202110247-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

CHAPTER 7- INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 2.4 Key Concepts i. India’s main industrial activity for a long time was handicrafts, particularly textile goods. ii. The looms that run on electricity produce a large quantity compared to the production by the handlooms. iii. There are complex machines to produce cement, cars, edibles oils etc. iv. All factories need raw materials from which goods can be produced. v. Consumer goods are directly used by people. vi. Transportation is essential for industries to bring the raw materials and transfer finished goods from them. vii. Roads, rail and ports are the means of transportation. viii. Basic industries produce essential goods that can form a base to support a large variety of factories. ix. Factories producing machines, electricity, minerals and ores, and transport are the basic re- quirements for industries. x. Basic goods industries require more money and long time to be set up. SESSION 2. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES 149

SESSION 3 GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Per capita consumption: Average consumption by each person. 2. Liberalisation: Process by which government controls, usually in the areas of social or economic policies are relaxed or even removed. SESSION 3. GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 150

CHAPTER 7- INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the impact of industrial development on employment generation? [Refer to TB page 91 Q6] A. 1) Industrial development gives employment opportunities to a large section of people, particularly in urban areas. 2) A larger proportion of people employed in factories is an indicator of development. 3) Industries provide better salaries to workers, provides safety at their working place and ensures medical benefits. 4) As India has a big labour force, industries should use less technology/automation, so that more people can get employment. Q2. What is the impact of industrial development on revenue? [Refer to TB page 91 Q7] A. 1) When goods made in factories are exported to other countries, we get revenue. 2) With industrial development we can get more revenue and more employment opportunities. 3) The revenue earned enables us to import a larger number of goods that we need from other countries. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Industrial activities increase environmental problems. Discuss. [Refer to TB page 91 Q8] A. 1) Industrial activities are essential for economic development. 2) However, it leads to deforestation and damages the natural habitat of animals. 3) The effluents from petrochemicals, paper, textile, tanneries, D.D.T. factories etc., dangerously pollute the rivers and seas. 4) Fish and other living beings that live in water are endangered and often die. Some creatures like Olive Ridley turtles have made Gahirmatha in Odisha their new habitat. 5) Some animals are endangered and some creatures have become extinct. 6) The depletion of ozone layer, pollution of air, water, soil has increased environmental problems and contributed to health hazards. Q2. Why did the government in the 1990’s allow private industries in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government? TB [Refer to TB page 91 Q5] SESSION 3. GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 151

CHAPTER 7- INDUSTRIES IN INDIA A. i. The Indian industry wasn’t modernizing fast enough and was producing goods at high costs and was not making any technological improvements. ii. To encourage industrial activities in India especially new entrepreneurs and to improve the efficiency of government–owned industrial companies, the government decided to take this momentous step. iii. India is now encouraging private or government companies from other countries to set up factories in India so that new technology would be introduced and greater foreign investment would mean greater ability to produce and hence more revenue.ide the country. Mapping Skills Q1. Observe the map given on page no 95 and locate the iron and steel plants in the outline map of india. [Refer to TB page 91 Q11] A. Bokaro Bhilai 152 SESSION 3. GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 7- INDUSTRIES IN INDIA Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Industrial activities increase environmental problems. Discuss. [Refer to TB page 91 Q8] A. 1) Industrial activities are essential for economic development. 2) It leads to deforestation and damages the natural habitat of animals. 3) The effluents from petrochemicals, paper, textile, tanneries, D.D.T. factories etc., dangerously pollute the rivers and seas. 4) Some creatures like Olive Ridley turtles have made Gahirmatha in Odisha as their new habitat. 5) Some animals are endangered and some creatures have become extinct. Many animals have found their place in Red the data book. 6) The depletion of ozone layer, pollution of air, water, soil has increased environmental problems. Q2. Why did the government in the 1990’s allowed private industries to set up factories in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government? [Refer to TB page 91 Q5] A. 1) The Indian industry wasn’t modernizing fast and was producing goods at high costs and was not making any technological improvements. 2) To encourage industrial activities in India especially new entrepreneurs and to improve the efficiency of government owned industrial companies private industries were allowed to take up production. 4) India is encouraging private or government companies from other countries to set up facto- ries as well in India so that new technology would become common, and more goods could be exported to markets outside the country. 5) Private sector units instil a spirit of competition which helps to improve efficiency and are guided by profit making which helps to increase production. Q3. Write a few slogans on the prevention of environmental pollution. [Refer to TB page 91 Q9] A. Student’s activity 3.4 Key Concepts i. When government controlled the price of certain goods, the producers had no incentive to pro- duce more goods. ii. Control on prices led to shortage of goods. iii. The shortages were blamed on the government’s policy of control on industry and its licensing policy. SESSION 3. GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 153

