rain forests are found in areas with heavy • Further up land covered with short grass and snow. rainfall throughout the year. • There is close relationship between height of land • Since there is no dry season, trees do not shed and the nature of vegetation. leaves altogether. • With changes in climate also, natural vegetation • Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon change from place to place. forests- India, Australia, central America. • The growth of vegetation depends on the • Shed leaves in dry season to conserve water- temperature, moisture, soil etc. hardwood trees are found here. • Forests: Dense vegetation where temperature and • Tigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys are rainfall are plentiful. found in tropical deciduous forests. • Grasslands: Grows in regions of moderate rain. • Temperate evergreen forests are found in mid • Shrubs: Thorny by nature and grow in dry regions. • Coniferous forests are found in sub polar regions. latitudinal coastal region. 29

6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife • Temperate deciduous forests are found in higher latitudes- shed leaves in dry seasons. • Mediterranean vegetation –thick barks and wax coated leaves-dry summer and mild rainy winter areas. • Coniferous forests are found in higher latitudes-tall softwood evergreen forests. • Silver fox, mink and polar bear are found in the coniferous forests. • Grasslands: found on either sides of the equator- moderate or low amount of rain fall-tall grass. • Elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopard etc. are common in grasslands. • Temperate Grasslands- found in mid latitudinal zones- short and nutricious grass. • Wild buffaloes, bisons, antilopes are common in temperate grasslands. • Thorny bushes are found in desert regions- very less vegetation due to lack of rain and extreme heat. • Growth of vegetation is less in polar regions- only mosses and lichens and very small shrubs found here. • Tundra type vegetation grows during the brief summer in polar regions. • Seal, walrus, musk oxen, arctic owl, polar bear are the animals found in these regions- they have thick skin and thick fur. • People clear forests for making places to live and work and cultivate. • Depletion of the flora and fauna can be the result of deforestation. 30

6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Work plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Types of vegetation, Factors • Different types of vegetation- affecting the types of forests, grasslands, shrubs vegetation • Factors affecting the types of vegetation- altitude, PS – 1 temperature, rain • Characteristics of wildlife inhabiting in regions with different types of vegetation Types of Forests, Vegetations • Types of Forests: in Dry and High Regions • Tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, temperate PS – 2 evergreen, temperate deciduous, mediterranean • Coniferous, Tropical Grasslands and Temperate Grass Lands, Thorny bushes Wildlife, Effect of • Types of wildlife found in PS – 3, Deforestation different regions PS – 4 • Impact of deforestation • Fear of depletion Worksheet for “Natural Vegetation and Wildlife” PS-5 Evaluation with self check or Self evaluation peer check 31

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the factors that decide the vegetation of a place? 2. What are the three categories of natural vegetation? 3. What are the factors affecting the growth of forests? 4. Where do we find grasslands? 5. Where do shrubs grow? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What is meant by tropical evergreen forests? 2. Why is tropical rainforest of Brazil called as the lungs of the earth? 3. Write a short note on tropical deciduous forests. 4. What are the kinds of wild life found in tropical deciduous forests? 5. Where do we find temperate evergreen forests? 6. Where are temperate deciduous forests located? 7. What are the kinds of wild life commonly found in temperate deciduous forests? 8. What do you know about Mediterranean vegetation? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 11. What are the characteristics of animals found in polar regions? 1. Where do we find coniferous forests? 2. What are the kinds of animals found in coniferous forests? 3. What do you know about tropical grasslands? 4. Which are the animals found in tropical grasslands? 5. Describe temperate grasslands. 6. What are the kinds of animals found in temperate grasslands? 7. What are the different names of grasslands in different regions? 8. Where do we find thorny bushes? 9. What are the vegetation found in the polar region? 10. What is Tundra? 32

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What do you understand about the types of wildlife seen in different geographical regions? 2. Why do humans clear forests? 3. What can happen to the flora and fauna if the forests are cleared? 4. How will humans get affected if forests are cleared? 5. What are the possible ways to conserve flora and fauna? 33

