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№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 9. Амосков В.М., Арсланова Д.Н., Базаров А.М., Белов А.В., Беляков В.А., Белякова Т.Ф., Васильев В.Н., Гапионок Е.И., Зайцев А.А., Зенкевич М.Ю., Капаркова М.В., Кухтин В.П., Ламзин Е.А., Ларионов М.С., Максименкова Н.А., Михайлов В.М., Неженцев А.Н., Овсянников Д.А., Овсянников А.Д., Родин И.Ю., Сычевский С.Е., Фирсов А.А., Шатиль Н.А. // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. СПб: СПбГУ, 2016. Сер. 11. Вып. 3. С. 4-17. 10. Amoskov V.M., Arslanova D.N., Bazarov A.M., Belov A.V., Belyakov V.A., Firsov A.A., Gapionok E.I., Kaparkova M.V., Kukhtin V.P., Lamzin E.A., Larionov M.S., Mizintzev A.V., Mikhailov V.M., Nezhentzev A.N., Ovsyannikov D.A., Ovsyannikov A.D., Rodin I.Yu., Shatil N.A., Sytchevsky S.E., Vasiliev V.N., Zenkevich M.Yu. Simulations of maglev EDS performance with detailed numerical models, Simulations of maglev EDS performance with detailed numerical models, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes, 2018, vol. 14, iss. 4, pp. 286–301. https://doi.org/10.21638/11702/spbu10.2018.402 11. V. Amoskov, D. Arslanova, G. Baranov, A. Bazarov, V. Belyakov, A. Firsov, M. Kaparkova, A. Kavin, M. Khokhlov, V. Kukhtin, V. Kuzmenkov, A. Labusov, E. Lamzin, A. Lantzetov, M. Larionov, A. Nezhentzev, D. Ovsyannikov, A.Ovsyannikov, I.Rodin, N.Shatil, S.Sytchevsky, V.Vasiliev, E.Zapretilina, Margarita Zenkevich, Modeling EMS maglev systems to develop control algorithms, Cybernetics and physics, v.2, No.1, 2012, p.3 12. Е.Н. Андреев, Д.Н. Арсланова, Е.В. Ахметзянова, А.М. Базаров, В.Н. Васильев, О.С. Васильева, М.С. Верхотуров, Е.И. Гапионок, А.А. Дёмина, С.В. Завадский, М.Ю. Зенкевич, М.В. Капаркова, В.Д. Кузьменков, А.Н. Лабусов, М.С. Ларионов, М.В. Манзук, А.В. Мизинцев, А.Н. Неженцев, Д.А. Овсянников, А.Д. Овсянников, М.В. Хохлов. Комбинированные электромагнитные подвесы с пониженным энергопотреблением для левитационного транспорта // ЖТФ, 2019. 13. Глухих В.А., Беляков В.А., Минеев А.Б. Физико-технические основы термоядерного синтеза. CПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2006. 348с. 14. Амосков В.М., Арсланова Д.Н., Базаров А.М., Баранов Г.А., Белов А.В., Беляков В.А., Белякова Т.Ф., Васи- льев В.Н., Гапионок Е.И., Зайцев А.А., Капаркова М.В., Кухтин В.П., Лабусов А.Н., Ламзин Е.А., Ларио- нов М.С., Максименкова Н.А., Михайлов В.М., Неженцев А.Н., Родин И.Ю., Сычевский С.Е., Фирсов А.А., Хохлов М.В., Шатиль Н.А. // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. Сер. Термоядерный синтез. 2014. Т.37. Вып.4. С. 84 – 95. 15. Патент РФ 2573135 «Магнитный подвес транспортного средства для комбинированного путепровода». 16. Патент РФ 2566507 «Сверхпроводящее электромагнитное устройство, магнитный подвес и транспортное средство, снабженные таким устройством» 17. K. Halbach “Applications of permanent magnets in accelerators and electron storage rings”. Journal of Applied Phys- ics, vol. 57, p. 3605, 1985. 22

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF CROP MONITORING IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Xalima Abasxanova Associate Professor, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Mukhlisa Rustamova Master’s student, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАЗРАБОТКА АППАРАТНЫХ И ПРОГРАММНЫХ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЙ ДЛЯ МОНИТОРИНГА УРОЖАЯ В СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОМ СЕКТОРЕ Абасханова Халима Юнусовна доцент, Ташкентский университет информационных технологий имени Мухаммада аль-Хорезми, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рустамова Мухлиса Қаҳрамонжон қизи магистрант, Ташкентский университет информационных технологий имени Мухаммада аль-Хорезми, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In the development of a remote control system of the process of growing agricultural products, software and hardware for remote monitoring and control of the growing of agricultural crops will be developed. The mentioned project is rec- ommended for all types of land areas in Uzbekistan. For the farmers working in the field of agriculture, monitoring of the development of agricultural products in fields, automatic irrigation, fertilizing, determining the parameters of the soil composition, and based on them, the technology of an automatic control system designed for the cultivation of each agricultural product will be developed. The remote monitoring and control device is developed on the NodeMcu platform and managed using a web page. АННОТАЦИЯ Будет разработана система дистанционного контроля за выращиванием сельскохозяйственных продукции. В ходе исследования будет разработано программное и аппаратное обеспечение для дистанционного мониторинга и управления растениеводством. Этот проект рекомендуется для всех типов земель в Узбекистане. Для фермеров, кластеров, работающих в сельскохозяйственном секторе, будут разработаны технологии для мониторинга их сельскохозяйственного производства в парниковых земельных участках фермерских хозяйств, автоматического орошения, удобрения и систем контроля на основе почвы для каждой культуры. Устройство удаленного мониторинга и управления будет разработано на платформе NodeMcu и будет управляться с помощью веб-страницы. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Abasxanova X.Y., Rustamova M.Q. DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE AND SOFT- WARE OF CROP MONITORING IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15683

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Keywords: remote monitoring, software and hardware, automatic irrigation, automatic control system, innovative technology, NodeMcu platform, web page. Ключевые слова: удаленный мониторинг, программное и аппаратное обеспечение, автоматический полив, система автоматического управления, инновационные технологии, платформа NodeMcu, веб-страница. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the 21st century, information is one of the most the automation system of 5th generation greenhouses are powerful strategic factors affecting the modern world. that plant growth and development, the plant's demand for Due to its high vulnerability, the information sector is a which fertilizer are controlled based on the automated common area for hackers, criminal structures and other system, all performed tasks: drip irrigation, door and destructive forces to influence the political, economic window opening and closing, climate control, determin- and social structures of the state. Currently, the networks ing the ripeness of the crop. enters into the main task and that carry out information storage, search, analysis and is under control [1]. delivery are called infocommunication networks [2]. In advanced agricultural systems, various \"smart The rapid development of modern information and technologies\" (smart-sensors) are installed based on crop communication technologies is the reason for the large- and environmental conditions. For example, climate scale development of all industries in our country, which control - measuring tools for temperature, humidity, in turn creates the possibility of carrying out this work nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus levels, nutrient supply, through the types and directions. fruit ripening and irrigation devices are included. Their use guarantees an increase in productivity of at least An example of this is modern services that are 30 percent. In addition, improved systems will be intro- rapidly developing, i.e. efficient use of land plots by duced in the production and marketing chains of agricul- farms, production of agricultural products along field tural products, and eventually the possibility of edges, irrigation and collector-drainage networks, as well collecting large amounts of electronic data will be cre- as the use of lightweight, low-cost equipment and sensors, ated [6]. As a result of their storage and analysis, it is their remote control, automatic determining the compo- possible to effectively use water, land and other limited sition of the soil without excessive labor and creating an resources, and ensure the quality and safety of food [2]. automatic irrigation system will make our daily life easier and more convenient [1]. By increasing the production The created technology receives real-time centralized of agricultural products in these lands, significant positive information on the growth of agricultural products, results will be achieved in terms of obtaining additional irrigation, soil parameters, fertilizer requirements, drip income and meeting the needs of their employees for food irrigation control and remote monitoring of fruit ripening products. through a mobile communication application, and based on an intelligent system, sensors and sensors can not only In the studies of economists of our country, the term grow crops, but also fully control the harvest. it also helps \"innovation\" began to be widely used in connection to save. In advanced agricultural systems, various with the transition to market relations. A number of \"smart technologies\" (smart-sensors) are installed based economists, including A.A. Abdug'aniev, A.V. Vahobov, on a single goal based on crop and environmental con- A.M. Kadirov, S.S. Gulomov, Yo.A. Abdullaev, ditions [14]. For example, early detection of pests and Ch. Murodov, T.Kh. Farmonov, O'.P.Umurzakov, diseases, climate control - measuring devices for tem- N.S. Khushmatov, A. Mukhtorov and others have carried perature, humidity, carbon dioxide level, nutrient supply out significant scientific research. Thus, summarizing and irrigation devices are included. Satellite data will the definitions given above, the concept of innovation can serve to form an information-analytical base on \"preci- be defined as follows [11]. Innovation is the introduction sion farming\" in the republic, and it will be possible for of a new or significantly improved product or process, farms to use automated systems. a new marketing method, a new organizational method in the organization of workplaces or external relations. In conclusion, the above technology, developed over many years of study and research, has the ability to The main goal of the project is to develop a technology modify the software for additional modules depending for remote control of farm plots on closed land and on the needs and wishes of the farm. The growth and a remote control system for the production of agricultural development of the plant, which fertilizer the plant products. needs are controlled under an automated system, all the performed tasks: drip irrigation, climate control, deter- Indoor air temperature, air humidity, Ph content of mination of the ripeness of the crop are included in the the air, soil temperature, chemical composition of the soil function of the created device and will be under its con- and soil composition of the indoor areas are detected using trol [6]. This technology uses sensors and software to detectors and transmitted to the sensors every minute. monitor the soil composition at a distance of 2m^2 The readings are displayed on the sensor monitor [5]. around the plant. Plant condition monitoring through the website is stored in the database and can be monitored Today's 5th generation greenhouses: air humidity, and controlled remotely through the mobile application. climate control, automation of drip irrigation, automatic Since desktop - c++ (Cross Platform) uses less resources, opening and closing of doors and slots, are a whole com- the NodeMcu part of the project complex being created plex that creates favorable conditions for plant growth is written in the C++ programming language, and the and development. The created technology can be used for optional agricultural crops. The priority aspects of technology from 24

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. mobile application is written in the Java programming Jizzakh, Bukhara, and Tashkent regions. Since the tech- language. The created technology was introduced to nology is convenient in all aspects, it is recommended to use it for all types of land areas of Uzbekistan [7]. References: 1. Abaskhanova H.Y Applying infocommunication technologies to agriculture. Current problems of modern science. Xalqaro конференция. Chicago USA - 2022. –Б.27-32 2. Abaskhanova H.Y. Development of hardware and software complex for monitoring system. Mejdunarodnыy nauch- nыy jurnal «Universum: texnicheskiye nauki». 2022, Vыpusk: 9(102), chast 5, –R.5-8. https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/9102. DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.102.9 3. Abaskhanova X. Analysis of information and communication technologies in green environment monitoring. https://www.icisct2022.org/ 4. Abaskhanova X. The role of geographic information system in growing agricultural production. Universum: технические науки. Https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/194. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.94.1 5. Abasxanova X. INNOVATSION TEXNOLOGIYALARNI QISHLOQ XO ‘JALIGI MAXSULOTLARINI MASOFAVIY MONITORINGIDAGI ROLI //International Journal of Economics and Innovative Technologies. – 2023. – T. 11. – №. 1. – S. 205-212. 6. Abasxanova X.Y. Qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlarini monitoring qilish va nazorat qilish uchun geoaxborot tizimlarini ishlab chiqish usullari. Monografiya. Toshkent - 2021. “Fan va texnologiyalar nashriyot -matbaa uyi”. –128b. 7. Abasxanova X. Yu, and M.B. Mirzaeva. \"Application of M2M technologies in agriculture. Materials of the International Scientific-Practical Conference\" Science and Education in the Modern World: Challenges of the XXI Century\" Section 04.\" Technical Sciences 2: 345-348. 8. Abasxanova, X. Yu, and U.B. Amirsaidov. \"Microprocessors. A textbook for higher education.\" (2016). 9. ETSI TR 102 857 Machine to Machine Communications (M2M); Use cases of M2M applications for Connected Consumer. 10. Khaydarova M.Y., Abaskhanova K.Y. APPLYING INFOCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES TO AGRICUL- TURE // International Scientific and Current Research Conferences. – 2022. – С. 27-29. 11. X.Yu.Abasxonova, U.B.Amirsaidov, Mikroprotsessorlar. Oliy o‘quv yurtlari uchun o‘quv qo‘llanma. Toshkent 2017-350 bet. 12. X.Yu. Abasxanova, Raqamli texnika (1 qism). Darslik. Toshkent 2022-350 bet. 13. X.Yu. Abasxanova, Jurayev L.N, Xoshimova F.R. Raqamli texnika (2 qism). O’quv qo‘llanma. Toshkent 2022-250 bet. 14. X.Yu.Abasxanova, J.B. Baltayev Radioaloqaning mikroprotsessor qurilmalari. 5350700 – “Radioelektron qurilmalar va tizimlar” (temir yoʻl transporti) taʻlim yoʻnalishi talabalari uchun darslik. Тошкент-2023.-400b 25

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15650 FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING Hayk Kharazyan lead developer High School of Economics Russia, Moscow E-mail: [email protected] ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗРАБОТКИ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ СЕРВИСОВ И ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ Харазян Айк Арменович ведущий разработчик Высшая школа экономики, РФ, г. Москва ABSTRACT The article discusses the features of the development of high-tech services and applications based on machine learning. It is noted that within the framework of machine learning, the development and application of algorithmic structures, as well as statistical models that can be used by computer systems in solving problems without explicit instructions, using templates, as well as logical conclusions, are studied. The order of data processing with manual software implementation is presented. The procedure for obtaining a forecast using machine learning is revealed. It is noted that the use of machine learning in the framework of the processes of creating program learning is possible in several areas: making strategic decisions, providing accurate and high-quality estimates, simplifying the stages of prototyping, conducting a quality check of the program code, testing procedure, error correction, implementation of smart programming assistants. It is concluded that the use of machine learning can speed up the life cycle of software development. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются особенности разработки высокотехнологичных сервисов и приложений на основе машинного обучения. Отмечено, что в рамках машинного обучения изучаются вопросы разработки и применения алгоритмических конструкций, а также статистических моделей, которые могут быть использованы компьютерными системами при решении задач без явных инструкций, используя для этого шаблоны, а также логические выводы. Представлен порядок обработки данных с ручной реализацией программного обеспечения. Выявлен порядок получения прогноза с использованием машинного обучения. Отмечено, что применение машинного обучения в рамках процессов создания программного обучения возможно по нескольким направлениям: принятие стратегиче- ских решений, предоставление точных и качественных оценок, упрощение этапов макетирования, проведение качественной проверки программного кода, процедура тестирования, исправление ошибок, реализация умных помощников по программированию. Сделан вывод о том, что применение машинного обучения позволяет ускорить жизненный цикл разработки программного обеспечения. Keywords: artificial intelligence, machine learning, software development, algorithm, forecasting. Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, машинное обучение, разработка программного обеспечения, алгоритм, прогнозирование. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Machine learning has long been perceived as one of The application of this progress is seen in many the fundamental branches of artificial intelligence, and is areas of business, including software development. actively used at the heart of most innovative technologies In the Russian Federation this approach is new for most in this area. developers, which is why the use of machine learning in the implementation of high-tech services and applica- Machine learning has rather imperceptibly entered tions is little covered in scientific papers. the most diverse areas of human activity, and helps in solving both work and everyday issues. A striking example Machine learning itself is a science that studies the is the voice assistants that people use everywhere, development and application of algorithmic structures, such as Alexa, Siri or Alice. as well as statistical models that can be used by com- __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kharazyan H. FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15650

