202110733-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G10-FY_Optimized

4. Gender, Religion and Caste Month : July Total Periods : 05 in panchayats and municipalities. of religion. 2. Religion, communalism and politics 3. Caste and politics • Religion also plays an important role in politics. • The caste system of the present has evolved • In some countries, politicians promote the cause from the Varna system which was based on of the majority religious group at the cost of the occupations and on the principle that an minorities. occupation passed from one generation to • When one religion is pitted against another; by another. the political class, this is called communalism or • Economic development, large scale urbanization, communal politics. literacy, occupational mobility and weakening of • Sometimes, sacred symbols, religious leaders, the position of landlords in villages have helped emotional appeal, etc. are used to install a sense in blurring the caste-based divisions. of fear among people of a particular community. • Most of the political parties keep the caste This is done with an attempt to polarize people calculation in mind while fielding a candidate on communal lines. from a particular constituency. • The Constitution of India declares that India is a • The caste groups can be broadly divided into secular state. ‘backward’ and ‘forward’. • The constitution gives the people the freedom • Caste divisions often lead to social conflict and to practice a religion of their choice. The even violence. Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Gender and politics • Public/ private division PS -1 Religion, communalism • Women’s political PS-2 and politics representation PS-3 Caste and politics • Communalism • Secular state • Caste inequalities • Social and religious diver- sity of India • Caste in politics • Caste inequalities today • Politics in caste Worksheet for “Gender, Religion and Caste” PS-4 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet check or Peer check* 137

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is the aim of a feminist movement? 2. Name the countries in which the participation of women in public life is very high. 3. Explain the significance of Equal Remuneration Act. 4. Give two reasons for imbalance in the sex ratio in India. 5. What is sexual division of labour? Mention the political demands of women’s movements worldwide. 6. ‘In India, women are discriminated against even before their birth.’ In light of the above statement, mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated. 138

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What was the opinion of Mahatma Gandhi on relation between religion and politics? 2. Who is called secular? 3. Suggest any two measures to check communalism in India. 4. Define communal politics. What are the ideas behind the communal politics? 5. What factors matter in politics other than caste? 139

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What are castes? 2. Explain any three factors that brought about a change in the Indian caste system in modern India. 3. Explain the concept of occupational mobility. 4. How are caste inequalities still existing in India? 5. “Women in Indian society still suffer from discrimination and oppression.” Support the statement with suitable examples. 6. Explain the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies. 7. Describe any five constitutional provisions that make India a secular state. 8. How can religion be used in politics? 140

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: i.e. togetherness of all people as one community 1. Define the term ‘Feminist’? 6. What is Universal Adult Franchise? a. A female dominating politician who handles many a. It means that all citizens whose age is 18 years or people above have right to do job b. A man or woman who believes in equal rights and b. It means that all the citizens have right to seek opportunities for men and women basic education till they are 18 years c. A person who doesn’t support women in society c. It means that all citizens whose age is 18 or above and demands gender inequality to prevail have right to vote d. None of these d.It means that from the age of 18, all are considered 2. At which level in government organisation does as majors women have fair proportion of seats reserved for 7. Which of the following Acts are considered to be them? useful for the women? a. Cabinet membership a. Equal Remuneration Act b. Legislative members b. Industrial Dispute Act c. In panchayats and municipalities c. Central Labour Act d. In parliament d. All of the above 3. Who are Adivasis or Scheduled Tribes? 8. Which field is facing crunch due to occupational a. Those communities that led a secluded life usually mobility in recent times? in hills and forests and did not interact much with the a. Technology rest of society b. Manufacturing b. Those people were subjected to exclusion and c. Agriculture untouchability d. Artisans c. Those communities who move from one place to 9. Can you suggest by which way women can another in search of occupation enhance participation in politics? d. Those communities who were not allowed proper a. By giving proper education living and looked after as slaves b. By standing up for their rights behind men 4. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides that c. By performing their daily duties at home without a. Equal wages should be paid to equal work done by rest both men and women d. All of the above b. Equal wages for equal level of positions in an 10. According to you, which of the following company qualities are important for a candidate to stand in c. Equal remuneration for all labourers put together election? d. Equal wages or remuneration for all people of i) Candidate should be honest, positive and same qualification accountable for his acts 5. On what theory are communal politics based? ii) Candidates should be strategic thinking and a. They are based on the principal that people are decision making capacity different and cannot be treated equally iii) Candidate should be economically powerful b. They are based on the idea that religion is the iv) Candidate should have lots of support from his principal basis of social community party workers and citizens c. Communal politics are based on the theory of a. i) and iii) economy. Whoever is richer has more power b. iii) and iv) d. Communal politics are based on single community 141

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) c. ii) and iii) d. i) and ii) II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Answer the following: (i) How was the notion of caste hierarchy breaking down? (ii) How have the women participation increased in Indian Politics? 2. Communalism is one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. India chooses the model of a secular state. What were the constitutional provisions which were made? 3. Explain the ways in which women are still discriminated in India? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. How does communalism take various forms in politics? Explain. 2. Analyse the role of caste in Indian politics. 142

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Define an atheist.  (1 mark) 6. What is communal politics? How does it work?  (3 marks) 2. Which term is used for a country which allows its people to follow any religion?  (1 mark) 3. Why is Article 17 important?  (1 mark) 4. Who said that religion can never be separated 7. Can religion be used positively in politics? from politics? (1 mark) Support your answer with arguments. (5 marks) 5. Name any three steps which have been taken by the government for the protection of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.  (3 marks) 143