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: 7. From the following, which of the statement does not suit the feature of evergreen rain forest? 1. Where do we find these animals? a. The trees do not shed their leaves. a. Temperate grasslands b. T hick canopies of the closely spaced trees. b. Polar regions c. Soft wood trees are found here. c. Equatorial region d. sunlight to penetrate inside the forest. d. Evergreen forests 8. Why are coniferous forest called that way? 2. The trees of coniferous forests are very useful a. Because their seeds are produced in cones. for making pulp. Why? b. T he trees are cone in shape. a. They are available in abundance. c. T he fruits are cone in shape. b. They are economical to make. d. They are on mountainous region which are also c. They are tall, softwood trees. conical in shape. d. They are suitable for making paper from the pulp. 9. Why do we find changes in the vegetation as we climb higher altitudes? 3. ________, one of the world’s largest snakes is a. Change in temperature found in the tropical rainforest. b. Change in moisture a. Python c. Slope and thickness of soil b. Anaconda d. A ll of the above c. Cobra d. Viper 10. How do Mediterranean trees adapt themselves for dry summers? 4. Which of the trees do not grow in tropical a. They wither their leaves in dry summers. evergreen forests? b. They adapt to thick barks and wax coated leaves a. Ebony which will help them to reduce transpiration. b. Teak c. Trees store water in their xylem and transpire c. Mahogany very less during summers. d. R osewood d. Leaves are cone shaped with less surface which enables less transpiration. 5. Mediterranean regions are also known as ___________for their fruit cultivation. II. Short Answer Questions: a. Fruit orchards b. Mediterranean orchards 1. Do we find any vegetation in deserts and cold c. Orchards of the world regions? d. Floral orchard 2. Give reasons: 6. Most of the east and north east margins of the . Tropical rain forest is called evergreen forest. continents are covered by temperate evergreen . Deciduous trees shed leaves. and deciduous trees. Similarly, the west and south west margins of the continents are 3. Suggest some measures to conserve the deple- covered by ______. tion of our diversified flora and fauna. (Analyze) a. Tropical evergreen forests b. Mediterranean vegetation III. Long Answer Questions: c. Grasslands d. Thorny bushes 1. Describe briefly about grasslands and their types. 2. Can you tell why is tropical evergreen forest in Brazil called ‘lungs of our earth’? a. How is this forest being exploited in recent times? b. What is the cause of Amazon forest fire? 34

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: [5 Marks] sentence: [4 Marks] 1. Which is the largest snake in the world? 1. Why do types and thickness of vegetation change from place to place? 2. What is Taiga? 3. In which part of the world is seasonal grassland found? 4. Why are the Mediterranean regions called as the ‘Orchards of the world’? II. Answer the following questions briefly:[6 Marks] 1. Mention the uses of coniferous forests. 2. The animals of Polar Regions have thick fur and thick skin. 35

7. Settlement, Transport and Communication Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Compare and contrast rural and urban life. • Understand about the gradual developments in the • Illustrate the development in the field of life of human beings. communication and information technology. • Explain the changes in the life of man from primitive time to settled life. • Describe the advancement in the field of transport with the invention of wheel. Concept Map Key Points • Increasing population and number of vehicles cause pollution in cities. • Human beings depended entirely on nature for food, clothing and shelter initially. • People migrate to cities for better education and job facilities. • Later they learnt to cultivate, build homes and make better means of transport. • Increasing population results in congestion and lack of hygiene and formation of slums. • Settlements are places where people build their homes. • Villages have more open spaces and fresh air though less facilities. • Settlements were required to grow food and they settled near river valleys for water and fertile land. • Rural settlements can be scattered and urban settlements are compact. • With trade, commerce and manufacturing, human settlements became developed further and • Houses are built to match with the weather- places civilizations developed near river valleys. with heavy rainfall have houses with slanting roofs. • Settlements which are occupied for short duration are temporary settlement. • Thick mud-walled houses with thatched roofs are common in hot areas. • When people build homes and live there without moving out of it, they form permanent settlements. • With invention of wheel, transport facilities improved and people started using animals for • Transhumance is a seasonal movement of people transport. especially moving in search of new grazing lands with change of seasons. • Sea routes, railways and air routes developed with 36