202110225-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (A) Yanadis (B) Chenchus (C) Gondu (D) Both A and B (iv) Hunters share the food they collected with all the of the group. (A) women (B) men (C) members (D) children (v) The period of early agriculture is called . (A) Neolithic period (B) Megalithic (C) Paleolithic period (D) Early people (vi) Growing crops started only about years ago. (A) 1,200 (B) 14,000 (C) 12,000 (D) 1,300 (vii) The earliest evidence of domestication is found at the borders of the districts of (A) Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka (B) Bihar (C) Uttar Pradesh (D) Madhya Pradesh (viii) Podu means . (A) agriculture (B) shifting agriculture (C) cattle rearing (D) none of these (ix) Pre-historic paintings have been found in rock shelters at____________. (A) Ramagundam (B) Pandavulagutta (C) Amarabad (D) Yeleswaram (x) As early people learnt to practise agriculture and grow more crops, they began to __________. (A) live in caves (B) domesticate animals (C) settle down in one place (D) make microliths CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 99

7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES SESSION 1 AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES – TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 100

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 1.2 Terminology 1. Migration: To move from one place to another place 2. Kharif: the autumn crop sown at the beginning of the summer rains. 3. Contract farming: Agreement on farming 4. Pesticide: Chemical that kills pests 5. Moneylenders: Who give money for interest 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the condition of one big farmer of your village with that of Vijayakumar in Venkatapuram. [Refer to TB page 63 Q3] A. 1) Like Vijayakumar of Venkatapuram, the big farmer (Raju) of my village has a big compound wall, inside which there is paddy harvester, a thresher and a tractor–trailer. 2) The big farmer has a large “kallam” or threshing floor used to dry the harvest. 3) He has a godown-like large shed to keep paddy, fertilizer bags and other farming equipment. 4) Raju has 25 acres of land with three borewells. 5) Raju has more than 20 murrah buffaloes whose milk he sells. 6) He has a fertilizer shop in the village. 7) Since Raju lends to farmers and other labourers in times of need, he is able to get labourers regularly to work on his fields. 8) Raju has another house in a nearby town in which his wife and children live. Q2. Who took bank loan in Venkatapuram? For what purpose did he/she take? [Refer to TB page 63Q4] A. 1) Vijayakumar took bank loan of Rs. 25 lakhs in Venkatapuram to buy the harvester and thresher. 2) He hires them out to other farmers on a rental basis. Many farmers in Venkatapuram and surrounding villages use this equipment. Q3. Compare three farmers in Venkatapuram and furnish details. [Refer to TB page 64 Q7] A. Subject Ravi Ramu Vijayakumar S. No. 2 Acres 25 Acres 1. Size of land (in 4 Acres acres) SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 101

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES S. No. Subject Ravi Ramu Vijayakumar 2. Source of Borewell Village tank 3 Borewells 3. irrigation Manual Manual Paddy harvester, 4. Agriculture tools a thresher, a 5. and tractor- trailer. 6. implements Use of fertilizers Fertilizers and Fertilizers and Fertilizers and pesticides pesticides pesticides Manner of selling Lower price, wet Lower price, wet Higher price, dried groundnut groundnuts groundnuts groundnuts Other works – Works as tractor Murrah buffaloes, driver lends money to small farmers Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read about contract farming in page 59 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 64 Q10] A. (i) Contract farmers enter into a contract with companies for production and supply of some special crops. (ii) Many farmers find this arrangement welcoming as they give advances for the crop inputs and are as- sured of the prices. However, the farmers have to bear the risk of poor harvest. (iii) In order to get high yield, under contract farming farmers apply chemical fertilizers intensively and exploit groundwater resources. Information Skills Q1. Fill in the following table (table taken from TB) : [Refer to TB page 63 Q2] A. Person Wages Wages during Wages in Wages in Men during harvesting non–agriculture government normal season season works schemes Rs. 120 Rs. 150–200 Rs. 200 –250 Rs. 150 per day per day per day Women Rs.70–80 Rs.120–150 Rs.200 Rs.150 SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 102