5. Popular Struggles and Movements Month : October/November Total Periods : 05 Learning Outcomes • Understand the role of various organisation in mobilisation. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand the movement in Nepal to restore • Understand the role of pressure groups. • Understand sectional interest groups and public democracy. • Understand the role of different kings. interest groups. • Explain the role of common people of Nepal • Interpret the work of movement groups. during the movement. • Explain Bolivia’s Water War against privatization of water. Concept Map Popular struggles and movements Popular struggles Mobilisation and Pressure groups in Nepal and organisations and movements Bolivia Movement for Sectional interest democracy in groups and public Nepal interest groups Bolivia Water War Movement groups Democracy and Is their influence popular struggles healthy? Key Points • All the existing political parties formed an alliance i.e., the Seven party alliances–SPA. • In April 2006, Nepal experienced an extraordinary popular movement to restore • On 21 April, people served an ultimatum to the democracy. king. • People fought to regain the popular control over • Bolivia is relatively poorer and a small country the government from the king. in Latin America. The World Bank forced the government to let go their control over the • It won democracy in 1990. municipal water supply. • Post that, the king used to formally the head of • Their government sold off these rights to an the state but the real power was exercised by MNC. This MNC immediately increased the the elected representatives. prices to four times. • King Gyanendra was not ready to accept democratic rule. On February 2005 he dismissed • To fight against this a new alliance of labour, the Prime minister and dissolved the popularly human rights, and community leaders came elected Parliament. 144

5. Popular Struggles and Movements Month : October/November Total Periods : 05 together in January 2006. goods. They aim to help groups other than their • The protest against water privatization in Bolivia own members. • Most of the movements are issues specific was not led by any political party. It was led by movements that seek to achieve a single an organisation called FEDECOR. objective within a limited time frame. • This organisation comprised of local • Pressure groups and movements exert influence professionals, including engineers and on politics in a variety of ways environmentalists. • It may initially appear that it is not healthy for • There are many indirect ways in which people groups that promote the interest of one section can get governments to listen to their demands to have influence in democracy. or their points of view. • Putting pressure on the rulers is not unhealthy • Pressure groups are organisations that attempt activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets to influence government policies. this opportunity • Usually, sectional interest groups seek to • Public interest groups and movements perform promote the interests of a particular section or a useful role in countering this useful role or group of society. countering this undue influence and reminding • These second type of groups are called the government of the needs and concerns of promotional groups or public interest groups. ordinary citizens. They promote collective rather than selective Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Popular struggles in Nepal • Movement for democracy in PS -1 and Bolivia Nepal • Bolivia Water War • Democracy and popular struggles Mobilisation and • Sectional interest groups PS-2 organisations and public interest groups • Movement groups • Is their influence healthy? Pressure groups and • National Consumer Day in PS-3 movements India PS-4 • Demerits of consumer re- Self-evaluation dressal process Sheet Worksheet for \"Popular Struggles and Movements\" Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 145

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. When did extraordinary popular movement begin in Nepal? 2. Why did King Gyanendra replace King Birendra? 3. What does SPA mean? 4. In which year did Nepal became a constitutional monarchy? 5. What was the main reason of Bolivia's popular movement? 6. What led to the Movement for Democracy in Nepal in the year 2006? 7. What was the result of people's movement in Bolivia water war? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Which groups were involved in Bolivia's Water War? Which party which came to power in Bolivia in 2006? 2. How do organisations and pressure groups influence politics? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is a pressure group? Give a few examples. 2. What is a movement? 3. Give some examples of movements. 4. Who was the president of Kenya in 1990? 5. What are Sectional Interest Groups and Public Interest Groups? 6. Explain any three types of pressure groups. 7. What kind of movements are generic movements? 8. Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties. 9. Which three conclusions can be drawn out from the movement of Nepal and the struggle of Bolivia. 10. 'Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy.' How far is it true? 146

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 7. An organisation that undertakes activities to 1. Who were Maoists? promote their interests or their viewpoints- interest a. They are terrorists who always hindered the groups government policies and try to take over it a. Movement b. Those who believe in the ideology of Mao. They b. Interest group seek to overthrow the government through an armed c. Pressure group revolution and establish the rule of the peasants and d. None of these workers 8. Bolivia movement was mainly on _____. c. Those who believed in achieving the required a. Political performance demands through non-violent movement strategies b. Single issue movement d. The communist group which the government c. Multiple issue movement tries to suppress as they are generally against the d. Proof of powers democratic governments rule. 9. How can organisations influence the decisions in 2. What was April 2006 movement in Nepal aimed a democracy? at? a. Direct participation in competitive politics a. Aimed at regaining popular control over the b. By forming an organisation and undertaking government from the king activities to promote their interests or their b. Aimed at making the government fall and viewpoints establishing of re-elections c. Only option a c. Aimed at showing the power of king by gathering at d. Both options a and b a place 10. From the following who all influence the d. Aimed at protesting against the discrimination political parties? policy which was introduced helping out the richer a. Business people people and suppressing the poor b. Students union 3. Under this Act, citizens can seek information from c. Both a and b government offices pertaining to different d. Neither a nor b activities. a. Right to knowledge II. Short Answer Questions: b. Right to seek answer 1. (i) The struggle in Bolivia and movement in Nepal c. Right to citizen’s question were of different context. State the differences and d. Right to information similarities. 4. Which of these is not a massive people’s moment? (ii) Give three points how can a democracy evolve? a. Narmada Bachao Andolan 2. How should the government maintain balance in b. Movement for Right to Information its acts by listening to everyone? Explain. c. Women’s Movement 3. Analyse single issue movement with an example. d. Environmental Movement 5. Even though they don’t support democracy, III. Long Answer Questions: _______ participated in the movement against 1. How do pressure groups and movements government in Nepal. influence politics? a. Upper class people 2. What are pressure groups and how do they differ b. Poor people from movements? Explain with examples. c. Maoists d. SPA – Seven major political parties 6. Democratic conflicts are resolved through _________. a. Mass mobilisation b. Filing a petition c. Mutual discussions d. Protest by the individual group 147

