202110733-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G10-FY_Optimized

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Name the largest groundnut producing states in 6. What are Rabi crops and in which parts of India, India.  (1 mark) are they cultivated?  ( 3 marks) 2. Which oilseed can be grown both in Rabi and Kharif seasons?  (1 mark) 3. Which oilseed is a rabi crop in South India and kharif crop in North India?  ( 1 mark) 7. What is plantation agriculture? Explain any four characteristics of plantation agriculture.  (5 marks) 4. Why is tea industry called a labour intensive industry?  (1 mark) 5. What are the disadvantages of Primitive Subsistence farming?  (3 marks) 37

5. Minerals and Energy Resources Month : November Total Periods : 07 Learning Outcomes minerals like iron ore, manganese and non- ferrous like copper, bauxite. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Recognise the regions rich in mineral deposits. • Define mineral. • Identify the effect of mining on the health and • Understand different modes of occurrence of the environment. • Describe the importance of energy resources minerals. • Differentiate between convectional and • Classify minerals in different forms. non-convectional resources and various types of • Understand the main types of formation in conventional and non- conventional resources and their utilization. which mineral occur. • Understand the need for conserving minerals. • Highlight the various types of minerals as well as their uneven nature of distribution. • Explain the need for their judicious utilisation. • Highlight the different characteristics of ferrous Concept Map Mineral and Energy Resources • Meaning- Mineral • Ferrous minerals- • Convenctional sources- • Non-Conventional • Main types of Iron ore, Manganese Coal- Types of coal and sources of energy- its distribution in India Solar energy, formations in • Non-ferrous Wind power, Bio which minerals minerals- Bauxite, • Petroleum- Occurrence gas, Tidal energy, occur Copper and distribution Geothermal energy • Importance of minerals • Non-metallic • Natural gas- • Conservation of • Uneven minerals- Mica Importance and Energy resources distribution of distribution mineral resources • Rock minerals- Limestone • Electricity- Hydroelectricity and • Hazards of mining Thermal electricity • Conservation of • Nuclear energy- minerals Formation, Types and distribution Key Points occur in beds or layers; (iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley • Mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring floors and the base of hills; (v) The ocean waters substance with a definable internal structure. contain vast quantities of minerals. • Minerals can be classified into three types : • Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, Metallic, Non-metallic and Energy minerals. ranging from the hardest diamond to the • Metallic minerals are of three types-- Ferrous, softest talc. Non- ferrous and Precious. • Ferrous minerals account for about three- • Minerals are usually found in ores. The term fourths of the total value of the production of ore is used to describe an accumulation of any metallic minerals. minerals mixed with other elements. 38 • Minerals generally occur in these forms: (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints; (ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals

5. Minerals and Energy Resources Month : November Total Periods : 07 • Iron ore is the basic mineral and the • Coal is the most abundantly available fossil backbone of industrial development. fuel. • The major iron ore belts in India are- • Coal provides a substantial part of the Odisha - Jharkhand belt, Durg-Bastar- nation’s energy needs and is used for power Chandrapur belt in Chattisgarh and generation, to supply energy to industry as Maharashtra, Maharashtra – Goa belt includes well as for domestic needs. the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. • There are three types of coal: Bituminous, Anthracite and Lignite. • Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro – manganese • Petroleum provides fuel for heat and lighting, alloy. lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries • Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ore in India. • About 63 percent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 percent • Non-Ferrous minerals include copper, from Gujarat and 16 percent from Assam. bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. • Petroleum is used as a source of energy as • Copper is a ductile and a good conductor, well as an industrial raw material in the copper is mainly used in electrical cables, petrochemical industry. electronics and chemical industries. • Large reserves of natural gas have been • The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin. produce 52 percent of India’s copper. • Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: • The Singbhum district of Jharkhand is also a by running water which drives hydro turbines leading producer of copper. to generate hydro electricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and • India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in natural gas to drive turbines to produce the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the thermal power. plateau region of Bilaspur- Katni. • Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained by • Mica is one of the most indispensable altering the structure of atoms. minerals used in electric and electronic industries. • There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, • Mica deposits are found in the northern edge tide, biomass and what energy from waste of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya material. These are called non-conventional – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading energy sources. producer. • Decomposition of organic matter yields • Limestone is found in association with rocks gas, which has higher thermal efficiency composed of calcium carbonates or calcium in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and and magnesium carbonates. charcoal. • The water sources in the region get • Biogas is, by far, the most efficient use of contaminated due to mining. cattle dung and improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees • Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and and manure due to burning of fuel wood and other substitutes are steps in conserving our cow dung cakes. mineral resources for the future. • Geothermal energy refers to the heat and • Energy resources can be classified as electricity produced by using the heat from conventional and non conventional sources: the interior of the Earth. » Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle • Promotion of energy conservation and dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas increased use of renewable energy sources and electricity (both hydel and thermal). are the twin planks of sustainable energy. » Non-conventional sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. 39

5. Minerals and Energy Resources Month : November Total Periods : 07 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Mineral resources • Meaning- Mineral PS-1 • Main types of formations in which minerals occur • Importance of minerals PS-2 • Uneven distribution of mineral resources PS-3 Classification of mineral • Ferrous minerals- Iron ore, Manganese( Importance resources & distribution in India) PS-4 • Non-ferrous minerals- Bauxite, Copper( Importance PS-5 and distribution in India) PS-6 Self- • Non-metallic minerals- Mica evaluation • Rock minerals- Limestone Sheet • Hazards of mining • Conservation of minerals Energy resources- • Convenctional sources- Coal- Types of coal and its Convectional energy distribution in India sources • Petroleum- Occurrence and distribution • Natural gas- Importance and distribution • Electricity- Hydroelectricity and Thermal electricity • Nuclear energy- Formation , Types and distribution Energy resources- • Non-Conventional sources of energy- Solar energy, Non-Conventional sourc- Wind power, Bio gas, Tidal energy, Geothermal es of energy energy • Conservation of Energy resources Maps • Minerals: (Identification only) Iron ore mines,Mica mines,Coal mines ,Oil Fields, Bauxite Deposits, and Mica deposits • Power Plants: (Locating and Labelling only) Thermal and Nuclear Worksheet for \"Mineral and Energy\" Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 40

