tech-2023_03(111)

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. the vertical distance from the reka to the soil surface was determined. Then, the numbers obtained in the measured with a ruler to the nearest 1 cm at every 5 cm experiments were multiplied by the calibration distance to the cross and recorded in the field notebook. coefficient, and the real value of the resistance force Later, on the basis of these numbers, the profiles of the shown by the soil to the working body was determined. pillars were built in Microsoft Excel and their heights were determined. Repetition was six times for each variant. The G-shaped tension beam was loaded in the range of 0–8 kN at 0.5 kN intervals by means of a screw The quality of soil compaction was determined by mechanism. According to the data obtained in the dividing the soil samples taken from the field into experiments, mathematical statistical methods were fractions larger than 100 mm, 100-50 mm, and smaller used to find the arithmetic mean values and mean square than 50 mm using an open box with a bottom of deviations of the indicators [7]. The results of the 0.5x0.5x0.2 m. For this, the samples were passed experiments are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. It can through sieves with the diameter of the holes 100, 50 and be seen from the data that the traction resistance of the 25 mm. The obtained results were calculated as a working body with a spherical disc in the 4th variant was percentage of the total mass of the soil, and the quality 1.1-1.3 times less than the working bodies of the other of soil compaction was determined [6]. In each option, variants at speeds of 5-7 km/h, respectively. However, samples were taken from 6 locations. the soil pile created with the spherical disk working body (Fig. 2) was not at the required level. When the The tensile strength of the selected working bodies Egat GX-4 rammer is used as an opener, the working was determined using a G-shaped load cell. The tension body has low traction resistance, and the height of the beam is made of 65G steel with a rectangular cross- pile of soil obtained is at the required level. Based on the sectional area of 30x80 mm. 2 PKB-20-200 type tensor above, the working body of the 1st variant potato resistors were glued to the working surface of the harvester as an opener of the machine did not create a tensobalkan. sufficient pile of soil. The height of the soil pile also does not meet the requirement and the drag resistance is The G-shaped load cell was calibrated before and high. after the experiments. Based on the data obtained during the calibration, the calibration coefficient was Table 2. Quality and energy performance indicators of burial bodies Unit The percentage of soil fractions, % Height of soil pile, сm The resistance movement of the working Type of receiver fraction sizes, mm speed, Мo'r   body, kN km/h 100 100-50  50 1. Potato peeler working 5,0 10,18 12,41 74,41 5,0 0,81 2,1 body 7,0 3,8 8,71 9,77 81,52 4,1 1,41 2. GX-4 piston receiver 5,0 14,27 12,32 73,41 6,25 0,50 1,6 working body 7,0 2,6 5,0 11,93 13,64 74,43 6,75 0,51 1,8 3. Gaspardo's Cultivator 7,0 2,5 HL 8 rows hay cultivator 5,0 9,84 12,67 77,49 3,33 0,57 1,2 model 7,0 2,3 7,0 8,73 11,82 79,45 4,75 1,51 3,4 4. Spherical disk with a diameter of 400 mm 1,20 8,72 90,08 5,25 1,50 0,9 7,72 91,38 4,00 1,63 0,7 7,16 92,14 8,50 1,57 2-jadvaldagi ma'lumotlardan ko‘rinib turibdiki; 2 va 4-variantlardagi ish organlari bilan hosil qilingan tuproq uyumi boshqa variantlarga nisbatan kam bo‘lgan. 72

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. a, b, v, g – the working body of the potato thresher, the working body of the GX-4 thresher, the blade of the Cultivator HL 8 rows straw cultivator of the Gaspardo company, and the transverse profiles of the threshers forming a spherical disc with a diameter of 400 mm Figure 2. Profiles of cross-sections of soil piles formed by soil pilers The greatest resistance to traction was observed in can be done with the GX-4 skimmer mounted on a special the working body of the potato harvester, and the least frame. At the level of agrotechnical requirements, there resistance was observed in the spherical disk of Ø400 are few indicators of burying of organic fertilizer, mm. An increase in the speed of the unit from 5 km/h to opening of irrigation ditches and resistance to traction. 7 km/h led to a decrease in the working depth and an Based on this, the GX-4 pulse receiver was adopted, and increase in the traction resistance of the working bodies. further theoretical and experimental studies will be As can be seen from the above profiles, the required focused on justifying its parameters. irrigation ditches and application of organic fertilizer References: 1. http//www.aniq.uz 2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining 2018 yil 4 oktyabrdagi 791-son “Farg‘ona viloyatida anor yetishtirishni ko‘paytirish va sohani rivojlantirish tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi Qarori. 3. Sirdaryo viloyati sharoitida anor yetishtirishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari. D.M.Mustafoqulov, M.A.To‘raqulov, S.S.To‘xtamishev “O‘zbekistonda oziq-ovqat xavfsizligini ta'minlashda meva-sabzavot hamda uzumchilik sohasining roli va ahamiyati” mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman. -Toshkent: 2016. 4. O’z DSt 3236:2017 “Bog'dorchilikda tuproqqa ishlov beruvchi mashina va ish qurollari. Sinov usullari” – Toshkent, 2017. – 78 b. 5. O’z DSt 3193:2017 “Qishloq xo'jaligi texnikasini sinash. Mashinalarni energetik baholash usuli” – Toshkent, 2017. – 21 b. 6. ГОСТ 20915-2011 “Испытания сельскохозяйственной техники. Методы определения условий испытаний” – Москва, 2013. – 28 с. 7. Кобзарь А.И., Прикладная математическая статистика. Для инженеров и научных работников.- Москва: Физматлит, 2006. – 816 с. 73

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Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 6(111) Июнь 2023 Часть 4 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

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УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Дехканов Зульфикахар Киргизбаевич, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 6(111). Часть 5., М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 68 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/6111 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Food technology 9 DEPENDENCE OF AIR HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE DURING APRICOTS DRYING 12 Elyor Rustamov 12 CULTIVATION OF GRAPE PRODUCTS AND MEASURES OF FIGHT AGAINST VINE DISEASES Zufarbek Kadyrov 16 20 Chemical engineering 25 HYDRODYNAMICS OF CONVEX-CONCAVE PLATE COLUMN FOR COTTON OIL MISCEL- 28 LANEOUS DISTILLATION Anvar Hamdamov 35 Kozimjon Ismailov 38 Absalom Xudayberdiyev 46 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES OF COTTON PLANTS ON THE SALT REGIME OF THE SOIL 50 Halavat Ismailova 50 USE OF POROUS COMPOSITE MATERIAL IN DRIP IRRIGATION Mohichekhra Kahramonova 56 Azamat Matyaqubov Khabibullo Niyozov 56 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF OILY SALTS AND MEASURES TO COMBAT THEM Mirvokhid Sattorov ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY IN THE CITY OF TERMEZ Kamila Shipilova Malokhat Abdukodyrova Baxriniso Tilovova MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD CHEESE FROM GOAT MILK Shakhnoza Sultanova Zulfiya Ergasheva STUDYING ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF “NAVBAHOR” ALKALINE BENTONITE IN BLEACHING COTTON OIL Nodirbek Boyjanov Islom Boyjanov Madina Khamidova Qamar Serkayev TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRACTION OF DIMETHYL ETHER FROM METHANOL Jasur Shukurov Normurot Fayzullaev Begzod Turayev Kamolddin Kungratov Electrical engineering TEST INVESTIGATION AND MODELLING OF HYBRID MAGNETIC LEVITATION SYSTEM Daria Arslanova Alexandra Grosheva Nataliia Znamenshchikova Roman Korotkov Nadezhda Krylova Nikolay Makhankov Dmitry Melnikov Sergey Smirnov Alexey Firsov Energy industry THE USE OF LOW-SPEED VERTICAL WIND TURBINES IN THE POWER SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURAL CONSUMERS Abdurauf Ahmedov

EFFECT OF BUILDING STRUCTURES ON TOKAMAK PLASMA INITIATION 60 Daria Arslanova Alexandra Grosheva 64 Nataliia Znamenshchikova Nadezhda Krylova 64 Dmitry Melnikov Power, metallurgical and chemical engineering CRITICAL VELOCITY OF PROJECTILE ION IN HELIUM PLASMA Bekbolat Tashev Meruert Abdrakhman

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH FOOD TECHNOLOGY DEPENDENCE OF AIR HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE DURING APRICOTS DRYING Elyor Rustamov PhD, Senior Lecturer, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ВЛАЖНОСТИ И ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ВОЗДУХА В ПРОЦЕССЕ СУШКИ ПЛОДA АБРИКОСА Рустамов Элёр Самиевич PhD, ст. преподаватель, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT This article discusses the issues of drying apricot fruits, as well as the infusion of temperature and air humidity during the drying process. Humidity of dried apricot ranges from 8% to 25%, which ensures their long-term storage. Drying not only lengthens the shelf life, but also ensures a high preservation of the quality and nutrients of the raw materials. In addition, during drying, the weight of the product is reduced by 75-80%, which significantly reduces the cost of transportation. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы сушки плодов абрикоса, а тек же вливание температуры и влажности воздуха в процессе сушки. Влажность сушенных плодов абрикоса должно составляет 8 - 25%, что обеспечивает длительное их хранение. Сушка не только увеличивает сроки хранения, но и обеспечивает высокую сохраняемость качества и питательных веществ абрикоса. Кроме этого, при сушке масса продукта уменьшается на 75-80%, что значительно сокращает затраты при транспортировке. Keywords: apricot, compressor, pressure release, relative humidity, dew point temperature Ключевые слова: абрикос, компрессор, сброс давления, относительная влажность, температура точки росы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Preservation of fruits and vegetables implementation of new drying methods that provide by drying is one of the oldest types of canning. Humidity high quality of the final product at low cost is relevant. of dried fruits and vegetables ranges from 8 to 25%, which ensures their long-term storage. Drying not only In this paper, the problem of rational drying of fruits lengthens the shelf life, but also ensures a high preser- (using the example of apricot) has considered using vation of the quality and nutrients of the raw materials. methods of influencing the product with high pressure In addition, during drying, the weight of the product has with its abrupt release: analysis of the dependence of reduced by 75-80%, which significantly reduces the cost pressure and drying temperature in the zone of instanta- of transportation. There are various drying methods, but neous pressure release. a necessary requirement for all methods is to provide a high quality dried product at the lowest production cost. Analytical review of literature. The scientific and technical literature presents an analysis of the combined In the Republic of Uzbekistan, agricultural production thermo mechanical method of drying materials: heating is increasing every year, for example, in January- a wet material under pressure, followed by its discharge. September 2021, 2070.7 thousand tons of fruits and Thus, in [2], a review of studies on this topic has given, berries, 1313.7 thousand tons of grapes were harvested [1]. where it said that dehydration due to the thermal energy However, at present, only 20% of these products are in- accumulated by the material first used in the process of dustrially processed. Therefore, the development and drying by “relieving” pressure in the works of V.V. Yagov __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Rustamov Е. DEPENDENCE OF AIR HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE DURING APRICOTS DRYING // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15715

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. and others. The physical basis of this method is to max- In accordance with the purpose of the study, the imize the effect of the intense molar vapor transfer that oc- following tasks were set: curs after preheating the wet material under pressure and then rapidly reducing it. The value of the initial pressure • study of the effect of exposure and instantaneous determines the depth of heat treatment of the material. pressure release of air as a drying agent during processing; In other works, positive experimental results have ob- tained on the application of this method for drying wood • study of the dependence of temperature and pres- [3] and dispersed materials (zeolite, lignin, and peat) [4]. sure drying with instantaneous pressure relief. Thus, in [4], the use of a combined drying method for zeolite using microwave heating made it possible to re- Material and methods of performed research. duce the drying time by 1.5 times compared to the con- The object of the study was a local variety of apricot vective method at the same temperature regime. In (Subhoni). The fruits of this variety contain up to 25% [5], a method for instant drying of fruits was sugar (sucrose, fructose and glucose). Malic and citric implemented, including preheating the fruits, acids mainly represent organic acids. Rich in mineral depressurizing the drying hopper, repeating the stage, salts, microelements, organic acids, pectin substances, followed by vacuum drying, until the mass moisture various vitamins: A, C, B1, B2, PP. The initial humidity content of fruits and vegetables reaches 10–25%. is 80-85%. Apricot is a dried fruit crop and is widely used However, existing pressure relief drying technologies in drying [6]. Apricots (dried apricot fruit with a stone), cannot be used for our local raw materials. Therefore, kaisu (a dried whole apricot fruit without a stone), dried the determination of rational regime parameters for drying apricots (half apricot slices) are prepared from the fruits. with pressure release, designed for local raw materials, For our case, dried apricots were obtained with a final is relevant. moisture content of 18-20%. Before drying, the apricots were washed, cut into two halves with separation of the The aim of this work is to study the dependence of stones, and the material was processed in a citric acid pressure and temperature during the process of drying solution. apricot halves using instantaneous pressure release. To study the combined drying method using pressure relief and infrared (IR) heating, a laboratory setup was created (Fig. 1) [7,12]. 1 - compressor; 2 - automatic data collection system using a personal computer; 3 – sealed chamber for thermo mechanical processing of product samples; 4 - IR emitters; 5 – window for feeding a pallet with product samples; 6-pallet with product; 7 - receiver Figure 1. Scheme of the experimental laboratory device The basis of the installation is a sealed special chamber with automatic maintenance of the set pressure. To carry in which the studied material samples had placed. The out the removal of moisture by the method of pressure pallet for the material is a container with a mesh bottom relief, the unit has a special valve and receiver. The in- (mesh size 6x6 mm, wire diameter 0.6 mm), a sample of stallation allows heating the sample under pressure up to apricot halves with a layer thickness of 8-10 mm was 0.8 MPa and releasing the pressure. The sample has placed in the pallet. The pallet has placed on corner sup- heated using sources of infrared radiation with a power ports. IR generators have placed above the pallet to heat the of 1 kW each. The plant is equipped with a system for material. The chamber has a quartz glass window. The monitoring and automatically collecting data on indicators chamber is equipped with a compressed air supply system 6

