202110227-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-PART1

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6. AFRICA SESSION 1 AFRICA – LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 91 1. Savannas: Tropical grasslands of Africa 2. Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground SESSION 1. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name the two large deserts of Africa. [Refer to TB page 66 Q3] A. 1) The Sahara Desert 2) The Kalahari Desert Sahara desert lies in North Africa and Kalahari desert lies in South Africa. Mapping Skills Q1. Two political maps of Africa have been given in the chapter. Compare the two to find out which European country controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. [Refer to TB page 66 Q4] A. Britain, a European country, which once controlled the present day countries of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Note : Nigeria and Zimbabwe are independent countries now. Q2. Name two countries of Africa where equatorial forests are found. [Refer to TB page 66 Q5] A. Republic of Congo, Gabon Q3. From Europe, which sea does one has to cross to reach Northern Africa ? [Refer to TB page 66 Q1] A. Mediterranean Sea Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you say that the slave trade is highly heinous? [Refer to TB page 66 Q8] A. • The slave trade began when America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. America has seen a country of great opportunities. • America had good trade routes, lots of fertile lands and lots of natural resources. • The only thing missing was workforce. • People from coastal areas of Guinea and south Africa were caught by the tribal leaders, enslaved and then sold as commodity to Europeans in exchange of clothes, guns, liquor and iron objects. • These slaves were loaded into the ships like cattle and deported to America which was quite far–off and many enslaved people used to perish by the time they reached the destination. • Due to inhuman behaviour, less food, working round the clock, lack of medicines and other care, many slaves died miserable deaths. • In 16th and 17th centuries, several European countries were engaged in slave trade and millions of slaves were taken to far off areas of north and south of America and nearby islands, • Finally, in 1860 this menacing slave trade ended and people were declared free citizens of America but after millions succumbed to death. SESSION 1. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 92

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA 1.4 Key Concepts i. Africa, a large continent to the west of India, has extensive deserts, dense forests and broad rivers. ii. Humans evolved first in Africa. iii. The world’s largest gold and diamond mines are in Africa. iv. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa from where the river Nile originates. v. The northern region of Africa is a vast desert region known as the Sahara desert. vi. Nile is the river that makes life possible in most part of Northern Africa. vii. The Equator passes through Africa. This is the hottest part on the earth. Both Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn too pass through Africa. This region is known as Temperate region. Central and Western Africa get heavy rainfall. So, there are thick and dense forests in this region. viii. Savanna is the region that gets moderate rainfall. So, there is plenty of grass in this region and it is the habitat for many animals. SESSION 1. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF AFRICA 93

SESSION 2 AFRICA – PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Pastoralists: Persons who survive by rearing cattle on the grasslands 2. Mines: Place from where natural resources like metals are dug out 3. Deserts: An arid region with very less or no vegetation SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 94

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Who benefited from the slave trade? Why did America need slaves? [Refer to TB page 66 Q7] A. • Apart from Europeans, Americans were the ones who benefitted from a slave trade. • It was to fulfil their needs for additional work on the land. • In exchange for slaves, the African tribal leaders accepted guns, iron objects, liquor and clothes. • The European traders also profited by selling slaves. • In the 16th century, many Europeans began migrating to America and started cultivation there. • There was plenty of land in America, but not enough people to work on the fields. • It was to fulfil this need for additional working hands in America, that slave trade from Africa began. Q2. State three difficulties which the European faced in reaching the interior parts of Africa. [Refer to TB page 66 Q2] A. i. Except for the coastal Africa, neither Europeans, nor Arabs nor Indians knew about the inland of Africa. ii. Apart from these large strerches of Sahara Desert and arid climate of the region added to the woes of Europeans. iii. Even after overcoming these obstacles, Europeans had to face stiff opposition from the indigenous tribes and had to fight them which resulted in lots of loss of their men. Q3. What goods did Europeans trade with Africa? What kind of agricultural produce did they promote for trade purpose? [Refer to TB page 66 Q6] A. i. The Europeans exported African timbre and other mineral produces like precious Gold metal and rocks like diamond apart from copper, tin etc. ii. Apart from that they established the plantations of tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco etc as the land, soil and climate was very conducive to grow these cash crops. They exported these to Europe. iii. Nigeria is rich land with palm trees, cocoa, rubber etc. Most of the forests were cut down and land was created for growing better and healthier plants of cocoa, tobacco and rubber etc. iv. Many processing plants were established near these fields to extract oil from palm fruit, milk from rubber plants and cocoa from cocoa plant which were exported to European countries. v. The Nigerians used to work in these processing plants while the Europeans were the managers. vi. Most of the profits was made by the Europeans whereas Nigerians were just the agricultural labourers. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the last para of this chapter and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 66 Q9] SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 95

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA A. i. The African landmass is both rich in mineral resources as well as in fertility. ii. Since both the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn along with Equator pass through it, it enjoys the advantages of both tropical and temperate climate. iii. Africa has the distinction producing Coal, Copper, Tin etc. iv. Apart from that, it is also a producer of precious metal like gold and precious rock like diamonds. v. But biggest misfortune of Africa is that, till date many of the companies belonging to European coun- tries, own these valuable mines and make huge profits like Dutch Petroleum company own rights over the petroleum resources in Nigeria and have been exporting since 1958. Oil refineries have been set up in Harcourt and Vari port. vi. Te foreign countries bring in new techniques and investments in Africa, into mining and processing industries, generating employment for local people of Africa. vii. Local people provide cheap to these companies, making huge profits, without benefitting the African land and its people. viii. In their bid to make more and more profit, these foreign companies hardly take any measures to protect the environment or provide any civic amenities to their labourers, resulting in huge health hazards. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The people here follow different lifestyles and speak different languages. ii. Most of the people are tribals with hunting and gathering as a main occupation. Savanna is inhabited by pastoralists. iii. Agriculture is only on the river banks. iv. Like India, Africa also was a colony of the European nations. Africans were taken to other nations, to work in farms and factories. This was known as Slave Trade. SESSION 2. PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE - AFRICA, EUROPE AND ASIA 96

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. British colony a. Algeria ii. Dutch company b. Namibia iii. French colony c. Congo iv. German colony d. Oil refining in Nigeria v. Belgian colony e. Egypt 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Lake b. Ocean i. Kilimanjaro c. Mountain ii. Nyasa d. River iii. Zambezi e. Desert iv. Kalahari v. Atlantic 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which is the largest lake in Africa? (ii) Which companies established control over the oil mining and refining in Nigeria? CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 97

CHAPTER 6-AFRICA (iii) Which is the only river that crosses Sahara Desert? (iv) Name the rivers of Africa? (v) Which trees are used for the extraction of oil? (vi) Name any three commercial crops that are grown in Nigeria? 4. Fill in the blanks. (vii) The River flows through Egypt. (viii) The originates from Lake Victoria. (ix) The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is the region of the world. (x) Nigeria was under the rule until 1960. (xi) A Portuguese named went around the southern tip of Africa and reached India. (xii) is the largest producer of gold and diamonds. CHAPTER 6. AFRICA 98