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA iv. According to the new industrial policy of 1990’s , government rules were simplified to encourage new entrepreneurs. v. Large factories were called organized manufacturing units. vi. Small manufacturing units were also known as unorganized units. vii. The large industries began to replace workers with technology. viii. An important goal of industrial policies in India was to generate employment opportunities. ix. Establishment of basic industries increased the production of goods. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Coal a. Aluminium is its substitute ii. Copper b. Steel hardening iii. Manganese c. Reddish colour iv. Iron ore d. Conventional energy v. Bauxite e. Steel manufacturing 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Pune b. Gujarat i. Jute c. Odisha d. West Bengal ii. Automobile e. Bangalore iii. Electronic Capital of India iv. Aluminium v. Cotton textile CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 154

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Define Liberalisation. (ii) Define forest – based Industries. (iii) Name the Industries which come under Mineral Based Industries. (iv) What are the factors required for production? (v) Define Raw Material? 155 CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (vi) Define Agro–based Industry? 4. Fill in the blanks. (vii) is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. (viii) India’s textile exports declined in the century. (ix) The dust and noxious fames inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to diseases. (x) Important goal of industrial polices in India was to generate in industrial activities. (xi) The largest solar plant of India is located at near Bhuj. (xii) We earn a lot of by exporting industrial goods to foreign countries. (xiii) were a community who specialised in the craft of iron smelting. (xiv) During , the government began to change its industrial policies. (xv) Tipu’s sword was made of steel. (xvi) One of the reasons for low quality was said to be the among producers in Indian Industry. CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 156

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What steps must be taken to conserve the mineral wealth? (ii) What is an ideal location for setting up a Industry? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Based upon ownership, Industries are classified into how many types. CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 157

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (ii) Prepare a separate list of industries that you know, naming agricultural industries and minerals based industries. CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 158

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What steps are to be taken to reduce the problems of pollution? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following industrial cities on the outline map of India. i. Jamshedpur – iron and steel company ii. Ahmedabad – textile industry iii. Mumbai – textile, oil refinery, fertilizers iv. Visakhapatnam – BHPV, steel plant, ship–building v. Kanpur – leather industry vi. Ludhiana – leather industry CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 159

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (ii) Observe the map and answers the following questions. 160 CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA i. Where do you find both Cotton and Woollen textile industries. ii. Name the South Indian State famous for silk Industry. iii. Name the important centers of Cotton textile in Gujarat. iv. Which type of textile industries are in major position in Maharashtra? v. Where is the silk textile industries located in Jammu and Kashmir? CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 161

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (iii) Observe the map and answers the questions given below. CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 162

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA i. What are the Minerals mentioned in the map? ii. In which states do you find Iron ore Mines? iii. Mention the Iron ore exporting ports in the map. iv. Name the states where you find iron ore fields. AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Is industrialisation a boon or a bane? (ii) Is Globalization really necessary? 163 CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why are industries important? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as . (A) Command economy (B) Capitalist economy (C)Agglomeration economies (D)Communist economy CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 164

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (ii) The textile industry contributes _____ to industrial production. (A) 27% (B) 14% (C) 10% (D) 20% (iii) Which of the following is not an agro–based Industry? (A) Sugar industry (B) Cotton industry (C)Iron and steel industry (D)Jute industry (iv) Foreign Direct Investment brought in ______ and aligned the automobile industry with global development. (A) Use of modern technology (B) New technology (C)Reducing taxes (D)Reducing cost of products (v) The first cement plant was set up in _________ (A) Chennai (B) Kolkata (C) Ahmadabad (D) Mumbai (vi) Name the industry in which India is self–reliant. (A) Textile Industry (B) Sugar Industry (C)Iron and Steel Industry (D)Chemical Industry (vii) The handspun ____________ provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry. (A) Jute (B) Khadi (C) Yarn (D)None of the above CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 165