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. of the heating process and pressure relief. The main in- The relative humidity of moist air is denoted by x dicators that allow you to control and manage the process are temperature, moisture content of the material and (kg/kg) or (g/kg). Air humidity has determined by this pressure in the chamber. The raw material is first processed in a sealed chamber with pulsed infrared radiation and ratio: pressure with instantaneous pressure release, and then subjected to conventional convective drying in a drying х= 18   рт = 0,622  рт (2) chamber. 29 Р − рт Р− рт The moisture content of the material was determined Partial pressure of water vapor: according to the State Standard 33977-2016 (Interstate standard. Fruit and vegetable processing products. Methods рб = Рх  x х (3) for determining the total solids content. Fruit and vegetable 0,622 + products. Methods for determination of total solid content). The dew point temperature in the working chamber Research results and discussion. A number of the- is determined by the following formula: oretical and experimental studies have carried out to solve the set tasks. The physical basis of the proposed ������ = 1733 − 233,84 (4) fruit drying method is the concept, according to which, 8.074−������������13������3б,3 by increasing the pressure and heat treatment, it is possible to change the temperature of the material, which, in turn, Dew point temperature is controlled by formula (4). creates the possibility of maximizing the effect of intense molar vapor transfer, which ensures the transition of Figure 2. Graph of dependence of dew point moisture to a free state. Because of this, the boundary temperature on relative humidity and temperature between bound and free moisture shifts to the region of lower moisture content when the pressure has released. Conclusion. After releasing the pressure in the device, Now of pressure release, a rapid movement of moisture it is not possible to apply pressure again, because after occurs throughout the entire volume of the product that releasing the pressure, the temperature in the chamber a pressure drop has created between the center and the decreases and the temperature in the chamber decreases surface of the processed material, which contributes to due to water vapor moving from the surface of the the formation of a moisture flow directed towards the product. When the pressure is applied to the working surface of the particle in the form of steam. On its way, chamber, the water vapor in the air changes to the state the vapor-air mixture entrains liquid droplets and pushes of dew due to the decrease in temperature, and the product towards the surface [7, 8]. It is of great importance to being dried is moistened. The product is under pressure take into account the parameters of the air in the method and the pressure drop affects the structural part of the of preliminary treatment of the product during the drying product. Swelling occurs on the surface of the product. process that we offer. Also, air and product temperature As the internal energy of the product increases, swelling play a big role in the processing of apricots under the occurs as a result of the movement of water vapor in the influence of pressure. After pressurization in the working pore environment to the external environment. chamber, the product and air temperature must be controlled to prevent condensation of water vapor in the air. The researches were carried out at different air temperatures above 250C. Saturated vapor pressure is determined in the temperature range from 0 to 1000C using Antoine's formula: ������ т = 133,3 · 108,074−������+1273333.84 (1) References: 1. «Янги Ўзбекистон» ва «Правда Востока» газеталари таҳририяти» ДУК (05/02/2022). Сельское, лесное и рыбное хозяйство Республики Узбекистан в январе-июне 2021 года. Received from. https://yuz.uz/ru/news/v-uzbekistane- za-perve-devyat-mesyatsev-goda-proizvodstvo-agroproduktsii-vroslo-na-54 2. Лашков В.А., Кондрашева С.Г. (2011). Обзор направлений использования эффекта, возникающего при пони- жении давления парогазовой среды // Журнал «Вестник Казанского технологического университета, - С. 210- 215. Received from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obzor-napravleniy-ispolzovaniya-effekta-voznikayuschego-pri- ponizhenii-davleniya-parogazovoy-sredy. 7

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 3. Кожин В.П., Горбачев Н.М. Применение метода сброса давления при высокотемпературной осциллирующей сушке крупномерной древесины // Инженерно-физический журнал. 2011. Т 84, № 2. С. 223–229. 4. Слижук Д.С., Акулич П.В. Кинетика сушки дисперсных материалов комбинированным способом с исполь- зованием СВЧ-нагрева // Веб-конференция «Первые Международные Лыковские научные чтения, посвящён- ные 105-летию академика А.В. Лыкова – МЛНЧ-2015» Москва 2015, С. 58-62. 5. Patent China CN102417286B. 2011-Steam pressure relief method and device for sludge hydrothermal drying steam pyrolysis reaction kettle. Received from https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102417286B/en 6. Байметов К.И., Турдиева М.К., Назаров П. Особенности возделывания местных сортов абрикоса в Узбеки- стане.- Ташкент, 2011. 7. Джураев Х.Ф., Рустамов Э.С., Гафуров К.Х. Новый метод подготовки абрикоса к сушке. Международная научно- практическая заочная конференция «Биотехнологические, экологические и экономические аспекты создания безопасных продуктов питания специализированного назначения». Краснодар, 2020. С. 438-441. 8. Лашков В.А. Аппаратурное оформление процессов, протекающих при понижении общего и парциальных давлений парогазовой среды // Вестник Казанского технологического университета. - 2011.-Т. 14, № 8.- С. 210-215. 9. Потапов В.А., Гриценко О.Ю, Пономаренко Ю.О. (2013). Исследование процесса сушки в массообмен- ных модулях под действием повышенного давления // Доклад в сборнике научных трудов «Прогрессивная техника и технологии пищевых производств ресторанного хозяйства и торговли», Харьков, Украина. С. 148-153. 10. Гинзбург А.С. (1973). Основы теории и техники сушки пищевых продуктов. – М.: Пищевая промышленность, 1973. -528 с. 11. Патент Республики Узбекистан № IAP 06748 – 28.02.2022, «Способ сушки абрикосов». 12. Рустамов Э.С. Зависимость влажности и температуры воздуха в процессе сушки плодов.// “Universum: тех- нические науки” Научный журнал. Москва, 2022 № 11 (104(4)). С. 57-60. 8

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15609 CULTIVATION OF GRAPE PRODUCTS AND MEASURES OF FIGHT AGAINST VINE DISEASES Zufarbek Kadyrov Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ПРОДУКЦИИ ВИНОГРАДА И МЕРЫ БОРЬБЫ С БОЛЕЗНЯМИ ВИНОГРАДА Кодиров Зуфаржон Зафарович ассистент кафедры пищевых технологий, Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT It is estimated that 35% of the world's crops are lost every year, 14% of them due to pests and diseases, and 20% due to transportation and storage. In particular, apple codling beetle, spider mite, grape mite, aphid, diseases are caused by powdery mildew, rust and other diseases. In this article, we studied the control measures for grape diseases. АННОТАЦИЯ Подсчитано, что 35 % мирового урожая ежегодно теряется, 14 % из них — из-за вредителей и болезней, а 20 % — из-за транспортировки и хранения. В частности, яблоневый плодожор, паутинный клещ, виноградный клещ, тля, болезни вызываются мучнистой росой, ржавчиной и другими болезнями. В этой статье мы изучили меры борьбы с болезнями винограда. Keywords: fruit, vegetable, fungus, un-dew, bud, tebuconazole, propiconazole, leaf, vine branches. Ключевые слова: фрукты, овощи, грибы, нероса, бутон, тебуконазол, пропиконазол, лист, виноградные ветки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ About 300 million tons of fruits and vegetables The first symptoms of the disease appear in spring are grown in Central Asia every year. About 300 kg of (May), when the air temperature is 20-25 ᵒC, humidity vegetables, 75 kg of potatoes and 44 kg of grapes are is 60-80%. In summer, the disease can develop if the hu- available per capita. This is three times more than the midity is higher than 25% for the development of the optimal consumption norm, which is considered ac- fungus. Leaves, young branches and fruits of the vine are ceptable. infected with powdery mildew. Severely affected leaves become stunted and dry. It looks like ash is sprinkled on the The methods and conditions of fruit harvesting, its surface of a leaf. You can't feel the powder on the fruits, storage and transportation have a significant impact on but the second symptom of the disease is cracking and the quality of it and the products produced from it. Failure the fruits begin to rot. The fungus overwinters in buds to meet the necessary requirements not only causes the and plant debris. In some years, it damages the yield of fruit to spoil quickly, but also limits the possibilities of grapes by 60-70%. producing fruit products from it, and even causes the fruit to be damaged by pathogenic microorganisms that The following measures are taken cause infectious diseases in the human body [2]. to combat this disease Today, there is a question of accelerating the imple- mentation of network modernization plans, restructuring High-quality tillage of the soil, moderate irrigation, production from a technical and technological point of watering; fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium view, and transitioning to international quality standards fertilizers. in the domestic and foreign markets [1]. When the chemical method was used, the following We conducted our research in a number of farms chemicals were used according to the permit of the State where grape products are grown. Observations showed Chemical Commission: that oidium, anthracnose, mildew-false powdery mildew disease were widespread in the vineyards. Oidium, Difenoconazole-based (25% em.c. - per 0.2 liters); which is considered one of the main diseases, has been Kresoxim-methyl base (50% s.d.g. - per 0.2 liter); shown to have the following bioecological characteristics, Penconazole-based (10% e.v. - per 0.3 liters); and its brief definition is as follows [3]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kadyrov Z.Z. CULTIVATION OF GRAPE PRODUCTS AND MEASURES OF FIGHT AGAINST VINE DISEASES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15609

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Based on Tebuconazole+ Triadimefon (22.5% em.c. - of Impakt 25% k/s 0.1 l ha, which was taken as an etolon per 0.15-0.25 liters); Propiconazole + Tebuconazole of these norms, turned out to be the same. (40% of the total body weight - per 0.3 liters) The obtained results showed that the modern drug When studying the biological and economic effec- Ampakt had the same results as the currently used drugs. tiveness of these drugs, it was found that the results gave positive indicators. Such control measures were carried Ampakt 250 k/e 0.1 l/ha showed 90% effectiveness out in full compliance with environmental protection against oidium disease in 90% branches and 85% fruits. and food safety requirements. Ampakt drug is allowed to be used in winter farming The results of experiments in protecting vine plants in horticulture. from diseases and pests When Ampact 250 k/e drug was used in the amount The results of the experiment showed that when am- of 0.15 l/ha, it was 92.7% in grape leaves, 91.6% in fruits, pakt 250 K/e was used against powdery mildew in the and 90% in branches. In Etolon, the same indicators amount of 0.1 l, the following results were obtained: were observed when the drug Impakt was used. Biological efficiency in leaves was 88.2%, in The obtained results showed that Ampact 0.1-0.15 l/ha branches 89%, in fruits 86.9%. The biological efficiency showed high efficiency against oidium disease in grapes before flowering and after flowering. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine leaves 100 90 88,2 87,7 80 70 60 50 Damage rate, % 40 40,5 Disease progression, % 30 Biological efficiency, % 20 18,7 10 10,2 10,9 0 Control (untreated) 0 2,2 2,3 0.1 kg Ampact 250 k.e. Impact, 25% hp, 0.1 per 1 liter (standard) kg, per liter (standard) Figure 1. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine leaves A method of accounting for powdery mildew belonging to one variety is less than 50, all available and anthracnose disease trees are inspected. If the area of the garden is more than 50 ha, two trees are added to the area of more than 10 ha. Observations for vine diseases were made during this underdeveloped period, approximately one month after A total of 100 leaf samples are taken from 25 unse- flowering. For this, 10 trees of each variety are observed lected trees from four sides and from the same height. in a garden of up to 50 hectares. If the number of trees The level of the disease and its development are deter- mined using the above methods. 10

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine branches 89 88,4 90 80 70 60 50 Damage Rate % Disease progression, % 40 Biological efficiency, % 30 1,8 38,416,40 20 9,2 10 1,9 9,8 0 0.1 kg per 1 liter, Control 250 k.e., Ampact 0.1 kg per 1 liter (untreated) 25% k.s, Impakt Figure 2. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine branches Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides against powdery mildew on vine fruits 0 15,7 Control (untreated) 29,8 0.1 kg per 1 liter 25% k.s, Impakt 2,2 86 Biological efficiency, % 9,2 86 Disease progression, % 80 100 Damage Rate % 0.1 kg per 1 liter, 250 k.e., Ampact 2,2 8,9 0 20 40 60 Figure 3. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides against powdery mildew on vine fruits According to the research results, it is recommended point of view of food safety. Also, the state standards of the to include ampakt and impact drugs in the \"List\" of the fruit for export were obtained. According to the received State Chemical Commission. We also studied the effect data, the above-mentioned preparations showed positive of chemical drugs on grape fruit, focusing mainly on its and high efficiency in the set norms and did not have a organoleptic indicators, i.e. taste, aroma, taste, from the negative effect on the quality of grapes. References: 1. Кабиашвили М. (1967). В Корневая гнил виноградной лозы в Грузии. «Материалы сессии Закавказского совета по координации научно исследовательских работ по защите растений». Ереван: С. 379-382. 2. Mo‘minov Mo‘sinjon Anvarjonovich, & Zufarzhon Zafarovich Kodirov. (2021). Common oidium or un-dew disease in vineyards and measures to combat it. Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal, 2(12), 111–120. 3. Zufarzhon Zafarovich Kodirov, & Aliyeva Farizaxon Abdulaziz qizi. (2022). To determine the quality indicators of fruits grown in vineyards. development of preventive measures against diseases of the vine and their. Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal, 3(01), 62–75. 11

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HYDRODYNAMICS OF CONVEX-CONCAVE PLATE COLUMN FOR COTTON OIL MISCELLANEOUS DISTILLATION Anvar Hamdamov Associate professor of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Kozimjon Ismailov Doctoral student of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Absalom Xudayberdiyev Professor of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan ГИДРОДИНАМИКА ВЫПУКЛ-ВОГНУТОЙ ПЛАСТИНЧАТОЙ КОЛОННЫ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕГОНКИ РАЗНЫХ ХЛОПКОВОГО МАСЛА Хамдамов Анвар доцент Наманганского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Исмаилов Козимжон докторант Наманганского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Худайбердиев Абсалом профессор Наманганского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT The article presents the structural characteristics of the new type of convex-concave plates used in the processes of mass exchange. Also, the bubble mode of the liquid in the wave-like motion, the mode of intermediate transition from the bubble mode to the flow mode, and flow hydrodynamic modes characterizing the rise of the liquid level in the direction of the flow are presented. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены конструктивные особенности выпукло-вогнутых пластин нового типа, используемых в процессах массообмена. Также представлены пузырьковый режим жидкости при волнообразном движении, режим промежуточного перехода от пузырькового режима к проточному и гидродинамические режимы течения, характеризующие подъем уровня жидкости в направлении течения. Keywords: plate of convex-concave type, body, angle of inclination of body, hydrodynamic regime, angle of rise of flow. Ключевые слова: пластина выпукло-вогнутого типа, тело, угол наклона тела, гидродинамический режим, угол подъема потока. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Hamdamov A., Ismailov K., Xudayberdiyev A. HYDRODYNAMICS OF CONVEX- CONCAVE PLATE COLUMN FOR COTTON OIL MISCELLANEOUS DISTILLATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15590

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The total volume of products produced by oil industry (pouring) barrier, and particles. The raw material is enterprises is almost 40% of the gross food products supplied in liquid-gas form from the upper part of the produced in the republic. For this reason, in order to column body, the distillate is removed from the upper increase the range of products with guaranteed quality and part of the column, and the cube residue is removed from low cost, the problem of introducing effective the lower part. The liquid phase moves along the plate technologies that allow saving material and energy and falls through the pouring pipe to the pouring barrier, resources and compact and intensive technological from where it flows to the plate below. The vapor phase equipment to food industry enterprises is considered passes through the contact elements of the plate and urgent[1]. contacts the liquid phase on the plate. Due to the formation of intensive bubbling in the vapor-liquid system, it In the improvement and development of mass provides a high-level process of substance exchange. exchange devices, issues such as obtaining more products per volume unit of the device, reducing the hydraulic The device works as follows: in the vapor (gas)- resistance corresponding to one separation step, and liquid system, raw materials are fed to the column to reducing the relative metal consumption of the device separate the light volatile components of the liquid phase. are aimed at. The liquid phase moves from the body wall towards the center because the concave plate of the receiver has an To solve the problem, several concave and convex inclined angle of ∠3-5°. During movement, the liquid plates are placed in a row, the liquid phase moves from comes into intensive contact with the vapor phase the top of the device to the bottom, from the body wall coming out between the contact elements of the plate - to the center and from the center to the body wall, which coins. Coins in a concave plate are circular, spaced at a increases the contact surface between the phases on the certain distance from each other, the open side of the plate due to the installation of central and peripheral coin is opened at an angle of ∠15° from the body wall to pouring pipes, vapor the phase is installed from the the center. The liquid falling from the spill barrier to the bottom of the device through the holes in the form of convex plate after the central discharge pipe moves from coins on the plates, preventing the vapor phase from the center towards the casing wall and through the leaving the liquid phase falling pipe, and installing the peripheral discharge pipe, passing through the spill plates at an angle of 3-5° prevents the liquid from barrier that prevents the vapor phase from escaping spilling out of the holes when the vapor phase flow through the discharge pipes, falls into the lower plate. decreases [2, 3]. The coins in the convex type plate are also circular, at a certain distance from each other, the open side of the The degree of openness and location of the contact coin is opened at an angle of ∠15° from the center to the element, which changes the level of steam exposure to body wall, not from the body wall to the center. The the liquid stream on the plate, allows changing the cross- liquid, purified from light volatile components, is sectional surface of the steam stream coming out of it. removed from the bottom of the device as a cubic In the liquid-vapor system, the edges of the particles are residue. Light volatile components separated from the raised to provide an intensive bubbling process around raw material are removed from the top of the device in the contact element [4, 5]. the form of distillate [6-9]. The composition (arrangement) of plates in the column consists of a body, a concave plate, a central pouring pipe, a bubble plate, an edge (small) pouring pipe, a spill а) б) Figure 1. Convex-concave plates: а) convex plate ; б) concave plate In industrial production plants, the method of In the oil extraction plant, we proposed to carry out the processing material exchange processes in plate-type final distillation process in a convex-concave plate still, devices is common, and in recent decades there has been which speeds up mass transfer processes due to intensive an increasing demand for devices that are easy to mixing. manufacture and use, with small volume, high performance, without internal moving elements, and The parameters of the column and convex and concave high efficiency that can be easily integrated into existing plates in the conducted experiments are presented in production lines. plate-type devices have great prospects. Table 1. 13