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. puter systems to solve problems without explicit instruc- of problems by a computer with an approach similar tions, using templates, as well as logical conclusions. to the solution of this problem by a person. Machine learning algorithms were originally used to deal with the processing of large volumes of statistical Machine learning uses technologies that are related data and the formation of data templates based on them. to three basic development steps: This allows the system to make the most correct predic- tion of results based on given sets of input data. For ex- • collection and processing of data by the system; ample, using machine learning, it is possible to teach • training of the system using the collected and medical software to perform the process of diagnosing processed data, as well as the formation of a trained model; incoming x-ray images, giving it the ability to process • assessment of the quality of functioning of the millions of existing images with a description of them. resulting model, followed by the deployment of a Machine learning has great potential for automating rou- software shell that allows the use of this model [7]. tine programming tasks, but cannot completely replace Different models basically imply the use of different the work of programmers [6]. programming languages, and also support the use of ready-made frameworks and libraries. They allow you First, machine learning requires a huge amount of to start processing the collected information quickly, and, data to train models and identify patterns. Programmers if necessary, filter out unnecessary data. are engaged in the development and preparation of data The operation of the model also requires the use of for training models, as well as the creation of algorithms visualization tools that will allow you to evaluate and and machine learning models. identify important features of the functioning of the model - such as anomalies, linear patterns, etc. This allows Secondly, machine learning cannot completely re- you to further simplify the verification and testing of place the intuition and creativity of programmers. Ma- the finished model. chine learning can find patterns in data, but Speaking about machine learning and comparing programmers can apply their experience and knowledge it with the process of writing a software product by a to solve non-trivial problems that require creativity. developer, it should be noted that when developing software learning, the developer rigidly specifies the Thirdly, machine learning cannot replace the human behavior of the computer, while within the framework factor, which is necessary in areas such as the social sci- of machine learning technology, the computer is given ences, where many factors must be taken into account some freedom of action for the purpose of its self-learning. that cannot always be quantified. based on the collected data. This suggests that machine learning cannot fully replace the process of implementing Thus, machine learning is a powerful tool that can program code, and a data scientist, together with artifi- automate many programming tasks, but cannot com- cial intelligence, can replace the work of a programmer. pletely replace programmers in developing complex ap- Despite the fact that a data scientist uses a specific plications and systems. programming language in machine learning, only writ- ing code will be a small part of his job. Machine learning can be represented as a process in Machine learning cannot be a complete alternative which a certain set of knowledge is transferred to a com- to traditional development and writing of program code, puter, as well as algorithms for analyzing this however, this technology can act as an additional toolkit knowledge. As a result, it turns out that the computer that simplifies development processes and implements receives the following features: additional functionality for implemented software. To- day, machine learning technology in programming is a • self-learning new knowledge; tool that is used in situations where the use of traditional • identification of patterns within the accumulated development methods will not be sufficient to solve the knowledge; tasks [3]. • accumulation of experience for solving problems; Any software solution requires the formation of an • making forecasts; algorithm for its work, and writing code in the develop- • collection of analytical and statistical infor- ment language. Next, for the implemented software mation [9]. product, you must provide a set of input data that will be The use of machine learning in fact allows you to processed by the implemented software product. organize data processing without writing complex program codes. This is achieved through the implementation of the original model, which allows organizing the solution Algorithm Writing Providing Getting a developm code input result ent Figure 1. The order of data processing with manual software implementation 27

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. This approach is justified in the case when a set of of the exchange rate. In this situation, it is important to input parameters must be processed based on known understand the fact that in order to obtain a high-quality conditions and laws. However, if processing is to be carried forecast, it is necessary to collect and process just a huge out to form certain forecasts, then it will be necessary number of parameters, due to the fact that the use of a to expand the composition of similar parameters and use limited number of them will negatively affect the generated more complex computational algorithms. For example, result. Data scientists do not implement the program for in the case of forming a forecast estimate of the exchange data processing, but form arrays of statistical infor- rate, not only the exchange rate for a certain period is mation, on the basis of which the model will be built [5]. taken into account, but also external and internal eco- nomic, social and political factors that can influence this Once the collected dataset is considered satisfac- exchange rate. It will be necessary to develop a software tory, the data scientist will load it into a customized ma- product that will be able to accept a set of disparate chine learning algorithm. The result will be a model that parameters, on the basis of which it will form a forecast can predict new results, given not only the current data, but also its proposed new input parameters. Formation Loading Getting the Loading of data sets Data into a generated input Machine Learning model parameters Algorithm into the model Figure 2. The procedure for obtaining a forecast using machine learning As distinctive features of machine learning, it is worth • specificity means that the use of machine learning noting the fact that it does not require the construction in the implementation and implementation of new products of a data processing model, since this process is per- is possible only for IT specialists; formed directly by machine learning algorithms, and this process is corrected by specialists in the field of machine • simplicity means that products implemented on learning. the basis of machine learning can be easily used by users with different levels of education [1]. Another important difference between how a pro- grammer writes code and how machine learning algo- Tasks solved on the basis of machine learning meth- rithms work is the number of inputs that the ods directly provide significant benefits for the scope of implemented model must process. To obtain the most their implementation, as well as in situations of solving accurate results, it will be necessary to process a huge social issues. The main tasks include: number of parameters; no developer will be able to im- plement such an algorithm that can accurately process • regression is the receipt of a forecast formed on such a volume of input data. For machine learning al- the basis of a sample of a certain set of objects with dif- gorithms, this kind of problem does not exist, but the ferent characteristics. The result of data analysis is either existing computing power should still be taken into a number or a numeric vector. account. For example, you can limit the number of input data, or provide them to the model in parts to ensure its • classification allows you to identify categories of correct functioning within the available computing objects, taking into account the existing parameters, power [4]. that extent related to machine vision, that’s why the term «pattern recognition» is often used; At its core, machine learning contains three main components that have the same level of significance. • clustering performs the division of data into similar These include: categories, taking into account some unifying feature. • data collected in a variety of ways. The greater • identification separates data with specified pa- the amount of data collected, the more correct the effect, rameters from the rest of the data array; as well as the final result will be obtained in the end; • forecasting is a work with a large amount of data • signs that determine the composition of the pa- that is generated with reference to a certain time period rameters used in the implementation of machine learn- in order to obtain a forecast regarding the behavior of ing; the same data in the next time period; • algorithms based on which there will be an impact • knowledge extraction is used to study the de- on the accuracy, speed and size of the model resulting pendence in relation to a whole set of indicators belong- from the implementation of machine learning. ing to the same phenomenon or event [6]. The development and existence of machine learning Based on the foregoing, it follows that the potential is based on the application of three basic principles: range of tasks for which machine learning technology can be used is quite wide. And depending on the ap- • innovation is a principle that implies that machine proaches of the developers, this circle can be more and learning allows you to open up new prospects for the more. For this reason, considering the options for using development and growth of almost any industry; machine learning in software development is a well- founded question [10]. 28

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The application of machine learning algorithms the operation of the program being implemented will be within software development provides a structured way identified, which will need to be promptly eliminated. to incorporate machine learning into development pro- The tester's job is to run this traditional scenario through cesses. a checklist of tests in order to obtain the fact that there are no errors in the work of the implemented program. The traditional method of software development in- However, taking into account the growing level of com- volves using an extended requirements specification and petition in the software market, as well as the require- then manually coding the program features. The use of ments from customers, traditional testing methods and machine learning eliminates the need to specify a set of tools do not satisfy this kind of requests, so new, more rules for making decisions and actions. In this case, the advanced tools are required. In this case, machine learn- developer prepares the data that will be used as part of ing will allow you to more accurately carry out the test- the learning algorithms. This data is provided to learning ing procedure. Due to this approach, not only the algorithms, after which the system highlights the com- probability of testing errors will be reduced, but also the position of the necessary patterns in this data. Moreover, time spent both on organizing and conducting the testing when using artificial intelligence, such patterns can be process. revealed that people do not even think about. 6. Bug fixes while working with large amounts of The use of machine learning as part of the creating program code, there is a high probability of the influence programmatic training processes is possible in several of the human factor. To detect such errors, it is necessary ways: to check large amounts of data, and machine learning algorithms can cope with such volumes not only 1. Making strategic decisions will significantly sim- quickly, but also qualitatively. This greatly simplifies plify decision-making procedures by analyzing the level the process of creating software. of haste of previously completed projects, on the basis of which a proposal will be developed regarding the 7. One of the options for optimizing the software most optimal approaches to software implementation. development process using artificial intelligence is the implementation of smart programming assistants. Soft- 2. Providing accurate and high-quality estimates ware developers have to devote a lot of time to debug- due to the description of functions, user history. Based ging the program code [2]. on the analysis, forecasts are made and the most accurate estimate of both the budget and the timing of the project The total number of software development support is built. tools based on machine learning is actively growing, in particular, free versions, which initially began to be ac- 3. Simplification of layout steps will not only this tively used abroad, but now Russian companies are also reduce software development time, but it will also allow implementing them into their processes. A striking ex- fewer technical experts to be involved in the development ample is AI from Sberbank, which is actively used in process. software development. 4. Carrying out a qualitative check of the program Conclusion. As a result, the use of machine learning code for ensuring long-term maintenance of a software algorithms can help simplify software development pro- product and organizing developer collaboration. As cesses by automating related and related processes. business processes or technologies develop, the imple- Most large companies speak out about the benefits of mentation of changes in the code of a software product using machine learning when using it as part of the busi- will be an inevitable process, which makes machine ness processes of an organization's activities. Speaking learning a universal tool for organizing automatic code of software development processes, machine learning analysis procedures, as well as optimizing its perfor- can play a significant role here. Software developers are mance [8]. actively discussing the impact of machine learning not only on the processes of software development, but also 5. One of the critical stages in the development of a on the organization of the software itself. software product is the testing procedure. In fact, testing is a check of the conformity of the system's actions with the expected results. If after the next action the response received from the system matches the expectations, then the test is passed. If there is a discrepancy, an error in References: 1. Burkov A. Burkov A. Inzheneriya mashinnogo obucheniya [Machine learning engineering; translation from English by A.A. Slinkin] / A. Burkov.M.: DMK Press, 2022. - 306 p. [in Russian]. 2. Gladilin P.E. Tekhnologii mashinnogo obucheniya: uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie [Machine learning technolo- gies: teaching aid] / P.E. Gladilin, K.O. Bochenina. St. Petersburg: NRU ITMO, 2020. - 75 p. [in Russian]. 3. Eremeev A.P. O realizacii sredstv mashinnogo obucheniya v intellektual'nyh sistemah real'nogo vremeni [On the implementation of machine learning tools in real-time intelligent systems] / A.P. Eremeev, A.A. Kozhukhov, V.V. Golenkov, N.A. Gulyakina // Programmnye produkty i sistemy. - 2018. No. 2. – Pp. 46-52 [in Russian]. 4. Ilyushchenko V.V. Analiz metodiki sozdaniya i instrumental'nyh sredstv razrabotki sistem iskusstvennogo intellekta [Analysis of the methodology for creating and tools for the development of artificial intelligence systems] // Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. – 2018. No. 2. Pp. 25-31 [in Russian]. 5. Limanovskaya O.V. Limanovskaya O.V. Osnovy mashinnogo obucheniya: uchebnoe posobie [Fundamentals of ma- chine learning: textbook] / O.V. Limanovskaya, T.I. Alferyeva. 2nd ed. M.: FLINTA, 2022. - 88 p. [in Russian]. 29

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 6. Platonov A.V. Mashinnoe obuchenie: uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov [Machine learning: a textbook for universities] / A.V. Platonov. Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2023. - 85 p. [in Russian]. 7. Sakhanevich D.Yu. Issledovanie podhodov i metodov primeneniya iskusstvennogo intellekta i mashinnogo obucheniya v social'no-ekonomicheskih processah [Research of approaches and methods of application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in socio-economic processes] // Vestnik OmGU. Series: Economy. 2020. №2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-podhodov-i-metodov-primeneniya-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i- mashinnogo-obucheniya-v-sotsialno-ekonomicheskih-protsessah (date of access: 04/02/2023). [in Russian]. 8. Tishchenko S.A., Shakhmuradyan M.A. Metody mashinnogo obucheniya v malom biznese: soderzhanie i upravlenie [Methods of machine learning in small business: content and management] // Vestnik REA im. G.V. Plekhanova. - 2019. - No. 6 (108). - URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/methody-mashinnogo-obucheniya-v-malom-biznese- soderzhanie-i-upravlenie (date of access: 04/02/2023). [in Russian]. 9. Chmir Yu.E., Karelin D.V. Puti integracii avtomatizirovannogo processa i adaptaciya iskusstvennogo intellekta pri razrabotke proektnyh reshenij [Ways of integrating an automated process and adapting artificial intelligence in the development of design solutions] // Privolzhskij nauchnyj zhurnal. - 2021. No. 1. – Pp. 81-85. [in Russian]. 10. Chardin B. Krupnomasshtabnoe mashinnoe obuchenie vmeste s Python: uchebnoe posobie [Large-scale machine learning with Python: a tutorial] / B. Chardin, L. Massaron, A. Boschetti; translation from English by A.V. Logunov. M.: DMK Press, 2018. - 358 p. [in Russian]. 30

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15616 WORKING DETAIL OF THE TILLING CUTTER Rustamjon Abdumajidov Assistant at the Tashkent state technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАБОЧАЯ ДЕТАЛЬ ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ФРЕЗЫ Абдумажидов Рустамжон Бахтиёр угли ассистент Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The development of energy-resource-saving and high-performance tillage machines takes the leading place in the world. If we consider that more than 1.6 billion hectares of area are cultivated annually for crops in the world, the development of energy-resource-saving and high-performance tillage machines is an important task. АННОТАЦИЯ В мире ведущее место занимает разработка энерго-ресурсосберегающих и высокопроизводительных почвообрабатывающих машин. «Если учесть, что в мировом масштабе для возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур в год обрабатывается более 1,6 млрд. гектаров площади», то важной задачей является разработка энерго- ресурсосберегающих и высокопроизводительных почвообрабатывающих машин. Keywords: vertical, cutter, knife, bolt connections, working body, active, design. Ключевые слова: вертикаль, фреза, нож, болтовые соединения, рабочий орган, активный, конструкция. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. In the agricultural production of the On the basis of their research, various designs of republic complex measures on resource-saving, reduc- working tools were created and existing ones were im- tion of labor and energy consumption, production of proved, resulting in a significant increase in the worka- high-performance machines used in the cultivation of bility and life expectancy of fast-acting working tools. crops on the basis of advanced technologies and their But most of these studies were not intended for irrigated implementation, increasing the efficiency of the use of lands of Central Asia or were limited to justification of existing ones are carried out. In order to implement these optimal parameters of designs. To date, enterprises pro- tasks, including through technical and technological ducing agricultural machinery in our country produce modernization of machinery and equipment used in the working tools with scientifically justified materials and preparation of the soil for sowing, increasing the re- designs, which further complicates this problem. source of working bodies to the level of the resource of The milling drum on the horizontal axis rotates working bodies developed in the advanced enterprises around a horizontal or vertical axis. It is driven in forced of the world, one of the important issues is to obtain high rotary motion by the tractor PTO. Changing the rotational yields and reduce their cost. speed of the cutter as required, achieves a quality crushing In order to improve the design and increase the ser- of the soil. It is possible to work the ground to a depth vice life of the working tools of the machines used in of a = 25 cm. tillage, V.P. Goryachkin, G.N. Sineokov, E.P. Ogryzkov, In the world there are research works aimed at the M.M. Khrushchov, M.M. Severnyov, M.M. Tenenbaum, A.Sh. Rabinovich, V.N. Tkachev, A.I. Selivanov, development of resource-saving technologies of field V.I. Kazartsev and others, in our Republic G.M. Rudakov, preparation for cultivation of crops and new scientific R.I. Baimetov, A. Khajiev, V.A. Sergienko, M. Murodov, and technical bases of technical means of their imple- A. Tukhtakuziev, S.N. Shamshetov, M.V. Vakhobov, mentation. In this direction, it is relevant to conduct pur- poseful scientific research on the development of tillage K.K. Nuriyev, M.T. Madazimov and other scientists- machines with working tools that perform translational researchers have made great scientific and practical and rotational motion to ensure resource-saving in the contribution. process of interaction of their working parts with the soil. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Abdumajidov R. WORKING DETAIL OF THE TILLING CUTTER // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15616

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In this aspect, the development of soil milling machines To achieve this task, the known working body of a with L-shaped working bodies of vertical arrangement tillage cutter containing an L-shaped blade consisting of is in demand [1]. a supporting hub and a blade, the butt ends of the latter are made with triangular notches, mutually coincident In order to improve the reliability of fixing the re- with each other, and a supporting plate with holes for storable part of the tillage cutter's working body and re- mounting the blade by bolt connection is welded on the duce the time of mounting-dismounting works, we back side of the hub. developed a new working body of the tillage cutter with the expanded possibilities for restoration. The working The essence of the technical solution is explained by body of the tillage cutter is an L-shaped knife that con- drawings, where Fig. 1 shows the working body of the sists of a supporting hub made in one with a blade. mill - side and front view; Fig. 2 - hub, side and front view; blade, front and side view; section A-A of the blade. According to the results of operation, the tools of the tiller wear out quickly and need to be replaced with Working body of the tillage machine contains a bent new ones. For example, for tillers MZ 28, MZ 28B, L-shaped hub 1 with holes 2 in its tail part, the butt end SZ 32 and SZ 32P average statistical wear of the blade of the hub is made with notches 3 of a triangular shape, is 15-17 cm. In practice (abroad) they are completely and from its backside a supporting plate 4 with a hole 5 is replaced with new ones, in our country they are restored, welded. To the hub 1 the blade 7, also made with chisels by removing the worn-out part and welding a new one. 8 and apertures 9, is bolted 6. The working part of the Such restored blades do not bear heavy loads when blade 7 is machined on both sides for the blade 10. cultivating heavy soils and break at the place of welding, as the structure of the metal changes when heated and Before use, the tool is assembled as follows. The loses mechanical strength. blade 7 is put on the support plate 4 so that the notches 3 of the hub 1 coincide with the notches 8 of the blade, The task of the model is to ensure the reliability of while the holes 5 on the plate 4 must coincide with attachment of the restorable part of the tillage cutter and the holes 9 on the blade. reduce the time of installation and dismantling works. Figure 1. Diagram of the working body of a tillage machine After completion of this test assembly the applied First, if the blade erodes, it can be quickly replaced parts are bolted 6 tightly. The tool thus finished is with a new one. Making the blade and hub with serra- docked through holes 2 to the cutter base (Fig.2). tions on the butt end reduces the dynamic stresses on the bolt connections and protects them from premature shear- The working body of the tillage cutter is assembled ing. and dismantled, which distinguishes it from the known analogue by a number of advantages. 32