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Q2. Collect news items on problems faced by small and marginal farmers and the measures taken by govern- ment to mitigate their problems. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 64 Q8] A. Project work. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Now a days, all the farmers prefer cash crops to the food crops. What problems does this lead to? [Refer to TB page 64 Q9] A. There should be a balance between food crops and cash crops. If all farmers start growing cash crops only, there will be scarcity of food crops. Cash crops like sugarcane, vegetables, fruits, turmeric etc. need a lot of water. Therefore shortage of water can also become a problem in future. Q2. How do banks and moneylenders give loans to the farmers? Do you think borrowing from moneylenders is profitable? What are the alternate sources? [Refer to TB page 63 Q5] A. Banks and moneylenders give loans to the farmers on assurety of land, gold etc. Borrowing money from moneylenders is not profitable because they lend the money on a high rate of interest and are very strict on the time period of loan repayments. The alternate source is borrowing money from bank because bank lends money at a lower rate of interest. Moneylenders also give loans to the farmers by mortgaging gold, household documents or land documents. They will enter into an agreement with the farmers to recover the loan within the stipulated period. If the farmers do not adhere to the terms of the agreement, then themoneylenders opt for unlawful means to recover their money. The co–operative societies are best alternatives. If they are properly managed, they give loans at lower interest rates. Recently private financial organizations and co–operative banks started giving loans on gold and other property. Mapping Skills Q1. On the map of India, point out the regions where groundnut is grown. Take the help of atlas. [Refer to TB page 64 Q11] SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 103

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How do you think that the government can help the farmers in Venkatapuram and curb the migrations? [Refer to TB page 63 Q1] SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 104

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES A. The government can help the farmers in Venkatapuram and curb the migrations by taking the following the measures. 1) By providing easy access to bank loans 2) Run government schemes for educating farmers in modern techniques of cultivation 3) By setting up small-scale industries 4) By setting dairy farms, poultry farms, shops etc 5) By providing employment opportunity within the villages 6) By improving the conditions schools and colleges for better education of their children 7) By providing basic needs like electricity, clean drinking water etc. to improve their livelihood 8) By establishing healthcare systems for protection from diseases, infections etc. 9) By providing scholarships to needy students 10) Prompt delivery of subsidies and compensations at the time of natural calamities and crop dangers 11) Waiver of interest on loans, additional loans for the next crop, extension of repayment period, total waiver of loans of small farmers should be implemented. Q2. How do you think the conditions of farmers can be improved? [Refer to TB page 63 Q6] A. 1) By introducing government employment schemes 2) By improving their daily wages 3) Through proper education 4) Giving loans at lower interest rate 5) Providing farm requirement items like fertilizers and pesticides at subsidized prices 1.4 Key Concepts i. Farmers work in groundnut field bearing the scorching sun. ii. Female workers earn about Rs.70–80 per day whereas male workers earn Rs.120 per day. iii. During harvest or sowing seasons, women workers get Rs. 120–150 per day whereas male workers get Rs. 150–200 per day. iv. Some farmers in neighbouring villages cultivate flowers and grapes. Farmers who go regularly get em- ployment in neighbouring villages. v. Nearly two–fifths of all rural families are mainly agricultural labourers in Telangana. vi. Farmers borrow money to buy input like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. vii. Due to low yield of crop or crop failure sometimes farmers are unable to pay back their loans. viii. In some parts of Telangana, companies have made contracts with farmers to cultivate cash crops. ix. In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide finan- cial support. x. Big farmers like Vijayakumar have a large ‘Kallam’ or ‘threshing floor’ to dry the harvest,they also have godown–like large shed to keep paddy, fertilizer bags and other farming equipment. xi. The main crop of Telangana is paddy. Other food crops like ragi, jowar, maize have declined and have been replaced by cash crops like sugarcane, groundnut, chillies etc. xii. All these crops need investments in the form of seeds, water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. for which the farmers have to take loans. xiii. Nowadays agriculture in most of the areas of Telangana is dependent on borewells. xiv. Bearing the expenditure of borewell is not only a burden to small farmers but also ruins their lives. SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 105

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Venkatapuram 1. Match the following. Column A i. Harvest season of groundnut ii. Village b. Specific farming practices iii. Less earning c. Moneylenders or brokers iv. Borrow money d. Landless labourers in agricultural jobs v. Contract farming e. February 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which crop was harvested in the village of Venkatapuram? (ii) Are the earnings high in non–agricultural jobs? (iii) How does Ravi, the employer, pay the farmers in his groundnut field 106 (iv) When does Ravi employ labourers in his fields? CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES (v) During the harvest season or sowing season, how much do the male workers earn? (vi) How deep was Ramu’s bore well dug to get water? Did he get water? (vii) Which are the non–agricultural activities, the farmer does? (viii) Name any two cash crops grown in Telangana. (ix) Why does Ramu like to work in government schemes? CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 107