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Who was the constitutional Monarch of Nepal? 7. Mention three similarities and two difference  (1 mark) between the popular struggle of Nepal and Bolivia.  (5 marks) 2. What was the aim of popular movement of Nepal?  (1 mark) 3. What was 'FEDECOR'? (1 mark) 4. What do you mean by the word 'Kittiko- Hachchiko?  (1 mark) 5. Write a brief note on Movement Groups and give an example.  (3 marks) 6. What are interest group? Give two features of promotional pressure groups in India.  (3 marks) 148

6. Political Parties Month : October Total Periods : 06 Learning Outcomes • Know the various national and state political parties At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand the meaning of political parties • Understand the challenges in political parties • Understand the functions of political parties • Interpret the various ways political parties can • Explain the necessity of political parties • Understand the concept of multiparty system be reformed. Concept Map Popular struggles and movements Why do we How many National State parties Challenges in How can need political political parties political parties political parties political parties be reformed? parties? should we have? Key Points • Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in the election and provide • Political parties are easily one of the most a fair chance for the competing parties to come visible institutions in a democracy. to the power. • A political party is a group of people who come • If several parties compete for power, and more together to contest elections and hold power than two parties have a reasonable chance of in the government. coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it multi-party • Parties reflect fundamental political divisions system. in a society. Parties are a part of the society and thus involve PARTNERSHIP • When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting • A political party has three components: elections and winning power, it is called an I) The leaders, alliance or a front. II) The active members and III) The followers • Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world tend to have two kinds of • Basically, political parties fill political offices political parties: parties that are present in and exercise political power. only one of the federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of Federation • Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. • Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission • Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and • There were six national recognised parties in passed in the legislature. the country in 2006. These are: » Indian National Congress • The rise of political parties is directly linked to » Bharatiya Janta Party the emergence of representative democracies. » Bahujan Samaj Party » Communist Party of Indian-Marxist • In a democracy, any group of citizens is free to » Communist Party of India form the political party. » Nationalist Congress Party • More than 750 parties are registered with the 149 Election Commission of India. • We cannot consider one party system as a good option because this is not a democratic option.

6. Political Parties Month : October Total Periods : 06 • Other than these six parties, most of the major • The third challenge is about the growing role of parties of the country are classified by the money and muscle power in parties, especially Election Commission as ‘State parties’. during elections. • Over the last three decades, the number and • The Constitution was amended to prevent strength of these parties has expanded. elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. This was done because many elected • All over the world, people express strong representatives were indulging in defection in dissatisfaction with the failure of political order to become ministers or for cash rewards. parties to perform their functions as well. • A law should be made to regulate the internal • The first challenge is lack of internal democracy affairs of political parties. It should be made within parties. All over the world there is a compulsory for political parties to maintain a tendency in political parties towards the register of its members concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. • There are two other ways in which political parties can be reformed- One, people can put • The second challenge of the dynastic succession pressure on political parties. This can be done is related to the first one. Since most political through petition, publicity, and agitation. parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Why do we need political • Meaning PS -1 • Necessity PS-2 parties? PS-3 How many political • How political parties are parties should we have? formed National political parties • Types of political parties State parties • National political parties • State political parties Challenges in political • Various challenges in PS-4 parties political parties How can political parties • How political parties can be be reformed? reformed Worksheet for \"Political Parties\" PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 150

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the components of a political party? 2. What is considered to be most important function of a political party? 3. What kind of party system do we have in India? 4. Why are political parties a pre-condition for democracy? Explain. 5. Explain the necessity of political parties in democratic politics. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Name the two types of political parties. 2. Which was the major opposition party in the Lok Sabha during the UPA government? 3. Which political party is leading the National Democratic Alliance? 4. Give an example of one-party system. 5. What is meant by alliance? 6. How does a country choose a party system? 7. State any two advantages of the multi-party system. In what way is an alliance different from a coalition government? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Which state is Trinamool Congress connected to? 2. Name the alliance formed by Congress Party. 3. Name any two state parties. 4. Name any two regional parties of West Bengal. 5. When was the Communist Party of India (CPI) formed? 6. Highlight the ideologies of Indian National Congress. 7. What is meant by a ‘national political party’? State the conditions required. 8. Why are symbols allotted to political parties in India? Explain the reasons. 151

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Write any one challenge to political parties in India. 2. What is meant by state funding of election? 3. Highlight the main challenges faced by political parties. 4. Give one difference between United Progressive Alliance and National Democratic Alliance. 5. How can we ensure an adequate participation of women in political parties? Give one suggestion. 6. Critically examine the working of political parties. 7. Examine the merits and demerits of two-party system. 8. Which ‘National Political Party’ draws inspiration from the teachings of Mahatma Phule? Write any four points related to its policy. 9. How did Communist Party of India(Marxist) develop after the split in the Communist Party of India (CPI)? 152