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. а) b) c) d) e) Figure 2. Diagram of the working body of a tillage machine Secondly, it reduces the time for assembly and dis- which provides rotation of vertically installed milling assembly work, which can also be carried out in the bodies. field. If one side of the blade is blunted, the blade can be installed by the other side [2]. The only labor-intensive Working body of soil tillage cutter containing process is the execution of notches on worn parts, but in L-shaped knife consisting of supporting hub and blade, the case of serial production of hubs and blades, the la- characterized by the fact that the supporting hub and bor expended will more than pay for itself. The closest the blade are made with the possibility of detachable by design, essence and achieved effect to the proposed connection, the butt ends of the supporting hub and model is a milling cultivator, containing a frame, with a the blade are made with triangular teeth, the back side reducer installed on it and a horizontal rotating shaft, of the hub welded supporting plate, provided with holes for mounting the blade by bolt connection. References: 1. Ишмурадов Ш.У., Худойбердиев М.А., Абдумажидов Р.Б. Рабочий орган почвообработывающей фрезы // Агентство по интеллектуальной собственности. - 2021. № FAP 01677. 2. Kосимов К.З., Муйдинов А.Ш., Мадазимов М.Т., Хошимов Х.Х. Перспективы восстановлениya изношенных деталей машин наплавкой композиционных порошковых материалов. // БГАУ научный журнал “ВЕСТНИК”. – № 3 (43). – Башкортостан, 2017. – Б. 54-56. 33

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. IMPROVING THE RATIONAL USE OF FUEL AND ENERGY RESOURCES Hikmat Ishmuratov PhD., Associate Professor, Tashkent State Technical University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Bekbatir Isakbaev Masters, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zuxriddin Juraev Masters, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ Ишмуратов Хикмат Кахарович PhD., доцент, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Исакбаев Бекбатир Аллабай-ули магистр, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Жураев Зухриддин Халилжон угли магистр, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article analyses the status of the issue of the rational use of fuel and energy resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The problem of rational use of fuel and energy resources is multifaceted and includes aspects of production and technical operation of MTP, issues of MTP transportation, storage and refueling. At each stage of the life cycle of machinery, there are reserves for saving or reducing losses of fuel and energy resources. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье приводится анализ состояния вопроса по проблеме рационального использования топливно- энергетических ресурсов Республики Узбекистан. Проблема рационального использования топливно-энергети- ческих ресурсов является многогранной и включает в себя аспекты производственной и технической эксплуатации машинно-тракторного парка, вопросы транспортирования топливо смазочные материалы (ТСМ), их хранения и заправки. На каждом этапе жизненного цикла машин имеются резервы экономии или сокращения потерь ТСМ. Keywords: lubricants, fuel, production, products, energy resources, energy efficiency, energy saving. Ключевые слова: смазочные материалы, топливо, производство, продукция, энергоресурсы, энергоэффектив- ность, энергосбережение. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ At this time, when Uzbekistan is an integral part of industries and manufacture products that meet world the international community and the global financial and standards, one of the urgent tasks is to train personnel - economic market, in order to modernize the national specialists based on new requirements and methods and economy, technically and technologically re-equip its train them in modern knowledge. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ishmuratov H.K., Juraev Z.Kh., Isakbaev B.A. IMPROVING THE RATIONAL USE OF FUEL AND ENERGY RESOURCES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15578

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Since independence, the Republic of Uzbekistan has 5%, which means that we are speeding up the depletion of significantly changed its priorities in the direction and natural resources and not caring about the next generation. pace of development of the national economy. The problem of energy supply, complicated by the Particularly notable positive changes have taken place mismatch between the structure of natural reserves and in the extraction and processing of mineral resources. the current trend in their use, has grown from a regional Uzbekistan is the fourth-largest gold producer in the problem to a global one, with many aspects covering vir- world, and oil and gas production has almost doubled. tually all areas of human activity, and therefore has no Significant changes have also taken place in industry. clear-cut solution. Uzbekistan has become an automobile manufacturer, which means that the country's engineering industry has The share of petrol consumed by cars of individual acquired state-of-the-art production technologies. At the owners is a significant part of its total quantity produced same time, Uzbekistan has retained its leading position in the country. The tendency of growth of the personal in the world in cotton production, but it is no longer car fleet indicates that this share will increase 2...3 times a monoculture but one of the most important sources already in the very near future and will lead to additional of foreign exchange earnings. tension in provision of the national economy with fuel and energy resources. The agro-industrial complex has become a multi- sectoral sphere of supplying the population with food Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the and the processing industry with raw materials. Suffice entire industry, its \"core\". The products of mechanical it to say that for more than a decade the republic has been engineering enterprises play a decisive role in the imple- living under conditions of grain self-sufficiency. mentation of scientific and technological progress in all areas of the national economy [1]. The structures of the With the use of new technologies (seeding of cotton vehicle fleet of the Republic of Uzbekistan and industri- under film, sowing of grain crops in between the rows ally developed countries differ significantly. The pro- of cotton, etc.), the intensity of land use has increased portion of trucks and buses in the structure of our car significantly. At the same time, the unit volume of ag- fleet is several times greater compared to that in the United ricultural production and the unit volume of mecha- States. On the other hand, the number of passenger cars nised works per unit area of arable land have in the US fleet is 5.2 times higher than in our country. increased. Accordingly, the costs of fuel and lubricants Therefore, improving fuel efficiency is primarily im- (F&L) have increased, the world prices of which have portant for trucks, whose share in the energy balance of also risen sharply and are predicted to rise in the future. the industry and the share of fuel consumed by them is The economic development of the country has taken significant [2]. place at the expense of the excessive growth of energy consumption, especially that generated by thermal Road transport is one of the most energy-intensive power plants, and the increasingly \"proliferating\" high sectors of the national economy. It accounts for 7.2% of rate of internal combustion engines using fossil fuels, the country's energy resources [4], or 24.6% of liquid fuel which has led to an increased negative impact of their of oil origin, and in the near future the relative consumption emissions on the environment. The amount of fossil of oil products in road transport will increase even more. fuels burned each year is equivalent to 12 billion tons of oil, or two tons of oil equivalent for every person on the The most complete picture of fuel efficiency in road planet. During the last 40 years the amount of fossil fuels transport is given by specific fuel consumption per unit produced in the world has exceeded the amount pro- of transport work or per passenger. The average specific duced in the previous history of mankind, which has led fuel consumption per unit of transport work for all types to a sharp drop in reserves. In recent years, a sharp rise of freight transport by petrol-engine vehicles in public in the price of hydrocarbons in many countries has made transport today is 85 g/tonne km, and 44 g/tonne km for people think of alternative energy sources, and as a re- diesel-engine vehicles [3]. The specific fuel consumption sult, the total capacity of photovoltaic power plants in- of buses and coaches with petrol engines reached stalled in European countries, especially in the Middle 14.7 g/passenger-km, and with diesel engines - East, has doubled. The total area of solar collectors has 10.8 g/passenger-km in passenger traffic and 135 g/pas- reached 15 m2 in the USA, and 12 m in Japan2 . In Israel, senger-km in taxi traffic. about 1 million solar power plants are in operation, providing 75% of the total hot water supply for the coun- Figure 1. Graph of vehicle fuel efficiency versus unit try. The use of wind energy is also developing rapidly, cost (ΔQm.э → ΔMz): 1 - technological dependence; with an annual growth rate of 40-45% in Europe. Expe- 2 - operational dependence; 3 - structural dependence rience with renewable energy installations shows that they generally pay for themselves, despite the high costs of their acquisition and use in the initial period of oper- ation. Today, a number of countries have adopted re- newable energy programmes. In Germany, for example, the share of renewables in the country's total energy mix is set to reach 50% by 2050. During the operation of the machine and tractor fleet (MTP), the loss of TSM allowed by regulations exceeds 35

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Reduction of fuel consumption is a multifaceted Analysis of the dynamics of oil production over the task associated with further improvement of design and last 50 years (Figure 2) shows that the growth rate is production technology in our Republic. The figure be- characterised by three plots. The first section covers the low shows the dependence of vehicle fuel efficiency on period 1940-80, accompanied by a steady increase in unit costs (Fig.1). production. Oil production was especially intensive in the 60s when the annual growth rate reached 8.0...8.4 %. Oil is a valuable, but non-renewable, fossil raw ma- By 1980, the rate of production growth had fallen to terial for many industries, most importantly the fuel and 3.2% and then (in section 2) there was a sharp decline in energy industry. Oil and its derivatives are a commodity, oil production, which reached 2.59 billion tonnes by the i.e., traded internationally. This commodity has the unique end of 1983.[4] property of influencing the economy of the world com- munity. Any fluctuations in the price of \"black gold\" The third section, covering the last decade, is char- turn out to be inflation of the money supply, although acterised by an exponential increase in oil production real gold is the guarantor of economic stability [5]. with an annual increase of 2.7%. (Figure 2). Figure 2. World oil production and price In some Central Asian countries the cost of diesel is The analysis of the status of the issue of the rational significantly higher than that of gasoline. In Kazakhstan use of fuel and energy resources allows some generali- it is higher, and in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan the cost of sations and conclusions to be drawn. diesel and petrol is almost the same. • The mobile energy challenge, while more options In the long term, the share of electricity consump- are available, is more complex because it entails a radi- tion in industry, especially in industries such as non-fer- cal change in the almost billion-strong energy fleet. rous and ferrous metallurgy, production of construction Consequently, the global economy will seek in every materials, chemical industry, machine building, needs to way to delay the inevitable energy conversion process, be significantly reduced. All of the above industries are which means that the problem of rational use of fuel in many cases energy intensive in terms of technology, and energy resources is exacerbated. but in Uzbekistan these industries are several times more energy intensive than in developed countries due to ex- • The increasing proportion of foreign equipment tensive use of inefficient equipment and production is leading to an increase in the range of FCMs required technologies. and an increase in the different brands of ICC vehicles, which in turn makes a significant adjustment to the plan- ning of the volume and number of oil storage tanks. References: 1. Автомобилларнинг техник эксплуатацияси. Кузнецов Е.С. таҳрири остида. М.:Наука-2004 -535 с. 2. Аллилуев В.А. Техническая эксплуатация машинно-тракторного парка. Москва ВО Агропромиздат-1991-367 с. 3. Искандаров У.Т. Об одном методе определения потребности в топливе. Вестник ТГТУ. 2005. № 4. 4. А. Иргашев, Хамроев Р.K., А.У. Суннатов. Анализ использования колесных тракторов в сельском хозяйстве Узбекистана. UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ №1(82), Москва 2021, С 37-42. 5. Мамасалиева М.И. Состояние и перспективы рационального использования и снижения потерь топлива и смазочных материалов республики Узбекистан. Москва. Сборка в машиностроении и приборостроении. Том 21 3(236) 2020 г. стр. 141-145. 36

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. APPLICATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN MACHINES Sobirzhon Norov Candidate of technical sciences, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Gairat Kuziev Doctoral student, of Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В МАШИНАХ Норов Собиржон Негмуродович канд. техн. наук, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Кузиев Гайрат докторант Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT This article gives general recommendations on the use of composite materials as filling elements for metal parts and plastic and polystyrene materials for automotive components. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье даны общие рекомендации по использованию композиционных материалов в качестве наполнителей металлических деталей и пластиковых и полистирольных материалов для автомобильных компонентов. Keywords: plastic and polystyrene materials, exterior and interior parts, polymer material, industrial waste, heat treatment,composite polymer materials. Ключевые слова: пластмассовые и полистирольные материалы, наружные и внутренние детали, полимерный материал, промышленные отходы, термическая обработка, композиционные полимерные материалы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The number of road transport and agricultural reduce energy consumption. is to reduce. Polymer on the vehicles is increasing in the world, including Uzbekistan, working surfaces of the forms of car parts Development of as of January 1, 2023 statistical agency according to the composition and production technology of composite departmental information received bynumber of carsis polymer coatings using materials and automobile the 3,637,119 [1]. That's itas well as this year, as a result need to use its details in production. At the same time, of the increase of car production by 1.2 times by the process of localization of these components is of \"Uzavtosanoat\" due to the modernization of car particular importance. manufacturing plants in Asaka and Khorezm, the need for metal and metal alloy products has increased year by The automobile industry is one of the main branches year. is increasing. Taking into account that more than of the engineering industry, which is the solution to the 80 percent of the main exterior and interior parts in car country's economic, social, ecological, scientific and production are made of plastic and polystyrene products, technical problems. The economy in the development in this regard, it is necessary to improve the quality of of the industrial-industrial strategy of our republicOne these metal, plastic and polystyrene products, reduce the of the main areas of modernization and diversification price of exterior and interior parts and components, and is the automotive industry [2]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Norov S., Kuziev G. APPLICATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN MACHINES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15717

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In accordance with the decision of the President of industry, and increasing the competitiveness of products the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PQ-4397 on \"Additional made from composite materials are important tasks in measures for the rapid development of the automobile our republic. industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan\", in 2020 \"Uzavtosanoat\" JSC and international consulting Composite polymer materials have several specific company Boston Consulting Group developed an advantages over metals. In particular, the relatively light automobile industry strategy for the period until 2030. mass allows to increase the operational performance of In this decision, measures to optimize production assets the car. These materials are characterized by thermal (enterprises) and increase production efficiency and - conductivity and resistance to environmental aggression Improvement of production processes are defined. in different climatic conditions, high electrical In addition, a decision was made to study market insulation properties, and simplicity and sophistication development trends and increase the volume of sales of of the technological methods of detail preparation.[5,6]. finished products and components produced by localization enterprises on a large scale [3, 4]. For the And in the development of machine parts from direct implementation of these measures, components plastic and polymer composite materials, it leads to a and spare parts are required to undergo technical tests decrease in the cost of the product. Use of chemical using local industrial waste and raw materials. industry waste in the preparation of car exterior and interior partsprovides an opportunity to process production Finding ways to develop composite polymer waste. materials for automobile components and their forms based on local raw materials, developing the automobile An overview of the preparation process of composite polymer materials is presented in Figure 1. Plastic and Mold Molding Finished polymer preparation product materials Stabilizatio Heat n process Industrial treatment waste Figure 1. Schematic view of the production of polymer composite materials Due to the limited plasticity and elasticity of metal the cost of manufactured goods and saving of resources materials, as well as the limitation of the processing are achieved. At the same time, it is characterized by process (thermal treatment, mechanical processing), the increased relative strength, corrosion resistance, and priority of meeting certain technical conditions in their corrosion resistance of the product. These composite use in production is reduced, which is the reason for the materials are widely used in automobiles due to their use of new materials with improved physical and good heat insulation and sound insulation properties. mechanical properties instead. is happening In this case, the composition of the materials from several common The use of composite materials in cars reduces the elements in combination has been eliminating the mass by 2 bars and causes a decrease in fuel consumption. shortcomings in the use of metal materials. For example, metal materials have been used for front and rear bumpers In the world, research is being carried out to develop in cars for many years. But now, instead of these, special equipment and devices based on innovative ideas bumpers made of non-metallic materials, plastic in order to obtain effective compositions of composite and composite materials are installed. At the same time, materials based on plastic materials that meet modern it serves to reduce external military forces. requirements and have high physical, mechanical and technological properties. In this regard, the creation of The use of composite materials in production is very special technologies and devices for the production of relevant today. A composite material is composed of one composite materials based on plastic and polymer- or more non-homogeneous components. Reduction of binding fillers in large countries producing plastic materials, the development of methods for obtaining 38

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. high-quality products for their implementation in plate design; practice, the use of secondary resources, especially plate density; agricultural waste, for meet the needs of composite pressing mode. materials is of particular importance. Since, unlike the well-known and well-studied technologies of composite materials, non-traditional The factors influencing the formation of composite secondary raw materials were used in this work, when materials of physical and mechanical properties were determining the factors. divided into the following groups: However, it is of no small importance, since the conditions of heat and mass transfer, physical, mechanical 1. Factors characterizing the filler: and operational properties of the plates mainly depend structure and properties of composite materials; on it. In a multilayer slab, larger particles are placed in the structure of the chip mass of plastic; the middle of the package, while smaller particles form particle size and fractional composition of the chip the outer layers. This allows them to be pressed more mass. tightly, which in turn increases the strength of the slab for 2. Factors characterizing the technological process: static bending. moisture content of the filler before and after resinification; amount of binder; References: 1. https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/ozbekiston-aholisida 2. Kasymova N.O., Yakubova D.M. Privlechenie pryamyx inostrannyx investitsiy v avtomobilnuyu promyshlennost Uzbekistana Collection of online international scientific-practical conference materials on \"Industrial economy and management: problems and solutions\". -T.: 2021.-235-237 p. 3. PQ-4397 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan \"Additional measures for the rapid development of the automobile industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan\" 19.07.2019. 4. Business plan for 2021 of \"Uzavtosanoat\" JSC (with cumulative indicators of network enterprises) 2020.-T. -32 p. 5. A.O.Kurnasov Stekloplasty konstruktsionnogo naznacheniya dlya aviatsii. Trudy VIAM –M.-№8. 2015. pp. 57-61. 6. A.V. Borshchev, Yu.A. Gusev Polymer composite materials and automotive industry. Aviation material and technology. -M. .-#2. 2014. pp. 34-38. 7. Технология производства древесно-пластиковых композиционных плитных материалов на основе наполнителей из стеблей хлопчатника // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Бойдадаев.М.Б. [и др.]. 2019. № 12 (69). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/8549. 39

