202110225-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

4. DOKUR - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU SESSION 1 DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU – LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground 2. Groundwater: Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices of rocks 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare water availability in the borewells of the Krishna delta and the plateaus. [Refer to TB page 35 Q1] SESSION 1. LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 49

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU A. Penamakuru Village is very near to river Krishna and the groundwater can be found at a depth of only 15 to 25 feet. The expenditure of digging bore wells is very low. Most of the borewells have submersible pumps operating with electricity and the coastal plains have plenty of water. Plateau regions receive very low rainfall. The groundwater table is very low in the plateau region and so people rely on borewells. With everyone digging for water, the depth of borewells has increased. Water isnow available after 200 feet in some places and 500 feet in others. So digging borewells are expensive and risky. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph “Environmentalists . . . recognised.” and write your opinion. [Refer to TB page35 Q7] A. Natural resources are not for the use of this generation only. It had been used by our previous generations and now we claim our right on them. Similarly we should remember that future generations also have their right on them. Therefore we should use them in such manner that they will remain available for our future generations too. We should use our lands in such a planned manner that soil fertility and groundwater level won’t get affected and a balance can be maintained. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What difference would it make to the village if the rainfall in the region increases? [Refer to TB page 35 Q4] A. Dokur village receives rainfall from the end of June to October; but it is very less, irregular and unpre- dictable. If it receives good rainfall then the tanks will get filled and groundwater will be recharged. Irriga- tional facilities can be provided and agriculture can be carried out successfully. Only crops like millets, bajra, castor etc. which requires less rainfall are grown at present. If rainfall is good, paddy can be cultivated. At present the paddy yield is only about 20 to 30 quintals from an acre. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Deccan plateau is rocky with thin layers of soil. ii. It receives very low rainfall. iii. Located in Telangana plateau, Dokur is in Mahabubnagar district. iv. Dokur is in the Devarakadra mandal, around 25 km away from Mahabubnagar town. v. Agriculture land in the village has red soils. vi. The borewells were 40 to 60 feet deep but the wells have now dried up. vii. Pedda Cheruvu is the main tank in Dokur village. viii. The farmers of Dokur grow cotton, groundnut, castor, paddy, bajra (sajjalu), alasandalu (pigeon pea) and kandulu. SESSION 1. LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 50

SESSION 2 DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Podu: This is a traditional practice of farming in hilly regions. 2. Bamboo: A tall plant with hard hollow stems that is used for building and to make furniture, tools etc. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the changes in cropping pattern of Dokur and Penamakuru. [Refer to TB page 35 Q2] A. In Penamakuru village, paddy is extensively cultivated over the coastal plains during December. They sow a winter crop called dalva. Many farmers have been cultivating sugarcane instead of paddy. Crops like turmeric, yam, bananas, vegetables etc. are grown for sale in the market. The farmers of Dokur grow cotton, groundnut, castor, paddy, bajra, red gram etc. The area under groundnut farming has decreased due to the threat of wild pigs. Paddy is grown with the water of Pedda Cheruvu and using borewells from October to January. The paddy yield from an acre of land is about 20 to 30 quintals. The farmers also own mango and orange orchards. SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 51

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU Q2. Write a one line description for the words given below: [Refer to TB page 35 Q6] S.N.O Item In Dokur 1. Soil 2. Water In Dokur 3. Crops Red Soil 4. Markets Dried up wells and tanks 5. Occupations Castor, groundnut, paddy etc. Farming, cattle–rearing A. Metal work and rice milling S. NO Item 1 Soil 2 Water 3 Crops 4 Markets 5 Occupations Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you think agriculture can be a profitable profession in places like Dokur? [Refer to TB page 35 Q3] A. Dokur is a village on the plateau and receives low rainfall, has poor soil and minimal irrigational facilities. Rainfall is scanty and irregular and drought situation arises. Crops dry away and there is little rainfall to fill the tanks or recharge the groundwater. In the absence of irrigational facilities, it is difficult to carry out any agriculture work. As the region is drought–prone, agriculture cannot be a profitable profession in places like Dokur. Many farmers are migrating to cities and towns in search of jobs. Some rear cattle for their livelihood and they take up other non–farm activities like carpentry, metal work and rice milling. Q2. What non–agricultural occupations are there in your village? Get details about one such occupation. [Refer to TB page 35 Q5] SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 52