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 1. The parameters of the column and convex and concave plates in the conducted experiments № Indicators Convex plate Concave plate 1. Column dimensions, mm 600х200 600х200 2. Plate thickness, mm 1 1 3. Plate diameter, mm 200 200 4. Angle of inclination of the plate, ° 355 5 5. The number of rows of seeds on the plate, pcs 3 3 6. The number of coins on the plate, pcs 48 48 7. Angle of inclination to the coin, ° 15-45 15-45 8. The distance between the coins, mm 25 25 9. Step, mm 10 10 10. Column cross-sectional area, m2 0,0314 0,0314 11. Surface of all slots, m2 0,0072 0,0072 12. Free surface area of the plate, m2 22,92 22,92 For coin plates, as well as other types of plates, Figure 2. Convex-concave plate column device: several hydrodynamic operating modes are established. body 1, concave plate 2, central pouring pipe 3, In slotted plates similar to sieve plates, at low velocities convex plate 4, peripheral (small) pouring pipe 5, of steam, liquid spills out between the plates. Spilling of spill (pouring) barrier 6. Designation of flows: liquid from the tank slot stops when the vapor velocity I-raw material, II-distillate, III-cubic residue, in the tank slot is equal to 6.5 ÷ 7.5 m/s. (This speed is called the first critical speed.) The experiments where IV-water vapor this speed was determined were carried out in the air- water system when the irrigation density for the liquid When the steam velocity in the slots is further was 10.8-36 m3/m2·s. In this case, the slot construction increased, the intermediate regime switches to the flow did not significantly affect the value of the critical speed, regime. A characteristic difference of the flow regime is which determined the lower limit of the working zone of the rise of the liquid level in the direction of the liquid the plate. At small velocities of steam in the slot, the flow. This phenomenon is triggered by the vapor stream plate works unstable. When the speed on the plate attracted by the liquid, as well as by the impingement of exceeds the first critical speed, the wave-bubble mode the vapor-liquid stream on the column wall. The greater of operation is established. In this mode, the wave-like the height of the vapor-liquid mixture layer in the spill movement of the liquid from the receiving barrier to the zone, the greater the vapor velocity in the cracks. At certain spill zone is observed, and uniform bubbling is observed vapor velocities in the slits, some of the liquid breaks over the entire area of the plate. In this case, a significant away from the plate and moves over the plate, increasing slope of the liquid level towards the spillway is observed. the liquid blowout. A further increase in speed will cause This mode of plate work is little different from sieve the column to jam. plate work. When the speed is further increased, the liquid level in the plate becomes equal, at a certain speed called the second critical speed, the liquid level is parallel to the plane of the plate, such a regime is called an intermediate regime. For this mode, the vapor velocity varies depending on the density of the liquid irrigation. In the intermediate mode, the liquid level in the plate remains horizontal, the bubbling process occurs in the plates, but the direction of the vapor flow, which attracts the liquid, is shown. 14

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The general view of the plate column device of the liquid flow that does not participate in the process of convex-concave type is shown in Fig. 2. From the upper mass exchange to participate in the process and prevents convex plate, the liquid phase moves through the the formation of a wall effect. marginal (small) pouring pipe (5) from the wall of the case (1) to the central pipe (3) and contacts the gas phase The working mode of the coin plate is the flow passing between the coins (7). In turn, the liquid from mode. In this case, the upper limit of the speed on the the central pipe moves towards the column wall and plates is determined by the permissible value of the comes into contact with the gas passing between the liquid flow. If the permissible value of flyaway is taken coins of the concave plate, resulting in the process of as ε=0.1 (kg liquid)⁄(kg vapor), then the limiting velocity mass exchange. Contact elements (7) (coins) are formed can be found by an empirical formula, the form of the in the form of a circle by stamping the metal sheet from equation depends on the characteristic properties of the which the plate is made. In addition, placing the contact plate. Below are the flight and limit speeds of the coin elements close to the column body causes a part of the disc. The scheme of the main hydrodynamic regimes of the coin plate is shown in Fig. 1. а) б) в) Figure 3. Hydrodynamic regimes of a coin plate: a) bubbling; b) intermediate; c) flowing Fig. 3.a shows the scheme of the bubbling mode In the proposed convexo-concave type distiller, the of liquid in wave-like motion. 3. Fig. b shows the mistelle with high concentration moves downwards from intermediate transition mode from the bubbling mode the top of the apparatus. A concave plate is installed to the flow mode. Figure 3.b shows the horizontal level from the top of the column, and then the plates are of the liquid, so that the liquid level drops to the point arranged in a concave-convex order. Open water vapor of discharge. Figure 3.v shows the flow regime that rising in the opposite direction to the flow is intensively characterizes the rise of the liquid level in the direction treated with extraction oil, passing through the slits in of the flow. This mode of operation is the optimal mode the plate. This allows maximum use of a small device for increasing the contact surface of the phases. and accelerates heat and matter exchange processes. References: 1. Кошевой Е.П. Технологические оборудование предприятий производства растительных масел. – СПб: ГИОРД, 2001. – 368 с. 2. Стабников В.Н. Расчет и конструирование контактных устройств ректификационных и абсорбционных аппаратов. Техника. 1970. 208с. 3. Касаткин А.Г. Основные процессы и аппараты химической технологии: Учебник для вузов.- 11-е изд., сте- реотипное, доработонное. Перепеч. С изд.1973.- М.: ООО ТНД «Альянс»,2005-753с. 4. Yusupbekov N.R., Nurmuhamedov X.S., Zakirov S.G. Kimyoviy texnologiya asosiy jarayon va qurilmalar. - T.:SHarq, 2003. - 644 b. 5. Салимов З.С. Кимёвий технологиянинг асосий жараёнлари ва қурилмалари.: Олий ўқув юрт.студ. учун дарслик. Т. 2. –Т.: Ўзбекистон, 1994.-266 б. 6. Khamdamov Anvar Maxmudovich; Ismailov Kozimjon Olimjon ugli; Xudayberdiyev Absalom Abdurasulovich. Study Of The Hydrodynamics Of A Convex-Concave Disc Column. JARSP 2022, 1, 135-139. 7. Anvar Makhmudovich Khamdamov, Askarova Oydinhon Karimkhon Kizi, Omon Abduvaliyevich Mansurov, Sardor Hudayberdiyevich Sultonov 2021. Simulation of a Multistage Distillation Process in a Rotary Disc Device.Annals ofthe Romanian Society for Cell Biology. (Apr. 2021), 5939–5948. 8. Хамдамов Анвар Махмудович, Игамбердиева Дилфуза Алимовна. \"Математическое моделирование равновесного состояния экстракционного бензина и жирных кислот\" Science Time, no. 4 (40), 2017, pp. 209-213. 9. Хамдамов Анвар Махмудович, Сарибаева Дилором Акрамжановна МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ДЕЗОДОРАЦИИ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ ХЛОПКОВОГО МАСЛА // Universum: технические науки. 2020. №11-2 (80). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/modelirovanie-protsessa-dezodoratsii-zhirnyh-kislot-hlopkovogo- masla (дата обращения: 18.04.2023). 15

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES OF COTTON PLANTS ON THE SALT REGIME OF THE SOIL Halavat Ismailova Professor, Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ РЕЖИМОВ ОРОШЕНИЯ ХЛОПЧАТНИКА НА СОЛЕВОЙ РЕЖИМ ПОЧВЫ Исмаилова Халават Джабаровна профессор, Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши АННОТАЦИЯ По результатам наших многолетних исследований впервые выявлен рост и развитие тонковолокнистого хлопчатника и получение ранних обильных урожаев в условиях светлоокрашенных сероземов при глубине фильтрационной воды 1,5- 2,0 м и 3,5-4,0 м, также разработаны оптимальные сроки, количество и нормы поливов, обеспечивающие поддержание мелиоративных земель в устойчивом состоянии. Изучено водопотребление хлоп- чатника, нормы и режим орошения, климатические условия, свойства почвы, глубина инфильтрации, биологиче- ские особенности сорта и фазы роста растений, гидромодули хлопчатника и других культур в речных условиях в севообороте. Нижние районы оазиса реализовывались районами, разрабатывались и внедрялись в практику режимы орошения. ABSTRACT According to the results of our long-term research, for the first time, the growth and development of fine-staple cotton and the receipt of early abundant crops in conditions of light-colored gray soils with a depth of seepage water of 1.5-2.0 m and 3.5-4.0 m were revealed. Optimal timing, quantity and rates of irrigation were also developed to ensure the maintenance of reclamation lands in a stable state. The water consumption of cotton, norms and irrigation regime, climatic conditions, soil properties, infiltration depth, biological characteristics of the variety and plant growth phases, hydro modules of cotton and other crops in river conditions in crop rotation have been studied. The lower regions of the oasis were implemented by regions, irrigation regimes were developed and put into practice. Keywords: irrigation regime, watering, ground water, salting, ion chlorine, saline regime. Ключевые слова: режим орошения, полив, грунтовая вода, засоление, ионы хлора, солевой режим. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is due not only to the toxic effect of salts, but also and because of the location of mineralized syzob waters to the increase in the concentration of the soil solution near the surface of the earth, they are somewhat more and, accordingly, the osmotic pressure. As a result, the root saline than the soil of the second field. The top 1 m layer hairs cannot absorb the water they need, and eventually of the first experimental field contains 0.590% dry residue the plant sprouts may die. In order to describe the degree and 0.046% chlorine ion. Under a one-meter layer, the of salinity of the soils of the experimental fields, the initial amount of salt is even higher - dry residue is 0.725%, amount of salt in them was studied. and chlorine ion is 0.063%. The obtained results showed that the soils of the first Table 1. experimental field have a heavy mechanical composition The degree of mineralization of syzob waters in experimental fields Determination period Seepage water depth, m Dry residue, g/l Chlorine ion, g/l Spring The first experimental field 1,420 Autumn 1,040 Spring 1,78 6,600 1,085 Autumn 0,920 Spring 1,79 6,920 2,130 Autumn 1,600 1,80 10,005 1,82 9,825 1,77 11,280 1,79 10,910 __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ismailova H. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES OF COTTON PLANTS ON THE SALT REGIME OF THE SOIL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15714

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Determination period Seepage water depth, m Dry residue, g/l Chlorine ion, g/l Spring The second experimental field 0,160 Autumn 0,175 Spring 3,88 4,122 0,210 Autumn 0,142 Spring 3,63 3,485 0,192 Autumn 0,137 4,00 4,002 3,70 3,502 3,72 4,600 3,65 3,612 In the second experimental field, indicators of salt layers of the second experimental field were practically accumulation have different values. The 0-100 and 200- not saline, and the 100-200 cm layer was subjected to weak 300 cm layers of this field soil contained 0.121 and salinization. In our opinion, the reason for this may be the 0.171% dry residue and 0.025 and 0.015% chlorine ion, rise of weakly mineralized groundwater to the 150-160 cm respectively. In the middle part of the aeration layer, i.e., layer of the aeration layer and the accumulation of salts in the layer of 100-200 cm, salts accumulate relatively in the capillary bed over the years. Chloride-sulfate type more, their amount reaches 0.5%. According to the initial of salinity is characteristic of the soils of the experimental number of salts, the soils of the first experimental field can fields. Among the salts, sulfates predominate and account be considered weakly saline. The 0-100 and 200-300 cm for more than half of the dry residue. Table 2. The initial number of salts in the soils of the first experimental field Layer, cm Dry residue, % Gross alkalinity, % Chlorine ion, % H2SO4 acid residue, % 0-20 0,654 0,037 0,028 0,378 20-40 0,876 0,032 0,053 0,513 40-60 0,470 0,038 0,046 0,143 60-80 0,473 0,039 0,057 0,237 80-100 0,477 0,038 0,048 0,260 0,952 0,040 0,045 0,252 100-120 0,830 0,020 0,072 0,490 120-140 0,817 0,030 0,072 0,481 140-160 0,680 0,020 0,060 0,380 160-180 0,617 0,036 0,043 0,344 180-200 0,666 0,035 0,043 0,344 0,375 0,038 0,052 0,248 0-60 0,590 0,037 0,046 0,306 60-100 0,725 0,025 0,063 0,402 0-100 0,610 0,031 0,054 0,349 100-200 0-200 Taking into account the weak salinity of the soils of the to 1.121%. A similar situation was observed in the first experimental field and the weak salinity of the soils 60-100 cm layer. However, salt accumulation occurred of the second experimental field only in the 100-200 cm in the 100-200 cm layer of the soil from spring to autumn. layer, then it becomes clear that these salts rise to the upper For example, in the spring, this layer contained 1.019% layers of the soil after a certain period of time and pose of dry residue, and by autumn, its amount increased to a danger to plants. Of course, the regime of crop irrigation 1.240%. In the experiment, it was found that the amount has a great influence on the occurrence of this situation. of chlorine ion increased from spring to autumn in all According to the results of the three-year research, layers. In the first option (60-70-65%), the amount of salt the data on the effect of the irrigation regime of thin in the soil increased significantly from spring to autumn. fiber cotton on the change of the salt regime of the soils A similar scenario was observed in options 3 and 4. of the experimental fields are presented in Tables 1 and 2 In the field where seepage waters are located at a depth For example, at the beginning of the growing season, of 1.5-2.0 m, a significant change in the salt regime of the amount of dry residue in the 0-60 cm layer was 1.153%, the soil was observed under the influence of the cotton by the fall this indicator increased to 1.270% in the 3rd irrigation regime. For example, in 1988, when the irrigated option, and up to 1.261% in the 4th option. soil moisture was equal to 70-70-65% of the limited field moisture capacity (option 2), the amount of dry residue However, it was found that the number of salts in in the 0-60 cm layer in the spring, that is, before the the 100-200 cm layer is slightly less (1.227-1.262%) than start of irrigation while it was 1.153% in the period in option 1 (1.328%). The best land reclamation was by autumn, it was found that its amount decreased observed in the 2nd and 3rd options with 70-70-65% and 70-75-65% compared to ChDNS with irrigation. 17