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15701 DECISION MAKING WHEN JUSTIFYING THE STRENGTHENING OF UZBEKISTAN RAILWAYS UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION Javohir Ozodjonov Bachelor, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Khasan Umarov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Askar Babayev Candidate of Technical Sciences, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПРИНЯТИЕ РЕШЕНИЙ ПРИ ОБОСНОВАНИИ УСИЛЕНИЯ МОЩНОСТИ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ УЗБЕКИСТАНА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ ИСХОДНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ Озоджонов Жавохир Турсунназар угли бакалавр, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Умаров Хасан Кобилович канд. техн. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Бабаев Аскар Рузибадалович канд. техн. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article describes the reasons for the construction of a new electrified Angren-Pap line. The substantiation of technical solutions, the throughput and carrying capacity of the section, the description of the competitiveness of the railway line in comparison with alternative modes of transport in the plans of international transport and economic ties in the direction of China with the countries of Central and South Asia are given. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье описываются причины строительства новой электрифицированной линии Ангрен-Пап. Дано обоснова- ние технических решений, пропускной способности участка, описание конкурентоспособности железнодорожной линии по сравнению с альтернативными видами транспорта в планах международных транспортно-экономических связей в направлении Китая со странами Центральной и Южной Азии. Keywords: strengthening capacity, international corridor, China, Central and South Asia, line Angren-Pap, capacity. Ключевые слова: усиление мощности, международный коридор, Китай, Центральная и Южная Азия, линия Ангрен-Пап, пропускная способность. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ozodjonov J., Umarov K., Babayev A. DECISION MAKING WHEN JUSTIFYING THE STRENGTHENING OF UZBEKISTAN RAILWAYS UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY OF BACK- GROUND INFORMATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15701

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Introduction. As part of the Great Silk Road risks is required in justifying the capacity increase of the transport strategy, Central Asia is seen as a link between Angren-Pap railway line in order to switch transit freight China and South Asia. This fact gave impetus to the flows between China, Central and South Asia, in particular Central Asian republics for the development of their when assessing the capacity gain of the 19-km Angren-Pap railways. In order to maintain the position of a leading line tunnel. A correct risk assessment will make it possible player, the Republic of Uzbekistan needs to develop its to save construction and operating costs and increase the railway system at a faster pace in order to provide the competitiveness of this railway direction with alternative shortest path for economic cooperation between China and modes of transport. South Asia, while constant modernization and strength- ening of the capacity of operated railways is required. The results of tractional calculations showed [1] that the capacity of the Angren – Pap railway line implies Finding the optimal way to strengthen the capacity the passage of freight trains in the amount of 21 pairs of the railways of Uzbekistan in order to switch transit of trains per day and the maximum possible carrying freight traffic volumes between China, Central and South capacity in the amount of 13.9 million tons (Table 1). Asia is a difficult task, which is due, on the one hand, In 2018, the cargo flow through the Kamchik pass to the uncertainty of the transit time of transit freight flows, amounted to 8.60 million tons. According to statistics, and on the other, to the reliability of the initial infor- the volume of freight traffic between China and South mation on the size of transit freight traffic volumes Korea between Central and South Asia in 2018 amounted between China, Central and South Asia. to 6.10 million tons. By 2020, when switching transit goods from China and South Korea to Central and South The prospect of developing the existing Angren-Pap Asia via the Angren - Pap line, which will exceed the line as a link between China and South Asia may not possible carrying capacity of the line in question. In this provide large transit freight traffic volumes between regard, already in 2020, the line will not correspond to China, Central and South Asia, as there are bottlenecks the required carrying capacity. This gives rise to the need on this railway line that significantly reduce throughput to strengthen the Angren-Pap line shortly after putting it and freight capacity. This determines the need to into operation and to reconstruct it in the future, as traffic strengthen the capacity of certain areas when switching increases. Obviously, additional investment will soon be transit freight flows between China, Central and South required. Asia. In this regard, an analysis of uncertainties and Table 1. Results of calculations of the throughput and freight capacity of the Angren - Pap line Art. Angren - Time. 1 - Art. Sardala - Time. 2 Time. 3 - Art. Nightmare - Time. 4 - One. one Art. Dad Art. Sardala One. 2 times. 3 Art. Nightmare One. four 40 32 Possible throughput, pairs of trains per day. 34 26 36 26 29th 28 33 23,2 17.9 The number of freight trains, pairs of trains per day. 29th 21 23 23 27 Possible carrying capacity, million tons / year. 20.5 13.9 15.9 15,2 18.5 The limiting railway hauls are “Art. Sardala - project, the construction of the tunnel is supposed to carry Section 2 \",\" Section 2 - Section 3 \"and\" Section 3 – out freight traffic in the amount of 21 pairs of trains per day. station Nightmare . \" On the stage \"Art. Sardala - Section 2 ”is a 19 km long tunnel (Fig. 2) . Under the ст.Ангрен ст.Сардала ст.Кошминар ст.Пап Разъезд 4 Разъезд 1 Разъезд 2 Разъезд 3 3,2 19,1 1,3 16,4 18,6 23,6 13,4 14,8 16,5 20,8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120124 Figure 1. Scheme of the railway line Angren – Pap 41

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In more detail the above hauls are analyzed below: Tunnel Group”. The total cost of the tunnel amounted to \"Art. Sardala-Razrezd 2”- a 23.6 km-long haul 999.38 billion soums. The tunnel in accordance with the stretch located on a complex profile has the outlines of project has a gable shape (+20; +10; +5.4; and -5.5 ‰). a hump and large man-made structures (tunnel) (Fig. 3 ). The tunnel begins at a distance of 3.2 km from the station. The construction of the tunnel was carried out in Sardala and has a maximum slope of 25 ‰ in this section. collaboration with the joint-stock company “O’zbekiston From the eastern portal to sec. 2 (1.3 km) maximum slope Temir Yo’llari” and the Chinese company “China Railway of 20 ‰ [2]. ст .Сардала Разъезд 2 км 34+996 начало т оннеля км 38+180 конец т оннеля км 57+263 км 58+591 % км 0 13 25 1,3 15 0,8 20 10 1,0 5,4 8,4 5,5 0,920 12 0,8 0,3 8,608 1,1 0,4 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Figure 2. Schematic longitudinal profile of the haul \"Art. Sardala - Section 2 » Under the project, the tunnel is supposed to carry “ Section 2 - Section 3 ” and “ Section 3 - Art. out freight traffic in the amount of 21 pairs of trains per Koshminar ”- with a length of 28.2 km, the hauls are day. In the world ranking, in its complexity, a tunnel lo- located in difficult topographic conditions. Throughout cated in a mountainous area takes 8th place, and 13th in the stretches, they are designed with heavy duty and length. In addition, the tunnel is the most capital-inten- 27% limiting grades. The part of the route has a radius sive construction in the project (27% of the total con- of 300 m, and there are separate points with a longitudinal struction cost) and the need for its early construction slope of 12 ‰ (Fig. 4 ). requires a more detailed analysis. Obviously, enhancing the power of the tunnel in the future is complex and The adopted project, in the plan of which there are requires the involvement of foreign specialists. The dif- curves with a radius of 300 m, can provide a reduction ficulties arising during the implementation of measures in the volume of work and a reduction in the cost of con- to enhance the power of the tunnel directly during its struction. But at the same time, the curves of small radii operation, as a rule, are associated with a large amount of cause a deterioration in a number of operational ones. In various works, for example, the construction of a double- addition, the intensive growth of transportation causes track insert, the introduction of self-locking or a second rapid deterioration of the main equipment of the power track in the tunnel. Therefore, with a reasonable approach, supply economy, which creates difficulties in the opera- the capacity in the process of such events should be in- tional work on these stretches. It can also be noted that creased to the maximum extent possible so that the need steep profile slopes limit the mass of the train. for such events does not arise in the future. Разъезд 2 км 58+591 Разъезд 3 км 71+991 ст .Кошминар км 86+791 % км 12 27 27 27 1,3226 0,8627 27 27 1,6826 27 27 12 26 0,7526 27 1,5 25 26 2,4 26 1,2519 1,4525 27 27 27 0,9 25 27 1,5 1,2 2,7 1,0 0,8 0,9 1,08 0,5 1,22 1,2 0,8 0,9 0,55 0,9 0,5 1,1 0,7 0,5 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Figure 3. Schematic longitudinal profile of the hauls “Run 2 - Run 3” and “Run 3 - Art. Nightmare » 42

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In some cases, an increase in the power characteris- Conclusion tics of structures and various devices and continuously using of the line can be carried out without a significant 1. The Angren-Pap railway line is of paramount im- change in the facilities in operation. In particular, this portance in the transport system of the Republic of Uz- applies, for example, to traveling, if sections are already bekistan, which plays an important role in the life of the provided for them. whole Ferghana Valley: it serves the cargo – forming complexes of the Eastern landfill, provides significant The main parameters of the designed railway line, volumes of cargo transportation to ensure the life of the including the number of main tracks, useful length of re- region, including the supply of raw materials for industry, ceiving and sending tracks, layout schemes for separate the export of finished goods products and raw materials, points and sections of traction services, steering slope transportation of building industry goods, etc. For the and type of traction, placement of traction substations, Ferghana Valley, the project will provide a unique op- power supply of electrified lines, as well as its main di- portunity for direct export of agricultural governmental rection, are necessary establish in accordance with par- products, cotton, fertilizers, and cars in Russia, Kazakhstan, agraph 3.7 of the current STN TS-01-95 [3,5] according South Korea, Iran and Europe. to the results of technical and economic calculations for the future, taking into account the saving of initial costs t 2. The design decisions made so far on the Angren- and ensure further staged line reinforcement as traffic Pap line require clarification, since they do not fully take increases [3]. into account the possible prospects of the Kashgar- Torugart -Osh-Karasu route connecting China with the If it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of the countries of Central and South Asia via the Angren - structure within a given period of t years, it is advisable Dad. In favorable conditions, the development of events to build it immediately on increased power. If it is nec- can lead to a significant increase in the size of traffic. essary to perform amplifications after more than t years, To select the best options for enhancing the capacity of a more profitable option is to first build the structure in the Angren - Pap railway line in the face of uncertainty a smaller volume and further strengthen it during opera- in the initial information, first of all, it is necessary tion [3,4,5]. to develop a forecast model for China's freight traffic between Central and South Asia, in particular, to evaluate Analysis of the calculations allows us to conclude the efficiency of the Angren - Pap line construction. that the power characteristics of complex structures dur- ing construction should be maximum. In this case , it is 3. The existing approach to justifying the strength- necessary to take into account the possibility of devel- ening of the railway capacity in the face of uncertainty opment and operating conditions. This will avoid recon- of the initial information is based on studies carried out struction until the 15th year of operation. To maximize more than 25 years ago in a planned economy. The prob- the effectiveness of investments associated with such lem, in our opinion, is that since the mid-90s of the last work, a project should be made taking into account the century, the rationale for enhancing the capacity of rail- pace of road operation in the next few years. If we con- ways in the face of uncertainty in the source information sider the Angren-Pap line as a model , namely the when making decisions in the field of railway transport strengthening of the tunnel, then such events here should in Uzbekistan was not considered. Moreover, a number be focused on the long-term prospect. of critical issues related to the economic assessment and the method of processing the source information in the face of uncertainty have not yet been addressed. References: 1. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE ANGREN-PAP RAILWAY LINE IN THE PLANS OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS // Universum: технические науки. 2021. №6-5 (87). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-role-of-construction-of-the-angren-pap-railway- line-in-the-plans-of-international-transport-and-economic-relations (дата обращения: 31.01.2023). 2. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION-MAKING IN JUSTIFICATION OF STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF RAILWAYS IN UZBEKISTAN UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCER- TAINTY AND RISKS //Universum: технические науки. 2022. №5-11 (98). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/arti- cle/n/assessment-of-the-decision-making-in-justification-of-strengthening-the-capacity-of-railways-in-uzbekistan- under-conditions-of (дата обращения: 31.01.2023). 3. Kakharov Z.V. Railway construction for high-speed roads // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific. journal. 2022. 5(98). DOI - 10.32743/ UniTech.2022.98.5.13691. 4. Kakharov Z.V., Eshonov F.F., Kozlov I.S. Determination of the values of energy constants of materials during crushing of solids //News of the St. Petersburg University of Railway Transport. – 2019. – Vol. 16. – No. 3. – pp. 499-504. DOI: 10.20295/1815-588Х-2019-3-499-504. 5. Kh U. Mathematical model for forecasting freight flows between Ferghana valley and other regions of Uzbekistan // Philosophical Readings XIII. – 2021. – Т. 4. – С. 1318-1328. 6. Mamurova F.I., ogli Ozodjonov J.T. Features of the Execution of Drawings of Metal Structures and Geometric Schemes // New Scientific Trends and Challenges. – 2023. – С. 123-125. 43

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 7. Xodjiev N. et al. Analysis of the resource-saving method for calculating the heat balance of the installation of hot-water heating boilers //AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC, 2022. – Т. 2432. – №. 1. – С. 020019. 8. Arifjanov A. et al. Hydrotransport of river sediments in hydroelelators //IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. – IOP Publishing, 2020. – Т. 869. – №. 7. – С. 072003. 9. Raximov K., Babaev A.R., Abduraimova D. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DETERMINING KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF A JET UNIT //Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2019. – Т. 15. – №. 4. – С. 20-23. 10. Chorshanbiev Umar, Ibadullaev Akhmadjan, Babaev Askar, Kurbanov Sultanmurod THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REDUCTION OF PRESSURE AND ENERGY LOSS DUE TO PIPE FRICTION THROUGH MODIFICA- TION OF DISPERS SYSTEMS // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №8-3 (101). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/theoretical-analysis-of-reduction-of-pressure-and-energy-loss-due-to-pipe-friction- through-modification-of-dispers-systems (дата обращения: 14.06.2023). 44

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. TRANSPORT THE ROLE OF SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS AT INTERSECTIONS IN PREVENTING CAR ACCIDENTS Dilshod Eshmuradov Associate professor, Tashkent University of Information Technologies, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Bahadir Ergashov Doctoral student at the Department of \"Metrology and Standardization\" of the Namangan Institute of Engineering and Construction, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Saidullahon Akbarov Student of the \"Metrology and standardization\" department of the Namangan Engineering-Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan РОЛЬ КАМЕР НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ НА ПЕРЕКРЕСТКАХ В ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИИ ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ПРОИСШЕСТВИЙ Эшмурадов Дильшод Эльмурадович доцент, Ташкентский университет информационных технологий, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эргашов Бахадыр докторант кафедры «Метрология и стандартизация» Наманганского инженерно-строительного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Акбаров Сайдуллахон студент кафедры «Метрология и стандартизация» Наманганской инженерно-строительной школы, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT In this article, a statistical analysis of surveillance cameras installed on busy streets in the Republic of Uzbekistan was carried out, and proposals were put forward to prevent road traffic accidents and reduce car accidents. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье проведен статистический анализ камер видеонаблюдения, установленных на оживленных улицах Республики Узбекистан, и выдвинуты предложения по предотвращению дорожно-транспортных проис- шествий и снижению автомобильных аварий. Keywords: surveillance camera, car accident, presidential decrees, road infrastructure, road signs, population centers, national programs, smart traffic lights. Ключевые слова: камера видеонаблюдения, автомобильная авария, указы президента, дорожная инфра- структура, дорожные знаки, населенные пункты, национальные программы, умные светофоры. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Eshmurodov D., Ergashov B., Akbarov S. THE ROLE OF SURVEILLANCE CAM- ERAS AT INTERSECTIONS IN PREVENTING CAR ACCIDENTS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15690