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 3. Fill in the blanks. (x) Vijayakumar has a large threshing floor, used to dry the harvest. (xi) Nearly 2/5th of all rural families are mainly l labourers in Telangana. (Agricultural). (xii) jobs are rare in rural areas. (xiii) Small farmers mostly borrow money from . (xiv) Many families in Venkatapuram have migrated to and . (xv) The farmers of Venkatapuram village, harvest the groundnut seeds in the month of . (xvi) Ramu depends upon the village tank for . (xvii) crop is cultivated by farmers through contract farming. Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the problems faced by the villagers of Venkatapuram? (ii) What is meant by contract farming? 108 CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES (iii) What kind of work do the farmers do in the villages of Venkatapuram? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Compare the conditions of big farmers of your village with Vijayakumar of Venkatapuram. Long Answer Type Questions 109 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How do you think the conditions of farmers can be improved? CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Suggest some measures to solve the problems faced by small farmers. CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 110

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) At present more than half of the lands in the villages in Telangana depend on . (A) canals (B) tanks 111 (C) borewells (D) None of these (ii) continues to be the main crop that is cultivated in Telangana. (A) wheat (B) paddy (C) vegetables (D) cocoa (iii) The farmer, Vijayakumar has acres of land. (A) 35 acres (B) 30 acres (C) 15 acres (D) 25 acres (iv) Vijayakumar provides for Ramu’s paddy fields. (A) water (B) fertilizers (C) seeds to dig a borewell. (D) pesticides (v) Ravi borrowed Rs. (B) 60,000 (A) 50,000 (C) 75,000 (D) 40,000 (vi) Ravi’s was also plucking groundnuts. (B) mother in law (A) mother (C) daughter (D) father (vii) In the Government employment schemes, the men as well as women earn . CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES (A) Rs.100 per day (B) Rs. 120 per day (C) Rs. 150 per day (D) Rs. 200 per day (viii) Which of the following statements is true? (A) Most agricultural labourers in Telangana are landless. (B) Agricultural labourers in Telangana get a lot of work throughout the year. (C) One can earn more as an agricultural worker than as a construction worker. (D) Women agricultural workers usually earn more than male agricultural workers. (ix) In _____________ farmers make a formal agreement with companies for production and supply of specific crops. (A) Individual farming (B) Mixed farming (C) Contract farming (D) Intensive farming (x) Extensive use of fertilizers has led to deterioration in _____. (A) groundwater resources (B) crop yield (C) farmer’s profits (D) soil quality CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 112

8A. TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE SESSION 1 TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE – TYPES OF MARKETS 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 113

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 1.2 Terminology 1. Market: A place where goods are sold 2. Rythu bazaar: A bazaar where farmers sell their fruits and vegetables 3. Paavala vaddi: An interest of 25 paisa for every 100 rupees per month 4. Self Help Group: A group of people who financially help themselves and others in time of need 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How are agricultural goods traded? [Refer to TB page 71 Q1] A. All agricultural goods are produced by farmers in villages and they reach us in many ways. People get agricultural products from street vendors, santhas and small shops. In recent times, farmers are selling their fruits and vegetables in Rythu Bazaars. We can also buy these items at supermarkets in big cities. Q2. List a few difficulties that retail traders face in their business. [Refer to TB page 72 Q3] A. Retails traders face many difficulties in doing their business. Some of them are as follows: 1) Retail traders lead a very difficult life and are chronically in debt since they borrow from moneylenders and a considerable part of their earnings goes towards paying interest or vaddi. 2) Banks generally do not lend money to these small traders. 3) They do not have facilities like refrigerators for preserving unsold vegetables and they have to be sold at a very low price. Q3. In what ways can the retail traders increase their income? [Refer to TB page 72 Q4] A. Retail traders can increase their income through a mix of better loan management and participating in additional income generating opportunities. They can increase their income by selling their products at Rythu Bazaar and also by stocking additional non–perishable essential goods of daily use like clothes, utensils etc. Also, they can better manage their interest payment by borrowing from self–help groups rather than moneylenders. The saving on interest is also an income for the traders as it simply leads to additional money in his pocket. Q4. Why do you think selling through Rythu Bazaars is better than selling through wholesale shops? [Refer to TB page 72 Q7] A. Rythu Bazaars are better for farmers in following ways: SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 114