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 3. The initial number of salts in the soils of the second experimental field Layer, cm Dry residue, % Gross alkalinity, % Chlorine ion, % H2SO4 acid residue, % 0-20 0,120 0,034 0,012 0,056 20-40 0,108 0,037 0,018 0,039 40-60 0,122 0,029 0,033 0,034 60-80 0,140 0,029 0,033 0,042 80-100 0,116 0,032 0,014 0,048 0,460 0,026 0,021 0,275 100-120 0,656 0,017 0,023 0,427 120-140 0,600 0,018 0,025 0,305 140-160 0,448 0,018 0,033 0,261 160-180 0,338 0,020 0,018 0,207 180-200 0,260 0,025 0,033 0,130 200-220 0,128 0,024 0,014 0,056 220-240 0,124 0,025 0,012 0,063 240-260 0,118 0,024 0,009 0,057 260-280 0,126 0,024 0,011 0,063 280-300 0,140 0,033 0,021 0,043 0,129 0,030 0,023 0,045 0-60 0,121 0,032 0,025 0,043 60-100 0,500 0,019 0,024 0,295 0-100 0,171 0,023 0,015 0,073 100-200 0,315 0,025 0,024 0,169 200-300 0,264 0,037 0,022 0,255 0-200 0-300 Data on the salt regime of the soil of the second ex- change in the salt regime was observed in the 100-200 cm perimental field are presented in Table 3. The results of layer, which has more salinity than the upper layer. In all the research showed that the amount of dry residue and years of research and in all modes of irrigation, it was found chlorine ion in the 1-meter layer of the soil remained that salts were washed from the 100-200 cm layer and fell almost unchanged and stable from spring to autumn to the lower 200-300 cm layer. according to different watering regimes. A significant Table 4. Changes in the amount of salt in the soil depending on the cotton irrigation regime, % (First experimental field) Option Option Spring chlorine dry residue Autumn chlorine number number dry residue ion ion alkalinity 0,240 alkalinity 1 0-60 0,153 0,027 0,316 0,082 0-100 0,105 0,031 0,027 0,328 0,025 0,052 2 100-200 0,019 0,028 0,029 0,322 0,029 0,068 0-200 0,062 0,026 0,028 0,031 0,060 3 0,027 0,121 0,030 0-60 0,153 0,027 0,046 0,096 4 0-100 0,105 0,031 0,027 0,240 0,025 0,075 100-200 0,019 0,028 0,029 0,243 0,024 0,062 0-200 0,062 0,026 0,028 0,031 0,068 0,027 0,270 0,027 0-60 0,153 0,027 0,263 0,084 0-100 0,105 0,031 0,027 0,227 0,027 0,069 100-200 0,019 0,028 0,029 0,245 0,027 0,071 0-200 0,062 0,026 0,028 0,033 0,070 0,027 0,261 0,030 0-60 0,153 0,027 0,248 0,083 0-100 0,105 0,031 0,027 0,262 0,030 0,076 100-200 0,019 0,028 0,029 0,255 0,031 0,084 0-200 0,062 0,026 0,028 0,030 0,080 0,027 0,030 18

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. At the beginning of the growing season, the amount it is necessary not to exceed the reserve irrigation rate of dry residue in the 100-200 cm layer of the soil was by 1500-2000 m3 per hectare in order not to raise the level equal to 0.588%, and by autumn, this indicator was of seepage. 0.235-0.539% according to the experimental options. The same indicator decreased from spring (0.600%) The effect of preventive, i.e., backup irrigation in to autumn (0.231-0.408%). soil desalination is enhanced by irrigation during the growing season. In our studies, we carried out preventive In the option with 60-70-65% moisture regime with irrigation 10-12 days before planting seeds at the rate of irrigation, a slight accumulation of salt in the soil was 1200-1500 m3 per hectare. If it is taken into account that observed in autumn, in option 2, where cotton was irrigated the soil of the field with deep seepage water is composed according to 70-70-65% moisture, these indicators took of loamy and light sand starting from the bottom of the an intermediate place. From the data presented in Table 4, arable layer and that the soil- has a joint that becomes it is possible to see the accumulation of salts in the lighter from top to bottom, in that case, it is not difficult 200-300 cm layer of the soil due to the leaching of easily to make sure that the water standard set for the reserve soluble salts from the upper layers, especially from the can desalinate the 2 m layer of the soil. 100-200 cm layer. It was found that the amount of chlorine ion remained unchanged in the layers of 100-200 and Thus, it is necessary to carry out reserve (prophylactic) 200-300 cm in all experimental options. Salinity of the irrigation as a very important agrotechnical measure 100-200 cm layer of the soil occurs under the influence in the lands of the Karshi steppe with weak salinity. The of backup irrigation in spring and irrigation during the effectiveness of preventive irrigation is increased during growing season. V.A. Kovda believed that preventive the growing season by combining it with other agrotech- irrigation in spring enhances the seasonal desalination nical measures such as feeding, inter-row cultivation, of soil, reduces the strength of salinization in the summer weed control, etc. Coordination of measures prevents the season, and curbs the annual dynamics (change) of salts rising of salts from the lower layers and allows maintaining in saline soils. In addition to desalination of the 1.5-2.0 m the upper active layer of the soil during the growing season layer of the soil with the help of preventive irrigation, in an amelioration condition favorable for agriculture. References: 1. Sh.M. Mirziyoyev ‘The priority task for the further reform of agriculture is first of all the rational use of land and water resources.’ Tashkent, 2019 1 volume 65 pages. 2. Q.A. Artikmetov, N. Sh Sheraliyev ‘Fundamentals of crop irrigation’ Tashkent, 2007. 3. Ramazonov S. Boriyev Q.A., Artikmetov N. Sh Sheraliyev ‘Soil science and farming’ Tashkent, 2018. 4. S. Sh. Shakhobov and H. Ismailova ‘Irrigation mode of cotton in the conditions of the Karshi desert’ Tashkent, 2010. 5. Ramazonov O., Yusupbekov O. Soil science and farming. Tashkent, ‘Sharq’, 2003. 6. Rasulov S.S. Ways to improve the efficiency of irrigated land use. Tashkent. ‘Cotton and grain farming’, No. 1, 1999. 7. Mirzajonov Q.M. State of land reclamation in republic regions and factors of their improvement. Tashkent, ‘Cotton and Grain’, No. 4, 1999. 8. Bezborodov G.A., Sultanov A.A., Bezborodov A.G. Methods of determining the period of irrigation of crops. Tashkent, ‘Cotton and Grain’, No. 3, 1997. 19

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15712 USE OF POROUS COMPOSITE MATERIAL IN DRIP IRRIGATION Mohichekhra Kahramonova Student of Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik Azamat Matyaqubov Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik Khabibullo Niyozov Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik E-mail: [email protected] ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОРИСТОГО КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ПРИ КАПЕЛЬНОМ ОРОШЕНИИ Қахрамонова Моҳичехра Жахонгир қизи студент Чирчикского государственного педагогического университета, физико-химический факультет, Чирчикский государственный педагогический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Матякубов Азамат Қувондиқович преподаватель кафедры химии физико-химического факультета Чирчикского государственного педагогического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Ниёзов Хабибулло Абдуллаевич преподаватель кафедры химии физико-химического факультета Чирчикского государственного педагогического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the study of the properties of porous composite materials obtained by modifying interpolymer complexes based on urea-formaldehyde resin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose with phosphogypsum and their use in agriculture and water management. АННОТАЦИЯ Статья посвящена изучению свойств пористых композиционных материалов, полученных модифицированием интерполимерных комплексов на основе карбамидоформальдегидной смолы и натрийкарбоксиметилцеллюлозы фосфогипсом и их использованию в сельском хозяйстве и управление водными ресурсами. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kahramonova M., Matyaqubov A., Niyozov Kh. USE OF POROUS COMPOSITE MA- TERIAL IN DRIP IRRIGATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15712

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Keywords: urea-formaldehyde resin (UFR), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), phosphogypsum (PG), interpolymer complex (IPC), porous composite material (PCM). Ключевые слова: карбамидоформальдегидная смола (КФС), натрийкарбоксиметилцеллюлоза (КМЦ-Na), фосфогипс (ФГ), интерполимерный комплекс (ИПК), пористый композиционный материал (ПКМ). ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. One way to improve the complex in previous years it reached about 2.5 million tons / year properties of composite materials (CM) is their modifi- (over 10% of the current output). cation by adding various additives. This, in turn, in- creases the strength, hardness, heat resistance, water Despite the fact that most enterprises are striving to resistance and a number of other important properties of create low-waste and waste-free technologies, in practice the material. To improve the complex properties of porous there are often several tons of gypsum-containing waste composite materials (PCM), it is necessary to physically per 1 ton of useful products. For example, in the formation modify them by adding various fillers and aggregates. of phosphoric acid, 4-5 tons of phosphogypsum are After modification, PCM increases strength, stiffness, obtained per 1 ton of acid [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. heat resistance, water resistance and a number of other important properties. It was reported in the literature that The conducted monitoring studies[9,10] of the phos- the properties of interpolymer complexes (IPCs) can be phogypsum dump, located on the territory of the Almalyk controlled by changing the nature of the intermolecular mineral fertilizer plant of Ammophos-Maxam JSC, bonds of the interacting components [1, 2]. Equivalent showed that the stale phosphogypsum has an identical interactions of the starting materials lead to IPC, and an chemical and phase composition. Phosphogypsum increase in the concentration of one of the polymers leads chemical composition contains mainly oxides of calcium, to nonstoichiometric interpolymer complexes (NICs). sulfur and silicon with an admixture of oxides of iron, The use of phosphogypsum is an important problem not aluminum, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and others only in the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also in almost all (table 1). countries of the world that produce mineral fertilizers. In Uzbekistan, the scale of the accumulated as a whole As can be seen from Table 1, the mass fraction of can be estimated at about 80 million tons. The natural the main substance (CaSO4∙2H2O) in terms of dry dihy- raw material from which phosphogypsum is obtained drate is 97%, the mass fraction of hygroscopic moisture contains almost the entire table of chemical elements of is 16.4%, the content of water-soluble fluoride com- D.I. Mendeleev. Currently, the average level of useful pounds in terms of fluorine is 0.12%. Impurities of toxic use of this industrial waste is no more than 2.0%, although compounds of cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead in the composition of phosphogypsum were not found [11, 12, 13]. Table 1. Results of chemical analysis of phosphogypsum samples Ammophos-Maxam OJSC [20] The name of indicators Phosphogypsum (stale), dump OJSC \"Ammophos - Maxam\" 1.Н20 2. Р2О5 16,4 3. Р2О5 1,03 4.SO3 0,12 5.СаО 42,71 6.Fe2O3 26,59 7. F 0,80 0,35 8.F 0,12 9.SiO2 13,33 10.Na2O 0,12 11.Al2O3, 0,45 12.K2O 0,10 According to the technical characteristics, the stale of which a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion was phosphogypsum, located on the dump of the mineral fer- given that the phosphogypsum samples correspond tilizer plant of OAO Ammophos-Maxam, meets the re- to SP No. 202 dated 03.02.2012. \"Sanitary and epide- quirements of TU113-08-418-94 \"Phosphogypsum miological requirements for ensuring radiation safety\" for agriculture\" grade No. 2 and therefore can be used and phosphogypsum can be used without restrictions for chemical soil reclamation [14,15] . in economic activities. For samples of stale phosphogypsum (waste of Phosphogypsum is a large-tonnage secondary re- Ammophos-Maxam JSC), the specific effective activity source; if the requirements for storage facilities are of natural radionuclides was determined, on the basis fully observed, it is not dangerous for the environment. 21

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Phosphogypsum, a practically unused product, contains phosphogypsum, even at the maximum doses of the a number of valuable components: it is enriched with ameliorant (10–15 t/ha), the Ca : Sr ratio in the soil does calcium oxide and rare earth elements - silicon, iron, not change significantly. This is a factor in the environ- titanium, magnesium, aluminum and manganese. mental safety of the use of the ameliorant, and hence the guarantee of the absence of toxicity of strontium [10]. According to numerous data, phosphogypsum has advantages over natural gypsum in some areas of appli- Methodology and methods of study. To obtain a cation: melioration of solonetzic soils, protection from composite material, the following components were used: radiation, recultivation of soils contaminated with oil prod- CMC-Na from the Namangan Chemical Plant, obtained by ucts [16]. At a dose of phosphogypsum application of 5 the method of heterogeneous solid-phase esterification of t/ha, 100-130 kg of P2O5 in an assimilable form can en- sulfite wood cellulose with monochloroacetic acid, ter the soil, which largely compensates for the costs of GOST 5.588-79 with a degree of substitution (SZ) 70 and agriculture for its transportation and application. The polymerization (SP) 400. Urea-formaldehyde resin (UFR). most valuable macro- and microelements in huge quantities Industrial urea-formaldehyde resins of the KFZhS brand go to dumps. The ways of utilization of phosphogypsum (urea-formaldehyde viable resin) were used, representing available in world practice, for example, in agriculture, a 60-70% solution containing condensation products of have not found wide application and use for economic, urea and formaldehyde. technological and environmental reasons. As a result, phosphogypsum lies in landfills, while in our country Phosphogypsum (FG) is a waste product of the Am- calcium is washed out of the soil every year, which must mophos-Maxam phosphate fertilizer chemical plant be replenished by liming and gypsuming. However, (Almalyk, Uzbekistan). phosphogypsum is practically not used for these pur- poses [17]. Sand of the Syrdaryn quarry. The physical and mechanical properties of the sand used in the work are In agricultural production, phosphogypsum can be as follows: fineness modulus 0.2-0.25 mm; volumetric used for the following purposes: for reclamation of weight-1.42 g/cm3. By mixing the above ingredients solonetzes (soil desalinization), mixed with lime for in various ratios and under various conditions, porous reclamation of acidic soils, as fertilizer ameliorants composite materials (PCM) were obtained. (1 ton of phosphogypsum contains 0.6–4.5% P2O5) [18], for composting with biopreparations and organic ferti- We created PCM by mixing IPC, filler and aggregate lizers, for use as a sulfur or silicon fertilizer [14-16]. It has together and casting the samples into moulds. Because been established that the application of phosphogypsum it helps them to study their physical and mechanical at a dose of 2-4 c/ha can satisfy the needs of agricultural properties. The complex formation in this system and plants in this element [7]. The results of the experiments IPC was studied by the methods of potentiometric titration, indicate an increase in the efficiency of liming and gyp- viscometry and IR spectroscopy, microphotography. suming with the combined application of these materials, which provide a weakly acidic reaction, an increased level To study the morphology of PCM, an electron mi- of Ca, and an improvement in the provision of plants croscope “EVO MA-10” by OXFORD Instruments was with sulfur [8]. On soils in which the content of mobile used, with a magnification of 100-10000 times. aluminum is minimal, but there are toxic amounts of Mn and Cu, it is advisable to use phosphogypsum to improve In this case, first of all, they were interested in the the Ca : Al, Ca : Cu and Ca : Mn ratios. In this case, micro- and macrostructure, the degree of porosity, phosphogypsum may also be more suitable for crops that the homogeneity of the microstructure, the elemental need improved aluminum–iron–sulphur nutrition but react composition, etc. The samples were then viewed under poorly to a shift in the soil reaction to the alkaline side, a microscope and taken from both sides, which made for example, for potatoes [19]. it possible to understand the internal microstructure. Given the presence of large pores and large filler particles, A distinctive feature of neutralized phosphogypsum the survey scale was chosen. The total increase of all is the low content (0.46%) of stable strontium. With such shots is 55 times (fold), which made it possible to obtain a content of this element, introduced into the soil with panoramic shots. From each sample, 3-4 images of the most characteristic areas were taken. 22