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is a mineral? 2. Define the term ‘ore’. 3. What are 'places deposits'? 4. What is Rat-Hole mining? 5. Why is there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals? 6. Why do geographers study minerals? 7. How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks? 8. Mention the factors affecting the economic viability of a reserve of minerals. 9. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Explain this statement. 10. Minerals are unevenly distributed in India. Explain with examples. 41

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Define ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples. 2. Mention any one difference between magnetite and hematite. 3. Write two uses of manganese. 4. Mention some uses of copper and its distribution in India. 5. Explain the iron ore belts in India. 6. How is bauxite formed? Explain its distribution in India. 7. Mention some characteristics of mica and its distribution in India. 8. Why is conservation of minerals essential? Explain measures to conserve minerals. 9. How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment? Explain. 42

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Identify the importance of its different forms. 2. Identify the various types of nuclear energy and its distribution in India. 3. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources. 4. Explain the distribution of coal in India. 5. Explain the use of petroleum as an energy resource and as an industrial raw material. 6. Describe the occurrence of petroleum in India and its distribution in India. 43

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. In which places has large reserves of natural gas been discovered? 2. Where is the largest wind farm cluster located in India? 3. What are gobar gas plants? 4. Which are the regions in India which provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy? 5. Define geothermal energy? Name the two experimental projects that have been setup in India to harness geothermal energy. 6. How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give reasons. 7. How is mineral formed from residual mass of weathered material? 8. Write two types of energy resources with examples. 9. How is nuclear energy obtained? 10. “Solar energy is expected to play an important role in India.” Give three arguments to support the statement. 11. “There is a pressing need to use non- conventional sources of energy.” Explain this statement. 12. “Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.” Suggest five measures to solve this problem. 44

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 2. Power Plants: (Locating and Labelling only) 1. Minerals: (Locate and label) i. Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, i. Thermal: Taicher, Singrauli, Uran, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh Vijaywada, Tuticorin ii. Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh ii. Nuclear: Narora, Kakrapara, iii. Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni, Neyvali iv. Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar v. Bauxite Deposits: The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni, Orissa Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district vi. Mica deposits: The Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand, Ajmer, Nellore mica belt 45

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) I. Choose the correct option: 6. Which of the following statement is false? 1. Which of these rocks consists of a single mineral a. Uranium and thorium are used for generating only? nuclear power a. Quartz b. Natural gas is considered an environment friendly b. Mica fuel c. Limestone c. Gas being heavier usually occurs below petroleum d. None of these d. Coal is formed due the compression of plant 2. Which of the following is a natural occurrence material over millions of years. of accumulation of any mineral mixed with other 7. Why is magnetite ore used in electrical industry? elements. a. Due to its magnetic properties a. Mineral b. Due to its strength b. Igneous rock c. Due to its toughness c. Ore d. Because it is a metal d. Mine 8. What property of copper makes it a favourite in 3. Which of the following is a non metallic mineral electrical and electronic industry? made up of layers of thin sheets which has high a. It color insulating properties? b. Good conductor, malleable, ductile a. Iron c. Because it is a metal b. Copper d. Its ease of availability c. Mica 9. Why are various mineral resources deposited d. Aluminium unevenly in our country? 4. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in a. differences in the geological structure, processes sands of valley floors and the base of hills. They are: and time involved in the formation of minerals a. Placer deposits b. Due to rotation of earth the molten core also moves b. Sedimentary deposits inside the earth c. Bauxite deposits c. Uneven flow of volcanic eruptions and various d. Ferrous deposits geological process 5. Minerals like tin, copper, zinc are obtained from d. All of the above veins and lodes of which deposits? 10. Bio gas is useful for farmers because: a. Sedimentary rocks a. It prevents loss of trees b. Igneous and metamorphic rocks b. Of its improved quality of manure c. Oceanic beds c. It's efficient use of cattle dung d. Placer deposits d. All of these 46

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) II. Short Answer Questions: 1. (i) Define mineral. (ii) Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Explain the statement? 2. Difference between (i) Metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals (ii) Hydro electricity and thermal electricity (iii) Ferrous mineral and non ferrous minerals 3. Why is it important to conserve energy resources? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Energy is required for all activities. Keeping in view the exhaustion of conventional sources of energy, how can we improve the usage of non- conventional sources of energy? 2. Mining is sometimes considered as ‘killer industry’. Analyse the reasons behind it. 47

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following:  (4 marks) III. Answer the following:  (5 marks) 1. How can we prevent mining from becoming a 1. Differentiate between hydroelectricity and killer industry? thermal electricity. Ans: 2. Which are the two industries which are the key users of natural gas? 3. Mention two uses of limestone in industrial sector. 4. Name the leading copper producing states of India. II. Answer the following:  (6 marks) 1. How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks? 2. Mention three features of natural gas. 48

6. Manufacturing Industries Month : November Total Periods : 06 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: industry. • Understand the process of manufacturing. • Highlight the products of different industries. • Identify the types of industries. • Relate between industrial development and • Understand the importance of industries in the increase in pollution. national economy. • Understand the need for a planned industrial • Recognize the regional disparities which resulted development. due to concentration of industries in some areas. • Know the role of government towards • Identify the factors influencing the location of an sustainable development. Concept Map Manufacturing Industries • Iron and steel industry • Meaning of • Factors influenced • Textile industries- • Aluminium smelting Manufacturing industrial location Cotton, Jute, • Chemical, Fertilisers, Sugar (Factors and • Importance of • Classification distribution) Cement industries manufacturing of industries on • Automobile industry sector in general the basis of: Raw • Challenges faced • Information and economic Materials, Capital by these industries development Investment, Technology & Ownership, Finished Electronics industry Goods • Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Key Points • Many industries come together at urban centres to make use of the advantages. These are known • Production of goods in large quantities after as “agglomeration economies”. processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. • On the basis of raw materials, industries are classified: • Manufacturing industries help in modernizing 1. Agro-based: Those industries where raw agriculture. They reduce the heavy dependence materials come from agriculture, e.g. cotton, of people on agricultural income by providing wool, jute, silk textiles, sugar, tea, edible oil them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 2. Mineral-based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. iron & • Agriculture and industry go hand-in-hand. steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools etc. For example, agriculture helps industries by providing raw materials and industries provide • On the basis of their main role: products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, » Basic Industries: iron and steel, copper and pesticides, etc. aluminium smelting » Consumer Industries: sugar, toothpaste, • Industrial location is governed mainly by the soap, bread, paper etc. following factors: raw materials, source of energy, source of water, availability of capital • On the basis of Capital Investment: and finance, demand in market, skilled, labourers and workers, banking and insurance, 49 transport and communication.