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE i. In wholesale market, the producer (farmer) is left with no choice but to sell at the price fixed by the wholesalers. ii. There are times when farmers have to sell their produce at throwaway prices due to lack of storage facility thereby benefiting the wholesalers and leaving nothing to them. iii. Farmers do not have any bargaining power in the wholesale market and are totally dependent on the big traders for the price they get. iv. Rythu Bazaar provides opportunity to farmers to directly interact with customer and sell their goods at a fair price. v. Rythu Bazaar gives farmers a level playing field, where they can bargain and sell goods. Q5. What is Rythu Bazaar? What are its benefits and limitations? [Refer to TB page 72 Q10] A. Rythu Bazaar is a market in which the farmers directly sell their goods to consumers. There are no media- tors. Benefits: 1) Along with fruits, vegetables there are many other essential edible items like pulses, tamarind, dry chillies and edible oils. 2) These are available at reasonable prices. 3) The farmer gets full price for his hard work. 4) The customer gets full value for their money. 5) The farmers feel happy when their customers bargain and buys goods. 6) Farmers can check internet for the prices of goods in bazaar and sell their goods there. Space is available for storing the goods. Limitations : 1) If the farmer is late to bazaar, it is difficult to get good space to sell his vegetables. He will be left with remote corners. 2) No sufficient space for parking the vehicles is available and hence it is risky. 3) Some people in the guise of farmers come to sell vegetables in the bazaar. 4) No proper check by authorities on the price tags. Q6. What are the differences and similarities between borrowing money from moneylenders, banks and self–help groups? [Refer to TB page 72 Q6] SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 115

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE A. BANKS SELF–HELP GROUPS MONEYLENDERS Similarities : 1) Lend money 1) Lend money 1)Lend money 2) Take money in term loans 2) Take money in term loans 2)Take money in term loans 3) Lend money with some 3) Lend money with some 3)Lend money with some surety surety surety Differences : 1) Lend money to all 1) Lend money only to traders 1) Lend money to members categories of people with substantial surety and assets. 2) Lend money through 2) Lend money with high rate 2) Lend money with reasonable government scheme of of interest or vaddi rate of interest. “paavala vaddi” (25 paisa for every 100 rupees per month) 3) Lend money per day or 3) Lend money monthly 3) Lend money monthly month Similarities :–1) For all the above the borrower has to pay interest. 2) Each of them lend traders only for business purposes. Q7. Why does Panchayat or Municipality collect money from traders in Choutuppal santha? [Refer to TB page 72 Q11] A. Reasons for Panchayat or municipality collecting money from traders in Choutuppal santha are as follows: 1) In Choutuppal santha, separate space has been allotted for trading cattle, grocery items and non–edible items. 2) For trading cattle, sheds with facilities are also available. 3) Besides agricultural produce like chilli, industrial products of daily use are also available. 4) The money will be utilized for betterment of the santha area or to provide facilities to the buyers as well as sellers. 5) Hence the traders pay about Rs. 10 each to the Town panchayat as tax. Q8. List the differences between Gouri, Indra and Ramgopal on the following issues. [Refer to TB page71 Q2] SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 116

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE Gouri Indra Ramgopal in Rythubazaar Where do they get money for doing business? Where are the goods sold ? How are the prices fixed? A. Gouri Indra Ramgopal in Rythubazaar Where do they get Moneylender, self help Self help group Government officers money for doing group or wholesale business? merchant Where are the Streets Santha Rythubazaar goods sold ? How are the prices Depending on the Depending on the 25% more than fixed? quality of the goods quality of the goods wholesale price and less than retail price Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph “Vendors like gowri. . . small trader become poorer”, on page no.66 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 72 Q8] A. Student Activity Mapping Skills Q1. With the help of your teacher, locate the places in the map of your district where weekly fair (Santha) are held? [Refer to TB page 72 Q9] SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 117

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE A. Student Activity. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why is it better to borrow from self–help groups rather than a moneylender? [Refer to TB page 72 Q5] A. 1) It is better to borrow from self–help groups rather than a moneylender because in the self–help group, interest is only 25 paisa for every 100 rupees per month. This is due to the government scheme of ‘Paavala vaddi’ for low income earners. 2) Moneylenders charge high rate of interest (Rs. 3 for every hundred rupees per month). 3) The repayment at S.H.G is only on monthly basis, but the moneylenders squeeze interest on daily basis. SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 118