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU A. In my village, non–agricultural occupations like carpentry, metal work, rice milling, construction labourers work etc. are being done. Carpenters make useful furniture using the thick wood that is available from the forest. The wood from the forests is brought, dried well and cut to make useful things like doors, windows, chairs, tables etc. The carpenters also earn about Rs 3,000 per month. 2.4 Key Concepts i. Red grams and alasandalu (pigeon pea) are grown as intermittent crops, along with other crops. ii. Some farmers of Dokur own mango and orange orchards. iii. These crops require less water than paddy and can be grown on the land previously used for groundnut cultivation. iv. Besides Hyderabad, farmers also migrate to cities in other states like Pune in Maharashtra and Goa during non–cropping season and return in June. v. A few farmers of Dokur rear cattle for milk. Depending on the fat content present in milk they get about 35 to 40 rupees for each litre of milk. vi. Carpentry, metal work and rice milling are some of the other non–farm activities of Dokur. vii. Paddy produced in Dokur is sold in the agricultural market of Devarakadra. viii. There are about 570 families in this village with about 3400 people as per 2011 census. ix. Buses ply from Devarakadra to Wanaparthi via Dokur which is linked to NH–44. SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 53

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Nalla regadi a. Pigeon pea ii. Red gram b. Sajjalu iii. Alasandalu c. Black soils iv. Bajra d. Stream v. Vagu e. Kandulu 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Shallow black soil i. Dokur ii. Daku b. Devarakandra mandal iii. Rainfall c. Dacoit iv. Nalla d. Choudu and Garusu v. Major soil types e. Scanty 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are the new houses in Dokur village constructed with? (ii) How has the government helped the people of Dokur village to get drinking water? CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 54

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (iii) What did the earlier people of Dokur village depend on for drinking water? (iv) Do most of the houses in this village have electricity connection? (v) How many large farmers are there in the Dokur village? (vi) Where do they sell the paddy that is produced in the Dokur village? (vii) How many acres of land do the large owners own? (viii) Which are the non–farming activities of the people of Dokur village? CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 55

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (ix) The buses that ply from Devarakonda to Wanaparthi via Dokur are linked to which Highway? (x) What are the circumstances that lead farmers to be indebted to the traders (or) why did the farmers risk losing their agricultural land? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The paddy yield of Dokur village from one acre of land is about Quintals. (xii) The farmers become indebted due to repeated . (xiii) The farmer of Dokur rear cattle for milk and the price is dependent on the content present in it. (xiv) There are about families in the village of Dokur. (xv) By sheep rearing, the shepherds earn an income of about rupees every year. (xvi) In the earlier days, roofs of the houses in Dokur village were made of . (xvii) The village has its own or for weighing their paddy. (xviii) Water is supplied to the people of Dokur village once in every . (xix) Many farmers are dependent on loans from for purchasing seeds, pesticides and fertilizers etc. (xx) Towards the north of the village, there is a where three local trains stop. CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 56

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Compare water availability in the borewells of the Krishna delta and the plateaus. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Name the various crops grown by the farmers of Dokur village. CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 57

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Reading the text and answer the following question: Bore wells are expensive and risky but all the farmers have shifted to this system. Earlier the small farmers had better options from their wells and share of ayacuttu land, when the system of tanks was in use. Today, only large farmers can take the risk and benefit from access to the deep ground water. 1) Why are borewells expensive and risky? 2) “Agriculture cannot be a profitable profession in Dokur village”. Give reasons. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the following table and answer the questions below. S.No. Item In Dokur 1 Soil Red soil, Shallow black soil 2 Water Dried–up wells & tanks 3 Crops Castor, groundnut & paddy 4 Occupations Metal work and rice milling Choudu and constitute 30% hand area 5 garusu CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 58