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: c. Mobilise opposition to the government 1. d. All of the above 6. In some countries, the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form Name the party which has this symbol? government. Which of these countries do not follow a. Communist this type of system? b. Communist party of India a. India c. Communist party of India – Marxist b. United kingdom d. Revolutionary socialist party c. United states 2. Every party in the country has to register with d. Jamaica the: 7. Which of these is not a component of a political a. Parliament party? b. Election Commission a. Election c. Judiciary b. The leader d. Vote Bank c. The active members 3. Those parties that lose in the elections play the d. The followers role of ________. 8. Which political party had major votes during 2019 a. Ruling party elections in India? b. Opposition a. National Democratic Alliance c. Contestants b. United Progressive Alliance d. Cabinets c. Left front 4. Which of these statements are true? d. None of these won majority seats i. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the 9. Which of the following is not true according to people. code of conduct? ii. Political parties are not required to run a country a. The election campaign rallies and road shows must iii. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving few not hinder the road traffic party leaders b. Candidates and political parties need not obtain iv. Political party just requires a leader but need not permission or license from the local authorities and be organised. local police for conducting election rallies Choose the correct option: c. Candidates are asked to refrain from distributing a. I and ii are true liquor to voters b. I and iv are true d. The election code hinders the government or ruling c. I and iii are true party leaders from launching new welfare programs d. Iii and iv are true 10. Why has India adopted multi party system? 5. What is the role of opposition? a. India is a large country with lots of social and a. Keeps a check on the activities of the ruling party geographical diversities and it is not easy to absorbed b. Criticising government for its failures or Wrong by a single or two party system policies b. It is not possible in a democratic society c. British government had forced this system on our country while leaving India d. Because many countries follow this system II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Define the terms: (i) Affidavit (ii) Defection 153

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) (iii) Political party 2. Name types of party systems. Describe about single party system. 3. Write short notes on the recent amendments which were made III. Long Answer Questions: 1. State the criteria required for a national party to be recognised by Election Commission. Write briefly about oldest formed party and the party which got highest votes in 2019 Lok Sabha elections. 2. Analyse the problems faced by the political parties in their smooth working. 154

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. What is a political party? (1 mark) 6. Why do we need political parties? Give three reasons.  (3 marks) 2. Name the countries where two-party systems exist.  (1 mark) 3. When was Indian National Congress found?  (1 mark) 4. Who is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj 7. Imagine you are forming a political party. Explain the kind of ideologies your party would Party?  (1 mark) follow. (5 marks) 5. How does money and muscle-power play a role in elections? (3 marks) 155

7. Outcomes of Democracy Month : November - December Total Periods : 06 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand the correlation between economic • Discuss about democratic government. growth and various forms of government. • Analyze why sometimes democratic government • Understand accommodation of social diversity can be less effective. in a democratic country. • Compare between the functioning of democratic • Interpret the success of democracy in India. and non-democratic government. • Recognize why most countries prefer a democratic government. Concept Map How do we assess democracy’s outcomes? Accountable, responsive and legitimate government Economic growth and Economic outcomes of development democracy Outcomes of democracy Reduction of inequality and poverty Accommodation of social diversity Dignity and freedom of the citizens Key Points • Many factors decide the trend of economic growth like population size, global situation, • The most basic outcome of democracy is that cooperation from other countries, economic it produces a government that is accountable priorities of the country, etc. to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. • In most of the countries, democracy has failed in reducing economic inequalities. • Non-democratic government does not need to arrive at a consensus among a diverse set • In most of the democratic countries, social of people. diversity is accommodated peacefully. • Democracy functions on the basis of 156 deliberation and negotiation and hence, decisions are often delayed. • A democratic government is more transparent than a non-democratic government.

7. Outcomes of Democracy Month : November - December Total Periods : 06 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practical Sheet How do we assess • How do we assess democracy’s PS-1 democracy’s outcomes? outcomes? PS-2 Accountable, responsive • Accountable, responsive and legitimate PS-3 and legitimate government government PS-4 Economic outcomes of democracy Self-evaluation Economic growth and • Sheet development Reduction of inequality • Reduction of inequality and poverty and poverty Accommodation of social diversity Dignity and freedom of the • Accommodation of social diversity citizens • Dignity and freedom of the citizens Worksheet for \"Outcomes of Democracy\" Evaluation with self-check or Peer check* 157

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the main features of a democracy? 2. What is meant by transparency? 3. Which form of government is better – democratic or non-democratic? 4. Explain how democracy is better than any other form of government. 5. Explain how non-democratic governments can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. 6. How do we assess democracy’s outcome? 158

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What is meant by economic inequality? 2. In which area does democracy fail to achieve same the results as in dictatorship? 3. Mention a few factors that determine the economic growth of a country. 4. How are democracies based on political and economic equalities? 5. How does democracy reduce poverty and inequality? 6. Analyse how democracy can reduce economic disparities. 159

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Is it true that most societies across the world were historically male dominated societies? 2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities? 3. Explain how democracy led to the development, security and dignity of the people. 4. What are the demerits of democracy? 5. Analyse how democracy can accommodate the dignity of women and caste discrimination in one system. 160

