tech-2023_03(108)

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. OH H2O N H2O Cu N N OH2 N OH OH H2O N H2O Co N N N OH2 OH 2 OH Молярная электропроводность комплексов была Для определения Cu2+ в синтезированном комп- найдена ниже, чем 10 ом-1.см2.моль-1, что соответ- лексном соединении Cu(L)2.3H2O по результатам ствует неэлектролиту. электронной микроскопии был проведен энерго- дисперсионный рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ. Сканирующая электронная микроскопия с энерго- дисперсионным химическим анализом позволяет Полученные результаты показывают, что в комп- идентифицировать объекты без изменения рентгено- лексном соединении Cu(L)2.3H2O присутствует один энергодисперсионного химического анализа в коли- ион металла (n=1) [5]. чественном и качественном отношении [5]. Спектры, полученные методом энергодисперсион- Комплексные соединения 2-(3-гидроксипропил) ного рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа комплексных бензимидазола изучены методом рентгенострук- соединений, представлены на рис. 3. турного анализа. Рисунок 3. Результаты EDX комплексного соединения Cu(L)2.3H2O По результатам элементного анализа, ИК-спектро- скопии и ЭДС-анализа предложено пространственное строение комплексных соединений, образуемых 2-(3-гидроксипропил) бензимидазолом с солями Co(II), Ni(II) и Cu(II) следует: 30

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. OH H2O N H2O Me N Me – Cu(II). N OH2 N Me – Co(II), Ni(II). OH OH H2O N H2O N N Me OH 2 N OH2 OH Список литературы: 1. Рахмонова Д.С. Комплексные соединения переходных металлов с полифункционалными 2-замещенными бензимидазолами: Автореф. Дис…. канд. хим. наук. - Ташкент, НУУз, 2011. - 69с. 2. Raxmonova D.S, Kadirova Z.Ch., Kadirova Sh.A., Parpiev N.A., Jo‘raqulova N.X. Co(II) va Cu(II) larning 2-amino- 1-metilbenzimidazol bilan aralash metalli kompleks birikmalari sintezi va tadqiqoti // Kimyo va kimyo texnologiyasi. 2015 y. №1. 40-42 bet. 3. Якубов Э.Ш., Тожиев С.М., Шокиров Ж.Н., Умарова С.Р. Координационные соединения кобальта(II), меди(II) и цинка с 2- аминохиназолоном-4. UNIVERSUM: ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» Выпуск: 5(95) Май. Москва-2022. Стр.66-70. 4. Бўрихонов Б., Холиқов Т., Таджимухамедов Х., Курбонов У. Реакция диметилбензиламина с эфирами пентила и бензила с монохлоруксусной кислотой // электрон. научн. журн. “Universum: технические науки”. № 10 (79). – С. 52-53. 5. Raxmonova Dilnoza Salamovna,Raximova Nargiza Abdivoxid qizi. Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn tuzlarining ammoniy vanadat va 5-amino-2- merkaptobenzimidazol asosida aralash metalli kompleks birikmalari sintezi va tadqiqoti // Scientific Journal Impact Factor.2021.№ 9(1)-P.411-420. 31