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU i. What are the water sources in Dokur? ii. What are the important crops grown in Dokur? iii. What is the chief occupation in Dokur? iv. How many types of soils are available in Dokur? v. Which soils constitute about 30% of the land area of Dokur? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) If rainfall in Dokur region increases, what difference would it make to the villagers? CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 59

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (ii) In what ways can the non–farming activities be increased in the village of Dokur? AS5-Mapping Skills 60 Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of Telangana. (i) Mahabubnagar (ii) Dokur CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 61

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) Telangana state is largely a . (A) plain (B) plateau (C) mountain (D) hilly region (ii) The Deccan Plateau slopes from . (A) west to east (B) east to west (C) north to south (D) south to north (iii) The village Dokur is located in the district. (A) Khammam (B) Guntur (C) Mahabubnagar (D) Adilabad (iv) The old name of Dokur village is . (A) Dakur (B) Dahir (C) Dravide (D) Dronachallam (v) The agricultural lands in the Dokur village have . (A) black soil (B) laterite soil (C) red soil (D) fertile Soil (vi) A small part of the agricultural land of Dokur village is covered by . (A) shallow black soil (B) red soil (C) laterite soil (D) black soil (vii) The main tank in the Dokur village is . (A) Salakam cheruvu (B) Patna cheruvu (C) Chinna cheruvu (D) Pedda cheruvu CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 62

CHAPTER 4-DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (viii) Most of the cultivated land in Dokur village depends on . (A) borewells (B) canals (C) dams (D) tanks (ix) Narendar Reddy of Dokur village had dug borewells for his 20 acres land. (A) 20 (B) 15 (C) 10 soils. (D) 5 (x) Cotton grows well in (B) red soil (A) black soil (C) laterite soil (D) white fields CHAPTER 4. DOKUR-A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 63

5. PENUGOLU - A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS SESSION 1 PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS – THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN GHATS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Tribe: A set of people theoretically of common descent 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the various ways in which the koyas are dependent upon the forests around them? [Refer to TB page 43 Q1] A. Grain and vegetables produced in the Podu lands or their backyard is insufficient for the families to survive throughout the year. Hence, collection of forests products and hunting play a vital role in the livelihood of the koyas. The forest is a great storehouse and the people have identified all the various available edible food SESSION 1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN GHATS 64

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS and sources of medicine. The tribal calendar is marked by various seasons for various edible fruits, tubers, nuts, green leaves and hunting small animals. For any illness suffered by either the humans or animals, their knowledge of medicinal plants provides the remedies. Except for a few months during and after harvest, tribal women and children are engaged in collection of edi- ble forest produce. The two important forest products that they collect are honey and bamboo shoots. Some of the forest products are also sold in the weekly market called Santha. For example, Mahua seeds are a major item that they sell in the market. With the money they earn by selling these products, they purchase items of daily needs like clothes and other requirements. Information Skills Q1. List out various means of living in a hill? [Refer to TB page 43 Q2] A. There are following means of living in a hill: • People grow crops using a distinct technique called ‘Podu’. Podu is a traditional practice of farming in hilly regions. • Cattle–rearing is another way of living in these areas. • Collection of forest produce and hunting plays a vital role in their livelihood. • Except for a few months during and after harvest, tribal women and children are engaged in collection of edible forest produce. The two important forest products that they collect are honey and bamboo shoots. • Some of the forest products are also sold in the weekly market –Santha. For example, Mahua seeds are a major item that they sell in the market. With the money they earn by selling these products, they purchase items of daily needs like clothes and other requirements. • Apart from forests being a food source, bamboo is used to build houses, fences etc. People also make baskets, winnows, chicken coops etc. with it and sell them in the santha. • Paper Mills also have the right to collect bamboo from the forest. There are agents who employ people in the village to cut and supply bamboo for the mills. This provides some earning opportunities to them. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Your village/town is currently located in type of land form. Imagine that your village is located in a different type of land form and write about it. [Refer to TB page 43 Q6] A. My village is currently located on a plain. If my village is located on a plateau, it will be marked by several small hills, hill ranges and hillocks interspersed with flat areas between them. The region will be rocky with thin layers of soil and it will receive less rainfall. It will be difficult for the people to live in such a difficult terrain. Rainfall will be scanty and irregular. In the absence of irrigational facilities, it will be difficult to carry out agriculture. 1.4 Key Concepts 1. Eastern Ghats are located on the eastern border of Khammam district. 2. Most people living in the hills belong to different tribal communities. 3. Tribal communities are Savara, Konda Dora, Gondu, Mukha Dora and Koya. 4. Koya means “a good person living on the hills”. 5. Koyas grow crops using a distinct technique called Podu. SESSION 1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN GHATS 65