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: b. Because no member comes to consensus regarding 1. What is meant by transparency of governance? any subject. a. A through glass piece through which means that c. Because the politicians do not wish to change any governance can be seen openly policies or laws frequently b. Right and the means to examine the process of d. Because the constitution does not allow to change decision making in a democracy most of the laws and rules written c. It is a closed door system of decision making 8. Which of these is true in a democratic form of d. None of the above government? 2. Which of the following have very stable a. No corruption exists in this form of government democratic governments in the world? b. Decision making process gets delayed a. Canada c. Every person or citizen has right to vote after he b. Pakistan attains 18 years of age c. China d. The rules and duties of central government and d. Russia state governments are different. 3. Which form of government is considered best 9. If you wanted to measure democracies on the worldwide? basis of this expected outcome, you would look for a. Dictatorship the following practices and institutions: b. Monarchy a. regular, free and fair elections; c. Democratic b. open public debate on major policies and d. Communalism legislations; and 4. How can you measure democracies on the basis c. citizens’ right to information about the government of expected outcome? and its functioning. a. Regular, free and fair elections d. All of the above b. Open public debate on major policies, legislations 10. Democratic government is legitimate c. Citizens’ right to information about the government government. The reason is: and its functioning a. Democratic government is people’s own d. All of the above government. 5. What is democratic government? b. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected a. form of government where rulers are elected and by them. their rules have to be followed c. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is b. a form of government where the rulers are elected, itself an outcome that cannot be ignored and the rules are set down in a written constitution d. All of the above c. Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them II. Short Answer Questions: directly or through freely elected representatives 1 . Some people think that democratic government d. A form of government where people vote a single is less effective than other forms of government. ruler with only two options-support the ruler or not. Why? 6. Which of these has not happened because of 2. Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life adaption of democracy? among citizens? Support the statement. a. Women empowerment has been achieved due to 3. Democracy stands much superior to any other the policy of equality in democracy form of government in promoting dignity and b. Poverty has fully been eradicated in this freedom of the individual. Support this statement. governance c. Elimination of caste, religion and gender based III. Long Answer Questions: discrimination 1. How does democracy produce an accountable, d. People enjoy social and economic rights responsive and legitimate government? 7. Why are decisions delayed in democracy? 2. It looks like democracy did not reduce economic a. Because the government is based on the idea of inequality and poverty. Is this true? Support this deliberation and negotiation statement. 161

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following:  (4 marks) II. Answer the following:  (6 marks) 1. What is the most basic outcome of democracy? 2. Which features of democracy are common in most countries of the world? 3. When do people start blaming the idea of democracy? III. Answer the following:  (5 marks) 4. Do you agree that democracy promotes dignity 1. What are the challenges faced by democratic of the citizen? governments? 162

8. Challenges to Democracy Month : December Total Periods : 07 Learning Outcomes • Describe the factors which cause these challenges. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand the challenges of changing into a • Analyse the solutions to these challenges. • Understand what are democratic reforms or democratic country. • Analyse the changes a country has to go through political reforms. • Analyse the importance of reforming politicians. after changing to democratic regime. • Highlight how democracy can be redefined. • Recognize the challenges associated with expansion of democracy. Concept Map Challenges to democracy • Thinking about challenges • Thinking about • Different context, political reforms different challenges • Reforming politicians • Different types of challenges • Redefining democracy Key Points • At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under • It can be said that there is no pre-prescribed democratic government. method to tackle the challenge faced by a democracy. • These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then • Any legal change must carefully look at what instituting democratic government. results it will have on politics. • Nepal is a very good example of foundational • Democratic reforms are to be brought about challenge of democracy. principally through political practice. • Most of the established democracies face the • The main focus of political reforms should be on challenge of expansion. ways to strengthen democratic practice. • In India, certain socio-economically backward • You cannot have democracy in a real sense unless groups have yet to get the political powers. people and politicians overcome the barriers of caste and religion. • Strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy is another challenge that countries • The corruption of the politicians is more visible face. and we get the impression that all politicians are corrupt. Some of them are and some of them are • These challenges depend on what stage of social not. development the country is. 163

8. Challenges to Democracy Month : December Total Periods : 07 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Thinking about • Thinking about PS -1 challenges Different context, challenges PS-2 different challenges PS-3 Different types of • Different context, Self-evaluation Sheet challenges different challenges Thinking about political • Different types of reforms challenges Reforming politicians Redefining democracy • Thinking about political reforms • Reforming politicians • Redefining democracy Worksheet for “Challenges to Democracy” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 164

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the three main challenges faced by a democracy? 2. What kind of challenge is being faced by one- fourth countries of the globe? 3. Name any two countries which face the challenge of expansion of democracy. 4. Which country disintegrated due to ethnic tension between Serbs and Albanians? 5. Do women in Saudi Arabia have the right to vote? 6. Explain how challenge of ‘deepening of democracy’ is faced by democracies. 7. At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under democratic government. Explain the challenge to democracy. 8. Explain foundation challenge faced by democracies of the world. 165

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Who should carry out the democratic reforms? 2. What does RTI stand for? 3. What are the basic rights of citizens for exercising voting rights? 4. Explain how political parties bring democratic reforms. 5. Define a good democracy. 6. What do you understand by counter-productive law? 7. Explain the ways in which democracy can be redefined to make it more effective. 8. In what way does RTI help the people in a democracy? 9. What are the broad guidelines to be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India? 166

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: rich and upper class people 1. Meaning of Democratic government- d. Democracy provides social and economic rights to a. A government that is administered and governed its citizens by a single party always 7. Which of the following points doesn’t belong to b. A form of government in which a natural person, democracy? the monarch(king or queen), is head of state until a. Power sharing between governments and social death or abdication groups c. A form of government in which the people have the b. Discrimination based on caste, religion and gender authority to choose their governing legislation c. Offer social and economic rights to citizens d. A form of power structure in which power rests d. Respect for minorities and their interest with a small number of people 8. Which one is not the challenge faced by the 2. The term defines: democratic form of government? a. a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for a. Foundational challenge of making the transition to progress and can be overcome democracy b. a call to someone to participate in a competitive b. Keeping military away from controlling the situation that requires some action government c. both a and b c. Great efforts to establish a sovereign and functional d. neither a nor b state 3. What are incentives? d. Establishment of a proper king’s rule and check a. Extrinsic motivators which reward actions to yield a that people follow them desired outcome 9. What are democratic reforms? b. An object, item of value or desired action or event a. The various changes that were made in other that spurs an employee to do more of whatever was countries seeing our country’s governance encouraged by the employer b. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming c. A payment or concession to stimulate greater various challenges to democracy output or investment c. Various reform programs which were suggested by d. All of the above the panel of people regarding the education policy 4. How can democratic reforms be carried out? alone a. Through legal ways d. The changes made in the lifestyle of various b. Through political practices ministers in order to fulfill their duties c. Proper implementation of laws 10. Values learnt from a good democracy – d. ll of the above a. Sense of justice and equality 5. How have people become active in participation b. Feeling of tolerance and accommodation towards of government? diversities a. They are aware of functions of government c. Sense of sympathy and empathy b. Most of people are becoming literates d. All of the above c. Conscious in selecting their representatives d. All of the above II. Short Answer Questions: 6. Which of these statements is not true? 1. Most of the established democracies are facing a. Power sharing is an important spirit of democracy the challenges of further enhancing the policies of b. elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity democracies in their governance. Comment on this to the people statement. c. Voting opportunity is available to people who are 2. “Right to Information Act” acts as a watchdog of democracy. Is this statement true? 3. “A challenge is an opportunity to progress”. Analyse the statement. 167