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 4) In S.H.G (Self Help Groups) there is co–operation. If a member is unable to pay, the co–members may help him/her. It is not possible to get the same benefit with moneylenders because they borrow at a higher rate of interest. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Every day we consume rice, millets, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, sugar, tea, coffee etc. ii. People get these agricultural products from street vendors, santhas and small shops. iii. In recent times farmers are selling their fruits and vegetables in Rythu Bazaar. iv. Gouri is a small vegetable vendor residing in Sripuram village. She buys seasonal vegetables from the wholesale vegetable market in a nearby town and sells them in streets carrying the vegetables in a basket on her head. v. In towns, many vendors have a permanent place, hired either from the municipality or from private shop owners. vi. Vendors like Gouri lead a very difficult life and are chronically in debt. Since they borrow from moneylen- ders, a considerable part of their earning goes towards paying interest or vaddi. vii. Markets held for a day in the week at different localities of a town or at different small towns are called santhalu. viii. The traders move from one santha to another and sell their goods. ix. In the Choutuppal Santha, more than 200 traders sell vegetables, fruits, clothes, meat, fish, handmade and readymade footwear, cosmetics, ropes and other equipment for cattle–rearing, sickles etc. x. Indra, aged 36, has been selling dry chillies in santhas for many years. xi. Indra took loan from a self–help group. xii. She pays only 25 paisa for every 100 rupees per month. This is due to the government scheme of Paavala vaddi for low income earners. xiii. Nearly three–fourths of traders in santhalu are women. xiv. ‘Rythu Bazaars’ are the markets in which the producers directly sell their goods to consumers. xv. In India there are more than 25,000 santhas . xvi. Both the consumers and the producers are beneficiaries through rythu bazaar. SESSION 1. TYPES OF MARKETS 119

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A i. Weekly market a. Helpful to low income group ii. Sunday santha b. A person who purchases goods for personal use iii. Paavala vaddi c. Buyer and seller iv. Trader d. Santha v. Consumer e. Choutuppal 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) From where do people buy the agricultural products? (ii) Expand SHG. (iii) How much money does Gouri spend on transport for selling vegetables? (iv) How can you say that santhas are an important livelihood? 120 CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (v) Why are the small vendors mainly in debt? (vi) For which purpose do many farmers come to the santhalu? (vii) Is it beneficial to borrow money from the banks? (viii) Do you think the customers are happy in the Rythu Bazaar? (ix) What are the markets that are held in different localities once in a week called as? CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 121

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (x) How are prices fixed for the produce? 3. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The is a big relief for the farmers to sell their produce. (xii) Government officers initially issued to the farmers to sell their produce in Rythu bazaar. (xiii) Some places in santhas are for a specific trade. (xiv) Indra earns about Rs 200 –300 per day by selling . (xv) Gouri, the vegetable vendor resides in Village. Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the things sold in the Choutuppal santha? Long Answer Type Questions 122 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are self–help groups? CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Reading the text and answer the following question: Gouri is just one of the thousand vegetable vendors of Telangana. In towns many vendors have a permanent place –hired either from the municipality or from private shop owners. Some also sell vegetables on the pavements, paying a small amount to the Panchayat or the municipality. Why do vendors like Gouri lead a very difficult life? Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Reading the text and comment on it. Nearly three–fourths of the traders in Santhalu are women. Selling goods in Santhalu is the traditional business for many farmers. CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 123

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the given picture and answer the following questions: When is the Atmakur market held every week? 124 Ammanabolu market is held on which day? Write any three market names from above picture. Which markets are held on Saturday and Sunday? CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) In what ways facilities are provided for selling cattle in santhas? Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How is the weekly itinerary of Indra, the chilly seller? Tell us about her hard work. CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 125

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) At present, farmers are selling their fruits and vegetables in . (A) Rythu bazaar (B) Houses (C) Small shops (D) Vegetable vendors (ii) Markets are held in a week in different localities of a town. (A) Everyday (B) Twice (C) Thrice (D) Once (iii) Choutuppal is a small town in district. (A) Karimnagar (C) Mahaboobnagar (B) Yadadri (D) Adilabad (iv) The Choutuppal santha functions on every . (A) Friday (B) Tuesday (C) Sunday (D) Monday (v) Kattangur village is about from Choutuppal. (A) 50 kms (B) 20 kms (C) 30 kms (D) 10 kms (vi) Nearly of the traders in santhalu are women. (A) 1 (B) 1 4 3 (C) 3 (D) 1 4 2 (vii) In the wholesale markets, the prices are fixed by the . CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 126

CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (A) Retailers (B) Wholesaler (C) Small vendors (D) Women (viii) Selling goods in Santhalu is for many trades. (A) Retail business (B) Traditional business (C) Normal business (D) Wholesale business (ix) Stalls in the Rythu Bazaar are allocated to the sellers daily on a basis. (A) First come first serve (B) preferential (C) Alphabetical order (D) Lottery system (x) If a farmer comes late, it is to get a good space to sell his vegetables. (A) difficult (B) easy (C) too easy (D) normal CHAPTER 8A-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 127