SESSION 2 PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS – AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Kitchen garden: A garden or area where vegetables, fruit, or herbs are grown for domestic use 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do the koyas move from one hill to another for growing crops? [Refer to TB page 43 Q3] A. The koyas grow crops using a distinct technique called ‘podu’, which is a traditional practice of farming in hilly regions. Each village has a specified area or hill that they can use for farming. Within this area, people SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 66

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS clear a patch of forest and burn it. Then, they grow crops on these fields for a few years. After that, they leave that patch of land and allow the forest to grow again. Meanwhile, they move to another site in that area where they clear another patch of forest land to grow crops for a few years. This way, their farms keep shifting every few years and they return to these plots after many years. Q2. Compare the nature of fields in the three villages that you have studied and bring out their similarities and differences. [Refer to TB page 43 Q4] A. In Penamakuru, the soils are mostly fertile alluvial black soils. Alluvial soils are heavy and have high water–holding capacity. They are also rich in nutrients. They get very sticky with rain and retain moisture for a long time. When they dry up they tend to crack. This causes what is called self–ploughing. The villagers cultivate paddy, sugarcane, turmeric, yam, banana etc. They have fruit–bearing orchards like guava, sapota and papaya. In Dokur, about half of the agricultural land in the village has red soils. These red soils or Erra Nelalu are not very deep or fertile. They lack many nutrients necessary for growing crops and because of the high sand content, they do not retain much water to help the roots spread firm and wide. These fields have to be left uncultivated for one season after every crop so that they are able to recoup their nutrients from nature. They grow cotton, groundnut, castor, paddy etc. Penugolu is a village on the hills where it is difficult to grow crops. The Koyas grow crops on a patch of land for a few years and then move on to another plot of land, allowing the forest to grow again. As they cultivate on hill slopes they do not use plough as it would loosen the soil and lead to easy run–off of the top soil during the rains. This would make the fields infertile. It is the top soil that is most fertile of the field. The main crops of the area are jowar, maize, tubers, millets, sesamum etc. 2.4 Key Concepts 1. The main crops of the area are jowar (jonnalu), maize (mokka jonna), tubers (dumpalu), millets (samalu), red gram (kandulu), green gram (pesarlu). 2. Collection of forest produce and hunting plays a vital role in the livelihood of the people of Penugolu. 3. The people have identified all the various available sources of food and medicine. 4. Some of the forest products are also sold in the weekly market called santha. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 67

SESSION 3 PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS – SOCIAL LIFE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Forest products: The products which are available in forests 3.3 Improve Your Learning Information Skills Q1. Read the various sub–headings in the last three chapters. Fill the following table with information regarding various aspects of the three villages. (Add more rows if necessary – write “no information” if you cannot find similar headings). [Refer to TB page 43 Q5] SESSION 3. SOCIAL LIFE 68

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS Sub–headings Hill village Plateau village Plain village A. Student activity 3.4 Key Concepts 1. Bamboo is used to build houses, fences etc. People also make baskets, winnows. 2. Houses in Penugolu are mostly built of mud, bamboo and thatch. 3. They do not disturb the environment as compared to modern agriculture. 4. They celebrate Yellanampadam (bhumi pooja), Kodathala panduga (Peddalapanduga), Bhimini panduga (festival of vippa poovu). SESSION 3. SOCIAL LIFE 69