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Ensuring the implementation of the Decree of the traffic regulation, work on organizing experience ex- President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On approval of change with leading foreign organizations specializing the public safety concept of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this field is not being carried out systematically. and measures for its implementation” No. PF-27, as well as further improvement of the traffic management system, Within the framework of the concept of ensuring defined a number of measures for the development of road safety in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2018-2022, highway infrastructure and creation of favorable condi- the main directions of road infrastructure improvement tions for road users. were determined and implemented. 2022-2026, in order to drastically reduce the number • yo‘l ustiga chiziqlar tortishda, yo‘lovchilar o‘tish of accidents and deaths on the roads by improving the joylarini, avtomobil yo‘llari kesishadigan va tutashadigan road infrastructure and creating safe traffic conditions, joylarni, avtomobillarning qisqa muddat to‘xtab turish including the full digitalization of the traffic manage- va to‘xtash joylarini qurishda innovatsion ishlanmalarni ment system and ensuring the broad participation of the hamda nur qaytaruvchi materiallarni qo‘llash asosida public in the work in this area The national program yo‘l harakati ishtirokchilari xavfsizligini ta’minlash ishlari “Safe and smooth road” intended to be implemented on maksimal darajada tashkillandi. the territory of the republic has been developed over the years. In the program, a number of tasks related to internal • on the basis of the use of innovative developments and highway roads of our country were assigned to relevant and reflective materials in the construction of lines on bodies and official organizations. the road, passenger crossings, intersections and junctions, short-term parking and parking of cars Work to ensure the Comprehensive improvement of road infrastructure: safety of the participants of the movement was organized large-scale socio-economic reforms implemented in the as much as possible. Republic in recent years and aimed at increasing the in- dustrial potential of regions, fundamentally changing the • By installing a sufficient number of road signs appearance of cities and rural settlements, as an important and information indicators, including road signs and in- factor for increasing the intensity of economic relations formation indicators in foreign languages, which provide and developing the country’s economy. It requires more road users with quality navigation along the route, intensive development of transport infrastructure. “speaking or New projects were developed to increase the awareness of road users according to the “l” principle. In this direction, the construction of large infrastruc- ture facilities, the development of a modern highway • in the design of highways, to create the necessary network, the construction of the most important conditions for creating a high level of comfort for its us- transit transport routes, including “Tashkent – Termiz”, ers, complete greening, beautification and architectural- “Samarkand – Bukhara – Olot”, “Guzor – Bukhara - landscape design of the roadside areas, due to the rational Great works were carried out on complex reconstruction construction of infrastructure facilities in these areas and repair of transport roads Kungirot – Beynau”, was developed taking into account the issues of reducing “Tashkent – Chimyon – Chervok recreation zone”. At the the negative impact of vehicles on the environment. same time, many issues related to making highways convenient and comfortable, providing traffic with in- • Information and communication technologies, formation, and developing roadside infrastructure in technical tools and software products are widely intro- accordance with international standards are still not duced in the process of construction, correction and use given due attention. The following are the main reasons of highways. for such a situation: • Due to the use of modern durable materials, com- Normative documents on the development and ponents, components, which meet the requirements of comfort of roads do not meet the modern requirements the times set for the technical means of regulation, as of international standards. In particular, it is necessary well as are adapted to the natural and climatic conditions to update the current standards developed in the 1970s of the republic’s regions, in order to increase the quality and 80s, including regulation of traffic lights, road of road repair works and beautify the territories. Reduce barriers, road markings, and road signs. costs in using them.. There is no systematic approach to the organization Digitization of the traffic management system and implementation of works related to the production on highways: and installation of road signs, drawing indelible lines on the road using paint based on modern technologies with As an experiment, Tashkent city administration, the reflective properties, as well as other quality materials. Ministry of Transport, and the Ministry of Internal Af- According to the results of the survey conducted on the fairs have planned the work on “Introduction of the sys- republic’s highways, it was found necessary to replace tem of digital traffic control and road safety provision on more than 70,000 outdated road signs, as well as install the streets and intersections of Tashkent city”. more than 136,000 new signs. A centralized digital control system (intelligent Work on equipping highways, especially highways traffic light system) will be introduced in the city of of international importance, with indicators, including Tashkent, which allows for efficient management and indicators in foreign languages, is not sufficiently orga- distribution of traffic flow at high-traffic intersections nized. and highways with the wide use of digital technologies and innovative approaches. There is a shortage of qualified personnel in the field of road infrastructure development, and in the field of A special automated photo and video recording soft- ware-technical system (intelligent photo and video cam- era system) will be introduced to ensure that drivers are punished for violations. 46

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In order to improve the infrastructure of highways, Today, based on the experience of advanced coun- to regulate the illegal parking of cars on the roadside, tries, it is necessary to widely introduce the practice of and to encourage the use of public transport by the pop- public and private partnership in opening public ulation, payment machines have been installed along the transport routes connecting large cities and their ag- highways and fees for the placement of motor vehicles glomerations, remote settlements with district centers. a single system of roadside paid parking spaces with For example, when opening routes connecting villages payment information systems (system of roadside paid with the district center, purchasing rolling stock, operat- parking spaces) will be established. ing stations and other infrastructure facilities along the route, providing them with information screens to small A system of stationary branches serving to maintain business representatives under certain preferential con- the quality of highways for the control of the weight and ditions. Provides timely and quality transport service to dimensions of vehicles will be created along the main passengers. highways entering the city of Tashkent (the system of stationary branches for the control of the weight and di- In this regard, a large project on “Digitalized model mensions of vehicles). of district (city) public transport development program based on state and private business partnership” pre- Centralized intelligent management, monitoring pared by a group of experienced professors is nearing its and analysis of smart traffic lights, intelligent photo and end. The project has a programmatic significance and video camera complexes, stationary stations for control- aims to establish public transport between all villages of ling the weight and dimensions of vehicles, and roadside our republic and district centers. During the implemen- paid parking systems at busy intersections of the city and tation of this program, by attracting full private capital, in order to develop proposals for the further improve- there will be an opportunity to open about 1,000 new di- ment of the traffic system, within the framework of the rections and to create more than 20,000 new jobs due to Digital Development Department under the Tashkent the optimization of existing ones. city administration, measures will be taken to establish a single center for the organization and management of Intersections are among the objects where the most the transport system in Tashkent and place the center in accidents occur. Due to the complexity of the traffic the building of the Tashkent city administration's Digital rules at the intersections, drivers have problems when Tashkent Situation Center. driving. As a result of measures taken to prevent viola- tions of traffic safety rules, 89,704 violations were de- Development and digitization of public transport: tected in March, and more than 22,000 violations were • Analyses show that today a number of problems detected between March 30 and April 6. With the help related to the effective use of public transport await their of 883 surveillance cameras installed at 115 intersec- scientific solution. In particular, renewing the fleet of tions, a total of more than 51,000 violations were de- vehicles serving the population and increasing their use, tected from March 15 to April 6. More than 30,000 of establishing a reasonable balance between passenger them were traffic violations at a red light, and more than transportation costs and car usage indicators, preventing 21,000 were speeding violations.. unjustified increases in public transport tariffs. Im- portant issues such as not eating are among these. In one week from March 30 to April 6, a total of The territory of our republic is wide, and the number 6,371 violations were recorded using cameras, of which of small and large settlements in which they live is in- 3,718 were traffic violations at red lights and 2,653 were creasing as the population increases. Before us, there are speeding violations. tasks such as establishing new routes connecting settle- ments with district and city centers, forming a traffic At the same time, since the start of surveillance structure suitable for the flow of passengers on the cameras, i.e. from March 15 to April 6, road traffic ac- routes and operational conditions. Also, to create a quick cidents have increased by 27 or 31.4%, and the number information system that covers the processes of creating of people killed in car accidents has increased by 7 or comfort for passengers, transportation and technical ser- By 53.8%, the cases related to bodily injury in accidents vice, increasing the level of provision of road infrastruc- have decreased by 25% or by 25%. ture facilities to the population in the specified directions, and improving the qualifications of employ- Conclusion: If modern surveillance cameras and ees of enterprises providing passenger transport ser- smart traffic lights are installed on all busy streets of our vices. Further improvement is necessary. republic, road traffic accidents will decrease and human safety will be ensured. References: 1. Eshmuradov D., & Ergashov B. (2023). GENERAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLECTUAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN THE CITIES OF UZBEKISTAN. Science and innovation, 2(A4), 112-116. 2. Amirqulov B.O.F., Islamov B.O. E., Oʻrunov D.A. O., & Choriev J.A. O. (2022). O ‘ZBEKISTONDA YO ‘L TRANSPORT HODISALARINI KAMAYTIRISHDA INTELLEKTUAL TRANSPORT TIZIMLARINING O ‘RNI. Academic research in educational sciences, 3(11), 25-30. 3. Tursunboyev F. (2022). AVTOMOBIL YO’LLARDA PIYODALAR HARAKAT HAVFSIZLIGINI TA’MIN- LASHNING ZAMONAVIY YECHIMLARI. Science and innovation, 1(A8), 548-559. 47

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INERTIA AIR CLEANER OF LOCOMOTIVES Otabek Khamidov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Burxonjon Erkinov Doctoral student Phd, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИНЕРЦИОННОГО ВОЗДУХООЧИСТИТЕЛЯ ЛОКОМОТИВОВ Хамидов Отабек Рустамович д-р техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский Государственный Транспортный Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эркинов Бурхонжон Хайдарали угли докторант PhD Ташкентский Государственный Транспортный Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The fact that the air surrounding locomotives contains dust and foreign matter is obvious to everyone. Therefore, the operation of locomotives occurs in conditions of greater or lesser dust content of atmospheric air. Currently, in the scientific and technical literature, two methods of industrial air purification for refrigeration and air conditioning are dis- tinguished - dry and wet. On diesel locomotives, ventilation air cleaners of various designs can be used. Air filters are compared according to a number of indicators, of which the following are most important: 1) automation of the filter; 2) the strength of the filter element; 3) high cleaning efficiency and low hydraulic resistance. The article considers the effi- ciency of the inertial air cleaner of locomotives. АННОТАЦИЯ То, что воздух, окружающий локомотивов, содержит пыль и посторонние включения, очевидно для всех. Поэтому эксплуатация локомотивов происходит в условиях большей или меньшей запыленности атмосферного воздуха. В настоящее время в научной и технической литературе различают два метода промышленной очистки воздуха для охлаждения и кондиционирования - это сухой и мокрый. На тепловозах могут применяться очисти- тели вентилирующего воздуха различных конструкций Воздушные фильтры сравнивают по ряду показателей, из которых наиболее важны следующие: 1) автоматизация работы фильтра; 2)прочность фильтрующего элемента; 3) высокая эффективность очистки и низкое гидравлическое сопротивление. В статье рассмотрена эффективность инерционного воздухоочистителя локомотивов. Keywords: inertial air cleaner, air flow, air filters, efficiency, dust. Ключевые слова: инерционный воздухоочиститель, воздушного потока, воздушные фильтры, эффективность, пыль. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The inertial louvered air cleaner, consisting of a set Fig.1. Depending on the nature of the flow around the of parallel operating devices, is an aerodynamic system grid, the elastic properties and shape of dust particles, with a number of features. The principle of operation of the angle of inclination and shape of the blades, the state inertial air cleaners is based on the inertia of dust parti- of the surface and the coefficient of friction, the particle cles in the air [1,2]. reflected by the blade can either enter the suction zone or the clean air path, or participate in repeated interac- In this paper, we consider the problem of dust sepa- tion with the following along the flow of the blades [3]. ration in a channel of a rectangular cross section of an air cleaner, the design scheme of which is shown in __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khamidov O.R., Erkinov B. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INERTIA AIR CLEANER OF LOCOMOTIVES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15644

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The value of the coefficient of unevenness kv changed from 0, When (vmax −vmin )  0, before 2, When vmin  0 . In the first case, the air velocity dis- tribution field is uniform, and in the second case, it is the most uneven. In view of this, in order to determine  r we use the expression obtained in (11) r = BT ( e− AT t − 1) + BT t , (3) AT2 AT Where AT = 18   B и BT = vB2 - constant co-  2T r0 efficients. Locomotive air cleaners operate in dusty conditions with fine dust, therefore the value e − AT t can be neglected, since at particle sizes   8 мкм AT  600 ... 700 , therefore, the efficiency in relation to a certain fraction will be expressed = BT r1) (t − 1 ). (4) AT AT (r2 − Figure 1. Scheme of dust separation It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the efficiency of an in an inertial air cleaner inertial air cleaner is determined by the free path of a particle before it hits an obstacle (the particle trajectory The momentum component of the particle along the is shown by a dotted line), it mainly depends on the ge- surface of the blade changes after impact depending on ometric dimensions of individual particles. If the free the friction coefficient of the particle, and the normal surface - depending on the Poisson's ratio [4]. In the first path of individual particles r  C , then they are approximation, particles and blades can be considered absolutely elastic, and the angle of incidence is equal to captured completely, i.e.  = 1. Otherwise, individual the angle of reflection. particles enter the clean air chamber and, respectively When solving it, it is assumed that with a uniform distribution of each dust fraction in the inlet section of the   1. Meaning  r determined from (4). channel, the ratio of the amount of captured dust of given sizes to the amount that enters the channel is equal to the Denote ratio: a = 18   B 1012 (5) T  = r, (1) values  are substituted in мкм. Then we rewrite b expression (3) in the form r = BT  2 ( t − 2) = BT  2 t − BB  4 (6) a a a a2 Where  r - the path in the radial direction trav- From (55) is defined as ersed by particles of a given size during separation in a  = BT t  BT2 t 2 − 4 BT r . (7) curved section of the channel with a width b = r2 − r1 . 2 BT a Irregularities in the field of air flow velocities in the section of the suction channel behind the louvre kv = 2(vmax −vmin ) , (2) From (7) one can get four values  , however, vmax +vmin computational checks show, that for the cases under Where vmax ,vmin - respectively, the maximum and consideration, in fact, only one value corresponds  , which should be calculated from the expression minimum air velocity in a given section.  = BT t − BT2 t 2 − 4 BT r . (8) 2 BT a 49

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Obviously, in trapping fractions of 70...1000 мкм, Since the efficiency of trapping dust particles with an important role is played by the reflection of particles by the grating blades into the volume and their abrupt dimensions  0     MAX is equal to one, then movement along the blades. Z = 0  d +  MAX P d (11) To derive formulas for the overall efficiency of dust collection in a curvilinear channel, we use the particle P  size distribution density function [5]. 0 0 P = K − 2M2 , (9) Let us substitute into (11) the expressions for from (4) Where K, M - constant coefficients depending on Pand from (9). Let us preliminarily transform (4) the fractional composition of dust (for dust in the railway to the form: area of the North-West region K = 4.703, M = 0.0543).  = BT  2 (t −  2 ) . (12) The dust collection efficiency with particle sizes from a (r2 − r1 ) a to  MAX can be expressed as  MAX Then Z =  P  d . (10) 0  = 0 K − 2M ) a BT  2 ) t − 2  d +  MAX − 2M ) d = (r2 − a ( r1  (K 0 0 = BT  3  Kt − M t0 − K  2 + M  3  + (r2 − 3 2 0 3 a 0 r1 ) a 5a + K ( MAX − 0) − M ( 2 −  2 ) . (13) MAX 0 Formula (13) is correct provided that e− At is suffi- usually made when determining the efficiency of dry wall dust separators. ciently small compared to unity. When deriving (13), it was assumed that a dust par- Analysis of the results confirmed the obvious as- sumption about the determining influence of the degree of ticle with a free path equal to or less than the lattice spac- air suction on the efficiency of the cleaner (Fig. 2). ing r  C would be captured. This assumption is Figure 2. The efficiency of air purification from the degree of air suction 50

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. At the same time, an excessive increase in the de- the particle by a uniform flow of the medium, but on the gree of suction reduces the air flow through the cooled other hand, the length of the inertial path of particles electric machines, which can lead to an increase in their with a diameter of less than 20 мкм is slightly less than temperature, and also increases the power consumption the lattice pitch. As a result, after reflection from the ob- for the fan drive of the cooling system of traction electric stacle, the particle is carried away by the secondary flow machines [6]. into the cavity of clean air - the cleaning efficiency de- creases. With an increase in the pitch of the louvre grille, the turbulence index of the air flow decreases and, ultimately, It is the different intensity of reflection of particles from the blades that explains the great influence of the bwith a pitch of > 10 mm, it can be considered laminar. opening angle of the air cleaner gratings on the cleaning efficiency. The calculated curves showing this effect are On the one hand, this improves the quality of air purifi- shown in Fig.3. cation due to a greater velocity impulse transmitted to Figure 3. Efficiency of air purification from the opening angle of the gratings At constant values of the main design parameters of is not achieved with b = 4 mm even at an air speed of 24 m/s and a suction of 0.15. In this case, to improve the air cleaner (the pitch of the louvre grille b , the angle efficiency, you should further reduce b . However, with of inclination of the louvre  , the opening angle of the a decrease in b , the coefficient of hydraulic resistance  P louvre  , as well as the length of the louvre grille L increases accordingly, and the efficiency decreases when and the air suction coefficient), the cleaning efficiency working on fine sticky dust. Comparison of the obtained depends to a very large extent on the composition of the results with the experimental data shows that the calcu- dust (Fig. 4) . lation gives somewhat overestimated values of the de- gree of air purification. It is especially difficult to provide highly efficient cleaning in inertial air cleaners in the case of light (  T <2000 кг/м3) fine dust [7]. Here an efficiency of 90% Figure 4. The efficiency of air purification from the fractional composition of dust This is explained by the nature of the assumptions made in solving the problem 51