8B. TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE SESSION 1 TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE – FROM THE FIELDS TO THE CONSUMER 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Agriculture market yard: Market run by government in which farmers can sell their produce and get paid 2. Minimum Support Price: A price announced by government for various crops like rice, wheat etc. taking into consideration the cost of inputs 3. Food Corporation of India: A government agency 4. Merchants: Businessmen 5. Wholesale traders: Those who buy goods cheaply in large quantities and sell them again 6. Commission: Money paid to a salesman each time a sale is made SESSION 1. FROM THE FIELDS TO THE CONSUMER 128

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the cost of one quintal of rice and one quintal of paddy. Find out the reasons for the difference. (1 quintal = 100 kilograms) [Refer to TB page 79 Q3] A. The reason for the difference in the price of rice and paddy is that the rice is a finished and final product of paddy. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title ‘Indebtedness and selling paddy’ on page no. 78 and 79 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 79 Q6] A. Students’ Activity Information Skills Q1. Make a list of the different paddy traders operating in Venkatapuram and the prices they offer for paddy per quintal. [Refer to TB page 79 Q1] A. Wholesale traders, rice mill owners, retail traders, moneylenders and different paddy traders are operating in venakatapuram. The prices they offer are as below: Wholesale traders and rice mill owners –Rs. 1,150 or Rs. 1,100 per quintal Moneylenders –Rs. 950 per quintal Mill agents/ brokers –Rs. 1000 per quintal Q2. Who purchases paddy in your place? Collect details about how prices are fixed and what prices are paid by different traders and landlords. [Refer to TB page 79 Q2] A. Student’s response Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. In what ways do you think that farmers stand to benefit from self–help groups? [Refer to TB page 79 Q5] A. Benefits from self–help groups: 1) Farmers can get loans with low interest (25 paisa for every Rs. 100) from time to time. 2) Farmers can take help from self-help groups at the time of bargaining, weighing paddy, fixing the rate of paddy per quintal. 3) In other words, farmer is protected from cheating in the presence of self-help groups. 4) They try to provide manures and seeds at reasonable prices. SESSION 1. FROM THE FIELDS TO THE CONSUMER 129

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE Q2. Do you think it is necessary for the government to fix a single price for paddy? [Refer to TB page 79 Q4] A. Yes, it is necessary for the government to fix a single price for paddy that should be feasible to all the farmers. Fixing a single price for paddy would prevent farmers from getting exploited and being forced to sell their produce at lower prices. Q3. Imagine a situation where there is no AMY near your village. What challenges will the farmers face in this situation? [Refer to TB page 79 Q7] A. If there is no AMY near my village the challenges faced by the farmers will be as follows: 1. Farmers won’t be able to sell their produce and get paid immediately. 2. They will be forced to sell their produce at the price fixed by the rice millers. 3. They may also be cheated in weighing and rating of the produce. 4. They cannot sell their produce at the Minimum Support Price (MSP). 1.4 Key Concepts 1. The Agriculture Market Yard (AMY) is a market run by the government in which farmers can sell their produce and get paid immediately. 2. Every year the government announces the Minimum Support Price for various crops like rice, wheat etc. taking into consideration the cost of inputs. 3. If no trader is willing to buy at a higher price, then the government agencies like the Food Corporation of India buy the produce from the farmer at the Minimum Support Price. 4. In the auction, bids are called for the paddy that is being auctioned. Bids are prices at which the buyer wishes to buy the produce. 5. If a farmer is not interested in selling at the maximum price bid by the trader, he or she can wait for the next day or upto one week. 6. There are nearly 100 AMYs in Telangana. Nearly one–fourth of farm products are traded in them. 7. Small and medium farmers are increasingly having to borrow money in order to carry on agriculture, to purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation facilities etc. 8. Since it is difficult for them to obtain loan from regular banks, they are forced to borrow from moneylenders, traders etc. 9.˙ Since the traders, landlords lend money in desperate times, farmers have to sell their paddy to them at theprice they quote. SESSION 1. FROM THE FIELDS TO THE CONSUMER 130

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. MSP a. Cheat in weighing ii. Big millers b. Minimum support price iii. Farmers have to borrow money c. Wholesale paddy merchants iv. Brokers d. For purchase of seeds, fertilizers etc. v. Paddy traders e. Mediate between farmers and rice millers 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is meant by AMY? (ii) What was the highest price that Chandrasekar got for his paddy? (iii) Who assesses the quality of the paddy? 131 (iv) Why are AMYs run by the government? CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (v) What is the Minimum support price announced by the government for one quintal of paddy? (vi) How are farmers benefited by open auction? (vii) What are called bids? (viii) What is the meaning of Gumastha? (ix) After a trader makes a bid, who counts slowly up to three? CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 132