6. Manufacturing Industries Month : November Total Periods : 06 » Small Scale Industries phosphate and complex fertilisers. » Large Scale Industries. • Cement industry requires bulky raw materials • On the basis of Ownership: » Public Sector like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. » Private Sector • At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars » Joint Sector » Cooperative Sector and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial • On the basis of Finished Goods: vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers. » Heavy Industries • Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, » Light Industries Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, • Cotton Textile Industry is an agro-based and the Jamshedpur, Bangalore, Sanand, Pantnagar, oldest industry in India. etc. are the major centres of automobile • Cotton textile is produced by three methods in industry. India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills • Bangalore is often termed as the electronic • India exports yarn and ready-made garments capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal and Sri Lanka Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and etc. Coimbatore are the other important centres of • India is the largest producer of raw jute and electronics. jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our • There are 18 software technology parks in the country. country and they provide single window service • Most of the jute mills are located along and high data communication to software Hooghy River in West Bengal due to favourable experts. conditions. • Industries are responsible for four types of • Iron & steel industry is called as basic industry pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land and (d) because it provides raw material to many other Noise. industries such as machine tools, transport • Air pollution is caused by the presence of equipment, construction material etc. high proportion of undesirable gases, such as • It is also called as heavy industry because raw sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. materials [iron ore, coal and limestone] are • Water pollution is caused by organic and bulky in nature. inorganic industrial wastes and affluent • Important integrated steel plants are discharged into rivers. Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur • Measurement [Methods] for Controlling etc. Environmental Pollution and Degradation: • Aluminium Smelting is the second most popular » Industries should be located with careful metallurgical industry in India. • Major sources are located in Orissa, West planning and better design. Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra » Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using and Tamil Nadu. • Chemical Industry contributes approximately oil instead of coal. 3% of annual GDP. » Non-conventional sources of energy should • India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers. be used instead of fossil fuels. Modern • Fertiliser industry is centred around the equipment should be used which controls, production of nitrogenous fertilisers, filters and separates harmful materials from phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium the waste. » Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers. » Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste. » Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities. 50

6. Manufacturing Industries Month : November Total Periods : 06 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practical Sheet Importance of • Meaning-manufacturing PS-1 manufacturing • Importance of manufacturing PS-2 sector in general and economic PS-3 development • Relation between industry and PS-4 agriculture • Contribution of industry to PS-5 national economy Self-evaluation Industrial location and clas- • Factors influenced industrial Sheet sification of industries location • Classification of industries on the basis of: raw materials, capital investment, ownership, finished goods Agro-based industries • Textile industries- cotton, jute, sugar (factors and distribution) • Challenges faced by these industries Mineral-based industries & • Iron and steel industry maps • Aluminium smelting • Chemical, fertilisers, cement industries • Automobile industry • Information technology & electronics industry • Industrial pollution and environmental • Degradation • Maps - cotton textile industries, iron and steel plants, software technology parks Worksheet for \"Maufacturing Industries\" Evaluation with self-check or peer check 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is manufacturing? 2. How can the economic strength of a country be measured? 3. Explain why manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in India. 4. Mention the contributions of industries in national economy. 5. 'Agriculture and industries move hand in hand.' Explain the statement. 52

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What do you mean by basic or key industries? 2. Write the classification of industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods with examples. 3. Write the classification of industries on the basis of source of raw material, capital investment, ownership and cooperative sector with examples. 4. 'Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.' Explain this statement. 53

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is the status of weaving and spinning? 2. What are the main problems faced by cotton textile industries? 3. What is India’s status in jute production? 4. What are the major challenges of sugar industries? 5. Write the position of textile industry in India. 6. Why are more number of cotton textile mills located in Gujarat and Maharashtra? 7. Mention the challenges faced by the jute industry. 8. Mention the objectives of National Jute Policy formulated in 2005. 9. Why are sugar mills shifting to the southern and western states especially in Maharashtra? 10. Why are the more number of the jute textile industries located in the Hubli basin? 54

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What are mineral-based industries? 2. Write two prime factors for location of aluminium industry. 3. Why is iron and steel called the basic industry? 4. What are the main uses of cement? 5. What are the raw materials used in cement industry? 6. What are the ill-effects of noise pollution? 7. Why are iron and steel industries called heavy industries? 8. Why is India not able to perform to its full potential in producing iron and steel? 9. Mention some uses of aluminium smelting and its distribution in India. 10. Differentiate between organic and inorganic chemical sectors. 11. State the impact of information technology in the economy. 12. What are the main sources of air pollution? 13. What are the main sources of water pollution? 14. Mention any five suggestions to control environmental degradation. 15. Why is Chhotanagpur plateau region the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? 55

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) Software Technology Parks: Jaipur, Indore, Bhubaneshwar, 16. Locate and label: (Maps) Vishakhapatnam, Bangalore, Mysore. Cotton Textile Industries: Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Coimbatore, India Political lVIap India Political lVIap ',. . 0 ',. . 0 • • Iron and Steel Plants: • Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem India Political lVIap ',. . 0 • 56