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Figure 1. Graph Discussion. It should be noted that the maximum yield This means that FSC polymers are part of the IPC and of IPC corresponds to the CFFA (for all CFB units): do not participate in other polycondensation reactions, CMC-Na = 0.2:0.3. We used IPC with CFFA: CMC-Na = allowing the formation of insoluble cross-linked polymers. 0.3:0.2, which is an excess of CFFA. The lack of CMC-Na Provides additional mechanical strength and control of in the mixture leads to the polycondensation of the CPS, PCM porosity by increasing water resistance. The physical which is explained by the thickening of the mixture, and mechanical properties of the obtained PCM samples the transition of the CPS to a three-dimensional state. are given in Table. Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of the obtained samples of porous composite materials Sample phosphogypsum, Mechanical strength, Specific surface, Total porosity, % number Mass section MPa m3/g (benzene) 12 42,1 6,8 44 1 18 45,3 8,1 32 2 22 48,1 5 23 3 27 51,2 6,4 25 4 33 79,4 2,1 14 5 38 90,2 3,3 4 6 Results. Studies have shown that phosphogypsum Conclusion. In conclusion, PCM (IPK - phosphogyp- was dried to a powder at 120° C. and that samples based sum and sand) based on CFGS - CMC showed that the on sand particles with a 075-1 mm sieve were effective. components are distributed evenly and have a fairly The amount of phosphogypsum without changing the ratio homogeneous structure. The simultaneous formation of of the main components (starting from 15 parts by weight, two complexes and the processes of CPS polycondensation but the mass of sand did not change) was determined from form a complex structure in which the properties of IPC the results of many laboratory experiments in modified and PCM not only complement, but also reinforce each samples with a content of 20-25 sq.m. IM, consisting other. This will significantly improve the physical and of phosphogypsum, has the best mechanical properties mechanical properties of PCM, which, in turn, will allow and is resistant to water and aggressive environments the use of a wide range of applications for irrigation of (salt solutions of various concentrations). such PCM. It follows that the use of phosphogypsum in PCM For stale phosphogypsum samples, the specific increases its strength, but reduces porosity, so phosphogyp- effective activity of natural radionuclides was deter- sum must be dried at a temperature above 1200C, crushed mined, on the basis of which it was concluded that (through a sieve) and applied in a prescribed amount. the specific activity of the phosphogypsum sample does This, in turn, not only ensures the strength of the material, not exceed the standard values (SanPin No. 0134-03. but also makes it possible to obtain the expected PCM “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for ensuring porosity. 23

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. radiation safety”) and can be used without restrictions on the basis of a large-tonnage waste from the production in economic activity. of phosphogypsum, namely, to use it as a raw material for production in the national economy. It has been • technogenic wastes of phosphogypsum due to established that the developed interpolymer materials large deposits (several million tons), accessibility, easy with an excess of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt can opening and the availability of the necessary infrastruc- be used as highly swelling hydrogels and impervious ture at existing plants are a promising raw material screen, and with an excess of urea-formaldehyde resin source of calcium, phosphorus and other elements. and dispersed fillers - to save irrigation water (uniform distribution of water along the length of the irrigation • by processing phosphogypsum, it is possible to furrow). The fact of their role in water saving and cotton obtain PCM-locs, which are needed by agricultural productivity has been confirmed. fields irrigated in saline areas of Uzbekistan in several thousand hectares. Based on this, a more specific task is set References: 1. Kh.A. ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021 1227-1234 2. Kh. A Niyozov THE COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMER-POLYMER 3. COMPLEXES AND DISPERSED FILLERS ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 9 | 2021 680-685 4. Vyshpolsky F.F., Mukhamedzhanov Kh.V., Kydyr M., Karimov A. The use of phosphogypsum for melioration of confluent soils (alkaline, magnesium salinization). //Bulletin of agricultural science, - No. 4. -2006. - S. 37-40. 5. Ivanitsky V.V., Klassen P.V., Novikov A.A. Phosphogypsum and its use. - M .: Chemistry, 1990. 6. Vereshchagin A.N. Chemical reclamation of solonetzes in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan // Abstract of the thesis. cand. diss. – Novosibirsk, 1987.- 19 p. 7. Temporary guidelines for conducting soil reclamation surveys, drawing up design estimates and reclamation of solonetsous soda-saline irrigated soils. - T., 1985.- 84 p. 8. Zinkovskaya T.S. Influence of the combined use of phosphorite flour and phosphogypsum on acidic soils // In the book. Problems of reclamation of household waste, industrial and agricultural production. – Krasnodar, 2010.- S. 161-163. 9. Muravyov E.I., Dobrydnev E.P., Belyuchenko I.S. Prospects for the use of phosphogypsum in agriculture // Ecological Bulletin of the North Caucasus, 2008. V. 4. No. 1.- P. 31-39. 10. Muravyov E.I. The impact of phosphate fertilizer production waste on the surrounding landscapes-. Krasnodar: Publishing House of KubGAU, 2008.- 358 p. 11. Muravyov E.I., Dobrydnev E.P., Belyuchenko I.S. Prospects for the use of phosphogypsum in agriculture // Ekol. Vestnik Sev. Caucasus, 2007. V.4. No. 1. pp. 107-115. 12. Okorkov V.V. Prospects and ways of using phosphogypsum on acidic soils.// In the book. Problems of reclamation of household waste, industrial and agricultural production. - Krasnodar, 2010. - P. 156-161. 13. Baibekov R.F., Shilnikov I.A., Akanova N.I. and others. Scientific and practical recommendations on the use of neutralized phosphogypsum as a chemical ameliorant and sulfur fertilizer.- M: VNIIA, 2012.- 42 p. 14. Ponomareva Yu.V., Belyuchenko I.S. Influence of phosphogypsum on soil properties and seed germination of winter wheat // Ekol. prob. Kuban, - 2005. - No. 27. - S. 184-192. 15. Petukh Yu.Yu., Gukalov V.V. Influence of phosphogypsum on the composition of soil mesofauna in winter wheat crops // Ecological Bulletin of the North Caucasus, - 2009. - V.5. - No. 2. - P. 66-69. 16. Muravyov E.I., Belyuchenko I.S. Properties of phosphogypsum and the possibility of its use in agriculture / / Ecological Bulletin of the North Caucasus, - 2008. - V.4. - No. 2. - P. 5 - 18. 17. Belyuchenko, I.S., Dobrydnev, E.P., Muravyov, E.I. KubGAU, 2008. No. 3(12).- S. 72–77. 18. Phosphogypsum. http://domchtonado.ru/fosfogips.html 19. Phosphogypsum wastes of the chemical industry in the production of wall products. R.N. Mirsaev, S.S. Yunusova, V.V. Babkov and others. M. \"Chemistry\" 2004. 20. Currently, over 75 million tons of various wastes have accumulated in the Tashkent region. In detail.uz news agency from June 3, 2010, 22:38. https://podrobno.uz/cat/economic/waste/). 24

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF OILY SALTS AND MEASURES TO COMBAT THEM Mirvokhid Sattorov Docent, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ВРЕДНОЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НЕФТЕСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СОЛЕЙ И МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ ПО БОРЬБЕ С НИМИ Сатторов Мирвохид Олимович доцент, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In this article, the negative effect of mineral salts in formation waters, which are produced together with oil, on oil preparation and processing equipment is studied. The use of demulsifier-surfactants has been recommended as a measure to combat negative effects by reducing the mass of chlorine salts in oil. With this, it will be possible to extend the service life of the equipment, prevent the decrease in the quality of the manufactured products, and improve the economic indicators. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье изучается негативное влияние минеральных солей в пластовых водах, которые добываются вместе с нефтью, на оборудование для подготовки и переработки нефти. Использование деэмульгаторов- поверхностно-активных веществ было рекомендовано в качестве меры по борьбе с негативными эффектами за счет снижения массы солей хлора в масле. Благодаря этому можно будет продлить срок службы оборудования, предотвратить снижение качества выпускаемой продукции и улучшить экономические показатели. Keywords: oil emulsion, formation water, surfactant, chlorine salts, alkaline salts, demulsification, equipment, corrosion, oil product. Ключевые слова: нефтяная эмульсия, пластовая вода, поверхностно-активное вещество, соли хлора, щелочные соли, эмульгирование, оборудование, коррозия, нефтепродукты. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Formation waters, which are mined The amount of salt in oil is 2000-3000 mg/l , in some cases together with oil and form a dispersed system with it, it reaches 0.4-0.3%. Such oils cannot be processed under contain a significant amount of dissolved mineral salts. normal conditions. According to the chemical composition, the formation waters are mainly chlorcalcic and alkaline, consisting of Contamination of structures (I) . Salts are released a mixture of sodium, magnesium and calcium chlorides. the most in hot installations. Salts dissolved in water are also released when the water evaporates. It is known that Methods. The results of a large number of studies the temperature of devices in the industry is high, and they on the mineral composition of aquifers show that the main are cooled from the outside through the cooling system. part of dissolved substances is sodium, magnesium and However, at the limits of heat exchange of structures and calcium chlorides, iodine and bromine salts of alkaline near it, the process of accumulation of salts on the and alkaline earth metals, sodium, iron, calcium sulfides, surface takes place, and as a result, salt crystals gather lead can also be vanadium, germanium salts, etc. in the form of crystals and form a hard and durable crust. Sometimes these salt crusts are fractured and transported The oil itself does not contain chlorine salts. Salts fall along the oil flow to subsequent units, thereby forming into it together with emulsified waters. The amount of deposits in the subsequent units. crystalline salts in oil is in the range of 10-15 mg/m3. Some of the crystallized salts sink and form a solid crust. Corrosion of devices (II) . In the process of oil Sometimes these salt crusts break off, move with the oil production, the accumulation of solid inorganic substances flow, and settle into the equipment. Therefore, the problem is observed in the well wall and riser pipes, pumping of the formation of chloride salts in oil, their negative equipment and surface facilities of the oil collection and effects in oil processing, and the method of controlling preparation system. Accumulation of salts complicates oil the mass fraction of chlorine salts in oil in laboratory production, leads to the failure of expensive equipment, conditions are very relevant [1,2]. The amount of salt in the large-scale maintenance work, resulting in incomplete oil causes heavy and various difficulties in its processing. production and loss of oil. Corrosion of metal under the influence of liquids occurs somewhat differently. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sattorov M. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF OILY SALTS AND MEASURES TO COMBAT THEM // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15660

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The compound formed as a result of corrosion can re-melt Results. Mubarak Oil and Gas Production and promote further corrosion. In addition, water and Department's oil field products contain permanent solutions with substances dissolved in water can serve formation water and its amount increases during the as conductors of electricity. As a result of this, period of exploitation of the fields. As a result of the electrochemical processes constantly appear and it serves effect of mineralized formation waters with oil extracted as one of the main factors that ensure the appearance from the well, especially chlorides mineralized formation of corrosion and its acceleration. Fuel oil in raw crude oil waters, on the internal corrosion of the equipment, contains a significant amount of salts, and these salts have the corrosive aggressiveness increases. strong corrosive properties. These salts primarily destroy boiler plants, power plants, and tube engines. The method of determining the amount of chlorine salts in oil was carried out on the basis of the Decreased performance of devices (III). The international standard GOST 21534-76. A 30% solution accumulation of salts in the pipelines of the device reduces of carboxymethylcellulose and foaming soap was used the passage of oil or gas condensate through the pipeline. as a surfactant for flotation of water-soluble salts. In this This leads to a sharp decrease in production efficiency. experiment, K-1 in the amount of 30 g/t was carried out If the content of salt chlorides in fuel oil is 800-2200 mg/l, in a laboratory device in the presence of a demulsifier, it is necessary to wash 20% of the raw material with we mixed it for 10 minutes with a rotation of 60 rpm. calendar time. For control, we conducted the experiment in the traditional way by heating the emulsion to 75-85 0C. It was determined Decrease in the range of manufactured products (IV). that the desalination obtained in the ratio of 1:50 of the Salts are mainly concentrated during the driving of fuel oil obtained flotation mixture was 92% yield (Table 1). and tar together with mechanical impurities. According to existing compounds, they are widely used in Table 1. demulsification and desalination of oil on an industrial scale [1]. Changes in the amount of chlorine and alkali salts in the emulsion, oil and formation water during demulsification of oil through a demulsifier Amount of salts, mg/g Con in emulsion in oil In layer waters chlorinated alkaline Kokdumalak chlorinated alkaline chlorinated alkaline Kuruk Southern Kemachi Without demulsifier (SAS) treatment Kokdumalak 807.5 7.8 310.5 1.4 497.0 6.4 Kuruk 418 21.3 Southern Kemachi 491.0 21.9 73.0 0.6 472 16.4 554.4 17.2 82.4 0.8 After treatment with demulsifier (SAS), 30 g/t 807.5 7.8 195.5 0.6 612.0 7.2 440.5 21.7 491.0 21.9 50.5 0.2 491.2 16.8 554.4 17.2 63.2 0.4 From table -1 apparently as it is, Kokdumalak, Kuruk Discussion. Oils prepared for processing in oil fields and South Kemachi mines water - oil emulsions from must fully meet the standards. Oil raw materials extracted demulsification after layer in the waters chlorinated and in Uzbekistan are divided into three groups according to alkaline salts quantity increased. The reason is difficult the amount of water and salts in the composition (Table 2). soluble chlorine salts are highly soluble in the waters of the layer under the action of a deemulgator, and this Table 2. is very important from a practical point of view for the preparation of oil in the field [2]. Changes in the amount of water and salts in domestic crude oil Water content, % Salt content, mg/g Oil group Oil field Oil group I II III According to TSH 39.0-176:1999 I II III 100.0 300.0 1800 Kokdumalak 0.5 1.0 1.0 Kuruk Southern Kemachi Without demulsifier (SAS) treatment Kokdumalak - - 0.85 - - 311.4 Kuruk Southern Kemachi 0.50 - - 73.6 - - 0.48 - - 83.2 - - After treatment with demulsifier (SAS), 30 g/t - 0.98 - - 196.1 - 50.7 - - 0.47 - - 63.6 - - 0.46 - - 26

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 2 shows that after treatment with deemulgator, Conclusion. Research has shown that low salt content there was a decrease in the amount of mineral salts in local oil was achieved when the starch field treated water-oil oils. The reason is, the more mineral salts in the oil, emulsions with deemulgators and allowed processing the more amount they pass into the composition of the to prepare group II oil instead of group III. This has a separable water. significant positive effect on the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise and leads to an increase in the quality of petroleum products produced. References: 1. Yusupov D., Karimov A.U. Sostoyanie i perspektiva proizvodstva i primenenie ingibitorov korrozii v Respublike. Spravochnik. T.: Standart, 2005, -35 s. 2. Sattorov M.O. (2018). Vliyanie soley na ispolzovanie nefti i neftyanogo sirya. Nauchniy aspekt, 7(4), g.Samara. OOO “Aspekt”. S. 860-862. 27