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (x) How is the price for the paddy fixed? 3. Fill in the blanks. . (xi) In the auction, bids are called for the purpose. (xii) mediate between farmers and town based big millers. (xiii) Large farmers sell most of their produce in the . (xiv) Small and medium farmers have to borrow money for (xv) AMY stands for . Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) In what way are the small farmers indebted to the landlords? Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How are prices of paddy and the prices paid by the traders and landlords being fixed in your village? CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 133

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (ii) Why are the farmers forced to sell their produce to the ones from whom they borrowed money? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Reading the text and comment on it. Farmers are indebted to landlords in many ways – they borrow money, seed, tractors, even water. As such, they are bound to sell paddy to the landlords and accept whatever they pay. Those who give loans to farmers look at the harvest as a security for the loan as they can purchase the produce from the farmers and recover the loan amount. CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 134

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) The income particulars of farmers after selling the paddy in Agriculture Market Yard is given below. Study the table and answer the following questions: Name of the Crops in Rate in Total Commission Net income Farmers (Quintals) (Rs) income (in of brokers (in Rs) 1100 Rs) (1.50%) Mallaiah 15 (Per Rs.100) 16,252.50 Ravi 20 16,500 23,000.00 Ramu 8 247.50 7,486.00 Venkataiah 12 12,411 1150 23,000 –– 950 7,600 114 1050 12,600 189 At what price did the farmer Mallaiah sell his crop in market? Which farmer gets the lowest income? What is the difference between the net incomes of Ramu and Venkataiah? The net income and total income of Ravi are equal. What would be reasons for it? CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 135

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) In what ways do the brokers act as middlemen in the sale of paddy? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of India. (i) Rajasthan (ii) Telangana (iii) Odisha (iv) Kerala (v) Mizoram CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 136

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) The self–help groups (SHGs) are a boon to the farmers. In what ways do you think that the farmers are benefited by it? CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 137

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) AMY is a market run by the . (A) Rythu bazaar (C) Small shops (B) Government (D) Vegetable vendors (ii) Chandrasekhar is a farmer from . (A) Nalgonda (B) Narsapur (C) Guntur (D) Siddipet (iii) At the AMY sale is done . (A) Behind closed doors (B) By open auction (C) By online trading (D) Only by big landowners (iv) If a trader is not willing to buy the produce from the farmer at a higher price, the government agencies like buy the produce at the MSP. (A) Oil Corporation (B) Food Corporation of India CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 138

CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (C) Public limited company (D) Private limited company (v) To buy paddy from AMY, each trader is required to pay a . (A) License fee (B) Full fee (C) Tax (D) Normal amount (vi) There are nearly AMYs in Telangana. (A) 200 (B) 100 (C) 600 (D) 800 (vii) Mallaiah harvested only quintals of paddy from his one acre of irrigated land. (A) 14 (B) 18 (C) 12 (D) 11 (viii) Shanthi borrowed for cultivation purpose from the self help group. (A) Rs. 25, 000/– (B) Rs. 20, 000/– (C) Rs. 30, 000/– (D) Rs. 15, 000/– (ix) Telangana farmers sell nearly of their harvest within the village. (A) 1 (B) 1 4 2 (C) 3 (D) 3 4 2 (x) Big land owners own which reduces the transportation charges. (A) Tractors (B) Cycles (C) Cars (D) Two wheelers CHAPTER 8B-TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 139

9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE SESSION 1 COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE – STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Anthropologist: Anthropologists are people that practice anthropology, which is the study of humanity. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. If the Panch did injustice, what alternatives did the tribes have? [Refer to TB page 84 Q4] A. If a person is not satisfied with the judgement of Panchayat, he can go to the police and courts to settle their disputes. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 140

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title “Village Headman” and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 84 Q6] A. Students’ Activity Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Have you heard of any such Community Panchayat in your area? Discuss its functioning with your teachers, parents and elders. [Refer to TB page 84 Q2] A. We have heard of such Panchayats in the remote villages of Telangana. In these Panchayats there is a headman. The Panchayat is held usually once in a month or whenever a problem arises. In the panchayats the victim is called and asked for details of the case by the headman. When the victim gives the details of the case, the accused will also be given a chance to give his/her explanation. The headman may also ask the gathering for more details. After hearing all the details of the case the headman delivers his judgement. All of the villagers have to obey his judgements. Likewise the panch fixes the dates of the major festivals, permit marriages or divorces, sets down norms of marriages or death rites and settles the disputes. Q2. Would you accept the judgement of the Gond panchayat without going to the police or court? [Refer to TB page 84 Q3] A. Students’ Activity Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following districts in the Telangana map where there are tribal people: [Refer to TB page 84 Q5] a) Khammam B) Adilabad C) Mahabubnagar SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 141