CHAPTER 7-INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (viii) India ranks ____ among the world crude steel producers. (A) Sixth (B) Fifth (C) Ninth . (D) Second (ix) Golden fibre refers to (B) Wool (A) Silk (C) Jute (D) Cotton (x) The first jute mill was set up at ________ near Kolkata. (A) Tarapur (B) Durgapur (C) Rishra (D) Bhadravati CHAPTER 7. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 166

12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS: 17th 18th & 19th CENTURIES SESSION 1 THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Glorious Revolution: In 1688, Parliament’s supremacy came in England with the restrictions to the powers of the king. This is called glorious or bloodless revolution. 2. Divine right: The kings thought that they were given powers by god and so they should not be controlled by the parliament. This right is called divine right. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Identify the name of the country in the context of following statement: (UK, USA, and France) [Refer to TB page 166 Q1] a) Revolution where parliament system was established. b) Country where king continues to play same role even after revolution SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 167

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS c) Country that had to war against another in order to establish its democracy d) Bill of rights was adopted e) Overthrow of the Monarchy was led by the peasants f) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted A. a) UK (England) b) UK c) USA d) USA e) France f) France Q2. What made the American colonists to raise the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’. [Re- fer to TB page 166 Q5] A. 1) In 1774, 13 states of colonies were established in America. 2) Most of them were occupied by people from England who had settled in America. 3) The England Parliament assumed powers to make laws for the American. 4) The laws passed were always favoured England traders. 5) American colonies were taxed heavily by the British Government. 6) The American colonies therefore raised the slogan. ‘No Taxation without Representation. Q3. What were the main ideas of social thinkers, which were significant to the establishment of new forms of governments? How did they gain popularity? [Refer to TB page 166 Q2] SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 168

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS A. 1) Philosophers such as John Locke and Rousseau envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. 2) In his two treaties of government, Locke sought to refuse the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. 3) Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. 4) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in saloons and coffee houses. 5) It spread among people through books and newspapers. 6)Thomas Jefferson advocated to fight for the political rights of the people. 7) Thus they gain popularity. 1.4 Key Concepts 1. At the beginning of 17th century, England was ruled by kings and queens. 2. All the regions of Britain had been united by the Tudor dynasty kings. 3. Tudors refused to accept the authority of the Roman Catholic Church (Pope). 4. This brought a conflict between the Parliament and the king to decide the supreme power. 5. Landowners and merchants elected representatives to the Parliament. 6. The king needed the approval of Parliament. 7. In 1603 James - I of Stuart dynasty became the king of England. He reduced the power of the Parliament. 8. Charles - I dissolved the Parliament and ruled for 11 years without Parliament. 9. In 1640, he was forced to convene the Parliament for the grants. This Parliament continued from 1640 to 1660. Hence it is called the Long Parliament 10. The Long Parliament abolished the special courts and punished the King’s Ministers. A civil war started between Parliamentary party and the king’s party, which lasted for 5 years. 11. William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited by the Parliament to occupy the throne of England. The powers of the king were restricted in 1688. This is called ‘Glorious or Blood- less Revolution. 12. Voting power was given to those owning property or land. After the agitation from the people, gradually the right to vote came to all adults by 1928. 13. England had developed colonies on the eastern coast of North America. The traders of England were favored. Therefore, the American colonies protested at a congress at Philadelphia in 1774. 14. The king George Ill declared a war in April 1775. 15. The Americans finally won the war in October 1781 with the Military assistance of France. 16. The War of Independence came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783). By this treaty, Britain recognised the Independence of its thirteen colonies. SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 169

SESSION 2 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 2.1 Mind Map THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 170

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France [Refer to TB page 166 Q3] A. 1. Social causes: i. The French society was divided into three estates. ii. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the aristocracy, enjoyed certain privileges and were exempted from paying taxes. iii. The burden of taxes was borne by the third estate alone. This problem was compounded by failure of crops. 2. Political causes: i. In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. ii. He was quite inefficient and was influenced by his wife. iii. The influence of nobles and priests also had bad effect on the administration. 3. Growth of Middle class: SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 171