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Explain the various types of challenges being faced by the modern democracies of the world. 2. State some of the broad guidelines that need to be kept in mind while devising ways and means of political reforms in India. 168

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins (3 marks) I. Answer the following:  2. What are reforms?  1. What are the foundational challenges of democracy?  (1 mark) 2. What involves the challenge of expansion?  (1 mark) 3. How do we define a true democracy?  (1 mark) III. Answer the following: 1. What are the challenges faced by democratic governments?  (5 marks) 4. Which law empowers people to carry out democratic reforms? (1 mark) II. Answer the following:  1. What are the challenges faced by non- democratic countries?  (3 marks) 169

1. Development Month : March/April Total Periods : 06 Learning Outcomes be measured and income is the most common method for measuring development. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Familiarise themselves with some • Define development and know different aspects macroeconomic concepts. • Know about the rationale for overall human of development. development in our country, which includes • Examine the criteria to assess the development the rise of income, improvements in health and education rather than income. of a region. • How and why people should be healthy and • Understand the influence of public facilities on provided with education. • Awareness of a major employment generating the development of a country. sector. • Understand that people have different • Understand how and why governments invest in such an important sector. perspectives on development and there are ways by which we can arrive at common indicators for development. • Compare countries or states using some selected development indicators. • Understand that economic development can Concept Map Development What development process- Comparing countries and Meaning of HDI, Sustainable different people, different states in terms of Income development Development Indicators goals Criteria used in classifying Indicators of HDI Income and other goals Measures of Sustainable National development countries Public Facilities development Key Points • Facilities which are provided by the government are considered as public facility like schools, • Development promises a real growth by enhancing hospitals, transport etc. total income and standard of living of a person. • Income by itself is not a completely adequate • Different persons can have different indicator of material goods and services that developmental goals and what may be citizens are able to use. development for one, may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. • For example, money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated • For example, a girl expects as much freedom medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a and opportunity as her brother and that, he also community that already has all these things. shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this. • Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present, without • One common thing that all people desire are compromising the ability of future generations to regular work, better wages, and decent price for meet their own needs. their crops or other products that they produce. • Sustainable development is important because if • Besides seeking more income, one way or the resources will not be sustained, then our natural other, people also seek things like equal treatment, resources will stagnate after some time and no freedom, security, and respect from others. upcoming generation will be able to take the advantage of these natural resources. • National development refers to ability of a nation 170 to improve standard of living of its citizens. • For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. • Per capita income is calculated by dividing total income of a country to total population of that country.

1. Development Month : March/April Total Periods : 06 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Development • What development PS -1 How to compare promises- Different PS-2 different countries or People, Different Goals states & Income and • Income and other Goals PS-3 other criteria • National development PS-4 Effects of Revolution- • Comparing countries and Public Facilities and states in terms of income Human development • Criteria used in Index(HDI) classifying countries Sustainability of • Per capita income of development select states • Development indicators- PCI,Literacy rate and IMR • Meaning of Public facilities and its importance • Meaning of HDI, its indicators and importance • Meaning • Importance • Measures Worksheet for “Development” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet check or Peer check* 171

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is development? What are the two aspects of development? 2. Give any two common developmental goals of the people. 3. Give an example of two persons or groups of persons who may seek things which are conflicting. 4. Mention any three possible development goals of rich farmers from Punjab. 5. Besides income, what are the other ways in which people expect growth and development? 6. Why do different person have different notions of development? 7. State the factors that a person would consider before accepting a job in a far off place. 8. What happens if women are engaged in paid work? 9. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer. 10. Landless rural labourers also have development goals for them. Mention any three such goals. 172

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What is average income? 2. What is per capita income? 3. What are the main norms used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor? 4. What is Net Attendance Ratio? 5. Mention any one limitation of per capita income as an indicator of development. 6. Why is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? 7. For comparing countries, which is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Explain. 8. Read the following table and answer the following questions: State Per capita income for 2012-13 (in Rs.) Maharashtra Kerala 1,07,670 Bihar 88,527 28,774 (a) Which states show the highest and lowest per capita income and why? (b) What does the table indicate about the development position of the states? 9. Read the following table and answer the following questions: State Infant Mortality Literacy Haryana Rate (IMR) rate 36 82 Kerala 12 94 Bihar 43 62 (a) Which state has the largest literacy rate and why? (b) Which state has the highest Infant Mortality Rate and why? (c) Identify the state which has the greatest Human Development Index. 173