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why do you think was Panch and Patla possible only within a tribe? Why is it not possible in societies with people from different communities? [Refer to TB page 84 Q1] A. This was possible only within a tribe whose members were more or less equal because of the following reasons. 1) All members of a tribe consider themselves to be descendants of a common ancestor and consider each other to be their relatives. 2) The resources like land, forests, pastures and water etc. are the common wealth of the entire tribe. So they can share and use these resources subject to the rules they frame together. 3) There is no difference between rich and poor as everyone has a share in the common resources of the tribe. 4) All families of a tribe do all kinds of work like cultivation, gathering food from the forests, grazing animals etc. 5) Women, men and even children share the work of the family. 6) They celebrate festivals and conduct rituals to please tribal gods and their ancestors. 7) They also have distinct myths, customs and ways of singing, dancing and painting which are common to all the members of the tribe. If the members were not equal or if people from different communities lived together, then there would be conflicts and disputes because different communities follow different sets of beliefs, religions, customs,cultures etc. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 142

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 1.4 Key Concepts i. Different kinds of societies who generally live in forest areas are called tribes. ii. In Telangana Chenchus, Konda Reddys, Gonds, Koyas, Yanadis, Savaras etc. are tribes. iii. All states in India have one tribe or the other living in forests. iv. They all have different ways of life, different languages, culture etc. v. A tribe may settle over a large area in several small villages or habitats. Ex: Konda Reddy tribe. vi. The village headman derives his authority from the village ‘Panch’ or the council of adult male household- ers. vii. The village panch represents the Gond society as a whole. viii. The panch will fix the dates of major festivals, allow marriages or divorces, set down norms for marriages or death rites and settle disputes. ix. The panch can impose fines and may even force a person to leave the village or even order all other Gonds not to have any relation with him. x. Every village has a headman or ‘patla’ which is generally a hereditary position. xi. The panch meet only once in a while the headman functions on a daily basis. xii. He is usually from the family of the person who would have led the formation of the village in the beginning. xiii. Haimendorf was a famous anthropologist who studied about tribes. xiv. Patla receives the guests of the tribes, serves them in different ways. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 143

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Gonds a. Patla ii. Panch b. Anthropologist iii. Haimendorf c. To please gods iv. Village headman d. Fixes dates for major festivals v. Festivals e. Tribes 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who are tribes? (ii) What do the tribes do to please Gods and their ancestors? (iii) Name some of the tribes of Telangana. CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 144

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE (iv) Who are anthropologists? (v) Is there any difference between the rich and the poor in tribal societies? (vi) Who represents the Gond society as a whole? (vii) What kind of work do the tribal families do? (viii) When do the headmen of the tribe lose his important position? (ix) Who has greater power in a family in decision making? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 145

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 3. Fill in the blanks. (x) All the members of a tribe consider each other to be their . (xi) The headman received special privileges in the form of on his fields. (xii) In the tribal societies, everyone has a share in the common of the tribe. (xiii) When the headman becomes arrogant and goes against the wishes of the people, the Panch can him with another person. (xiv) The tribes give a lot of importance to the celebration of . (xv) Every village has a headman or Patla who is generally . (xvi) The different kinds of societies who live in forest areas are called . (xvii) With the election of through general elections, the headman lost his importance. Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the main functions of the patla? (ii) How does the panch settle the disputes? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 146

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE (iii) What are the common characteristics shared by the tribes? Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Discuss the similarities and differences between governance in a ‘Gond’ tribe and in modern democracy. AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity 147 Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How can you maintain cleanliness in your village/town? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 7. Choose the correct answer. (i) In many tribes have greater power and role in decision making. (A) children (B) women (C) men (D) grandparents (ii) The tribes of Gond are living in the district of . (A) Adilabad (B) Karimnagar (C) Khammam (D) Guntur (iii) The famous scholar who studied the tribes of Telangana was (A) Father Herbert (B) Lord Hastings (C) Peterson (D) Furer Haimendorf (iv) The village headman is called . (A) Patla (B) Panch (C) Panchayat (D) Sarpanch (v) The Patla is answerable to the . (A) soldiers (B) farmers (C) women (D) panch (vi) Which of the following is true for tribes? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 148