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. September 1. Match the following. Column A i. School ii. Kodathala panduga b. Konda Reddy iii. Population c. Bamboo iv. Paper Mills d. 124 v. Tribes e. Girijana primary 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. North a. Nallandevi vagu ii. South b. Karregutta iii. East c. Vankamamidi gutta iv. West d. Kallu Kuntala Gutta v. Wazedu e. Pedda Kummari Lanka 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which plateau is a part of the Deccan plateau? (ii) Where is the Gummadi Doddi village located? CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 70

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS (iii) Name some of the tribal communities that live in the hills? (iv) How was the path that led up the hills? 71 (v) What do the tribal people do for their livelihood? (vi) Give one reason for not using plough on the hill slopes in Penugolu? (vii) Which language do the Koyas speak? (viii) Why are animals and birds attracted towards agricultural fields? CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS (ix) Which language have the Koya tribals adopted at present? (x) What is meant by Podu? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The tribal people in Penugolu worship . (xii) The wage workers who collect bamboo after the cropping season earn about per day. (xiii) The worship of dried bottle gourd and thadu under the tamarind tree is called as festival. (xiv) The provide drinking water to the people in the village. (xv) The celebration of bhumi pooja is called as festival. (xvi) seeds are a major item that they sell in the market. (xvii) Koyas grow crops using a distinct technique called . (xviii) The tender bamboo shoots are collected from the of the bamboo bushes. (xix) Houses in Penugolu village are at the of the hills. (xx) For any illnesses, either for humans or animals, Penugolu village people’s knowledge of the provides the remedies. CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 72

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the main crops grown by the Koyas? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) State the reasons why the Koya tribals move from one hill to another hill for growing crops? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question. In olden days, on an average, each family cleared 2 to 2.5 acres of forest land. The average yield of jowari per acre of podu field is 250 kilograms. So, each family harvested about 600 kilograms of jowar apart from 150 to 250 kilograms of small millets. CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 73

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 1) What is Podu? What is the reason for decrease of area to use Podu? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Here the following table shows details of Penugolu in various fields. Answer the following questions: S.NO Item Details of Penugolu 1 Major activities Collection of fruits from the forest, 2 Shifting cultivation sowing, harvest. 3 Crops This cultivation is also done in states like Andhra 4 Bamboo Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh 5 Festivals Jowar (jonnalu), maize (mokka jonna), tubers (dumpalu), millets (samalu korralu), red gram (kandulu), green gram (pesaralu). It is used to build houses, fences etc. People also makes baskets, winnows The festivals celebrated by them are are muthyalamma, yellanam padam (Bhumi pooja), Kodathala panduga, Bhimini panduga. i. What are the different types of crops grown in Penugolu? 74 CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS ii. How do people use bamboo in Penugolu? iii. Which are other states that use shifting cultivation? iv. What are the main festivals of Penugolu? v. What are the major activities in Penugolu? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Imagine your village or town is currently located in type of landform. If it is located in a different type of landform, what are the problems you have to face? CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 75

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. i. Penugolu is located in which district? 76 ii. What is the neighbouring state to the Penugolu village? iii. Write the name of the waterfall near to Penugolu. iv. From which direction is Khammam located from Penugolu? CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the challenges faced by the tribals of Koya living on the Penugolu hills? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Koya means . (A) Farmers living on the hills (B) Good people living on the hills (D) Humans living on the hills (C) Farmers living on the plateaus (ii) The technique of agriculture practiced by the Koyas is known as________. (A) Thati kallu (B) Kandulu (C) Santha (D) Podu (iii) is a famous waterfall near Cheekupalli. (A) Bogatha falls (B) Niagara falls (C) Abgek falls (D) None of these CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 77

CHAPTER 5-PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS (iv) The Penugolu village is located kilometers away from mandal headquarters at Wazedu. (A) 10 (B) 30 (C) 20 (D) 40 (v) The Koyas build to guard their fields until December. (A) Manche (B) Walls (C) Wells (D) Dams (vi) The average yield of Jowar per acre of podu field is . (A) 100 Kilograms (B) 150 Kilograms (C) 200 Kilograms (D) 250 Kilograms (vii) Tender bamboo shoots are called . (A) Kari kommalu (B) Chinta kommalu (C) Vepa kommalu (D) Poo kommalu (viii) The weekly market of Penugolu village is called . (A) Kantha (B) Santha (C) Mahna (D) Maha (ix) is abundant in the Penugolu village. (B) Paddy (A) Bamboo (C) Wheat (D) Sugar cane (x) Another important source of food for the people of Penugolu village is the juice of . (A) Coconut trees (B) Palm trees (C) Tamarind trees (D) Neem trees CHAPTER 5. PENUGOLU-A VILLAGE ON THE HILLS 78