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: b. Iron and steel industry 1. Where do we find maximum concentration of iron c. Automobile industry and steel? d. All of the above a. West Bengal 7. What are needed for the industries to be on par b. Chota Nagpur plateau with international standard? c. Deccan plateau a. Improve productivity of labour d. Tamil Nadu b. Raise the standards of infrastructure 2. Which city has become the electronic capital of c. Increase in supply of energy India? d. All of the above a. Delhi 8. Why do our spinners export cotton yarns while b. Kolkata apparel/garment manufactures have to import c. Bengaluru fabric? d. Nagpur a. Most of the weaving, knitting processing units are 3. From which mineral is aluminium obtained? fragmented into small units which do not use the a. Iron ore produce properly b. Coal b. We do not make enough yarn to export and import c. Bauxite c. Cotton industry is the most loss making industry d. Copper d. The apparel industry is not well established in our 4. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw country materials are called _________. 9. Though we produce large amount of cotton, a. Minerals and metals the prices of cotton textiles are beyond reach of b. Agro based products common man. This is because: c. Both a. Machinery is outdated and labour needs to be d. None of these trained well 5. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on b. Erratic power supply and process of making cloth is spinning yarn and weaving khadi? expensive a. Mahatma Gandhi believed in the ideology of c. Stiff competition from synthetic sector Swedeshi which meant to use everything that is made d. All of the above in India 10. When will India be able to compete in the b. To boycott foreign made cloth as a means of international market? protest a. When we produce more products c. To promote cloth making as a cottage industry b. When we produce efficient, quality products with d. All of the above latest technology 6. Medical equipment is based on which type of c. When we invest ourselves in our own products industry? d. All of the above a. Chemical industry II. Short Answer Questions: 1. What is meant by manufacturing industry and why is it considered as backbone of economic 57

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) development? 2. What are the challenges faces by the jute industry? How has the jute industry become popular recently again? 3. Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other. Justify this statement. III. Long Answer Questions: 1. How are industries polluting air, water and land resulting in degradation of environment? 2. Answer the following: (i) Explain the factors which are necessary to look into for setting up an industry? (ii) Explain the ideal location of sugar mills? 58

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following:  (4 marks) 2. Mention the effects of thermal pollution. 1. What are agro-based industries? 2. How is Gujarat a suitable location for cement III. Answer the following: (5 marks ) industry? 1. Write the position of India in the production of fertilisers. 3. What are the factors which influence industrial location? 4. What are consumer industries? II. Answer the following:  (6 marks) 1. How did liberalisation policy of government help in the progress of automobile industry? 59

7. Lifelines of National Economy Month : December Total Periods : 07 Learning Outcomes • Emphasise the air service providers in India. • Differentiate between the personal and mass At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Explain the importance of transport and communication. • Understand the economic importance of tourism communication in the ever-shrinking world. • Identify the types of roads found in India. industry of India. • Know about the organization that construct and • Recognize the role of trade in the economic maintains roads in India. development of a country. • Analyse the factors affecting the distribution of railways in India. • Highlight the uses of pipelines as a means of transport. Concept Map Lifelines of National economy • Meaning of personal and • Important ports in • Classification of roads • Importance mass communication india on the basis of their and need of capacity transportation • Importance and • Importance objectives of mass of pipeline • Meaning of road density • Classification communication transportation • Problems faced by road of means of transportation • Role of Doordarshan & • Advantages of transportation All India Radio in mass waterways • Factors influence the • Means of communication transport and • National waterways of distribution pattern of communication • Meaning of international india the railway network as lifeline of our trade • Railway as a principal nation • Advantages of air mode of transportation • Favorable and transportation in india unfavorable balance of • Problems faced by the trade • Types of airports in rail transport india • Role of tourism industry in india Key Points the world, totaling to about 2.3 million km at present. • The pace of development of a country depends • Advantages of roadways over railways: upon the production of goods and services as » Construction cost of roads is much lower than well as their movement over space. that of railway lines. • Movement of goods and services can be over » Roads can traverse comparatively more three important domains of our Earth: land, water, air. dissected and undulating topography. » Roads can negotiate higher gradients of • There are five transport systems in India: roadways, railways, airways, waterways and slopes and as such can traverse mountains pipelines. such as the Himalayas. » Road transport is economical in • With the development in science and transportation of few persons and relatively technology, the area of influence of trade and smaller amount of goods over short transport increased. 60 • India has one of the largest road networks in

7. Lifelines of National Economy Month : December Total Periods : 07 distances. • Problems of Road Transportation: » It also provides door-to-door service, thus the » About half of the roads are unmetalled which limits their usage during the rainy season. cost of loading and unloading is much lower. » The National Highways are inadequate too. » Road transport is also used as a feeder to other » The roadways are highly congested in cities. » Most of the bridges and culverts are old and modes of transport such as they provide a link narrow. between railway stations, air and sea ports. • Roads are categorised into six classes: • Railways are the principal mode of » Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: The transportation for freight and passengers in project was launched by the government India. to link Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. The major • It makes possible to conduct multifarious objective of these Super Highways is to activities like business, sightseeing, and reduce the time and distance between the pilgrimage along with transportation of goods mega cities of India. These highway projects over longer distances. are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). • The Indian Railway has a network of 7,133 » National Highways: These are the primary stations spread over a route length of 64,460 road systems and are laid and maintained by km with a fleet of 9,213 locomotives, 53,220 the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). passenger service vehicles, 6,493 other coach » State Highways: Roads linking a state vehicles and 2,29,381 wagons as on March 2011. capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These are • The Indian Railway is now reorganized into 16 constructed and maintained by the State zones. Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories. • The distribution pattern of the Railway network » District Roads: These roads connect the in the country has been largely influenced by district headquarters with other places of the physiographic, economic and administrative district. These roads are maintained by the factors. Zila Parishad. » Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural • Problems in Railway Transportation: areas and villages with towns, are classified » Many passengers travel without tickets. under this category. » Thefts and damaging of railway property has » Border Roads: Border Roads Organization not yet stopped completely. constructs and maintains roads in the » People stop the trains, pull the chain bordering areas of the country. This unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage organization was established in 1960 for to the railway. the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north- • Pipeline transport network is new in India. eastern border areas. • These are used for transporting crude oil, » Classification of Roads on the basis of the type of material used for their construction: petroleum products and natural gas from oil and » Metalled roads: These roads may be made of natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories cement, concrete or even bitumen or coal. and big thermal power plants. » Unmetalled roads: Roads made up of mud • There are three important networks of pipeline and gravel which are generally found in the transportation in the country: rural areas. » From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur » The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as Road Density. (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and » Density of all roads varies from only 10.04 km Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to in Jammu and Kashmir to 532.27 km in Uttar Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram Pradesh. and Guwahati to Siliguri. » The national average of 125.02 km. » From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places. » Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in 61