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. References: 1. Алиев Г.М. Техника пылеулавливания и очистки промышленных газов // Справочник, М.: Металургия, 1986. 543 с. 2. Денисов С.И. Улавливание и утилизация пылей и газов: Учебное пособие для металургических специальностей вузов. М.: Металургия, 1991. 319 с. 3. Коузов П.А., Мальгин А.Д. Очистка газов и воздуха от пыли в химической промышленности. С.-П.: Химия, 1993. 320 с. 4. Кузьмич В.Д., Солодилов В.Я., Чалов А.П. Разработка методики испытаний воздухоочистителей для тяговых электрических машин тепловозов. Труды МИИТа, 1969, вып.335, с.60-71. 5. Erkinov B., & Abdulatipov U. (2023). ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНЕШНИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ВИБРОАКУСТИЧЕСКИЙ СИГНАЛ АСИНХРОННЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ ЛОКОМОТИВОВ. Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии, 57. 6. Кузьмич В.Д. Воздушное охлаждение тяговых электрических машин тепловозов. Труды МИИТа, 1989, вып. 335, с. 3-14. 7. Кузьмич В.Д. Воздушное охлаждение тяговых электрических машин тепловозов. Труды МИИТа, 1969, вып. 335, с. 3-14. 52

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING PASSENGER FLOW ANALYSIS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS (IN CASE OF NAMANGAN CITY) Ulug‘bek Mamirov Head of the Transport Development Department of the Namangan Regional Transport Department, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Bibixon Tumanbaeva Master student of Namangan Engeenering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Rahimjon Xakimov Master student of Namangan Engeenering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Nargiza Tovoldiyeva Student of Namangan Engeenering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan АНАЛИЗ ПАССАЖИРОПОТОКА И ФАКТОРЫ ВЛИЯНИЯ (В СЛУЧАЕ ГОРОДА НАМАНГАН) Мамиров Улугбек Хабибулаевич начальник отдела развития транспорта Наманганского областного управления транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Туманбоева Бибихон Иззатулла кизи магистрант Наманганского инженерно-строительного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Хакимов Рахимжон Каримжон угли магистрант Наманганского инженерно-строительного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Товолдиева Наргиза Илхомжон кизи студент Наманганского инженерно-строительного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT The determination of passenger traffic on the public transport routes of the city of Namangan and its suburbs, the analysis of factors affecting passenger traffic, the reliability and calculation of indicators of the quality of transport work on other indicators was carried out. АННОТAЦИЯ Проведено определение пассажиропотока на маршрутах общественного транспорта города Намангана и пригородов, анализ факторов, влияющих на пассажиропоток, достоверность и расчет показателей качества работы транспорта по другим показателям. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: PASSENGER FLOW ANALYSIS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS (IN CASE OF NA- MANGAN CITY) // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Mamirov U.X. [и др.]. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15631

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Keywords: route, passenger, traffic, segment, traffic intensity, capacity, passenger flow, traffic interval, city, model, speed, traffic regularity. Ключевые слова: маршрут, пассажир, трафик, сегмент, интенсивность движения, пропускная способность, пассажиропоток, интервал движения, город, модель, скорость, регулярность движения. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The analysis of world experience factors in relation to the transport complex. External shows that the provision of transport links in suburban factors are not influenced by the transport system, or their agglomerations in developed foreign countries is part of interaction is quite indirect - this is the economic situation, the state's social policy, the state exercises various levels political situation, climatic conditions, socio-demographic of control, carries out the introduction and financing of development, etc. Internal factors include the elements carriers into the transport market. Since suburban of the transport complex and their characteristics. Any transport is most developed in urban agglomerations and transport complement is determined by three main Megapolis cities, regional authorities and transport components: infrastructure, rolling stock and technology. authorities are actively involved in the organization of the transportation process, in particular: they make One of the main signs of the formed urban orders for transportation in accordance with the volumes agglomeration is the presence of stable mass passenger set by them, organize or participate in the organization flows caused by the daily movement of residents to of competitive procedures. For the right to fulfill the work, study and recreation areas. In this regard, the issue specified volume of passenger transport, an increase in of studying passenger flows is decisive when looking for the quality of transport services is dictated by the control ways to form a stable transport system that will help of the level of satisfaction of passengers with the develop an urban agglomeration [2-3]. services provided. Suburban passenger companies indicate that the The level of development of the transport system volume of suburban passenger traffic of an urban affects almost all spheres of society's life: economic, agglomeration consists of expanded groups of the social, political, demographic, environmental, etc., following segments: shift workers, office workers, students therefore, it is possible to distinguish only conditionally (students and schoolchildren), other passengers. the economic and social functions carried out by this system. An important state task in the field of The complexity of studying passenger flows and development and improvement of passenger transport is their direction of travel is that passenger flows are to create conditions for increasing the mobility and formed on existing routes. Potential passengers territorial mobility of the population (the intensity of independently assess the possibilities of different types actions not associated with changing the place of of transport, available routes, tariffs, schedules, residence). The regular movement of the population to convenience and other parameters of the upcoming trip, work, study and recreation areas leads to the formation of compare them with their needs and choose the method urban agglomerations and determines the development of Transportation (Figure 1). Particular attention in the of their development directions, including traffic sets [1-5]. formation of the transport system requires routes that are not alternative, that is, the choice of the passenger (there The development of the transport complex and the is only one way to travel). Insufficient transport service formation of the transport system of urban agglomeration on such routes can lead to a complete abandonment of are influenced by a number of external and internal travel, change of residence and serious socio-economic changes in the settlement. Figure 1. Comparison of passenger needs and transportation options by the routes under consideration [3] 54

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Hence, the formation of the flow of passengers and Urban public transport is used to deliver passengers their distribution between routes and types of transport later to travel around the city (or to the bus station). Traf- are influenced by both factors arising from the passenger fic around the city, in turn, has other work rhythms. It is himself and those that are not related or partially related necessary to establish such a balance and find parame- to him. The more parameters of the proposed trip ters that ensure the integrity of the agglomeration pas- coincide with the passenger's expectations, the more senger transport system and its active self-sufficiency. likely it is to choose this method of travel along the direction in question. Buses of various models and capacities can be used to transport passengers. However, if the nominal capac- Currently, the transport of urban agglomerations is ity does not match the actual passenger density on the represented by suburban public transport, as well as route, the efficiency of their use will not be the same. personal vehicles, which provide a connection between The use of small capacity buses with a large volume of the types of urban public transport that are part of the passenger traffic increases the number of vehicles required, agglomeration of municipalities. increases the load on the streets and the need for drivers. The use of large capacity buses on routes with low capacity From the point of view of agglomeration, the passenger flow leads to significant bus movement intervals transport systems of individual municipalities are and excessive passenger waiting time. divided into: main cities and adjacent cities. A scientifically based design of urban and suburban To ensure the stability of the system, it must have transport networks provides for the identification of ex- resistance to external factors, that is, self-preservation. pected passenger flows, which in turn requires determin- We can say that now partial self-service is carried out by ing the character of the population in terms of frequency the passenger himself, who seeks to reach his destination and direction of movement. Thus, the main task is to cal- in any way (he chooses one or another type of transport, culate the number of movements of the city's population. goes to a personal car, orders a taxi, goes to the subway, etc.). In recent years, the presence of self-repair can also suburban passenger service quality it is necessary to be noted in the transport systems of large cities (bus study the problematic areas of passenger service on routes are introduced instead of providing transport quality indicators, determine the priority indicators of services when repairing Metro plots). The transport the quality of passenger service and develop recommen- system of each municipality is controlled by local dations for improving each of them, develop a set of transport administrations and authorities. In addition, measures for improvement. Inter-agglomeration transport links are not provided by one type of transport, but by at least two: railways and Including when we see suburban bus routes entering highways [4-6]. Namangan from districts, it is up to the city to establish (build) head stops to the gods of entry. Figure 2. Location of suburban bus routes It is necessary to indicate the characteristics of the at peak hours are indicated. Based on the results of the types of passenger flow inspection. Passenger traffic is study of passenger transportation on routes, the following the number of passengers moving in a particular direc- data are determined: average travel distance; filling of tion at a given time interval. The study of passenger flow buses on the route; changes in the volume of passenger can be determined in the form of tables and diagrams. For traffic by hours of the day and Route sections; the number urban and suburban routes, the change in the flow of of passengers transported and the turnover of passengers passengers by the hours of the day and the Route sections carried out. 55

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 1. Information about one-day passengers transported on suburban routes in public transport № Direction № The name of the direction Distance Opening Number Number Number of km date of vehicles of daily passengers 1 ShAY-166 Жомashuy - Namangan toshbulok orkali according flights transported 2 ShАY-195 Namangan-Jomashuy Yesin orkali 34,2 1956 36 2017 to plan 8 816 7 1190 6 10 3600 6 2016 10 6 2352 7 1456 3 ShAY-225 Namangan -Chortok 16,8 1987 12 5,5 990 8 544 4 ShAY-228 Namangan-Uchkurgon 39,4 1964 12 6 2736 8 768 5 ShAY-245 Namangan-Chust 37,5 1955 14 8 832 8 704 6 ShAY-343 Namangan-Yangikurgon 20,7 1987 8 10 880 9,5 874 7 ShAY-244 Namangan - Kosonsoy 37 2018 6 5 425 8 ShAY-428 Namangan - Uychi-Chortoq 24,4 2020 4 10 1680 9 ShAY-231 Namangan-Xakkulobod 39,5 1961 12 8 1088 10 ShAY-181 Namangan - O‘lmas 14,9 2020 4 8 640 11 ShAY-288 Namangan - Shamsiko‘l 13,1 2021 4 5 800 5 550 12 ShAY-310 Namangan - Toshbuloq Olahamak orqali 20,5 2021 4 5 675 153 25616 13 ShAY-237 Namangan-Jiydakapa-Doxiota 18,6 1970 4 14 ShAY-181A Namangan - Guldirov 17,6 2021 4 15 ShAY-430 Namangan-Momoxon-Qolgandaryo 45 2021 5 Buramatut orqali 16 ShAY-236 Namangan-Fayziobod 13,5 1961 6 17 ShAY-251 Namangan-Toshbulok Xonobod. 20,2 1960 8 18 ShAY-431 Temir yo‘l kesishmasi-Tobuloq 11,5 2021 4 19 VX-242 Namangan-Nanay 59,6 1960 5 20 VX-349 Namangan-Xazratishox Chortoq orqali 64,4 2019 5 21 VX-210 Namangan-Qoraqalpoq 67 2020 5 Total: 651,4 142 Factors affecting passenger flow [2-5]: road line, installing traffic lights, introducing one-way 1-taxing routes with high passenger flow to change traffic, etc.; mutonosib with the capacity of road networks. Solving the problem of congestion on regional road networks • the introduction of direct and indirect restrictions consists in choosing methods that allow you to regulate on the use of the road network of certain types of traffic demand, affect its size and structure. vehicles (restrictions on parking in areas where the road To make the most of the available capabilities of the network is overloaded, permanent or temporary 2nd District and territorial road networks. prohibitions on entry, paid access and parking); 3 - the complexity of the adopted decisions means the Coordination of activities in the field of road • information supply to traffic participants through management with activities in the field of urban planning, specialized radio channels, internet services, cellular road construction, development of passenger transport communications, etc. (informing drivers about the state in general use. of the road network, optimal route, traffic accidents, etc.); 4-continuity of planning, control over the implementation of plans and their correction. • development of public passenger transport as the World experience shows that these principles can be main and often only competitor of a personal car implemented in the following ways: (opening new routes, mutual exchange and construction • improving existing traffic patterns and traffic of passenger terminals, prioritizing surface public control methods in existing road networks. This route is transport in road traffic, progressive tariff policy, carried out using traditional means of organizing traffic development of new types of off-street transport, etc.); (for example, the installation of road signs, marking the • taking into account the transport component in urban planning activities (lowering the level of demand for transport by urban planning, ensuring balanced transport and socio-economic development of the territory, etc.). 56

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Figure 3. Factors affecting passenger flow One of the largest traffic jams in large cities, where The formation of passenger flow occurs under the Namangan is developing, is the traffic jams of motor ve- complex influence of various factors, the degree of their hicles, which moammo has been taking measures to look influence is not the same. Various economic and mathe- for a solution in different ways for a long time. There is matical methods are used to determine the degree of in- also a search for solutions for the construction of addi- fluence of individual factors on passenger transport and tional highways, the opening of existing blocked roads, their combination. It is essentially the main means of the introduction of new types of vehicles (for exam- substantiating long-term plans, and the correctness ple, metro, traleybus) into practice, the redistribution of of predictions determines the accuracy of the planned traffic flows [1]. decisions being made [7-17]. Figure 4. The border of Namangan city 57

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. When developing a plan for the development of pas- the selection of important factors. Factor analysis typi- senger transport, the following main stages are distin- cally uses standardized variables. To do this, it is done guished: on all variables (y, z): • analysis of the dynamics of the transportation zij = yij − y process being planned and determination of trends in its Si development; the following conditions: • the most important thing is transportation based on the characteristics of the planned process trends; 1 n =0 • drawing up a passenger transport plan; n zij • calculation of the plan error. Based on the features of long-term planning and j=1 forecasting on the basis of systematic approaches to solving specific problems of passenger transport, the im- that is, all means of standardized variables for the plementation of a systematic approach assumes the need input data matrix are zero, while the dispersion is one. to create a set of models. This is divided into models and deterministic models used to solve passenger traffic The correlation coefficient between variables is de- problems, which are treated as a one-sense function of fined as: motion determining factors (gravitational, electrostatic analogy, etc.; according to statistical patterns (multi- rik = n correlation models, simulations, etc.) and heuristic (using time series methods, growth factors, odd set theory), ( yij − yi )( ykj − yk ) Probability is performed taking into account actions in the form of subordinate statistical quantities. The advantage j =1 of these models is their appearance, Research character. nn The main disadvantage of mathematical modeling in general is that it makes it possible to simplify economic  ( yij − y)2 ( ykj − yk )2 processes [1-5]. Correlation modeling is best suited for creating mul- j=1 j=1 tifactor models for the formation of passenger flow. Correlation refers to a relationship in which one value After the construction of mathematical models, they of one event corresponds to a set of values of another are evaluated. The use of models for assessing the crite- event. ria of Mathematical Statistics, as a rule, is based on cer- The purpose of correlation analysis is to study the tain probability assumptions that need to be additionally closeness of relationships between phenomena. Analysis checked. Therefore, preference is given to non-paramet- of The Shape of the relationship between events is checked ric criteria. Such criteria include: sum of quadratic devi- using regression analysis. The results of Regression ations, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, analysis will have a quantitative expression in the relative linear deviation coefficient, Durbin-Watson cri- equations and regression coefficients. Before correlation terion, etc. Using these criteria, the properties of the ran- and regression analysis, a comprehensive theoretical dom component are studied, the specific shape of the analysis (factor analysis) of the possibilities of correlation models is selected. between the phenomena under study is carried out. Factor analysis is a method of extracting hypothet- For practical applications, it is important that the ical factors from a set of variables. predicted data matches the actual data. The most com- The selection of factors is carried out in two stages. mon criterion for assessing the relationship between the At the first stage (qualitative analysis), factors are resulting models and experimental data is the Fisher cri- selected that are qualitatively related to the problem un- terion and correlation ratio. der study and whose numerical values can be collected or determined. Application of the correlation relation In the second stage (quantitative analysis), factors are selected that have a significant impact on the effi-  yx = possible difference ciency indicator. In the second stage of analysis, already common dispersion in the first stage, only the most important ones are se- lected from them in logical analysis in order to facilitate In conclusion, the correspondence of the mathemat- ical model to experimental data is boholized as a clear criterion, since it characterizes the rigidity of the rela- tionship between y and x. Moreover, the empirical val- ues of the correlation ratio do not depend on the order of the function. However, the distribution of the correlation ratio is still not well studied and there are no strict sta- tistical criteria to verify its significance. References: 1. А.А. Пермовский Пассажирский перевозки: учеб. пособие // Нижный Новгород 2011 г. – 165 с. 2. Проект групп. Комплексная схема организации дорожного движения г. канска красноярского края // Кемерово 2019 г. – 195 с. 3. О системной безоpасности дорожного движения / В.А. Корчагин, Э.Клявин, А.В. Симаков, А.В. Двуреченская // Вестник лиpецкого государственного технического университета. - 2018. - С. 43-47. 58