6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD THE EARLIEST PEOPLE SESSION 1 FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE – FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 1.1 Mind Map 1) Gathering food and hunting 79 2) Use of stone tools 3) Discovery of fire 4) Nomadic life 5) Paintings 6) Shared living 7) Learned to grow crops and domestication of animals 8) Settled life SESSION 1. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 1.2 Terminology 1. Stone tools: The tools which are made from stones 2. Microliths: Fine, small pieces of large stone 3. Archaeologist: One who excavates old/ ancient places 4. Nomads: One who leads a mobile life 5. Hunter–gatherer: The people who live by hunting and gathering food 6. Shared living: The life of sharing food, ideas etc. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the tools used by the earliest people with those of modern times. [Refer to TB page 55 Q3] A. Earliest people’s tools Modern tools Today we use tools made of different metals. The tools of earliest man were made up of They are machine–made and sophisticated. stones, bones or stick. Today every tool has either a wooden or a The earliest tools were a little blunt and had metal handle. limited use. The old tools had no handles separately but moulded handles if at all. Q2. Why did the earliest people travel from place to place? In what ways are they similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today? [Refer to TB page 55 Q4] A. The earliest people travelled from place to place in search of food. a) Similarity: Today people are working in various professions for the sake of livelihood. So they are moving from place to place in search of new jobs. b) Different reasons for which we travel today: Today people travel all over the world for many reasons for e.g. sightseeing, entertainment, to meet their relatives etc. and not just to gather food. Q3. Why do you think earliest people didn’t wear cotton or woollen clothes? [Refer to TB page 55 Q1] A. The earliest people did not know how to grow plants or domesticate animals. Cotton is obtained from plants and wool is obtained from sheep. So the earliest people did not wear cotton or woollen clothes. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Nomadic life’ on page no.47 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 55 Q12] SESSION 1. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 80

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE A. The early people lived in small groups and led a nomadic life. Hunter–gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group. There wasn’t much scope for storage of food as the food consisted mainly of perishable things like meat, fish, fruits, leaves, tubers and small quantities of wild grains and pulses. Therefore they had to move place to place in search of food and had to lead a mobile life. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What tools would you use today for cutting fruits? What would you do if these tools are not available? [Refer to TB page 55 Q2] A. We use knives, cutters etc. for cutting fruits. If these tools are not available we would also use sharp–edged stones. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following Rock Art sites in the map of Telangana: [Refer to TB page 55 Q5] A. Asifabad B. Pandavulagutta C. Kokapet D. Durgam E. Regonda F. Ramachandrapuram A. SESSION 1. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 81

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 1.4 Key Concepts i. Thousands of years ago all the people lived by collecting fruits, honey, wild grains, edible tubers and roots that grew naturally in the forests. ii. They led life by hunting birds and animals. iii. They did not know how to cultivate crop or rear any animals. iv. Before going to hunt, the hunter needs to know the hunted animals, their habit and behaviour intimately. v. Today we use machines, tractors and tools made of iron, steel, copper etc. vi. The people used tools made of stone, bones and wood. vii. Thousands of years ago, they discovered fire, probably by striking two stones. viii. We can learn much about the lives of early people by studying the tools they used and the locations from where they were found. ix. The discovery of fire brought about great changes to early people’s lives. x. The earlier people used to live in small groups in caves and under trees or rocks. xi. They led a mobile life, constantly moving from one place to another. Such people were called “nomads”. xii. The early people drew pictures of animals and hunting scenes on the walls of many caves and rock shelters. xiii. In our state, the Yanadis and Chenchus lived nomadic life till very recently. xiv. Hunter–gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group. Due to this they did not have any rich or poor among them. They were all equal. xv. Even though they hunted wild animals, hunter–gatherers had a great respect and regard for the forests, plants, trees, animals, rivers and hills. xvi. An archaeologist is one who excavates old/ancient places. xvii. Domestication is a process of proper care and protection of plants and animals xviii. Neolithic stone tools are shown below: SESSION 1. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 82