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY IN THE CITY OF TERMEZ Kamila Shipilova PhD, Senior Lecturer, National Research University “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers”, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Malokhat Abdukodyrova PhD, docent, National Research University “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers”, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Baxriniso Tilovova Master’s Degree Student, “Termez Institute of Engineering and Technology”, Republic of Uzbekistan, Termez ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА АТМОСФЕРНОГО ВОЗДУХА В ГОРОДЕ ТЕРМЕЗ Шипилова Камила Бахтияровна PhD, ст. преподаватель, Национально-исследовательский университет «Ташкентский институт инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства», Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдукодырова Малохат Нориджоновна PhD, доцент, Национально-исследовательский университет «Ташкентский институт инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства», Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тилавова Бахринисо Рузимурод кизи магистр, Термезский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Термез ABSTRACT The article discusses the problems of assessment and the current state of air quality in the city of Termez. The issue of monitoring atmospheric air in the city, data on atmospheric air pollution in the Termeses are published daily on the website of Uzhydromet, indicating the detected cases of excess of the actual concentration over the MPCmo. The issue of the influence of motor transport on the O2 content in urban air was also studied by calculating the method of changing the concentration of O2. It has been experimentally established that the intensity of the decrease in oxygen concentration is associated with the intensity of car traffic. For the possibility of rapid assessment of oxygen concentration, a modified Kitsenko equation is proposed, in which the authors determine the coefficients of uneven motion. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются проблемы оценки и современное состояние качества воздуха в городе Термез. Рассмотрен вопрос проведения мониторинга атмосферного воздуха в городе, данные о загрязнении атмосферного воздуха в Термезе публикуются ежедневно на сайте Узгидромета с указанием выявленных случаев превышения фактической концентрации над ПДКмр. Также изучен вопрос влияния автомобильного транспорта на содержание О2 в городском воздухе, путем расчета методикой изменения концентрации О2. Экспериментально установлено, что интенсивность снижения концентрации кислорода связана с интенсивностью движения автомобилей. Для возможности проведения экспресс-оценки концентрации кислорода предлагается модифицированное уравнение Киценко, в которое авторами определены коэффициенты неравномерности движения в городе Термез. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shipilova K.B., Abdukodyrova M.N., Tilovova B.R. ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY IN THE CITY OF TERMEZ. // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15640

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Keywords: air quality, pollution index, monitoring, solid particles. Ключевые слова: качество воздуха, индекс загрязнения, мониторинг, твердые частицы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The steady growth of the Earth's population and the expressed by frequent inversions and stagnant phenom- development of economic activity leads to an increase ena in the atmosphere, which contributes to the accumu- in environmental pollution. Of all types of pollution, air lation of pollutants in the surface layer of the pollution is the most dangerous for humans, since it is atmosphere. The high dustiness of the air is partly ex- impossible to avoid the penetration of harmful substances plained by the dry climate, sandy loam soils and frequent from the air into the human body during breathing. winds. Atmospheric air is especially intensively polluted Monitoring of atmospheric air pollution in Sur- in large cities, where sources of pollution are not only khandarya region is carried out by the services of Uzhy- industrial and municipal enterprises, but also transport. dromet located in 5 villages at 5 posts of Pnz No. 1 - Improving the air condition of human settlements is one Sariasia Village \"Sufien\" (Landmark: Artesian Tower, of the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals 11 Mahalla \"Hamkorlik\"); Pnz No.2 - Sariasia Village \"Sustainable cities and human settlements\". In Uzbekistan, \"Dashnabad\" (Landmark: Outpatient, Mahalla the level of motorization is increasing every year. The \"Buirapush\"); Pnz No. 1 - Denau Settlement \"Uzbekistan\" operation of an ever-increasing fleet of vehicles is closely (Landmark: Gas Station, Mahalla \"Okhtom\"); Pnz No.1 related to the environmental problems of sustainable de- Termez Termez District, Mahalla Navruz (Landmark In- velopment. Although issues of transport sustainability ternational Airport Of Termez); UZHYMET-Termiz- are being discussed in Uzbekistan, but mainly from an beta economic point of view. Observations of the state of atmospheric air are carried According to studies, the pollution of the urban at- out daily with a frequency of 3 times a day (7:00; 13:00; mosphere largely depends on climatic conditions and 19:00 local time). wind conditions, partly due to the layout of the city. Uzhydromet monitors atmospheric air pollution in ac- Sampling at the observation points of the Uzhydromet cordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers is carried out by the aspiration method, pumping air of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 737 dated 05.09.2019. through Richter absorbers and sorption tubes. \"On improving the environmental monitoring system in the Republic of Uzbekistan\". To assess air quality, concentrations of dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, carbon monoxide, In the city of Termez, the climate is hot desert with phenol, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, formaldehyde, mild, but for such latitude relatively cold winters (with heavy metals, solid particles PM 2.5, PM 10 are measured. warm days and cool nights, sometimes quite serious cold For a comprehensive assessment of the state of atmospheric spells or snowfalls are possible) and exceptionally hot air, the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used, which is calculated summers. The overwhelming amount of precipitation falls for 5 substances having the highest concentrations. in the period from November to April, in summer rains are extremely rare. Natural and climatic conditions are As an example, this paper presents the results of at- mospheric air monitoring post UZHYMET-Termiz-beta on May 23, 2023. 29

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Figure 1. Concentrations of atmospheric pollutants post UZHYMET-Termiz-beta on May 23, 2023 In addition to the above substances, you should average amount of O2 consumed by 1 car per 1 second, think about another aspect of the impact of vehicles on kg / (s∙auth). Ndv – the number of cars in motion, auth; the environment. Even with a complete transition to gas S – the area of the city (for Termez S = 27.8 km2). fuel, engines consume oxygen to burn fuel. Accordingly, the oxygen concentration will decrease in the roadside Leaving the assumption of the uniformity of the sur- zone. Such a phenomenon, called \"oxygen runoff\", has face distribution of cars, it is necessary to take into ac- already been considered by some authors for industrial count the uneven distribution by time of day, since the enterprises [9,10] and urban road transport [11, 12, 13]. number of cars in motion in the city makes sharp \"jumps\" Kitsenko A.B. to account for the oxygen runoff during during peak hours. Therefore, in order to use equation (1), the operation of vehicles, an equation based on the solution it is necessary to calculate or experimentally determine of the boundary value problem using the Green function some of the quantities included in it. was derived. However, the Kitsenko A.B. equation is derived without taking into account the variability of the 1. Determination of the number of Ndv vehicles used time interval of increased traffic intensity and the uneven during \"rush hours\". The total number of cars registered distribution of cars across the city. Therefore, for the in Termez N = 18000 units. According to experts, a max- practical use of this equation, it is necessary to make imum of 65-70% of the total is in motion. amendments to it, taking into account these irregularities. For this purpose, observations of traffic intensity and Nдв = 0.7∙N = 0.7∙ 18000 = 12600 ед. (2) the degree of traffic congestion during the day were carried out on the territory of Termez for 8 months. According 2. Determination of the second O2 consumption to the results of the observations, the coefficient of une- for gasoline combustion. venness of the duration of the \"rush hour\" was deter- mined, which was 0.65 and the coefficient of We accept an average gasoline consumption of 10 kg unevenness of the loading of roads by cars, which was per 100 km and an average car speed of V = 60 km/h. 0.80. Then the second consumption of gasoline With the help of these coefficients, the Kitsenko A.B. ������бенз = 10 = 1.7 ⋅ 10−3   кг (3) equation was modified and reduced to the form: (16000)⋅3600 (с⋅авт)  q = 2 Nдв M T (1) Burning 1 kg of gasoline consumes 3 kg of O2. S  Kzz Then М = 1.7∙10-3∙3 = 5.1∙10-3 кг О2/(с∙авт) 3. Determination of the duration of increased traffic where ∆ q is the change in oxygen concentration intensity (\"rush hour\") T was produced experimentally. in the air due to the impact of motor vehicles; T is the time For further calculations, the duration of the first \"rush hour\" of increased traffic intensity, with; (the most common value), Тср = 1.3 h (4680 с), is taken as the duration of the first \"rush hour\". The coefficient of unevenness of the duration of the rush hour K1 = 0.65 (Table 1). p is the density of air, p = 1.29 kg / m3. Kzz is the coefficient of turbulent diffusion. Kzz = 0.01 м2; M is the с 30

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Table 1. Average duration of the \"rush hour\" № Duration T, hour Average Тср Coefficient of peak unevenness а бв д е ж I II 3 22 2 2 2 2.16 0.72 III 0 42 1 1 0 1.3 0.32 2 02 2 0 2 1.3 0.65 Equation (1) is derived without taking into account Substituting numerical values into equation (6), the variability of the time interval of increased traffic in- we obtain tensity and the uneven distribution of cars throughout the city. Therefore, in order to use this equation, it is ∆������ = 2∙12927∙0,80 ∙ 5 ∙ 10−3√737.1746∙∙00,,0615 = 0.0115= 0.115 % necessary to make amendments to it, taking into account 1.29∙27.8∙106 these irregularities. Тheoretically, a possible decrease in the oxygen The uneven loading of roads by cars is estimated by content in the city's atmosphere during the \"rush hour\" their average numbers may amount to 0.115%. ������ср = ������������������1 + ������������������2 + ������������������3 + ������������������4 + ������������������5 + ������������������6 = Our further task was to experimentally determine 6 the O2 content near highways and in residential areas of = 98+92+95+85+35+32+39 = 476 = 79.3 авт/5 мин = the city. 66 To obtain data on the oxygen content in the breathing =15.86 авт/ мин (4) zone in the territories adjacent to the highways of the city of Termez with a high degree of representativeness, Coefficient of unevenness it is desirable to conduct continuous monitoring, but this is impossible in terms of time, labor and material resources. К2 = ������������������ = 79=0.80 (5) The interaction and movement of gases in the surface zone is a complex multifactorial process, which it is advisable ������������������������ 98 to investigate by selective control methods [1-3]. After introducing the coefficients K1 and K2, equa- We applied a 2-step cluster sampling. It is also ad- tion (2.5) will take the form: visable to use cluster sampling to study such pro- cesses [14].  q = 2 Nдв  K2 M TK1 (6) 1) The first stage is the representation of the city ter- S  Kzz ritory in the form of a cluster. Let's call the resulting equation the \"modified 2) According to the results of measurements in the summer period, the average value of the % O2 content Kitsenko A.B. equation\". Using it, we can determine the in the roadside zone of each district was determined theoretically possible decrease in the Δqteor oxygen con- at three points of each street (Table 2): tent under the influence of motor vehicles and compare 1) The average value of the oxygen content in the it with the experimentally determined Δqэквп, which will roadside zones of the city was determined Хсp = 20.28% allow us to evaluate the possibility of using equation (6) The variance is determined for practical calculations. δ = ∑(Хᵢ − Хср)2=0.0049 Table 2. Average O2 content along the highways of streets X Street names Istomino Lenin I. Karimova Madaniyat S.Saodat Airtom, A Navoi Ibn Sina conditional Х1 Х2 Х3 Х4 Х5 Х6 Х7 Х8 designation % O2 content 20.3 20.45 20.2 20.3 20.24 20.35 20.3 20.12 31

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 3) The mean square deviation is determined by the The Laplace table Table 3. formula 0.997 =  (7) Probability P 0.683 0.954 3 Coefficient t 1 2 , m −1 where m is the number of observations equal to the We accept t = 2 number of administrative units (streets) σ is the standard deviation, σ = 0.26 σ = √0.07049= √0,00007 = 0.26 N is the volume of the general population. N = 8th street ∆x – sampling error. ∆x=0.2 % ( ±0.1%) We determine the number of streets required for re- n= 22∙0.262∙8 = 3.66 8∙0.22+22∙0.262 search (sample size), provided that with a probability of 0.954 the sampling error does not exceed 0.2% (± 0.1%) to conduct research, it is enough to choose 3 streets. with a standard deviation σ = 0.26 5) We will select 3-x streets for further research. To do this, measurements of the concentration of O2 on n = t 2 2 N each of the highways belonging to this street were carried out in each district, which made it possible to determine N  2 + t 2 2 (8) the σ of each street. Table 4 shows the values of σ for each x street. where t is the confidence coefficient determined by the Laplace table (Table 3) Table 4. σ values for the streets of the city of Termez Ibn Sina Lenin Istomino A. Navoi I.Karimova Airtom, A Madaniyat S.Saodat 0.15162 0.13974 0.13991 0.14876 0.14050 0.14344 0.13890 0.13670 For further research, the following streets were chosen In addition to measurements at selected points on (according to the highest values of σ, as the worst) the main streets (2-x lane), measurements were carried out in parallel on nearby 1-x lane streets and in residen- • Ibn Sino (σ = 0.15162) tial areas located within a radius of 100 m from the se- • Navoi (σ = 0.14876) lected point. • I.Karimov (σ = 0.14344) 6) Determination of the probability that the sampling Figure 2 shows, as an example, a graph of the change error ∆x will not exceed ±0.1% in the percentage of O2 from 6.00 to 20.00 according to the average values for September 2022. The dotted Р=Ргор∙Ррай=0.9542=0.91012 line shows a graph of the change in traffic intensity over the same period of time. The figure shows that the end Conclusion: a sample consisting of 3-x streets in of the \"rush hour\" is accompanied by an increase in O2 them with a probability of 0.91 will provide an error in content. For example, after the end of the I \"rush hour\" determining the O2 content in the atmosphere of the (10.00 o'clock), an increase in the O2 content to 20.1% city ± 0.1% begins. 32

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 20,105 А- oxygen content 20,100 В- number of cars 20,095 20,090 140 20,085 20,080 132 20,075 oxygen content O % 20,070 90 75 2 20,065 88 20,060 70 75 4 32 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 time of day Figure 2. Combined graphs of changes in the number of cars and O2 content in the air during the day for roads with 4-x lane traffic (september 2022) Our further task is to test the possibility of using the it follows from this that the modified equation (6) can be modified Kitsenko A.B. equation for practical calcula- used for practical calculations of reducing the oxygen tions of reducing the concentration of O2 and determin- content in urban air with an accuracy of about 9%. ing the conditions under which this decrease can reach dangerous values, which is especially important during Conclusion. So, if the value of the O2 concentration the rapid growth of motorization. before the “rush hour” is approaching critical (19.6...19.54%), the population should be warned to take To test the possibility of using the modified equa- precautions. It is obvious that the calculated value of Δq tion (6) Kitsenko A.B. for practical calculations, let's is obtained at certain values of S, T, Ndv, which correspond compare the theoretical and experimental values of Δq to the current state of road transport in Termez. If any of these indicators change, it is necessary to make ad- ������������ = |������������теор−������������эксп| = |0.115−0.224| = 0.947 ≈ 9.4%, justments to the equation [4-8]. ������������теор 0.115 References: 1. Zaporozhets A.O., Redko O.O., Babak V.P., Eremenko V.S., Mokiychuk V.M. Method of indirect measurement of oxygen concentration in the air. Naukovyi Visnyk NHU, 2018, No. 5, pp. 105-114 2. Ginzburg A.S., Vinogra dova A.A., Fedorova E.I. et al. Content of oxygen in the atmosphere over large cities and respiratory problems. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 50, 782–792 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433814080040 3. Чирков В. Проблема кислородного истощения атмосферы и концепция ее решения // Ж. Энергетический вестник. 2015, № 19. С. 64-72. 4. Jianping Huang, Jiping Huang, Xiaoyue Liu, Changyu Li, Lei Ding, Haipeng Yu. The global oxygen budget and its future projection. Science Bulletin, Volume 63, Issue 18, 2018, Pages 1180-1186, ISSN 2095-9273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.07.023 5. Keeling, R.F. 2013, Atmospheric oxygen and APO data for Alert, Canada and the South Pole, http://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/osub2sub-data (for oxygen data), and http://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/apo-data (for APO data), accessed October 11, 2020. 6. [Internet]. Scripps O2 Global Oxygen Measurements. https://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/ accessed November 22, 2022. 7. Europe's urban air quality — re-assessing implementation challenges in cities. EEA Report No 24/2018. European Environment Agency, 2019. ISBN 978-92-9480-059-6 8. Замолодчиков Д.Г. Недостаток кислорода: миф или реальность? (Эл. ресурс) https://refdb.ru/look/1580574- pall.html, accessed November 11, 2020 33