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS i. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of new social groups, collectively termed the middle class. ii. This group of the third estate became powerful due to their access to education and new ideas. iii. They believed that no group in the society should be privileged by birth. 4. Intellectual causes: i. The third estate was influenced by the philosophical thoughts of Locke, Rousseau, etc., 5. Summoning of Estate General: i. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. ii. To increase the taxes to meet the expenses, in 1789, summoned the Estates General. iii. Summoning of Estate General was the immediate causes of the French Revolution. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title” The reign of Terror” of page 158 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 166 Q7] A. Students activity. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain. [Refer to TB page 166 Q4] A. Yes, I agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions. It is because every country has its own culture and custom. The culture is different from country to country. So, a common law can’t bind them into one. The language, culture, race, thoughts etc., are also different. So, it is not possible to set common rights. SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 172

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 2.3 Key Concepts i. The War of Independence came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783). By this treaty, Britain recognized the Independence of its thirteen colonies. ii. In 1789, the national government of the USA adopted a republican Constitution. iii. In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France when the treasury was empty due to the continual wars. iv. To get the treasury filled, the king forced the taxes on the common people and businessmen. The Churches too collected special taxes from the Third Estate (peasants, business people etc). v. There was not equality among the people of France. vi. The philosophers like John Locke and Rousseau envisaged a new society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. vii. In the spirit of the laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government like in USA. viii. On 5th May, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General, to pass proposals for new taxes. The Third Estate rejected the proposal of voting. So, they walked out in protest. ix. On 20thJune, 1789, the Third Estate assembled in Versailles and declared them a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had declared a Constitution for France that would limit the powers of the Monarch. x. The price of all commodities increased. People agitated and so the king sent his troop to suppress the agitation. This provoked the people and forced them to loot the hoarded grain and burn down documents containing records of memorials dues. xi. The landlords and noblemen escaped to other places to save their lives. xii. The king came down to pass a decree abolishing the feudal system and taxes imposed unnec- essarily on the Third State. Finally this made France a Constitutional monarchy. xiii. The kings of France, Prussia and the neighboring countries thought to suppress the rebellions. So, they planned for a war in 1789. xiv. The club under St. Jacob attacked the king’s palace and made him their hostage. Later the national assembly voted to imprison the royal family. Elections were held. Every man got voting at 21 years and above. xv. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. On 21st September 1792, it abolished the Monarch and declared France a republic. The king and queen were sentenced to death. SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 173

SESSION 3 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 3.1 Mind Map AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 3.2 Terminology 1. Aristocracy: Government of the nobles. 2. Monarchy: Government under the control of king. 3. Directory: An executive made up of five members. 4. Fraternity: Brotherhood. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. Locate England, France, Prussia, Spain, and Austria on the Map of Europe . [Refer to TB page 166 Q9] SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 174

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS A. SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 175

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How do you understand women’s role in French Revolution? [Refer to TB page 166 Q6] A. Role of women in French Revolution: i) From the very beginning,women actually participated in the events which brought changes in French society. ii) They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to introduce measures to improve their lives. iii) In order to discusses and voice their interests’ women started their own political clubs and newspapers. iv) The Women’s clubs demanded for the same political rights as men. v) They demanded the right to vote and hold political office. vi) This struggle continued till 1946. vii) Most women of the Third Estate had to work for a living. viii) They worked as domestic servants in the houses of rich, sold fruits, flowers and vegetables etc. ix) Finally as they wished received the political rights. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. ii. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. He guillotined many nobles, clergymen etc., who didn’t agree with his methods. He ordered everybody to eat bead He converted churches as offices or barracks. Finally in July 1794, he was guillotined. iii. There was instability in the system of directory and so Napoleon Bonaparte captured powers and he declared himself the emperor of France. iv. Women actively participated in the French Revolution. They started clubs and associations. v. The women fought for their right to vote. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 176

SESSION 4 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 4.1 Mind Map NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 4.2 Terminology 1. Despotism: The king is the final authority and they people have no right to ask a question. 2. Nationalism: The spirit of love and pride for one’s own country is better than any other country. 3. Liberalism: It dervies from the Latin root word ‘liber’ meaning free man.Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. SESSION 4. NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 177