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE SESSION 1. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 83

SESSION 2 FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE – BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 84 1. Domestication: Process of proper care and protection of plants and animals 2. Settled life: Staying at one place forever 3. Podu agriculture: A type of agriculture 4. Herders: The people who act as a shepherd or a cowherd 5. Neolithic: Age of chipped–stone tools SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. List three ways in which the present lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of the Neolithic people? [Refer to TB page 55 Q6] A. Today farmers know methods of cultivation such as ploughing, sowing, irrigation and protection of the crops, whereas the neolithic people did not know these methods of cultivation. They gradually learnt how to cultivate and domesticate animals and plants after discovering new stone tools and taught these skills their children and next generations. Q2. There are many things in the picture given below. Which of them did not belong to the hunter–gatherers? Which things belong to both the hunter–gatherers and the farmers? Put different signs to distinguish them. [Refer to TB page 55 Q10] A. The things which did not belong to hunter–gatherers: the hut, stove or fire place, plough. The things belong to both the hunter-gatherers and the farmers: the bow and arrow, sickle, hut, stove or fire place, plough, dead deer, fruit basket, growing trees etc. Information Skills Q1. Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agricultural products of earliest people and write a few lines about each of them. [Refer to TB page 55 Q7] A. List of domesticated animals. a) Cattle: The earliest people domesticated cows and bulls for agricultural purposes such as tilling, plough- ing etc. b) Sheep: Sheep were domesticated for the supply of meat, skin and milk. c) Goat : Goats were domesticated for meat, skin and milk. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 85

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE d) Oxen: Oxen were domesticated for carrying loads and for ploughing. e) Donkeys: They were domesticated for carrying loads. List of agriculture products: a) Paddy: The earliest people learnt how to plant the paddy and they domesticated it for food. b) Wheat: By moving here and there, they learnt about the crop of wheat for food. c) Barley: They learnt from the neighbouring places and they domesticated it. d) Pulses and Millets: By knowing the importance of pulses and millets, they learnt to grow. e) Tubers: They learnt about the tubers which were grown under the earth and learnt that they give energy. f) Vegetables: They learnt about it from the neighbouring places and domesticated these vegetables. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. If there was no stove and no grinding stone, how would it affect our food? [Refer to TB page 55 Q8] A. If there was no stove it will be difficult to cook food. Firewood will not be sufficient for the present population. If there was no grinding stone some kinds of foods like idly, dosa, vada and chutneys etc. may not have come into wide use. Q2. Write five questions that you would like to ask an archaeologist to know about the present excavations. [Refer to TB page 55 Q9] A. 1) How will you opt the site for digging? 2) What safety measures do you take in collecting the remains? 3) What steps do you take in exhibiting them in the museum? 4) How do the remains help in studying the past? 5) How do you determine the age of a particular artefact? Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you say that the lives of earliest people became easier by domesticating animals? [Refer to TB page 55 Q11] A. People usually select those animals that are useful and are not prone to diseases. Only selected types of animals were allowed to breed. Thus animals tended by people became different from wild ones. In the process people got plenty of benefits like regular supply of meat, animal skin and milk. Thus the lives of earliest people became easier by domesticating animals. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 86