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. 9. Лухтура Ф.И. Об экологии вокруг промышленных районов г. Мариуполя / Ф.И. Лухтура // Вісник Національного технічного університету \"ХПІ\". Сер. Нові рішення в сучасних технологіях = Bulletin of the National Technical University \"KhPI\". Ser. : New solutions in modern technology : зб. наук. пр. – Харків : НТУ \"ХПІ\", 2019. – № 2. – С. 67-74. 10. DeMeo D.L., Zanobetti A., Litonjua A.A., Coull B.A., Schwartz J., and Gold D.R. Ambient Air Pollution and Oxygen Saturation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 170, Issue 4. 11. Киценко А.Б. Изменение концентрации атмосферного кислорода вследствие поглощения его автомобильным транспортом / А.Б. Киценко, А.И. Пятак, Ю.А. Киценко // Автомобильный транспорт (Харьков). 2007. № 20. С. 36-40. 12. Radkevich M., Shipilova K. The processes of accumulation and transport of automobile waste in the city of Tashkent. WASTE FORUM, 2019 No. 3. рр. 211-218 13. Radkevich M., Shipilova K. at al. Assessment of some indices of environmental sustainability of transport in Tash- kent. WASTE FORUM 2020, № 1, РР.16-32. 14. Козлов М.В. Планирование экологических исследований: теория и практические рекомендации. Москва: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2014. 34

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD CHEESE FROM GOAT MILK Shakhnoza Sultanova DcS, professor of the Faculty of Machine building, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Zulfiya Ergasheva Senior lecturer of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТВЁРДОГО СЫРА ИЗ КОЗЬЕГО МОЛОКА Султанова Шахноза Абдувахитовна DcS, профессор машиностроительного факультета, Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эргашева Зульфия Кахрамановна ст. преподаватель машиностроительного факультета, Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents a scientific rationale for the relevance of using goat's milk for the development of semisolid cheese technology on its basis and expanding the range of cheese production. The results of experimental research and development of technological parameters for the production of semi-hard cheese, which is recommended for use in the organization of healthy diet of different age groups, due to its biological value and functional properties are presented. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлено научное обоснование актуальности использования козьего молока для разработки технологии полутвёрдого сыра на его основе и расширения ассортимента производства сыров. Приведены результаты экспериментальных исследований и разработки технологических параметров производства полутвёрдого сыра, который рекомендуется для использования в процессе организации здорового питания населения разных воз- растных групп, благодаря своей биологической ценности и функциональным свойствам. Keywords: whey, goat milk, semi-hard cheese, biological value, rennet enzyme. Ключевые слова: сыворотка, козье молоко, полутвёрдый сыр, биологическая ценность, сычужный фермент. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The interest of the population of all of milking or cooling equipment for the future supply age groups to a healthy lifestyle is growing dynamically of guaranteed volumes of raw milk of high quality) is also in the Republic, which is inextricably linked with both an effective approach [1]. professional or amateur sports, fitness, and with the or- ganization of a healthy diet. In this case, the main goal of production is a compre- hensive processing of raw materials into high quality and Despite the current economic difficulties, the dairy safe products at the lowest possible cost. This requires industry is gradually developing. To meet the needs of state-of-the-art technology: the population for quality dairy products and, above all, natural domestic cheeses, at present some dairy companies • deep processing of raw milk on the basis of con- are solving problems with raw materials by purchasing centrating, fractionation and directed transformation of or creating their own dairy complexes. A step-by-step milk components; solution to the problems of technological modernization of milk producers affecting, among other things, the interests • as much as possible to preserve national products of processors (for example, participation in the purchase and to continue to improve their technology; • implementation of a modern quality control system for raw materials and end products; __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sultanova S.A., Ergasheva Z.K. MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD CHEESE FROM GOAT MILK // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15589

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. • develop new technologies that allow both the use from the stomachs of selected calves, which were ex- of non-traditional raw materials and the receipt of products clusively on a diet of milk and dairy products.Used with new consumer properties [2, 5]. to clot milk in the cheese industry; The main part • Ceska® CalciumCloride, liquid calcium chloride, used in the preparation of cheese, to improve the rennet At various stages of experimental studies, dairy clotting of milk. It reduces clotting time and increases raw materials, milk mixtures, intermediate and finished clot density. Allows you to get a better cheese cloth, products, a variety of ingredients, starter cultures, among the manufacturer is the Netherlands; others, were used as objects: • polysaccharide - citrus pectin SLENDIDtype 200; • raw goat milk according to GOST 32940-2014; • natural casein concentrate (NKC) according to • natural raw cow's milk according to GOST the current regulatory documentation [3]. 52054-2003 (as amended № 1, 2); In the process of experimental work were used • bacterial starter for the production of dairy prod- physico-chemical, biochemical, microbiological, standard, ucts according to GOST 34372-2017; generally accepted methods of research. Determination • enzyme preparations according to current regula- of the nutritional and biological value of semi-hard tory documentation; goat's milk cheese was carried out in the laboratory • natural rennet enzyme from the Danish manufac- of FGBUN \"FIC nutrition and biotechnology\". turer: Chr. Hansen, NATURENExtra 220. Natural standardized rennet of animal origin with chymosin and Results and discussion pepsin content of 95:5, made from natural rennet of calves of the highest grade; Statistical processing of the experimental results was • chymosinValiren 150 Granular is a microbial en- performed using the computer program \"Statistica 6.14\". zyme of non-animal origin, activity -150000 MCU/g; • Ceska-Lase (Kalase) liquid rennet is a natural calf Due to the fact that a large variety of cheeses is pepsin (rennet), producer in the Netherlands. Produced produced in different countries, it is extremely difficult to choose their classification. There is a simple classification of cheeses according to their composition [4], which is presented in Table 1. Table 1. The classification of cheeses according to their composition Cheese type Moisture content in skimmed cheese mass, % Fat content in dry matter, % Very hard <52 <60 Solid 48-56 40-60 Semi-Solid 55-65 30-50 Semi-soft 61-68 10-50 Soft >61 10-50 Technology of hard and semi-hard cheeses has species scientifically sound and practically tested technology, features, the main of which is - the temperature of the accompanied by technical or regulatory documentation. second heating, the basis for the formation of the two groups of cheeses: The milk of Zaanen goats of Altai region was studied as a dairy basis for cheese production. The average • with a low second heating temperature; statistical data on the physical and chemical parameters • with a high second heating temperature. of goat milk are presented in Table 2. Since the production of cheese from goat milk is de- veloping dynamically, the industrial production requires Table 2. The average statistical data on the physical and chemical parameters of goat milk Indicator name Values Mass fraction of fat, % 4,20±0,05 Mass fraction of moisture, % 86,44±0,04 Mass fraction of solids, % 12,04±0,12 Mass fraction of total protein, % including 3,04±0,03 Serum protein content, % 0,77±0,01 Casein protein content, % 1,85±0,01 Total nitrogen content, % 0,467±0,01 Non-protein nitrogen content, % 0,0484±0,002 Mass fraction of true protein, % 2,67±0,02 Urea content, mg% 57,89±0,03 Mass fraction of lactose, % 4,43±0,05 Acidity, °T 19,34±0,04 Density, kg/m 1025,00±0,52 36

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. The results of determining the physical and chemical of milk mixture, liquid Kalase enzyme and LyofastMT 096 FET 10 UC starter are added to the cooled milk. parameters of goat milk indicate that the selected raw Conclusion. As a result of analytical and experimental materials meet the requirements of GOST 32940-2014 research the article provides scientific substantiation \"Raw goat milk. Technical conditions\" and TR CU \"On the of relevance of development of innovative technology of semi-hard goat's milk-based cheese, which was first safety of milk and dairy products\" (TR CU 033/2013). used in Uzbekistan. Experimentally defined biotechno- logical parameters of production of a new type of semi- Technological production process of semi-hard goat solid goat cheese with low temperature of second heating, for production of which normative documentation was cheese, the parameters of the production of which are developed and approved. The new type of cheese has high organoleptic characteristics, biological value and presented in Table 3, includes the receipt of raw materials functional properties, as the starter contains probiotic in accordance with the current regulatory and technical cultures. documentation, reserving milk at a temperature of 8-12 ° C for 10-14 hours. Ready milk after adding correcting ingredients is sent for pasteurization at 82-85 ° C and holding for 10-15 seconds, and then cooled to a clotting temperature of 36-38 ° C. Liquid CaCl2 at the rate of 10 ml per 10 liters References: 1. Surovtsev V.N., Nikulina Y.N. Problems of industry development in the context of declining consumption of dairy products. // Dairy Industry, - 2018, 4-6. 2. Asafov V.A., Kharitonov V.D. New technologies and the quality of dairy products. // Dairy Industry, - 2018, 39-41. 3. Mukhiddinov, Q.A., Rakhimov, A.M., Saparov, D.E., Aït-Kaddour, A., Sultanova, S.A. \"Investigation of the process of molding, pressing and salting hard and soft cheeses\" (2022) IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1076 (1), paper No. 012060 4. Scott R., Robinson R.K., Wilby R.A. Cheese production: scientific basis and technology. // St. Petersburg: The Profession. – 2005, 28-31. 5. Krus G.N., Shalygina A.M., Volokitina Z.V. Research methods of milk and dairy products / Under the editorship of A.M. Shalygina. - M.: Kolos, 2000. - 368 с. 37

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.111.6.15618 STUDYING ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF “NAVBAHOR” ALKALINE BENTONITE IN BLEACHING COTTON OIL Nodirbek Boyjanov Doctoral student of the department of Chemical Technologies Urgench State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Urgench E-mail: [email protected] Islom Boyjanov PhD., doctoral student of the department of Chemical Technologies Urgench State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Urgench E-mail: [email protected] Madina Khamidova Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Associate Professor, Department of food technology, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Qamar Serkayev Doctor of technical sciences, professor, Department of food technology, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АДСОРБЦИОННЫХ СВОЙСТВ НАВБАХОРСКОГО ЩЕЛОЧНОГО БЕНТОНИТА ПРИ ОТБЕЛКИ ХЛОПКОВОГО МАСЛА Бойжанов Нодирбек Илхомович докторонат кафедры “Химические технологии” Ургенчский Государственный Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ургенч Бойжанов Ислом Ражаббоевич канд.тех.наук., докторонат кафедры “Химические технологии” Ургенчский Государственный Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ургенч Хамидова Мадина Олимжоновна PhD., Доц. кафедры технологии пищевых продуктов, Ташкентский химико-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Серкаев Камар Пардаевич д-р. техн. наук, проф. Ташкентский химико-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: STUDYING ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF “NAVBAHOR” ALKALINE BEN- TONITE IN BLEACHING COTTON OIL // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. Boyjanov N. [и др.]. 2023. 6(111). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15618

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. ABSTRACT In this scientific work, it was studied the possibility of obtaining adsorbents that can be tested and used in the purifi- cation of vegetable oils from bentonite clay samples of some prospective mines in the republic. The chemical composition of Navbahor alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites was studied and compared with other clays available in the CIS coun- tries. As a result of determining the high water consumption of Navbahor alkaline earth bentonite, it was concluded that it can only be activated with acid and that termal activation is sufficient for alkaline bentonite. Alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites were analyzed differential termically, and it was determined that alkaline bentonite has a huge amount of adsorbtion water. Experimental research indicated that the ideal temperature for activating alkaline bentonite is between 190 and 200 ℃, and the ideal activation time is two hours. It has been determined that the optimal conditions for bleaching cotton oil with a color of 11 red units using activated bentonite obtained in this manner are an oil temperature of 85 ℃ and a process time of 30 minutes. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной научной работе изучена возможность получения адсорбентов, позволяющих испытать и использовать образцы бентонитовой глины некоторых перспективных месторождений республики при очистке растительных масел. В исследованиях изучены химический состав щелочного и щелочноземельных глин Навбахорского месторождения и сопоставлены химическим составом глин других месторождений Государств СНГ. В результате определили, что щелочноземельная глина Навбахорского месторождения имеет высокую набухае- мость в воде и пригодно только для кислотной активации, а для щелочной глины достаточно термическая активация в сравнительно низких температурах обработки. Путем дифференциально термического анализа шелочного и щелочноземельных бентонитов в составе щелочного бентонита определили достаточно большое содержание ад- сорбционной воды. Экспериментальным способом определена подходящая температура активации, которая со- ставляет 190-210℃ при продолжительности обработки 2 часов. Оптимальными режимами отбелки хлопкового масла с цветностью 11 красных единиц, полученным вышеуказанным способом активированным бентонитом, являются технологические режимы – неизменная температура 85 ℃ в течение 30 мин. Ключевые слова: глина, бентонит, адсорбент, отбеливание, физико-химический состав, активация, цветность, адсорбционные свойства. Keywords: clay, bentonite, adsorbent, bleaching, physicochemical composition, activation, color number, adsorption property. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Factories are re-equipped, production during oil extraction, are related to the color of oils. Their of import-substituting and export-oriented products is quantity is not permanent and is directly influenced by increasing. Significantly, small businesses and private the kind of oily raw materials used and technological entrepreneurs now operate in an environment that is advancements, or processing techniques. Carotenoids conducive to investment and has the necessary legal and in palm oil have a maximum content of 25-40 mg/kg, regulatory support. This benefits the quick growth of the and rapeseed oil has a maximum chlorophyll content export potential. The need to develop import-substitut- of 5-20 mg/kg [1, 2]. ing, export-focused, and locally focused production ca- pacities, as well as the further acceleration of technical Many vegetable oils contain carotenoids and xan- and technological re-equipment, are all issues that our thophylls, which melt well in the same solvents as them. nation faces on both an internal and external level. It is Solvents, for instance, dissolve them along with the oil mentioned that it enables a stable position in the market. during the extraction process and make them pass into the oil's composition. As a result, the oil that is extracted Bentonite clay is currently one of the most significant has more carotenoids than forpressed oil. commodities traded globally. This isn't because bentonite clay is scarce in some nations, but rather because of their Since most carotenoids are highly resistant to alkalis, quality. Each of the bentonite clay mines, or sometimes neutralized oils are used to preserve them. By neutralizing each section or layer of the mine, has special features carotenoids in potent alkaline solutions, they can be ab- that vary from one another in terms of dispersion, binding sorbed on the soapstock surface. Surfactant centers that capacity, exchange activity, and other characteristics. form on the surface of solid adsorbents can also be used The amount of each component in the clay as well as the to carry out this process [2, 3]. types and proportions of exchangeable bases all play a role in this difference. Although this process has been In palm, flax, cotton, soybean, sunflower, and corn used for so long, it is sometimes hard to produce a product oils, you can find carotenoids, which are provitamins. It has that meets industry standards despite working on them. been discovered that soybean oil contains xanthophylls, The needs for bentonite clays' quality change along with particularly lutein. As a result of carotenoids' high alkali the fields in which they are used. As a result, developing resistance, neutralized oils frequently contain them as well. new bentonite clay deposits requires doing technological This property serves as the foundation for oil purification and scientific research. technology [3, 4]. Carotenoids are actively adsorbed on the surface of solid adsorbents. Chlorophyll gives vegetable Literature analysis. It is known that pigments, which oils their green hue and easily dissolves in oils and oil- are formed in seeds either during the growth phase or based solvents. Due to inadequate cleaning of seeds before they are turned into oils, chlorophyll occasionally passes through 39