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 4.3 Key Concepts 1. Europe was divided into small kingdoms due to the revolutions. 2. The democratic and nationalist movements sought to establish powerful states which were based on the active participation of citizens who felt that they shared a common history, culture and economic life. This led to the unification of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe. 3. The French revolutionaries thought of putting a full stop to despotism. 4. A nation is not the territory that the people belonging to it inhabit but people themselves. 5. The people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority. 6. There can’t be any rulers above the people. 7. Napoleon called himself the ‘Emperor of the French Republic’ 8. The government abolished slavery in the French colonies. 9.˙ After the defeat of Napoleon, the old ruling dynasty of France was restored to power. SESSION 4. NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 178

SESSION 5 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 5.1 Mind Map KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 5.2 Terminology 1. Bureaucracy: Government by officials. 2. Romanticism: A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular from of nationalist sentiment. SESSION 5. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 179

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 5.3 Key Concepts 1. In 1830, there was another outbreak of revolution. In 1848, the monarchy was again over thrown though it soon reappeared. Finally, in 1871, the Republic was again proclaimed. 2. France became one of the first countries where the ideas of social equality of socialism, gave rise to a new kind of political movement. 3. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lined diverse peoples. 4. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. SESSION 5. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 180

SESSION 6 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 6.1 Mind Map DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES SESSION 6. DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES 181

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 6.2 Key Concepts i. The members of the aristocratic class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. ii. Aristocratic families were often connected by ties of marriage. They were less in number. The majority of population was of peasants. iii. Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the18th century. In its wake, new so- cial groups came into being, a working, class population and middle classes, the others were industrialists, businessmen, various kinds of professionals. iv. During the18th century suffrage was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. v. Difficulties in tax paying for same commodity in different measures needed a change and a unified economic territory. vi. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. They thought of an autocratic monarchy. vii. In 1815, in Vienna Congress, the conveners of the Congress Metternich announced Censorship laws to control the expansion of French territory, newspapers, books etc. viii. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. ix. Increase in population demanded employment and business. Industrialisation was the outcome of it in England. x. In 1848, food shortages, widespread of unemployment problems forced Louis Philippe to flee. A Nation. SESSION 6. DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES 182

SESSION 7 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 7.1 Mind Map POPULAR REVOLTS OF 19TH CENTURY 7.2 Terminology 1. New middle class: The liberals (educated group). 7.3 Key Concepts i. Liberal — Nationalists led a revolution in Italy, Germany, Ireland and Poland. ii. Charles X was like a despot. He thought to suppress the revolutions. iii. Revolutions were begun in different European Countries. iv. The inability of Louis Philippe brought a great revolution in France. v. The women were not permitted to vote but they were only observers. vi. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolu- tion. SESSION 7. POPULAR REVOLTS OF 19TH CENTURY 183

SESSION 8 CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 8.1 Mind Map Some important years 8.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Briefly explain the process of the unification of Germany. [Refer to TB page 166 Q8] A. i. Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans. ii. They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848. iii. But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. SESSION 8. GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 184

CHAPTER 12- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS iv. Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification. v. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process. vi. He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. vii. He waged three wars in seven years. i. War with Denmark ii. Austro – Prussian war iii. Franco – Prussian war viii. Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871. ix. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a cere- mony held at Versailles. 8.3 Key Concepts 1. Germany and Italy came to be united as nation–state. 2. Prussia took the leadership of the movement for national unification. 3. It’s prime minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. 4. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William l, was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held in Versailles 5. During the middle of nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia–Piedmont, was ruled by Italian princely house. 6. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzine had sought to put to- gether a coherent programme for a Italian republic. 7. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel ll decided to unify the Italian states through war. 8. Prime Minister Cavour tactfully received the support of France and defeated Austria in 1859. 9. The effort of Giuseppe Mazzini Garibaldi unified Italy and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy. SESSION 8. GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 185