7. Lifelines of National Economy Month : December Total Periods : 07 Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in » International Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other » Domestic places in Uttar Pradesh. • The means of communication are of two types: • Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. » Personal communication: It includes • They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. postcards, letters, telegrams, telephones and • It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly emails. mode of transport. » Mass communication: It includes magazines, • India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 newspapers, radio, television, press and films. km in length. • Personal written communications: Indian postal • Waterways that have been declared as the network is the largest in the world. National Waterways by the Government are: » First–class mail: They are airlifted between » The Ganga river between Allahabad and stations covering both land and air. Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1 » Second–class mail: They are carried by » The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and surface mail, covering land and water Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2 transport. Book packets, registered » The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma- newspapers and periodicals. Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara • India has one of the largest telecom networks in canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3 Asia. » Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna • Mass communication provides entertainment rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry and creates awareness among people about stretch of canals (1078 km) – N.W. No.4 various national programmes and policies. » Specified stretches of river Brahmani along • All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi of programmes in national, regional and local and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal languages for various categories of people, (588 km) – N.W. No.5. spread over different parts of the country. • India’s trade with foreign countries is carried • Doordarshan, the national television channel of from the ports located along the coast. India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in • 95 percent of the country’s trade volume (68 the world. percent in terms of value) is moved by sea. • Magazines: India publishes a large number of • India has a long coastline of 7,516.6 km with 12 newspapers and periodicals annual. major and 187, notified minor or intermediate • International Trade: Trade between two ports. countries is called international trade. • The major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s • It may take place through sea, air or land routes. foreign trade. • Favorable balance of trade: When the value of • Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a natural and well-sheltered harbour. favorable balance of trade. • Airways are the fastest, most comfortable and • Unfavorable balance of trade: When the value of prestigious mode of transport. imports exceeds the value of exports, it is called • It can cover very difficult terrains like high unfavorable balance of trade. mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and • Foreign tourist’s arrivals in the country also long oceanic stretches with great ease. witnessed an increase of 11.8 per cent during the • The air transport was nationalised in 1953. year 2010 as against the year 2009, contributing • Indian Airlines, Alliance Air, private scheduled Rs 64,889 crore of foreign exchange in 2010. airlines and non- scheduled operators provide • More than 15 million people are directly domestic air services. engaged in the tourism industry. • Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter • Tourism promotes national integration, provides services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its support to local handicrafts and cultural offshore operations, to inaccessible areas and pursuits. difficult terrains. • It also helps in the development of international • There are two types of airports in India: understanding about our culture and heritage. 62

7. Lifelines of National Economy Month : December Total Periods : 07 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheets PS-1 Introduction • Importance and need of transportation • Classification of means of transportation PS-2 • Means of transport and communication as PS-3 lifeline of our nation PS-4 Roadways & Rail- • Classification of roads on the basis of their ways capacity PS-5 PS-6 • Meaning of road density Self-evaluation • Problems faced by road transportation Sheet • Factor influencing the distribution pattern of the railway network • Railway as a principal mode of transporta- tion in India • Problems faced by the rail transport Pipelines, Water- • Important ports in India ways and Airways • Importance of pipeline transportation • Advantages of waterways • National waterways of India • Advantages of air transportation • Types of airports in India Communication, • Meaning of personal and mass communi- International trade cation and Tourism • Importance and of objectives of mass com- munication • Role of Doordarshan & All India Radio in mass communication • Meaning of International trade • Favorable and Unfavorable balance of trade • Role of tourism industry in India Maps • Identification Only: Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor. • National Highways: • NH-1 NH-2 NH-7 • Locating and Labelling: Major Ports • International Airports Worksheet for \"Lifelines of National Econony\" Evaluation with self-check or Peer check* 63

7. Lifelines of National Economy Month : December Total Periods : 07 1. Write the classification of the means of transportation. 2. Why do we need transportation? 3. Explain how transportation, trade and communication enriched our life. 4. Transport, communication and trade are complimentary to each other. Elaborate this statement. 64

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Write the classification of roads on the basis of their capacity. 2. What do you mean by Golden Quadrilateral super highways? 3. What is the main objective of super highways? 4. Who lays and maintains the National Highways roads? 5. Write the classification of the roads on the basis of the type of material used for their construction. 6. What is known as road density? 7. Name the factors that influence the distribution pattern of the railway network in the country. 8. What is the difference between State highways and District highways? 9. What are the problems faced by the road transportation in India? 10. Why is railway considered a principal mode of transportation in India? Give reason. 11. What are the two problems faced by the Konkan railways? 12. What are the problems faced by the rail transport? 13. Why is Northern plains most favourable for the growth of railway network? 14. Why are mountainous region unfavourable for the construction of railway lines? 65

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. How many sea ports are there in India? 2. Which is the biggest port in India with a spacious natural and well sheltered harbour? 3. Which port is used for exporting iron ore of the country? 4. Which is the oldest artificial port of the country? 5. Mention the uses of pipeline transportation? 6. Explain the three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country. 7. What are the advantages of waterways? 8. Name the National Waterways of India. 9. Write the importance of Kandla port. 10. Mention the advantages of air transportation. 11. Why is air travel more popular in the north east of India? 66

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What are the two major means of communication? 2. What is international trade? 3. What is the role of Indian Postal Department? 4. Mention the role of Doordarshan in mass communication. 5. Why is international trade considered the economic barometer of the country? 6. When can balance of trade be called favourable? 7. Explain any four features of Indian tourism as a trade. 8. 'Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity.' Explain this statement. 67

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 3. International Airports: 1. Locate and Label: Golden Quadrilateral, North- Amritsar (Raja Sansi) South Corridor, East-West Corridor. . Delhi (Indira Gandhi International) Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji) India Political lVIap Thiruvananthapuram (Nedimbacherry) Chennai (Meenam Bakkam) Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) India Political lVIap ',. . 0 ',. . 0 • • 2. Locating and Labelling: Major Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore Tuticorin, Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata India Political lVIap ',. . 0 • 68