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 4. Уpравление трансpортными потоками в городах: монография / Е.А. Андреева, К. Беттгер, Е.В. Белкова, А.Н. Бурмистров, Р.Р. Гизатуллин, А.Э. Горев, Р.В. Душкин, С.В. Жанказиев, А.Д. Жарков, Т.С. Колосова, А.В. Кузнецов, Е.А. Курочкин, В.В. Курц, В.P. Морозов, А.В. Pрохоров, А.И. Солодкий, В.Л. Швецов; pод. общ. ред. А.Н. Бурмистрова, А.И. Солодкого. - М. : Изд-во.«Инфра-М», 2019. - 207 с. 5. А.А. Ветрогон, М.Н. Криpак “Трансpортное моделирование как инструмент для эффективного решения задач в области управления трансpортными потоками” Иркутский государственный университет путей сообщения современные технологии. системный анализ. моделирование № 3 (59) 2018. 82-91 6. Мамиров У.Х., Солиев Х.М., Турғунов З.Х. Наманган шаҳридаги марказий кўчаларда чорраҳаларнинг ўтказувчанлигини ошириш самарадорлиги //Механика и технология. – 2023. – Т. 1. – №. 10. – С. 66-71. 7. Патаханова М. Пассажирские перевозки и пассажирооборот по видам транспорта. – 2023. 8. Xabibulaevich M.U. B. et al. Tartibga solinadigan yo ‘l tarmog ‘ining ko ‘cha segmentida aloqa tezligini baholash (Namangan shahri misolida) //Механика и технология. – 2023. – Т. 1. – №. 10. – С. 136-142. 9. Normirzaev A.R. Implementation of innovative ideas in digitization of the transport sector in Namangan region // Scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2021. 10. Мамиров У., Тухтабаев М., Рахмонов Б. Важность развития проекта велодорожки в Намангане // Естественнонаучный журнал «Точная наука. – 2022. – Т. 5. 11. To‘Xtaboеv M.A., Mamirov U.X. Shaharda avtomobilda tashishda harakat muntazamligini oshirish (namangan shahri misolida) //Механика и технология. – 2022. – №. Сpецвыpуск 1. – С. 101-108. 12. Тўхтабаев М.А., Мамиров У.Х., Турғуnов З.Х. Жамоат траnсpортида йўловчи ташиш самарадорлиги // Мехаnика и техnология. – 2022. – №. Сpецвыpуск 2. – С. 62-67. 13. Мамиров У.Х., Солиев Х.М., Турғунов З.Х. Наманган шаҳрида трансpорт оқимини оширишда инфратузилмаларни лойиҳалаш // Механика и технология. – 2023. – Т. 1. – №. 10. – С. 130-135. 14. Нормирзаев А., Мамиров У., Тургунов З. Узбекистон транспорт тизмини хозирги кундаги холати тахлили // Механика и технология. – 2022. – С. 513-517. 15. Аббасов А., Мамиров У. Усовершенствование дорожной инфраструктуры в городе Намангана. – 2023. 16. Bahodirxon o’g S.M. еt al. S’hahar Jamoat Transportidan Foydalanis’h Sifati Va Is’honchliligini Baholas’hda Xorijiy Tajriba //ILM-FAN TARAQQIYoTIDA ZAMONAVIY QARASHLAR: MUAMMO VA YECHIMLAR. – 2022. – S. 255-258. 17. Marufkhon S. STATE OF URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AT THE PRESENT STAGE //Archive of Conferences. – 2022. – S. 14-19. 18. Нормирзаев А.Р., & Туманбоева Б. (2022). NAMANGAN SHAHAR JAMOAT YO ‘LOVCHI TRANSPORTI FAOLIYATINING MAVJUD HOLATI VA RIVOJLANTIRISH YO ‘LLARI. TA'LIM VA RIVOJLANISH TAHLILI ONLAYN ILMIY JURNALI, 2(7), 143-149. 59

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. ASSESSMENT OF DECISION-MAKING AT SUBSTANTIATING THE STRENGTHENING OF THE RAILWAY CAPACITY OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND RISKS Khasan Umarov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Sayfi Baqoyev Trainee researcher, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ОЦЕНКА ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРИ ОБОСНОВАНИИ УСИЛЕНИЯ МОЩНОСТИ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ УЗБЕКИСТАНА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ И РИСКОВ Умаров Хасан Кобилович канд. техн. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Бакоев Сайфи стажёр-исследователь, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The results of a study of the main risk uncertainty factors that influence decision making when substantiating the strengthening of the railway capacity of Uzbekistan with the aim of switching transit freight traffic between China, Central and Southern Asia are presented. The authors has developed a methodology that allows to assess decisions made in various macroeconomic situations, and, as a result, to identify the area of effective decisions in substantiating the strengthening of the railway capacity of Uzbekistan in the conditions of uncertainty in the initial information. АННОТАЦИЯ Представлены результаты исследования основных факторов неопределенности и рисков, которые оказывают влияние на принятие решения при обосновании усиления мощности железных дорог Узбекистана с целью переклю- чения транзитных грузопотоков между Китаем, Центральной и Южной Азией. Автором разработана методика, которая позволяет дать оценку принимаемых решений в различных макроэкономических ситуациях, и, как следствие, выявить область эффективных решений при обосновании усиления мощности железных дорог Узбекистана в условиях неопределенности исходной информации. Keywords: risk, uncertainty, strengthening of power, decision-making, freight traffic, China, Central and Southern Asia, AngrenPap line. Ключевые слова: риск, неопределенности, усиление мощности, принятие решения, грузопоток, Китай, Центральной и Южной Азией, линия Ангрен-Пап. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction making the following types of uncertainty and risks are represented [1-3]. Risk and uncertainty factors in substantiating the strengthening of the railway capacity of Uzbekistan are 1. The uncertainty associated with time of switching currently not taken into account as indicators requiring of transit freight traffics between China, Central and special attention. At substantiating the strengthening of the Southern Asia. capacity of the railways of Uzbekistan with the purpose of switching transit freight traffic between China, Central 2. Uncertainty of volumes of freight traffic, risk and Southern Asia, which exert influence on decision- with instability of the current economic situation in China, Central and Southern Asia. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Umarov K., Baqoyev S. ASSESSMENT OF DECISION-MAKING AT SUBSTANTI- ATING THE STRENGTHENING OF THE RAILWAY CAPACITY OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND RISKS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15654

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Based on the developed mathematical model, the Asia are presented on graphics for mastering traffic. following results of the freight traffic forecast from 2020 Two schemes (fig. 1) are considered. to 2035 were obtained [4]: According to the scheme I it is assumed (1 → 2 → projected freight traffic by the railways between 4 → 6): 1 - the initial state; 2 - introduction of the third China, South Korea and Uzbekistan for 2020 - section of the VL locomotive 80c (an increase in the 4,30 million tons, for 2025 - 4,84 million tons and mass of the composition to a possible by useful length for 2035 - 6,61 million tons; along the pick-and-drop ways); 4 – the device of auto- matic block system and organization of train traffic with projected freight traffic between China and Tajikistan, partially batch schedule; 6 - construction of the second Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Iran for 2020 - 2,82 million tunnel. tons, for 2025 - 3,47 million tons and for 2035 - 6,17 mil- lion tons; According to the scheme II it is assumed (1 → 3 → 5): 1 -the initial state; 3 - construction in a tunnel of a dou- projected local freight traffic through the pass of ble-sided insert, the device of automatic block system Kamchik for 2020 - 8,87 million tons, for 2025 - and use of additional locomotives on stages \"Halt 2 - 10,43 million tons and for 2035 - 15,16 million tons. Halt 3\" and \"Halt 3 - the st.Koshminar\"; 5 - introduction of the third section of the VL 80c locomotive (an increase The results of the obvious presentation of thetask of in mass of structure to a possible by useful length along choosing the most competitive schemes for mastering the pick-and-drop ways) at preservation of a double-sided rail transportation and the optimal way to increase the insert. capacity of the Angren-Pap line with the aim of switching transit freight traffic between China, Central and Southern Figure 1. The schedule of acquirement transportations in each calculation case Apparently from schedule 1, when choosing a variant consider the issue of decision-making when substantiating of the scheme for mastering transportations, a sufficiently the strengthening of the railway capacity of projects under long period (for 15 years) of operation of the line is conditions of uncertainty and risk, formulate the concepts considered, in this case, obviously, deviations in volumes of “uncertainty” and “risk”, establish the differences of transportation are possible, both in time periods, and between them. Uncertainty assumes existence in the in general on the calculation horizon (it is connected information block of factors on which it is impossible with time of switching of transit freight traffics between to give the determined (unambiguous) values, i.e. incom- China, Central and Southern Asia) [5-9]. pleteness or inaccuracy of information takes place. In our case it is possible to carry to such factors, for example, The same can be said about schemes for enhancing information on volumes of transportations or the amount the operation of the railway, i.e. there are conditions of of the movement on prospect which depends on for- uncertainty. Obviously, the larger calculation horizon, mation of a corridor between China and Central and the higher the level of uncertainty and risk when adopting Southern Asia. Uncertainty factors can be divided accord- a particular scheme based on the results of an economic ing to their genetics into external and internal [10-13]. assessment of investment efficiency. Before starting to 61

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. External factors include information, for example, • lack of development infrastructure (warehouses, on the size and structure of transportation, which depend terminals, etc.); on the macroeconomic development programs for the region in China, Central and Sothern Asia, the legisla- • the reductions of transit freight trafficsdue to tive base, the actions of competitors in the transport ser- development of alternative railway routes passing vices market, etc. It is known that the project to the territory of Uzbekistan; strengthen the capacity of the railways of Uzbekistan is designed to provide transit traffic between China and • high rate of inflation; Central and Southern Asia. Thus, the effectiveness of • a lack of converting for foreign investors. the project to strengthen the capacity of the railways of As noted, the successful development of the project Uzbekistan, and accordingly the profitability, the adop- to strengthenen the capacity of the railways of Uzbekistan tion of design decisions depends on the growth of transit in order to switch transit freights between China and volume of transportations between China and Central Central and Southern Asia largely depends on a stable and Southern Asia. Let's note that the share of China in policy of the economic situation in the region. Instability the general freight traffic between China and Central and of a situation in Central Asia will exert negative impact Southern Asia makes 70% of freight traffics of all con- on efficiency of the made decisions. Construction of a new sidered countries. These circumstances must be taken railway line through Afghanistan is continued that will into account in the current market economic situation in provide to Central Asia an exit to seaports of Iran and the region. Pakistan on the coast of the Indian Ocean. However today encounters lack of regulation of a situation in Internal are, first of all, competence of the office of Afghanistan. NPV (Net Present Value) is the sum of managers of the railway company at the choice of strategy difference between the operational effect and investment of its functioning, and here, in our opinion, it is important for the calculation period, reduced to a single (usually to attract science and educational institutions to the so- initial) year [2]: lution of this problem. The existing condition of a ques- tion of scientific research in the field of development of ������������ (1) railway transport does not satisfy the practical require- ments of quickly developing national economy because of: ������������������ = ∑(������������ − ������������) ∙ ������������, • lack of a master plan and insufficient scientific ������=0 justification of the tendencies in the development of rail- way transport on prospect; where������������ - the calculation period (the calculation horizon), years; - economic effect of operational activity • lack of the sole coordinating center in practical in tm to year; - investment expenses in t-m to year; work and scientific research; - the insufficient accounting ������ - discounting coefficient. The Dependence of the for the increase in the capacity of the railway network mathematical expectation of the integral effect on the on prospect, taking into account the country`s geopolitical probability of changes in the dynamics of freight traffic position; for the option of strengthening the capacity of the railways of Uzbekistan in order to switch transit freight traffic • the insufficient accounting and scientific-eco- between China, Central and Southern Asia can be written nomic justification for strengthening of railway down in the following form: transport in the conditions of uncertainty in the source information, need to revise of methods of scientific re- Тр ���������(���������) ���������(���������) search and ways for introducing the achievements of sci- entists into the work of railway transport. ������(Э������������������) = ∑ ((∑ ���������������������������(���������������) − ∑ ���������������������������(���������������))������������) (2) Economic risks are caused by adverse changes in ������=0 ������=1 ������=1 the economy of countries. At the choice of design pa- rameters for enhancing the capacity of the operated rail- where������������ ������ - number of possible values of results ways of Uzbekistan with the aim of switching transit which are estimated by the probabilistic characteristic; freights between China and Central and Southern Asia, the following types of uncertainty and economic risks ������������ ������ - the same on investments; appear to be most significant: ������������������ - economic result at change of dynamics of freight traffic in t probability; • lack of the state budget and own means of the ������������������ ������ - i-yais probability that tyear the result will be Uzbek railways for strengthening the power of the equal in ������������������; railways; ������������������ - investments at change of dynamics of freight traffic in t-y year with i-y probability. • decrease in volumes of freight traffic due to the fall Evaluation of the solutions for the phased increase of the state economy and the economic crisis in the region; of the Angren Pap railway line capacity with the aim of switching transit freight traffic between China, Central • need for additional investments in the infrastructure and Southern Asia with a change in freight traffic dy- and rolling stock of railways due to their high-quality namics taking into account various options for the math- service; ematical expectation of the integral effect are given in Table.1. • lack of capacities and low technological level for development of the locomotive and carriage park; 62

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 1. The mathematical expectation of the integral effect when changing the dynamics of freight traffic p=0,5 p=0,6 p=0,7 p=0,8 p=0,9 3885 10331 3911 For the first version of the phased strengthening scheme 10768 5641 7392 9161 For the second version of the phased strengthening scheme 5510 7266 9015 From table. 1. it is visible that the probability of oc- According to IMF estimates, China`s GDP growth was currence of forecasting freight traffic is 87,5%, it is ex- slowed down to 6,5% in 2016 and predicted at the level pedient to make the decision on the second version for of 6% in the current year. The IMF expects that after the phased increase in the capacity of the Angren – Pap 2019, Cina`s GDP growth will not exceed 7% and untill railway line in order to switch transit freight traffic be- 2020 it is predicted at the average level of 6,5%. China`s tween China, Central and Southern Asia. The following economy will grow at a slower pace in the coming years. method of risk assessment in substantiating the strength- After 2020, there remains very uncertainty about the rate ening of the capacity of the railways of Uzbekistan in of GDP growth in the region. Let's assume that depending order to switch transit freights between China and Central on instability of various economic conditions at change and Southern Asia is to analyze development scenarios. of growth rates of GDP in the region in general three The analysis of development scenarios in volves the versions of the made decisions in justifying the strength- consideration, as a rule, three scenarios of events mak- ening of railway capacity of Uzbekistan in order to switch ing a decision in justifying the strengthening of the rail- transit freight traffics between China and Central and way capacity of Uzbekistan in order to switch transit Southern Asia. 1. \"The pessimistic scenario\" when growth freights between China and Central and Southern Asia: rates of GDP in the region do not exceed 5-6%. 2. \"The \"pessimistic\", \"moderate\" and \"optimistic\". The analysis moderate scenario\" when growth rates of GDP in the of statistical data shows that untill 2015, China`s GDP region reach 6,1 - 7%. 3. \"The optimistic scenario\" when growth rate was 8%-10%. Since 2015, China has seen a growth rates of GDP in the region make 7,1 - 9%. As a slowdown in GDP growth. According to IMF forecasts, result of the executed calculations, scenario trees were the growth rate of the Chinese economy will slow down obtained for both options with a change in the GDP growth until 2020. In this regard, it becomes necessary to take rate in the region. NPV values of a total series are given into account the promising rate of economic growth in in table. 2. freight traffic between China, Central and Southern Asia. Table 2. NPV values with a change in the GDP growth rate in the region Growth rate of GDP in the region, % =1% =2% =3% =4% =5% =6% =7% =8% =9% For the first version of the phased power amplification scheme, the NPV value,one billion ammount 8636 9112 9655 10250 10760 11007 11741 12599 13480 For the second version of the phased power amplification scheme, the NPV value,one billionammount 8441 8937 9481 10077 10723 11438 12222 13085 13956 From table. 2 it can be seen that at the GDP growth ������- the special standard for the accounting of uncer- rate of this region in the first version of the phased ca- tainty of effect (an optimism indicator). pacity amplification scheme of scheme of 1%-5% and in the second option - 5,1%-9%, NPV is more efficient. The analysis of development scenarios assumes The processing of the resulting total series of values of the consideration, as a rule, of three scenarios of events, the integrated effect can be performed accrding to the decision-making when substantiating the strengthening formula 3. The processing of the resulting total integrated of the railway capacity of Uzbekistan in order to switch effect is performed for three options of the development of transit freights between China, Central and Southern Asia: events in the region: \"pessimistic\", \"moderate\" and \"opti- \"pessimistic\", \"moderate\" and \"optimistic\". Processing mistic\". of the received NPV values according to the scenario variants yielded the following results. Results are presented Э������������������ = ������ ∙ Э������������������ + (1 − ������) ∙ Э������������������ in table. 3. where Э������������������ and Э������������������ - the greatest and smallest in- tegrated effect according to the considered scenarios; 63