PRACTICE SHEET - 23 (PS-23) 1. What are public facilities? Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? 2. What do you mean by Human Development Index? 3. Give reason behind low infant mortality rate in Kerala. 4. How is Body Mass Index (BMI)? 5. Why is Human Development Index a good indicator of development? 6. Why are countries of the Middle East are called developed in spite of high per capita income? 7. Income is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that people are able to use. Explain this statement with suitable example. 8. Read the following table and answer the following questions: Country Gross National Income Life Expectancy at Literacy rate for 15+yrs HDI rank in the per capita income (in $) birth population world Sri Lanka 74 91 73 India 9250 66 63 135 Myanmar 5150 65 93 150 Pakistan 3998 67 55 146 Nepal 4652 68 57 145 Bangladesh 2194 71 58 142 2713 a. Compare Sri Lanka and India on the basis of any three indicators of HDI for 2004. b. What is the rank of India as per the HDI report of 2004? 174

PRACTICE SHEET - 43 (PS-43) 1. What is sustainability of development? 2. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy of resources. 3. Why is sustainability important for development? 4. Give two suggestions to achieve the sustainability of development. 5. Suggest measures to ensure sustainable development. 175

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: d. All of the above 1. Per capita income is also called ______. 8. Which countries are called rich countries? a. Individual income a. Countries with per capita income of US $ 1530 b. Personal income b. Countries with per capita income more than US $ c. Average income 12616 per annum d. Income of the country c. Countries with per annual income of 1035 million 2. What is HDI? d. Richness of a country cannot be measured by any a. Human Development Index factor b. Human Development Interference 9. Why is ground water overused? c. Human Data Index a. Over population d. Human Data information b. Excessive bore wells for irrigation 3. A natural fuel such as coal or gas formed from the c. Industrial needs remains of living organisms deep inside the earth’s d. All of the above crust thousands of years ago. 10. Which statement doesn’t suit organic farming a. Natural gas sustainability? b. Petroleum a. By using organic manure c. Fossil fuels b. By better preservation of the different d. None of these environments sources like soil, water 4. Developing country means: c. By using lots of water a. Country in which income rises along with the d. By reducing green house gas emission education AII. Short Answer Questions: b. Country in which literacy rate increases along with 1. What is development? Why do different people income have different as well as conflicting developmental c. Country where income rises along with the goals? Explain? standard of living 2. Explain the following: d. Country where people are happy living their life a. Economic development 5. Money cannot buy all the goods and services. Is b. HDI this statement true? c. Global Warming a. Yes 3. Explain the role of education and health in overall b. No development of a country? c. Maybe d. May not be III. Long Answer Questions: 6. What would not be the developmental goal of a 1. Answer the following: farmer? (i)What are the indicators used by UNDP for a. Increase in production measuring development of a country? Compare it b. Manager post in a company with World Bank report. c. Proper irrigation (ii)How has the World Development Report d. More profits classified countries? State its limitations? Why do 7. Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because - we use averages to compare the development of a. Provision of basic health countries? b. Adequate educational facilities 2. “Sustainable development is the need of c. Various awareness programs the hour”. Explain this statement by stating its definition, features and measures to be taken to prevent environmental degradation. 176

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Define national income. (1 mark) 7. For development, people look at a mix of goals. Support the statement with example.  (5 marks) 2. What are the main indicators of Human Development Index?  (1 mark) 3. What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)? (1 mark) 4. What is National development? (1 mark) 5. What do you mean by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic development of a country?  (3 marks) 6. Mention three main components of measuring Human Development Index according to UNDP Report of 1990.  (3 marks) 177

2. Sectors of the Indian Economy Month : June Total Periods : 07 Learning Outcomes • Know how and why government invest in such important sectors. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Emphasise the changing roles of economic • Able to compare the three economic activities. • Differentiate between private and public sectors. • Understand the interdependence of three activities, and why it is important for public activities to focus on certain areas. different economic sectors i.e. primary, • Identify various measures for increasing secondary and tertiary. employment opportunities in the country. • Familiarise with fundamental concepts such as • Understand the rising importance of the tertiary GDP, employment etc. sector. • Classify economic activities. • Know the major employment generating sectors. Concept Map Sectors of the Indian economy Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Meaning of economic Sectors in terms of sector in India activity ownership Public sector and • Importance of tertiary Three different sectors Private sector sector of economic activities- Importance of Primary, Secondary and public activities • Service sector& economic Tertiary development Comparing the three Interdependence of each sectors • Share of sector in sector Historical changes in employment economic sectors • How to create more Meaning of GDP and employment how to calculate it • Objectives of MGNREG 2005 Act Organised and Unorganised sectors How to protect worker unorganised sector Key Points each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. • Any action that involves producing, distributing, • The sum of production in the three sectors gives or consuming products or services is an economic what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) activity. of a country. • GDP is the value of all final goods and services • Economic activities can be classified into different produced within a country during a particular sectors on the basis of nature of work. year. • Secondary sector gradually became the most • The different sectors of economy in India are important in total production and employment. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors. Hence, over time, a shift had taken place. • Economic activities, though, are grouped 178 into three different categories, are highly interdependent. • The value of final goods and services produced in