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) I. Choose the correct option: 8. Though railways are the largest network of 1. Means of transport are: transport, it also has lots of problems? a. Railways and Roadways a. Many passengers travel without tickets b. Land, water and Air b. Thefts and damaging of railway property which c. Train, bus and ships cause huge losses d. Airways, water ways c. Pull the chain unnecessarily and cause disturbance 2. What are the pre requisites for a global trade for a in network management and heavy loss to railways country? d. All of the above a. Communication and tourism 9. Why are metalled roads considered as all weather b. Tourism and communication roads? c. Transport and communication a. They can be laid at all places d. Airways and roadways in all weather conditions 3. Which one of these is the cheapest means of b. Made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal, transport? c. They have to be laid in all weather a. Waterway d. none of the above reasons b. Railways 10. How does tourism help for the development of a c. Roadways country? d. Airways a. Provides support to local handicrafts which can 4. Which roads received special impetus under the later be exported Pradhan MantriGrameen Sadak Yojana? b. Generation of income and employment a. National highways c. Foreign-exchange earnings b. Border roads d. All of the above c. Rural roads which link rural areas and villages with II. Short Answer Questions: towns 1. Write short notes on Trade. d. Golden quadrilateral super highways 2. Give reasons for the following: 5. The ______ is the largest public sector (i) Dense network of railway lines in Northern Plains undertaking in the country. (ii) Water ways – cheapest mode of transport a. Bharat Heavy electrical ltd (iii) Most preferred transport in North eastern terrain b. Hindustan aeronautical ltd 3. Road transport has an edge over Railways in c. Indian Railways India. Support the statement. d. Roadways III. Long Answer Questions: 6. Most of the country’s trade volume is moved by 1. which mode of transport? a. Flights (i) Look at the map of the National Highways and b. Trains write about the significance of these roads. c. Ships (ii) Describe the importance of National highways and d. Roadways Border roads. 7. On what basis were oil refineries were established in inland territories like Panipat and Mathura 69 though the crude is available in sea belts? a. They would receive slurry crude from Bombay High through pipeline transport network b. The crude would be transported through heavy trucks through roadways c. The crude would be transported to refineries through special rail network d. Planning jobs through road network and to create jobs to villages also, refineries were established inland

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) 2. (i) Write briefly how has communication has evolved. (ii) Define mass communication and write the significance of mass communication in our country. 70

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following:  (4 marks) II. Answer the following :  (6 marks) 1. What is 'Digital India'? 1. Write three features of mass communication. 2. How many languages are newspapers 2. Mention three characteristics of Kolkata Port. published in in India? 3. What is the Central Board of Film Certification? 4. Name six mail channels which facilate quick delivery in large towns and cities. III. Answer the following:  (5 marks) 1. Explain the importance of road transport in relation to rail transport. 71

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Month : March Total Periods : 10 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: conservatism and revolutionaries • Interpret the painting of Frederic Sorrieu- the • Know the work of important personalities dream of worldwide democratic and social mentioned in the chapter republics-the pact between nations • Understand the changes in europe during 1830- • Understand the changes that came with the French revolution in 1789 1848 • Understand the various measures and practices • Understand how culture played an important introduced during the French revolution that created a sense of collective identity role in creating the idea of the nation • Know the work of Jacobin clubs • Understand the revolt by the weavers • Understand the contribution of Napoleon • Understand the act of union between England • Understand the political and administrative scenario in Europe during the mid-18th century and Scotland that resulted in the formation of • Understand the changes that industrialisation the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ brought in Europe • Understand nationalism in balkans after 1871 • Understand the ideology of liberalism, Concept Map The Rise of Nationalism in Europe The French The making of nationalism The age of revolution: The making of revolution and the in Europe 1830-1848 Germany and Italy idea of the nation • What did liberal • The romantic • Germany • Napolean • Italy nationalism stand for? imagination and • Strange case of • The aristocracy and national feeling • Hunger, hardship Britain the new middle class and popular revolt Visualising the • New Conservatism • 1848: The revolution of the nation after 1815 liberals • The revolutionaries Key Points Nationalism and Imperialism The French revolution and the idea of the nation • French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear • French became the common language • Civil Code of 1804/Napoleonic Code – equality expression of nationalism. • Steps taken by French revolutionaries to create before law was established, secured the right to property, simplified administrative measures, a sense of collective identity amongst the abolished feudal system, freed peasants from French people-ideas of La Patrie and Le Citoyen, serfdom and manorial dues, guild restrictions New French flag, estate general was elected were removed. and renamed national Assembly, new hymns • People of other European countries initially composed and oaths taken welcomed the French armies but later began to • Introduction of uniform system of weights and oppose them because of increased taxation and measurement censorship imposed on people. 72

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Month : March Total Periods : 10 The making of nationalism in Europe – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had • Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had • During the years following 1815, the fear of their autonomous territories. They did not see repression drove many liberal-nationalists themselves as sharing a collective identity or a underground. common culture. The age of revolutions: 1830-1848 • Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy • As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their was the dominant class on the continent. The power, liberalism and nationalism came to be members of this class were by a common way of increasingly associated with revolution in many life that cut across regional divisions. regions of Europe such as the Italian and German • The growth of towns and the emergence of states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, commercial classes whose existence was based Ireland and Poland. on production for the market. • An event that mobilized nationalist feelings • Industrialization began in England in the second among the educated elite across Europe was the half of the 18th century, but in France and parts Greek war of independence. of the German states, it occurred only during the • Culture played an important role in creating the 19th century. idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and • In its wake, new social groups came into music helped express and shape nationalist being: a working-class population, and middle feeling. classes, made up of industrialists, businessmen, • Romanticism, a culture movement which sought professional. to develop a particular form of nationalist • It was among the educated, liberal middle sentiments. Romantic artists and poet generally classes that ideas of national unity, following criticised the glorification of reason and science the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained and focused instead on emotions, intuition and popularity. mystical feelings. • In early-19th-century Europe were closely allied • Language too played an important role in to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ developing nationalist sentiments. Russian derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. language was imposed everywhere. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual • The 1830s were years of great economic hardship and equality of all before the law. in Europe. • The right to vote and to get elected, was • Population from rural areas migrated to the cities generated exclusively to property-owning men. to live in overcrowded slums. Food shortage • Women and non-propertied men and women and widespread unemployment brought the organised opposition movements demanding population of Paris out on the roads. equal political rights. • National Assembly proclaimed a republic, • The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and movement of goods and capital. guaranteed the right to work. • Obstacles to economics exchanges and growth by • Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a the new commercial classes, who argued for the revolt against contractors who supplied them creation of a unified economic territory allowing raw material and gave them orders for finished the unhindered movement of goods, people and textile. On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of capital. weavers emerged from their homes and marched • Following the defect of Napoleon in 1815, in pairs, up to the mansion of their contractors, European governments were driven by a spirit of demanding higher wages. conservatism. • The poor, unemployment and starving peasants • Most conservatives, however, did not propose a and workers in many European countries in the return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. years 1848, a revolution led by the educated • That modernization could in fact, strengthen middle classes was under way. traditional institutions like the monarchy. • Men and women of the liberal middle classes • A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a combined their demands for constitutionalism dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism with national unification. and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic • They drafted a constitution for a German nation monarchies of Europe. • In 1815, representatives of the European powers 73