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 3. The expected integrated effect at change of growth rates of GDP in the region Number Type of an initial element of a tree of the scenario SizeSize Э������������������ , of option one billion ammount pessimistic I moderate 10908 optimistic 11446 II pessimistic 12784 moderate 11152 optimistic 11908 13262 From table. 3 it is visible that the second option of 3. Based on the studies, the following rational staging the staged capacity increase of the Angren-Pap railway of strengthening of power amplification of the Angren – line is more expedient for eah development scenario in Pap line was established: construction in a tunnel of a China, Central and Southern Asia. two-acceptable insert and the automatic lock-out device on all line during realization of design capacity of the II. Conclusion project and use of additional locomotives on stages \"Halt 2 - Halt 3\" and \"Halt 3 - the station. Koshminar\"; 1. The main factors of uncertainty and risks that in- introduction of the third section of the 2VL 80c locomo- fluence decision-making are examined when substantiating tive (increase in mass of structure to possible on the useful the strengthening of the capacity of the railways of length of reception and dispatch tracks). 4. The second Uzbekistan in order to switch transit freight traffics option for a phased increase in the capacity of the An- between China and Central and Southern Asia, and gren – Pap railway line is advisible, provided that the stability of decisions made when the GDP growth rate probability of approach of the predicted freight traffic is in the region changes. 87,5%. 5. After 2021, with a GDP growth rates of more than 5,1% in the region under consideration, the variant 2. A methodology has been developed that allows of the phased increase in the capacity of Angren-Pap to assess decisions made in various macroeconomic railway line is optimal, which will save construction situations, and as a result, to identify the field of effective and operational costs for 2035 in the amount of up to decisions in substantiating the strengthening of the railway 662 billion in total. capacity of Uzbekistan in the face of uncertainty in the initial information. References: 1. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION-MAKING IN JUSTIFICATION OF STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF RAILWAYS IN UZBEKISTAN UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND RISKS // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №5-11 (98). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/assessment-of-the-decision-making-in-justification-of-strengthening-the-capacity- of-railways-in-uzbekistan-under-conditions-of (дата обращения: 05.06.2023). 2. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE ANGREN-PAP RAILWAY LINE IN THE PLANS OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS // Universum: технические науки. 2021. №6-5 (87). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-role-of-construction-of-the-angren-pap-railway-line- in-the-plans-of-international-transport-and-economic-relations (дата обращения: 05.06.2023). 3. Kh U. Mathematical model for forecasting freight flows between Ferghana valley and other regions of Uzbekistan // Philosophical Readings XIII. – 2021. – Т. 4. – С. 1318-1328. 4. Umarov Khasan, Kadirov Jamshid DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE REMAINING LIFE OF RAILS // Universum: технические науки. 2023. №2-6 (107). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/development-of-initial-data-for-estimating-the-remaining-life-of-rails (дата обращения: 05.06.2023). 5. Kakharov Z. Analysis of the mechanization of the work of compaction of grunts in railway construction //Universum: технические науки. – 2023. – №. 2-5. – С. 107. 6. Kakharov, Z., Yavkacheva, Z. Determination of the bearing capacity of a building and structures of energy facilities. E3S Web of Conferences, 2023, 371, 02042. 7. Lesov K.S. et al. PROBLEMS OF THE STATE OF THE ROLLING SURFACE OF THE RAIL HEAD ON SPEED AND HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY SECTIONS OF JSC\" UZBEKISTAN TEMIR YOLLARI\" //Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2019. – Т. 15. – №. 4. – С. 3-9. 8. Lesov K.S., Mavlyanov A.K., Ergashev U.E. DETERMINATION OF THE CARRYING CAPABILITY OF THE BASIS OF THE SUPPORT OF A CONTACT NETWORK OF THE RAILWAYS AND VERTICAL FORCE, ACTING ON THE BASE //Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2018. – Т. 14. – №. 4. – С. 17-25. 64

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 9. Abdualiyev E.B. Research of surface condition of the rails rollingon sections of high-speed and high-speed train traffic // Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2019. – Т. 15. – №. 3. – С. 21-25. 10. Djabbarov S., Kakharov Z., Kodirov N. Device of road boards with compacting layers with rollers // AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC, 2022. – Т. 2432. – №. 1. – С. 030036. 11. Mirakhmedov M. et al. Comprehensive classification of measures to reduce the negative impact ofwind on roads and railways in a sandy desert //Transport Problems-XIII International Conference–Poland-2021. – С. 535-538. 12. Mirakhmedov М.М. & Мuzaffarova М.К. Expansion of a scope of methods of protection of the railways from entering by sand. I International symposium of young researcher «Transport problems». Katowice: SUT. 2013. P. 83-89. 13. New technological decision to fixation mobile sands by the physical-chemical method. JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS Mirakhmedov, M Muzaffarova ISSN-2394-5125 VOL 7. 65

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY FEATURES OF APPLICATION IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMER COMPOSITIONS SOLUBLE IN NATURAL WATER Sitora Sultonova Assistant, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Sherzod Ortikov Assistant, Bukhara State University Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Ilgor Norov Assistant, Bukhara State University Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В ТЕКСТИЛЬНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЙ РАСТВОРИМЫХ В ПРИРОДНОЙ ВОДЕ Султонова Ситора Фахриддиновна ассистент, Бухарский государственный медицинский институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Ортиков Шерзод Шарофович ассистент, Бухарский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Норов Ильгор Ильхомович ассистент, Бухарский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In looms, due to the forces of friction, the thread sometimes leads to its rupture. At textile enterprises, yarn is sizing to increase its strength. Therefore, the creation of new technologies for the production of sizing agents and the study of their properties, as well as their use in textile enterprises, is relevant. АННОТАЦИЯ В ткацких станках за счет сил трения нити иногда приводит к ее разрыву. На текстильных предприятиях пряжу шлихтуют для повышения ее прочности. Поэтому создание новых технологий производства шлихтующих веществ и изучение их свойств, а также использование их на текстильных предприятиях является актуальным. Keywords: size, polyacrylamide, polymethyl methacrylate, starch, polyvinyl acetate, viscosity, strength, paste. Ключевые слова: клей, полиакриламид, полиметилметакрилат, крахмал, поливинилацетат, вязкость, прочность, клейстер. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sultonova S.F., Ortikov Sh.Sh., Norov I.I. FEATURES OF APPLICATION IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMER COMPOSITIONS SOLUBLE IN NATURAL WATER // Univer- sum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15665

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The addition of synthetic polymers such as PAA properties of starch was noted with the introduction of (polyacrylamide), HPMA (hydrolyzed polymethyl acry- PAA and HPMA (table 1). As can be seen from the late) and PVA (polyvinyl acetate) to the composition of the table, the addition of HPMA leads to an increase in the dressing sizing on starch leads to significant changes in viscosity of the system. This indicates that HPMA reacts the structural and mechanical properties. High adhesive with starch to form bonds due to hydrogen forces and properties of polyacrylate compositions as sizing agents Van der Waltz forces, since the hydroxyl groups in the testify to its advantages [1]. When studying the rheological polymer chain of starch (more precisely, its components properties of pastes based on 6% rice starch with a small - amylose and amylopectin) are conveniently located at a amount of PAA (1.0-3.0% by weight of starch) and distance of 2.42 Å and at an angle of 190°. HPMA (6-10% by weight of starch), a sharp change in the Table 1. Viscosity change of 6% starch paste at different temperatures depending on the amount of HPMA Temperature, oК Composition viscosity, Pa∙s (At different concentrations of HPMA) 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 298 0,42 0,76 1,22 1,34 1,76 313 0,34 0,68 1,13 1,28 1,63 323 0,26 0,61 0,98 1,22 1,55 333 0,21 0,57 0,84 1,16 1,43 343 0,14 0,50 0,72 0,94 1,44 353 0,10 0,42 0,76 0,89 1,23 The ability of the composition to form a film is one of the important properties of the sizing process. When processing and drying the threads with a sizing composition, a smooth film is formed on the surface of the fiber and inside the fiber [2]. Therefore, the physico-mechanical properties of films based on natural and synthetic polymers were studied, the results of which are presented in table 2. From Table. 2 shows that the strength of the film based on starch-HPMA-PAA-PVA is 1.5-2.5 times higher than the strength of starch-PVA or other three-component systems. This feature of the film is very important for the formation of a strong and elastic film with a reduced coefficient of friction on the surface of the thread, as well as for increasing the resistance of the thread to abrasion, bending, twisting, elongation and similar mechanical stress. Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of sizing mix from different systems Film type Film compression Film Film Resis-tance to Film strength, Stretching, length at break, width, thickness Starch interrupts g/c kg/mm2 % Starch-PAA mm mm mm Starch-PVA 50 50 0,314 11,6 1,6 27 Starch-HPMA 50 50 0,276 19,3 2,3 21 Starch-PVA-HPMA 50 50 0,234 19,7 2,6 18 Starch-HPMA-PAA 50 50 0,184 21,4 3,1 16 Starch-HPMA-PAA-PVA 50 50 0,196 24,6 3,8 15 50 25 0,163 26,1 4,2 14 50 25 0,157 28,4 4,5 13 Adhesive properties are one of the main properties of HPMA. As can be seen from the figure, the of sizing components, since they are designed to introduction of HPMA leads to an increase in the increase the strength of the yarn by forming an adhesive adhesive properties of the system. film on the yarn. To form a strong film with sufficient viscosity, it must be absorbed into the fiber, but the With the introduction of HPMA, the surface tension viscosity and surface tension should not be too low, as of starch solutions increases. The resulting complexes this will worsen the physical and mechanical properties facilitate the transition of a large amount of substrate of the yarn [3]. from the composite solution to the surface, since the in- ternal molecular interaction in the solution is small. On fig. 1 shows the dependence of the adhesion of starch dressings at various concentrations on the amount 67

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. HPMA concentration, % starch concentration: 1 – 4, 2 – 5, 3 – 6, 4 – 7. Figure 1. Effect of HPMA Concentration on Adhesion Change Thus, the composition based on water-soluble When studying the effect of the composition natural and synthetic polymers (starch 6%, PAA up to composition on the strength, rupture and stretching of 5%, HPMA 12% and PVA 2% by weight of starch) yarn (fig. 2 and 3), it was found that an increase in the improves the systemic adhesive properties of the yarn. amount of PAA, HPMA and PVA in starch compositions increases the strength of yarn due to the The discontinuous characteristics of the weaving formation of films on the fiber surface. process are mainly determined by the penetration of the dressing into the yarn, as a result of which a part of the fibers that make up the basis of the yarn merges [4]. HPMA concentration, % Concentrations of PAA and PVA respectively 5 and 2% Amount of starch: 1 – 5, 2 – 6, 3 – 7%. Figure 2. The effect of the concentration of HPMA on the strength of yarn impregnated with a polymer composition 68

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. HPMA concentration, % Concentrations of PAA and PVA respectively 5 and 2% Amount of starch: 1 – 5, 2 – 6, 3 – 7%. Figure 3. The effect of the concentration of HPMA on the relative decrease in elongation under the influence of the polymer composition Excessive strength reduces elongation, which, in turn, have a significant effect on the physico-mechanical reduces the efficiency of dressing. As a rule, the sizing properties of the coated yarn. The addition of 5% PO, solution yarn has higher strength and lower elongation [5]. 12% GPMA and 2% PVA to 6% starch paste increases the strength of the yarn and reduces its tear during Thus, according to the data obtained, starch, PAA elongation. and HPMA, which are part of the dressing composition, References: 1. Amonov M.R., Ravshanov K.A., Razzokov X.K. Исследование шлихтующих свойств водорастворимых поли- меров ∕∕ Третья Санкт-Петербургская конф. мол. учен. с межд. участием по современным проблемам науки о полимерах: тез. докл. конф. 17-19 апрель 2007. – Санкт – Петербург, 2007. - С.171. 2. Ниёзов Э.Д., Норов И.И., Султонова С.Ф. Физико-механические свойства шлихтованной пряжи на основе модифицированного крахмала ∕∕ Journal Sciences of Europe, 2021. -V. 1, N71. - P. 6-8. 3. Ismatova R. Sizing polymer compositions on the base of starch and polyvinyl alcohol ∕∕ Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences, 2019. N11-12. –P. 41-44 4. Султонова С.Ф., Норов И.И., Жумаева Д.К. Свойства полимерных композиций на основе калиевой соли по- лифосфорной кислоты и крахмала для шлихтования нитей ∕∕ Омега сайнс. Тез. Докл. сборник статей Между- народной научно-практической конференции. – Калуга, 2021. – С. 11-13. 5. Раззоқов Х.К. Разработка технологии получения шлихтующих компонентов на основе природных и синтетических полимеров ∕∕ Сборник трудов международной научно-теоретической конференции на тему: «Куатбековские чтения-1: Уроки Независимости», посвященной 30-летию Независимости Республики Казахстан. Шимкент, 2021. - С. 105-107. 69

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR LOGGING, FORESTRY, WOOD PROCESSING AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WOOD BIOMASS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15663 CHOOSING THE TYPE OF WORKING BODY OF THE MACHINE FOR OPENING THE IRRIGATORS WITH THE BURYING OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN THE COMBINATION MACHINE Qutbiddin Imamkulov Ph.D., Professor, Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Gulhayo Mamadalieva PhD candidate, Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro-Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Andijan Nizomjon Nishanboev PhD student, Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ВЫБОР ТИПА РАБОЧЕГО ОРГАНА МАШИНЫ ДЛЯ ОТКРЫТИЯ ПОЛИВАТЕЛЕЙ С ЗАГРУЗКОЙ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ УДОБРЕНИЙ В КОМБИНИРОВАННОЙ МАШИНЕ Имамкулов Кутбиддин Боқижонович д.т.н., профессор, Научно-исследовательский институт механизации сельского хозяйства, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Мамадалиева Гулхайо Қутбитдин қизи докторант, Андижанского института сельского хозяйства и агротехнологий, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан Нишанбоев Низомжон Неъмат ўғли докторант, НИИ механизации сельского хозяйства, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents the results of a field test conducted on the selection of the type of working body that opens irrigation gates along with burying organic fertilizers placed in a combined machine. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены результаты полевых испытаний, проведенных по выбору типа рабочего органа, открывающего поливные затворы одновременно с заделкой органических удобрений, размещенных в комбини- рованной машине. Keywords: energy-resource efficient, pomegranate, organic fertilizer, test, energy indicators, working body, profile, egate, fertilization. Ключевые слова: энергоресурсосберегающий, гранат, органическое удобрение, испытание, энергетические показатели, рабочий орган, профиль, эгате, внесение удобрений. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Imamkulov Q., Mamadalieva G., Nishanboev N. CHOOSING THE TYPE OF WORKING BODY OF THE MACHINE FOR OPENING THE IRRIGATORS WITH THE BURYING OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN THE COMBINATION MACHINE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15663

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In the world, the development and application of en- product production, and its processing and phased im- ergy-resource-efficient and high-performance main till- plementation of export works is envisaged [2]. age machines takes a leading place. \"The area of fruit crops in the world is 53.4 mln. hectare, of which 7 mln. The requirement of the harvested pomegranate bush more than a hectare of olives, 20 mln. hectare of orchards, for soil fertility, local and mineral fertilizers is much 1.8 mln. considering that more than one hectare is citrus higher than for other types of orchards. The use of livestock crops\" [1], the development of high-quality and productive and poultry manure is especially effective. Manure and energy-resource-efficient tillage machines and tools and phosphorus fertilizers are mainly given in autumn is one of the important tasks. In recent years, large-scale and winter, and softened between rows [3]. works on the development of pomegranate cultivation and the establishment of pomegranate orchards on large A combined machine (hereinafter referred to as a areas have been carried out in our Republic. In particular, combined machine) that simultaneously performs the in the decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 25 and 791, steps of applying organic fertilizers to the pomegranate adopted on January 20, 2017 and October 4, 2018, the orchards in the designated place and inter-row pro- organization of the \"Pomegranate Growers\" association in cessing, and opens the irrigation gates together with bur- our Republic, the establishment of pomegranate groves ying the fertilizer in order to choose the optimal type of on an additional 2,400 hectares by 2021, the increase of working parts, on the basis of literature analysis, mutual comparison tests of egat openers of four options described in Figure 2.1 are carried out: 1. The working body of the potato pusher; 2- The working body of the gaspardo cultivator HL 8 rows hay cultivator; 3-GX-4 pusher receiver working body; 4. A spherical disk with a diameter of Ø400 mm Figure 1. Different options of work bodies The construction of a laboratory-field device was In the tests, the laboratory device was aggregated with developed and prepared for conducting comparative tests. a 1.4 class wheeled tractor and used at speeds of 5 and Comparative tests were carried out in October 2022 7 km/h. Physical and mechanical properties of the soil in the 5th field of the experimental farm of QXMITI. were determined before the tests (Table 1) [6]. Table 1. Moisture, hardness and density of the field soil where the tests were carried out The layer from which the soil Soil moisture, % Soil hardness, MPa Soil density, g/cm3 sample was taken, cm 0-5 4,48 0,49 0,51 5-10 5,36 1,40 1,43 10-15 7,61 1,70 1,73 15-20 12,83 2,37 2,12 The requirements for machine egate openers used for • depth of suction ditches; fertilizing pomegranate orchards: bury organic fertilizer • tensile strength of egat switches. with a layer of soil of the thickness specified in the initial These indicators are in accordance with Uz DSt requirements; opening of suction ditches; The pull 3236:2017 \"Soil tillage machines and working tools in resistance of egat openers should be as low as possible. horticulture. Testing methods\" [4], Own DSt 3193:2017 \"Testing of agricultural machinery. The method of According to the requirements, the following energy assessment of machines\" [5], was determined. performance indicators of egat switches were To determine the profile of the cross-section of the determined in the tests: soil pile, a special ruler 3 m long, divided into scales every 5 cm, and a 100 cm ruler were used. A special reka • the height of the soil pile; was installed crosswise-horizontally on the created piles, • profile of the cross-section of the soil pile; • quality of soil fertility; 71