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 2.4 Key Concepts 1. Around 12,000 years ago only, people learnt to grow crops. 2. Different people in different places learnt to grow paddy, wheat, barely, pulses, millets, tubers and vegetables. 3. People allowed gentle animals to come near their camps and eat grass and other leftover food. This led to domestication. 4. Initially many people practised shifting agriculture like ‘podu’ and also combined a little hunting and gathering from the forest along with growing crops. 5. People began to stay in the same places for a long time to look after the plants, watering, weeding, drivingaway animals and birds. 6. When staying at one place became inevitable, they constructed huts of stones, wood, mud and dried grass. 7. Vessels were needed to store and cook grains in water, milk etc. 8. The early farmers made tools with sharp–edged stones tools to cut trees and twigs. 9. This period of early agriculture is called Neolithic period. 10. The earliest evidence for cultivation of crops was found from Baluchistan about 9000 years ago. 11. The ashmounds are in found in Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar and Anantapur districts. 12. The early people drew pictures of animals and hunting scenes on the walls of caves and rock shelters. 13. After thousands of years they began to make fine small pieces from hardstone. These pieces were called Microliths. 14. In our state, the Yanadis and Chenchus live by hunting and gathering food. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 87

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Amarabad 1. Match the following. Column A i. Ramachandrapuram ii. Cave paintings b. Podu iii. Storage tools c. Khammam iv. Shifting agriculture d. Pots v. Axe head e. Pandavulagutta 2. Match the following. Column B Column A i. Early hand tools a. Aliabad ii. Blade chipped from stones b. Mahaboobnagar iii. Microliths c. Amarabad, Mahaboobnagar iv. Tools made from stone flakes d. Stone sickle v. Use of microliths e. Yeleswaram, Nalgonda 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What enabled the early man to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers, and hunt animals? (ii) What types of houses did the early people construct? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 88

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (iii) What are microliths? (iv) What was the new stone tool invented in the Neolithic period? (v) Define Nomads. (vi) Is shared living found in the present day? (vii) Which material was used for painting by the early people? (viii) Which discovery brought great change in the life of early people? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 89

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (ix) What had some religious importance for the early people? 4. Fill in the blanks. (x) The early people practiced or podu. (xi) Hunter–gatherers do not have any or among them. (xii) The earliest people lead a life. (xiii) In India, we find early evidences of cultivation of crops from Baluchistan about years ago. (xiv) Neolithic sites are found in and r districts of our state. (xv) Archaeologists believe that around five thousand years ago, hunters of Telangana and Karnataka began to . (xvi) is located in Adilabad District. (xvii) The excavations at in Warangal district brought to light large number of microliths. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How did the early people store their grains? How do we store grains at present? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 90

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (ii) Who are archaeologists? Name some of the things the archaeologists could discover during their excavations. (iii) How can an archaeologist tell about the people who lived thousands of years ago? (iv) Write about the tools used by the early farmers. CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 91

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (v) Where did the early people draw pictures? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) When did people start living a settled life? (ii) Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agricultural products of the earliest people and write a few lines about each of them. CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 92

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following table and answer the questions: S.No People/Item Description 1. Microliths Fine, small pieces from hard stone. 2. Nomads Regularly move from place to place. 3. Early People Drew pictures of animals & hunting scenes on the walls. 4. Eleswaram Rock art site in Nalgonda district. 5. 80 years ago Chenchu hunter gatherers. What are fine, small pieces from hard stone called? Who drew pictures of animals and hunting scenes? Where did they draw pictures? When were the chenchu hunter gatherers found? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 93

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE What is Eleswaram? Why do nomads move from one place to another? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What is shared living? Why do you think the earliest people followed it? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 94

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following districts on a map of Telangana. A) Nizamabad B) Medak C) Nalgonda D) Khammam (ii) Locate the following places on an outline map of India. 95 CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (a) Kashmir (b) Bihar (c) Telangana (d) Karnataka CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 96

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. Name the rock art sites in Karimnagar? Where do you find Dongalagattu and Dupadugattu rock art sites? How many rock art sites districts are there in Telangana? Which districts have two rock art sites in Telangana? How many districts have single rock art site in Telangana? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 97

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Appreciate the efforts made by early human beings for their survival from the stage of gathering food to growing food. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. . (i) The earliest tools were excavated at (A) Vijayanagaram (B) Vishakhapatnam (C) Mahaboobnagar (D) Nagarkurnool (ii) People who regularly move from place to place are called . (A) Nomads (B) Civilized (C) Archaeologists (D) Minors (iii) are hunter–gatherers of our time. CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 98