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Month : March Total Periods : 10 to be headed by a monarchy subject to a • There was no British nation prior to the 18th parliament. century. • Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part • ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, in political meeting and demonstrations. that England was able to impose its influence on The making of Germany and Italy Scotland. • Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. • The British parliament was henceforth dominated • This liberal initiative to nation-building was, by its English members. however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the • British flag, the national anthem, the English large landowners of Prussia. language – were actively promoted and the older • The nation-building process in Germany had nations survived only as subordinate partners on demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state this union. power. • The new state placed a strong emphasis on Visualising the nation modernising the currency, banking, legal and • Nations were portrayed as female figures. judicial systems in Germany. • Christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, • Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. underlined the idea of people’s nation. • Italians were scattered over several dynastic Nationalism and Imperialism states as well as the multi-national Habsburg • The Balkans, a region of geographical and ethnic Empire. • Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together variations was under the control of the Ottomon a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Empire Republic. • The idea of Romantic nationalism made this • Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. region very explosive. • The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other. • This led to a series of wars in the region and finally resulted in the First World War. 74

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Month : March Total Periods : 10 Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet The French revolution PS -1 and the idea of the • Napolean nation PS-2 The making of • Aristocracy and the new nationalism in Europe middle class PS-3 PS-4 The age of revolutions: • What did liberal 1830-1848 nationalism stand for? PS-5 The making of Germany PS-6 and Italy • A new conservatism after Self-evaluation Sheet 1815 Visualising the nation Nationalism and • The revolutionaries Imperialism • The romantic imagination and national feeling • Hunger, hardship and popular revolt • 1848:the revolution of the liberals • Germany • Italy • The strange case of Britain • Nations were portrayed as female figures • The Balkans Worksheet for “The Rise of Nationalism in Europe” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 75

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What was the Estates General renamed as? 2. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? 3. What was Napoleon code usually known as? 4. What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? 5. Describe the five reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What was the main objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? 2. Who hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815? 3. In 1834, why was a Customs Union formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states? 4. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe in the 19th century Support the statement with suitable facts. 5. Why did the representatives of the European powers meet at Vienna in 1815 to draw up a settlement for Europe? 6. Why were the European governments driven by a spirit of conservatism? 76

PRACTICE SHEET - 23 (PS-23) 1. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation? 2. Why was the issue of extending political rights to women, a controversial one within the liberal movement in 1848? What do these revolutions reveal about political conflicts due to gender differences? 3. Explain the political meaning of liberalism. 4. Why was the period between 1830-48 called the age of revolutions in Europe? 5. Explain the statement “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”. 6. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. 77

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? 2. Who was Count Cavour? 3. Name a famous Italian Revolutionary. 4. How was United Kingdom of Great Britain formed? 5. Describe the events which led to proclamation of Victor Emmanuel II as King of unified Italy. 6. Why is the process of unification of the United Kingdom considered to be a long drab out process? 7. How did Italy has a long history of political fragmentation like Germany? 8. Describe any two dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany. 9. Name the allegory which represented the Republic of France. 10. What does the crown of oak leaves worn by Germania stand for? 11. In France, whose images were marked on coins and stamps during 1850s? 78

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 1. How was Europe closely allied to the ideology of liberalism? 2. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans? 3. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. 4. Explain how waves of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe. 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) I. Choose the correct option: done? 1. What was the proclamation of French revolution? a. Nationalist feelings were widespread among a. Transfer of ruling from citizens to monarchy farmers and this feeling was repressed by the b. People would not constitute the nation and would monarchy. not involve in shaping its destiny b. Prussia took over the leadership of unification of c. Transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a Germany body of French citizens c. Three wars over seven years ended in Prussian d. Implementation of despotism victory and completed the process of unification. 2. _____ formed a secret society called Young Italy d. All of the above and sought to put together a coherent program for a 7. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship unitary Italian Republic. in Europe. What could be the reason? a. Frederic Sorrieu a. An enormous increase in population all over b. Guiseppe Mazzini Europe c. Carl Welcker b. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities d. None of the above to live in overcrowded slums. 3. When did World War I start? c. Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal a. 1919 dues and obligations b. 1920 d. All of the above c. 1922 8. Women also extended their high support to the d. 1915 liberal movements. Which of these statements do 4. Which event mobilised nationalist feelings among not match the movement? the educated elite across Europe? a. By taking part in political meetings and a. Greek war of Independence demonstrations b. Treaty of Vienna b. Formed their own political associations c. German unification c. Suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. d. French Revolution d. Large numbers of women founded newspapers and 5. Which statement does not match in the given had participated actively over the years situation? 9. Why was Napoleon rule not popular in certain Italy was divided into seven states. Mazinni decided areas? to unite Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance a. Administrative arrangements did not go hand in and armed people, succeeded in defeating the hand with political freedom. Austrian forces and Spanish forces and signed a b. Forced conscription into the French armies “Treaty of Vienna”. In 1861 Victor Emmanual was required to conquer the rest of Europe proclaimed king of united Italy. c. The newly acquired territories had to pay increased a. Mazini was not a citizen of Italy taxation and censorship b. Treaty of Vienna was not related to Italy d. All of the above c. Italy was not divided at all d. Victor Emmanual was not the king 6. How was the process of unification of Germany 80