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. 1789 1. Match the following. b. 1946 c. 1781 Column A d. 1793–94 i. Reign of Terror e. 1774 ii. America won the war iii. Louis XVI iv. Abolition of feudal system v. Women get right to vote 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Jacobin club b. Third Estate i. James I c. 1603 ii. Robespierre d. Philosopher iii. John Locke e. Demanded division of power iv. Montesquieu v. Lawyers 3. Match the following. Column B Column A a. 1815 b. 1776 i. Declaration of Independence c. 1783 ii. Battle of Waterloo d. 1871 e. Customs union iii. Zollverien iv. The Treaty of Paris v. Unification of Italy CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 186

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 4. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Versailles b. Giuseppe Mazzine i. Young Italy c. Italy ii. Italian princely house d. Sardinia – piedmont e. Germany iii. William –I iv. Prime Minister Cavour v. The tennis court oath 5. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Why was Bill of Rights adopted? (ii) Who comprised the 3rd estate? (iii) What is the meaning of Sovereignty? 187 (iv) How was customs duty levied in German speaking regions? CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (v) What do you mean by the Declaration of Independence? (vi) Who raised the slogan ‘No taxation without representation’? (vii) When did Industrialisation start in England? (viii) What is Carbonary? (ix) What was the major drawback in the constitution of 1791? 188 CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (x) What were Convents? (xi) Define liberalism? (xii) Name the four important people responsible for unification of Italy. (xiii) What was Jacobins club? (xiv) Name the famous book of Rosseau? (xv) In whose period did Adult males enjoy suffrage in France? 189 CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (xvi) What is Romanticism? (xvii) Who were entitled to vote? (xviii) What kind of tax was ‘tithe’? (xix) What was the demand of liberalism in economic sphere? (xx) What was policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany? 190 CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 6. Fill in the blanks. (xxi) The Tudors refused to accept the authority of the pope who was the head of . (xxii) French society in the eighteenth century was divided into estates. . (xxiii) The large empires of Europe were slowly replaced by modern . (xxiv) Napoleon destroyed democracy in France by becoming a (xxv) A civil war between and king’s party lasted for 5 years. called together an assembly of the estate generals to (xxvi) On 5th may 1789, pass proposals for new taxes. (xxvii) and were ruled by independent rulers. (xxviii) The law code of 1804 usually known as the code. (xxix) The parliamentary supremacy transformation is known as or . (xxx) The of France completed the draft of the constitution in 1791. (xxxi) and were ruled by independent rulers. (xxxii) The term liberalism came from the Latin root . (xxxiii) The right to vote was gradually extended to different sections of the population and eventually to all the adults by . (xxxiv) The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against and . (xxxv) The majority of population in Europe were that of . (xxxvi) described him as the most dangerous enemy of our social order. (xxxvii)The right to vote was gradually extended to different sections of the population and eventually to all the adults by . CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 191

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (xxxviii) The constitution of 1791 gave and only to the richer sections of society. led to the growth of (xxxix) towns in western and parts of central Europe. (xl) Network of made the movement of good and people easy. Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Which revolution is known as the glorious or the bloodless revolution? (ii) What is meant by “Reign of terror”? (iii) How can you define a Nation State? CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 192

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (iv) Describe the role of women in 1848 revolution in France? (v) How did the American war of independence come to an end? (vi) Who were Serfs? Long Answer Type Questions 193 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What part did the women play during the French Revolution? CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (ii) Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolution in France? (iii) Explain the reasons that led to the American Revolution. 194 CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (iv) Locate the following countries on the given map of the World. a) England b) Ireland c) France d) Austria e) Hungary (v) Locate the following countries in the given map of the World. 195 a) Indian Ocean b) Spain c) Prussia CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS (vi) What was the aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? (vii) How can you say that Romanticism promoted feeling of Nationalism? CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 196

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) “No taxation without representation”. Explain its importance. Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following text and comment on it. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 197

CHAPTER 12-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the following table and answer the questions. 1797 Some important years Napoleon invaded Italy and Napoleonic wars began. 1814 – Fall of Napoleon, the Vienna peace settlement. 1815 Greek struggle for independence began. 1821 1848 Revolutions in Europe, artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hardships, middle classes demand constitution and representative governments, Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation–states. 1859 – Unification of Italy 1870 Unification of Germany 1866 – Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. 1871 1905 CHAPTER 12. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS 198