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. organic impurities. Depending on their ratios, the yellow of sodium and, accordingly, a large amount of adsorbed (orange) color of the carotenoids in a mixture, the green bound water. Based on its dispersity and high colloidity, color of chlorophyll, and the color of oils are all deter- its adsorption properties, it was concluded that they can mined [3, 4]. Unlike carotenoids, chlorophylls interact be increased as a result of thermal activation [25]. with alkali; therefore, chlorophyll salts are formed, but alkaline treatment is unable to completely remove Research methods. The methods of physico- chlorophylls from oil. [4, 5]. The color of unrefined chemical analysis recommended by VNIIJ and presented cottonseed oil is typically dark red to dark brown. in O’zDSt 816:2015 were used for conducting experiments Gossypol serves as the primary colorant in cottonseed oil. [26]. During oil refining (cleaning), a sequence of different Oil color was measured on a Lovibond tintometer F methods is used according to the composition of sub- series with dark oil in a 1 cm thick cuvette at a constant stances to be removed: phospholipids during hydration, 70 yellow units. The color of pale oils was measured free fatty acids during chemical neutralization, pigments in a 13.5 cm-thick cuvette at a constant 35 yellow units during adsorption purification, waxy substances during and 35 red units. winterization, and odorants during deodorization; substances are expelled [2, 6, 7]. The acid number of oil according to GOST 52110- 2003 [27], the residual amount of soap according Coloring substances are removed from oil by treatment to GOST 5480-99 [28], the anisidine number according with various adsorbents at the stage of adsorption puri- to GOST 31756-2012 [29], and the peroxide number fication. according to GOST 51487-99 [30] are determined. Bentonite bleaching soils mainly consist of pure silicic The filtration capacity of bleaching soils was deter- acid (infusorite) or aluminosilicates containing varying mined depending on the level of filtration of specially amounts of silicic acid and calcium, magnesium and iron mixed oil per unit of time. oxide alumina with a small amount of water [8, 9]. To measure the bleaching ability of bleaching soil, Adsorption of coloring substances contained in 100 g of oil was poured into a 200 cm3 laboratory beaker vegetable oils takes place in the process of chemosorption, and mixed with 1–3 g of bleaching soil samples while and hydrogen bonds are of great importance in this. The stirring in a MM-5 heating mixer and heated at 85 ℃ for hydrogen bond is formed not only by the aluminosilicate 30 minutes. acquitted in the case. Then, after stopping structure but also by substances absorbed on the surface the stirrer, the filter was poured into a funnel lined with of the adsorbent, primarily water. Therefore, the humidity filter paper and filtered in a drying cabinet at a constant of the adsorbent is of great importance [10, 11]. temperature of 45 ℃. In order to provide the required technological To measure the oil capacity of the bleaching soil, properties, for example, high activity, high adsorption the residue left on the filter paper was sprayed in an air capacity, and directed selectivity, natural adsorbents are stream for 10 minutes. The oil capacity of the bleaching soil modified. Types of thermal, mechanical, and chemical was determined by calculating the difference between activation for the modification of natural adsorbents the weights of the oil-saturated and pre-weighed filter are used [8, 12, and 17]. paper and the combined weight of the filter paper and the oil-saturated bleaching soil using the following formula: In the literature, the properties of the reactions cor- responding to the laws of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and X = [P 1 -(P 2 +P)] × 100/P+[P 1– (P 2 +P)] Van der Waals equations in the purification of vegetable oils with adsorbents have also been studied [18–20]. Here: P1– combined weight of the funnel with oil- saturated filter paper and oil-saturated bleaching earth, g; Adsorption refining is highly effective when it is performed after hydration, neutralization, washing, and P2– the weight of the funnel together with oil-saturated drying of oils [2–7, 22–24]. paper, g; Bentonite clay is used as an adsorbent in the oil in- P– amount of bleaching earth taken for mixing with dustry. Among the clay substances, \"bentonites\" play an oil, g. important role due to their valuable properties and, therefore, their wide use in many sectors of the national The following formula was used to determine the economy. bleaching ability of bleaching soil: Pigments are one of the additional substances that A = [(C1– C 2) × 100] / C1 need to be separated from vegetable oils at the stage of adsorption purification. The nature and structure of col- Here: A-activity of bleaching soil, %; oring substances in vegetable oils are different, but they C1– starting oil color, red unit; all have a certain degree of polarization; therefore, polar C2– the color of refined oil, red unit. adsorbents with sufficient selectivity and activity are usually used for adsorptive purification of oils. Results and their discussion Laboratory experi- ments on obtaining bleaching soil used for bleaching For this, special adsorbents are used; traditionally, vegetable oils on the basis of Navbahor alkaline benton- bleaching earths obtained from natural bentonite soils ite clay were carried out at Urganch State University and (aluminosilicates), activated with mineral acids, and a Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology. small amount of activated carbon were used [2, 23]. In our experiments, the composition of raw materi- Based on the results of the previous physical and als available in local mines, including the composition chemical analysis, it was concluded that the alkaline of alkaline and alkaline earth clays from the Navbahor bentonite of the Navbahor mine contains a large amount 40

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. mine, was analyzed, and the possibilities of obtaining The natural chemical parameters of Navbahor alka- activated clays for use as bleaching earth in the oil industry line and alkaline earth bentonites used in our research are were studied. presented in Table 1. Table 1. Average indicators of alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites of the Navbahor mine Navbahor raw SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O calcination material deposits losses Alkaline 58,61 13,71 0,31 4,98 0,51 1,76 1,71 1,58 16,43 Alkaline earth 61,54 12,60 0,56 6,23 0,75 3,98 2,11 0,82 13,50 As can be seen from Table 1, Navbahor alkaline alkaline earth bentonite, which is much higher. The content bentonites are distinguished from other bentonites by their of calcium, magnesium, and silicon is lower. high sodium content, and, accordingly, the colloidal and swelling properties (nabukhaemost) of these bentonites Table 2 shows the results of comparing the exchange- are high compared to other bentonites. According to the able complex composition and colloid properties of chemical analysis, Navbahor alkaline bentonite contains Navbahor alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites with sodium, aluminum, and calcination losses, compared to clays obtained from the main bentonite deposits in the CIS countries. Table 2. Composition and colloid of exchangeable cations of ordinary “Navbahor” alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites (in comparison with the main bentonite deposits in the CIS countries) Bentonite name Amount of exchangeable cations, mg.equiv/100 g Colloidal Navbahor: Alkaline Na + K+ Ca +2 Mg +2 Total 85-90 Navbahor: alkaline earth 50-60 Biklian 60,73 1,05 5,38 10,60 77,93 Gumbrin 56 Oglanli 45,81 1,92 7,64 18,45 73,80 32 Cherkasy 100 Askangel 3,8 34,6 10,0 48,4 33 Askanglina 100 14,5 57,6 10,2 82,3 72 78,4 - 7,6 86 2,6 53,5 23,9 80,0 52,2 48,0 7,5 107,7 2,4-16,2 54,1-88,1 8,0-17,0 64,5-119 As can be seen from Table 2, Navbahor alkaline and mixed with water, but its coarsely dispersed suspension alkaline earth bentonites belong to the group of clays quickly separates into layers and sinks. with high exchangeable cations. However, the colloid of Navbahor alkaline bentonite is much higher than the In order to determine the mineralogical composition colloid of alkaline earth bentonite, although it is slightly of alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites from the Navbahor less than that of Oglanli and Askangel bentonites, which mine, X-ray analysis was carried out (Fig. 1). Accordingly, have a very high colloid. In addition, the swelling of alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites consist of minerals Navbahor alkaline bentonite differs sharply from the such as montmorillonite, quartz, calcite, dolomite, swelling of alkaline earth bentonite. limonite, illite, and kaolinite. Alkaline bentonite contains up to 70% montmorillonite mineral. In the alkaline earth Navbahor alkaline bentonite swells when mixed with bentonite sample, the amount of montmorillonite water to form a viscous, mobile slurry. When mixed mineral is relatively low, and the amount of remaining tightly, it becomes fluid (thixotropy). Alkaline earth quartz, calcite, and dolomite, as well as illite and kaolinite, bentonite does not exhibit thixotropic properties when is somewhat higher. 41

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Figure 1. Diffractogram of alkaline (a) and alkaline earth (b) bentonites of the Navbahor mine In order to determine how the alkaline and alkaline a large amount of adsorbed bound water compared to earth bentonites of the Navbahor mine change under the alkaline earth bentonite, and the formation of the first influence of temperature, differential thermal analysis endoeffect in alkaline earth bentonite at a relatively low of their samples was carried out (Fig. 2). According to it, temperature is due to the abundance of calcium and it was determined that Navbahor alkaline bentonite has magnesium cations in its exchange complex. Figure 2. Differential thermal analysis of alkaline (a) and alkaline earth (b) bentonites of the Navbahor mine Based on the results of the complex physico-chemical we measured 100 g samples on a technical scale, the di- analysis above, it can be concluded that the alkaline mensions of which are 2-3 cm at most, in a laboratory bentonite of the Navbahor mine contains a large amount drying cabinet at different temperatures (between 40 ℃) of sodium and, accordingly, a large amount of adsorbed and dried them for different time durations (interval bound water. Its high dispersity and colloid also contribute of 1 hour). Then, the influence of the dispersion level to its adsorption properties. It means that it can be increased of the adsorbent samples on the sorbent properties was by thermal activation, but it is difficult to activate alkaline studied in the samples sieved until the residue on the earth bentonite in this way. sieve no. 0056 (10000 meshes per cm2) was 20%. In order to determine the optimal parameters of The indicators of the obtained adsorbents are presented the thermal activation of Navbahor alkaline bentonite, in Table 3. Table 3. Indicators of the adsorbent obtained as a result of thermal activation Names of indicators Navbahor alkaline clay Test method Degree of fineness, amount of residue in sieve № 0056, % 20% GOST 8269-87 Moisture, % GOST 19609.14-79 Adsorption indicator, not less than mg/g up to 0.1% GOST 21283-75 Oil capacity, % 150 Reference surface, m2/g 48 -//- 119 -//- 42

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. In the study of the effect of thermal activation on the were neutralized with caustic soda from the refinery of \"Urganch yog’-moy” JSC, washed with water, and adsorption properties of the adsorbent, the results ob- then passed through the drying stage (the initial color is different). These tests were carried out on cottonseed tained directly from the cotton oil bleaching were oil samples. checked in the Central Laboratory of \"Urganch yog’- Table 4 shows the results of testing the effect of moy\" JSC. thermal activation on Navbahor alkaline bentonite in a cottonseed oil sample with an initial color of 11 red units. The whitening of cottonseed oil was carried out in a water bath at a temperature of 85 ℃ and stirring for Table 4. 30 min according to the traditionally accepted method [1]. All the following experimental tests conducted to de- termine the adsorption capacity of treated sorbents Effect of thermal activation on the adsorption properties of Navbahor alkaline bentonite Thermal activation time, Activation temperature, ℃ (hours) 110 150 190 230 270 310 1 1% Navbahor Alkaline Bentonite Refined Cottonseed Oil Color, Red Unit 2 10,8 10,5 10,0 10,1 10,4 10,5 3 10,5 10,2 9,5 10,3 10,6 10,7 4 10,6 10,1 9,5 10,5 10,8 10,8 10,6 10,0 9,6 10,6 10,9 10,9 As can be seen in Table 4, it was observed that the This sample was prepared by grinding the residue on sieves with a dispersion level of 10,000 mesh per cm2 adsorption capacity of Navbahor alkaline bentonite sig- to 0,5-50%. Taking into account that the fraction smaller than 0,001 mm has a high adsorption capacity [8], and nificantly increased as a result of thermal treatment, and at the same time, this fraction can increase the filtration the drying temperature was 190–210 ℃ and the drying time by 1,5 times, it is considered an acceptable indicator to grind the sample dispersion level to 20% of the residual time was 2 hours as an optimal parameter. In order to remaining on the 10000 mesh/cm2 sieve. create a method of activating Navbahor alkaline bentonite, further research was conducted on a sample of Navbahor alkaline bentonite thermally activated under optimal conditions with the highest degree of whitening, a drying time of 2 hours, and a drying temperature of 190–210 ℃. Figure 3. Influence of mixing time of thermally activated alkaline bentonite Navbahor on the bleaching rate of cottonseed oil Also studied was the effect of mixing time of the activated sample of Navbahor alkaline bentonite under optimal conditions. The results are presented in Figure 3. adsorbent and cottonseed oil at a constant temperature (100 ℃) on the degree of bleaching of cottonseed oil As can be seen from Figure 3, the optimum mixing time is 30 minutes. Further processing leads to partial with an initial color equal to 11 red units in a thermally desorption of the oil color. 43

№ 6 (111) июнь, 2023 г. Summary. It was found that the use of the adsor- adsorbents made using acid, this adsorbent only partially bent obtained by the mentioned method in an amount of purifies vegetable oils. Acid processing is a harmful no more than 1 % is effective in bleaching oils with a process for the environment and, on the one hand, raises relatively high initial color. In this case, due to the re- the price of the product. Based on these, we concluded duction of the amount of alkali used for refining, it is that Navbahor alkaline bentonite can only be sufficiently possible to leave the color of the oil higher and reduce activated thermally. However, after checking the degree the cost of whitening vegetable oils due to the use of this of purification of vegetable oils in the company's labor- adsorbent. atory and then utilizing it in the conditions and amounts that produce good results, this inexpensive and environ- In conclusion, an adsorbent that has enough mentally friendly adsorbent obtained only by thermal adsorption properties can be produced with the help of activation has a high efficiency. thermal activation of Navbahor alkaline bentonite under optimal conditions. However, compared to conventional References: 1. Pod obsh. red. V.V. Klyuchkina. Rukovodstvo po metodam issledovaniya, tekhnokhimicheskomu kontrolyu uchotu proizvodstva v maslozhirovoy promyshlennosti [Guidelines on research methods, technochemical control and production accounting in the fat and oil industry]. -1974. - L.:VNIIZH.Tom 6, vyp.2. «Probnoye otbelivaniye rastitel'nykh masel». -S. 99-107. 2. N.S. Arutyunyan, Ye.P. Kornena, Ye.A. Nesterova. 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