PRACTICE SHEET - 6 (PS-6) 10. How did culture play an important role in Europe creating idea of a nation? a. Folk dances, poetry songs expressed true spirit of nation b. Art , poetry stories, music helped in shaping nationalist feelings c. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments d. All of the above II. Short Answer Questions: 1. List the steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. 2. Napoleon incorporated many revolutionary principles in the form of Civil Code of 1804. How were these implemented? 3. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. Summarize the revolutionary upheaval? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. How did Treaty of Vienna change the map of Europe? State their objectives? 2. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends”. How did this lead to war? Analyse the situation? 81

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest 6. What was the meaning of liberalism in early of the Europe catches cold”?  (1 mark) 19th century in Europe? (3 marks) 2. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century?  (1 mark) 3. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal 7. How was a nation visualised in the 18th and the nationalists?  (1 mark) 19th century in Europe? Explain with suitable examples.  (5 marks) 4. What was the result of the first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830?  (1 mark) 5. Explain any three features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the 20th century. (3 marks) 82

2. Nationalism in India Month : June Total Periods : 06 Learning Outcomes movement. • Explain how no- cooperation movement At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Understand how common people were affected affected the lives of people. • Understand Simon Commission and why it was because of First World War. • Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in opposed by Indian leaders. • Understand the importance of Salt March. Satyagraha. • Explain role of national flag and national song. • Understand Rowlatt Act and its impact on • Memorise important dates and names. nationalism. • Understand the role of Khilafat movement. • Explain the uprising of non-cooperation Concept Map Nationalism in India The First World War, Differing stands Towards civil The sense Khilafat and non- within the disobedience of collective cooperation movement • The salt march belonging • The idea of • The movement and the civil Satyagraha in towns disobedience • The Rowlatt Act • Rebellion in the • How participants • Why non- saw the countryside movement cooperation • Swaraj in the • The limits of civil disobedience plantations Key Points is celebrated in Punjab. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement as did not want violence to The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation continue. • The War led to a huge increase in defence • The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi, the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a expenditure. common platform. • The common people were the worst sufferers • At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to because of price rise. launch a non-cooperation movement in support • Forced recruitment of rural people in the army of Khilafat and also for Swaraj. • Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse was another cause of widespread anger among to cooperate, the British rulers will have no other people. way than to leave India. • According to 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million Differing stands within the movement people died because of famines and epidemic. • The movement started with good participation • Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of from the middle-class in the cities. mass agitation called satyagraha. • Thousands of students left government- • The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and Legislative Council in 1919. The Act gave teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal enormous powers to the government to repress practices. political activities. It allowed detention of • Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops political prisoners without trial for two years. • On 6th April 1919 Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. • The infamous Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place on 13th April; the day on which Baisakhi 83

2. Nationalism in India Month : June Total Periods : 06 picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge • The Salt March or Dandi March was started bonfires. by Gandhiji on 12th March 1930. He was • The boycott of foreign cloths helped in increasing accompanied by 78 volunteers. The Salt March the demand for clothes made in India. marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience • Khadi was more expensive than mill-made cloth. Movement. The poor people could not afford to buy khadi. • Many rebels from the tribal areas became non- The sense of collective belonging violent and often carried guerilla warfare against • Nationalism spreads when people begin to the British officials. Towards Civil Disobedience believe that they are all part of the same nation • By the end of 1921, the non-cooperation when they discover some unity that binds them movement was turning violent in many places. together. Gandhiji decided to withdraw the movement in • The image of Bharat Mata was the pictorial February 1922. representation of the motherland. ‘Vande • The provincial councils were set up by the Mataram’ the national song was written by Government of India Act of 1919. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s. • The younger leaders; like Subhas Chandra Bose • The national flag which we see today has evolved and Jawaharlal Nehru; were in favour of more through various stages. A tricolour (red, green and radical mass agitation and pressed for full yellow) was used during the Swadeshi movement. independence. • Many Indians felt that it was important to • All the members of the Simon commission interpret the history from an Indian perspective. were British, the Indian leaders opposed the They wanted to glorify the rich past of India so commission. that the Indians could feel proud of their history. Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet The First World War, • The idea of satyagraha PS -1 Khilafat and Non- • The Rowlatt Act PS-2 Cooperation • Why Non-cooperation? Differing stands within • The movement in the towns PS-3 the movement • Rebellion in the countryside PS-4 • Swaraj in the plantations Towards Civil • The Salt march and the Civil Disobedience The sense of collective Disobedience movement belonging • How participants saw the movement • The limits of civil disobedience Worksheet for “Nationalism in India” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 84

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. When did the Rowlatt Act pass? 2. Why was Non-Cooperation Movement called off by Gandhiji? 3. Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’? 4. Describe the different events of National Satyagraha started by Gandhi against the Rowlett Act. 5. Why did Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act, 1919? Explain. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Which movement of Andhra Pradesh joined Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement? 2. State one impact of reduction of imports during Non-Cooperation Movement. 3. State any one feature of ‘Inland Emigration Act’ of 1859. 4. What was main incident related to Chauri- Chaura Movement? 5. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Give three reasons. 6. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. By whom was the Swaraj Party formed? 2. Which was the most important demand that Gandhi put forth in his letter to Viceroy Irwin? 3. Who organised the Depressed Classes Association and what were the aims of this association? 4. Explain the attitude of the Congress towards the dalits. 5. Which social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and why? 6. Explain the contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to eliminate untouchability. 7. How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement? 85

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What were the colours of the tri-colour flag designed during the Swades Movement in Bengal? 2. Who was the author of the famous novel ‘Anandmath’? 3. Describe the first tri-colour flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement. 4. How did reinterpretation of history create a sense of collective belongingness among different communities of India? 5. Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people. 6. Explain the different factors that shaped the political situation in the late 1920s. 7. Explain the major facts about the new economic situation created in India by the First World War. 8. Analyse how did Gandhi converted the national movement into a mass movement. 86