2. Sectors of the Indian Economy Month : June Total Periods : 07 • In the past 100 years, there has been a further • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment shift from secondary to tertiary sector in Guarantee Act-2005 ( NREGA -2005) This act is developed countries. implemented as “Right to Work” in all the 604 districts of India. Under this act, all those who are • The service sector has become the most able to work and are in need of work have been important in terms of total production. in the year guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by 2013-14, the tertiary sector has emerged as the the government. However, only one person per largest producing sector in India replacing the family is entitled to this benefit primary sector. • Organised sector covers those enterprises or • Several services such as hospitals, educational places of work where the terms of employment institutions, post and telegraph services, police are regular. They are registered by the stations, courts, village administrative offices, government and have to follow its rules and municipal corporations, defence, transport, regulations. Therefore people have job security. banks, insurance companies, etc. are the basic services which are required by primary and • Unorganized sector covers small and scattered secondary sectors for their normal functioning. units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but • More than half of the workers in the country they are generally not being implemented by the are working in the primary sector, mainly in unorganized sector. Employment is not secure in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP. the unorganized sector. • Underemployment is a situation in which a • In unorganized sector, protection and support worker gets work for less time than the time is required for the workers for their economic he can work. In other words, he remains and social development. Besides getting unemployed for some months is a year or some irregular and low paid work, they also face social hours every day. discrimination. • Employment is an activity from which a person • Public sector is the sector which is owned, earns the means of living, i.e. income in cash or in controlled and managed by the government. kind. Activities in the government sector are guided by the motive of social welfare and not to earn • Unemployment refers to a situation where the profit. persons who are able to work and are willing to work, fail to secure work. • In private sector, ownership of production units is in the hands of private individuals. Activities • Government can create more employment in the private sector are mainly guided by the opportunities by providing better infrastructure motive to earn profit. Example: TISCO and RIL. such as roads, dams, canals etc. Further, this can be enhanced by providing services like banks, transport and communication. 179

2. Sectors of the Indian Economy Month : June Total Periods : 07 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Introduction • Economic activity-Meaning PS -1 Comparing the three • Three different economic sectors – PS-2 sectors Primary, Secondary and Tertiary PS-3 Primary , Secondary and • Interdependence of Primary, Tertiary sector in India PS-4 Secondary and Tertiary sectors. PS-5 Division of sectors • Historical changes in the economic as Organised and Unorganised sectors Sectors in terms of • Meaning of GDP ownership: Public and • How to calculate GDP Private • Differentiate between Final goods and Intermediate goods • Importance of tertiary sector in present times • Importance of service sector in economic development • Share of sectors in employment • Meaning of Disguised and Underemployment • How to create more employment • Objectives of MGNREG 2005 Act • Organised sector- Meaning and features • Unorganised sector- Meaning and features • How to protect workers in the unorganised sector • Public sector- Meaning and features • Private sector- Meaning and features • Role of government in the public sector • Difference between Public and Private sector Worksheet for “Sectors of the Indian Economy” PS-6 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 180

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What do you mean by primary sector? Give examples. 2. What is secondary sector? Give example. 3. What is tertiary sector? Give examples. 4. Why is the tertiary sector also called service sector? 5. Mention different sectors of economy in India. On what basis can we compare all the three sectors? 6. Why is the secondary sector also called industrial sector? Explain with examples. 7. Economic activities, though grouped into three different categories are highly interdependent. Discuss. 181

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What are intermediate goods? 2. What is GDP? 3. Why are only final goods and services included in GDP? 4. Describe the historical changes in the three economic sectors. 5. Why is the secondary sector the most important sector? 6. Differentiate between final goods and intermediate goods. 182

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What are basic services? 2. What is disguised unemployment? 3. What is ‘right to work’? 4. How does service sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors? Explain with examples. 5. Explain three ways through which employment opportunities can be created. 6. Suggest any one measure to increase employment in urban area. 7. Explain with suitable example which part of the service sector is not growing in importance. 8. Read the following graph and answer the following question (a) In 2011-12, which sector has created more employment? Why? (b)What does the graph indicate? 9. Explain underemployment in urban areas with examples. 183

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What is an organised sector? 2. What is an unorganised sector? 3. What was the working condition of people in the organised sector in 1990s? 4. Which categories of people are found in the rural areas under unorganised sector? 5. Which categories of people are found in the urban areas under unorganised sector? 6. Mention the main characteristics of organised sector. 7. Mention the main characteristics of unorganised sector. 8. Mention any three problems faced by the workers in the unorganised sector. 184

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 1. What is a public sector? 2. What is a private sector? 3. Differentiate between public sector and private sector. 4. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of India. 185

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) I. Choose the correct option: 7. How do we count the various goods and services 1. The sum of value of final goods and services and know the total production in each sector? produced in each sector during a particular year is a. Value of final goods and services in the three called ____________. sectors are calculated, and then added up a. Economic index b. Count of goods in every sector is procured from b. Gross Domestic Product different companies and valued c. Total production value c. Value of raw materials and the various intermediary d. Net production value goods are calculated and they are summed up 2. More than half of the workers in the country are d. Every industry has its own production unit and working in the _______. which calculates everything a. Tertiary sector 8. Iron and steel industry set up is a secondary b. Intermediary sector sector for which primary industry? c. Primary sector a. Agriculture d. Secondary sector b. Mining 3. In which sector are natural products changed c. Forestry their form into finished goods? d. All of the above a. Tertiary sector 9. Where do we include the value intermediate good b. Primary sector into? c. Secondary sector a. Value of raw materials and finished product are d. All of the above taken together 4. The value of _______ produced in each sector b. The value of final goods already includes the value during a particular year provides the total of all the intermediate goods that are used in making production of the sector for that year. the final good. a. Final goods and services c. Intermediate goods are not included in the final b. Intermediate goods calculation of goods valuation c. raw materials d. Value of raw materials, intermediate and finished d. All of the above goods are combined together for calculation 5. Which of the following do not belong to tertiary 10. Workers in the agricultural sector are sector? underemployed. It means: a. Transportation a. They work more but get less wages b. Banking b. They are illiterates and so are paid less c. Fishing c. it means is that there are more people in d. Call centres agriculture than necessary 6. A garment making factory is a ______ sector. d. none of these a. Primary sector b. Secondary sector II. Short Answer Questions: c. Tertiary sector 1. Write briefly about the following: d. None of the above a. Disguised unemployment b. GDP c. NREGA 2. Explain how to protect the workers in the unorganised sector? 186