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИКА DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15102 ВЕКТОРНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ СИНХРОННЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОВ Абдуллаев Мухаммадсайфулло ст. преподаватель Андижанского машиностроительного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан E-mail: [email protected] VECTOR CONTROL OF ADJUSTABLE SYNCHRONOUS ELECTRIC DRIVES Muhammadsayfullo Abdullayev Senior teacher Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Andijan АННОТАЦИЯ В настоящей статье рассмотрены способы регулирования синхронных электроприводов, в частности регули- рование скорости синхронного двигателя при векторном управлении, решения задач обеспечения необходимых свойств в отношении момента и скорости электропривода. В статье дан сравнительный анализ кривых модели синхронного электропривода на основе инвертора напряжения с широтно-импульсным модулятором (ШИМ), как с датчиком положения, так и без датчика положения ротора. Автоматическое регулирование синхронного электропривода успешно осуществляется в системе векторного управления, предпочтительной системой координат для управления являются оси ротора d,q, но возможно также использование системы ориентированной по полю. ABSTRACT This article discusses ways to control synchronous electric drives, in particular, regulation of the speed of a synchro- nous motor with vector control, solving problems of providing the necessary properties in relation to the torque and speed of the electric drive. The article gives a comparative analysis of the curves of the model of a synchronous electric drive based on a voltage inverter with a pulse-width modulator (PWM), both with a position sensor and without a rotor position sensor. Automatic control of a synchronous electric drive is successfully carried out in a vector control system, the preferred coordinate system for control is the rotor axes d, q, but it is also possible to use a field-oriented system. Ключевые слова: синхронный двигатель, регулируемый синхронный электропривод, векторное управление, трёхмерный объект, регулятор, преобразователь поворота вектора, обратная связь, датчик положения, потокос- цепление, автоматическое регулирование. Keywords: synchronous motor, adjustable synchronous electric drive, vector control, three-dimensional object, controller, vector rotation converter, feedback, position sensor, flux linkage, automatic control. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ поток ротора ψр. Синхронный двигатель с электро- Синхронные двигатели в основном применя- магнитным возбуждением – трёхмерный объект, ются в нерегулируемых электроприводах, для них у него дополнительным входом является напряже- практически непригодно регулирование скорости в разомкнутой системе. В реальных случаях для регули- ние возбуждения Uв. Здесь имеется возможность выбрать две дополнительные регулируемые перемен- рования синхронных электроприводов используется ные, кроме момента [1]. векторное управление. Рассмотрим случай, когда в качестве переменных Основной задачей регулируемого электропривода выбраны основной магнитный поток ψδ и намагни- является обеспечение необходимых свойств в отноше- чивающая составляющая тока статора isρ , которые нии момента и скорости. Двигатель переменного тока должны поддерживаться на заданном уровнях. Зада- как объект регулирования имеет многомерный вход. ния могут быть либо постоянными, либо формиро- В асинхронном двигателе вход двухмерный, то есть ваться в функции скорости, напряжения сети и т. д [2]. компоненты входов это напряжения статора Uc1 и Uc , в нём при векторном управлении кроме момента, На рис.1 показана функциональная схема век- торного управления синхронного электропривода, поддерживается на заданном уровне магнитный в нём входными величинами являются основной поток ψδ.ref, намагничивающая составляющая тока __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Абдуллаев М. ВЕКТОРНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ СИНХРОННЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОВ // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15102

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. статора isρ.ref, момент Mref . В функции этих величин обратной связи cosγ , sinγ от датчика положения ро- формируются задания токов статора isd.ref, isq.ref и тока тора. Образовавшиеся задания тока статора isα.ref, isβ.ref возбуждения if.ref. и тока возбуждения if.ref поступают на входы соот- ветствующих регуляторов CRα , CRβ , CRf . Эти же Формирования заданий осуществляется RF эле- регуляторы поступают сигналы сигналы обратной ментом с помощью уравнений и параметров двига- связи. На выходах регуляторов формируются управ- теля. Токи статора преобразователем поворота ляющие сигналы ucU , ucV , ucW для преобразователя вектора преобразуются в координаты статора α и β. частоты ПЧ. Управляющий сигнал для возбудителя ucf Преобразователь поворота управляется сигналами формируется регулятором тока возбуждения [3]. Рисунок 1. Функциональная схема векторного управления синхронного электропривода Система управления поддерживает регулируемые в синхронном двигателе, а потери в обмотке возбуж- переменные на заданных уровнях. Задания ψδ.ref, isρ.ref дения уменьшаются вдвое. Необходимо отметить, формируются в функции задания момента Mref что режимы с отстающим током статора могут быть и скорости vref для оптимизации режимов работы поддерживаться с использованием преобразователя электропривода или приблизить к оптимальным частоты (LCI) с зависимым инвертором тока. Ком- режимам. В оптимальных режимах поток при холо- мутация тиристоров в инверторе тока ПЧ возможно стом ходе должен снижаться до нуля, это практиче- только при опережающем токе статора. ски невозможно. Для быстрого изменения потока требуется очень большая кратность максимального В синхронных электроприводах, которые не напряжения возбуждения, что нереально. Размаг- должны продолжительно обеспечивать момент при ниченный двигатель не может принять нагрузку, очень малых скоростях, обходятся без датчика поэтому магнитный поток необходимо ограничивать положения ротора. В таких системах управления снизу. В связи с этим в высокодинамичном синхрон- измеряется вектор потокосцеплений статора и при- ном электроприводе с высоким темпом изменения меняются следующие способы: момента поток нужно регулировать в функции ско- рости [4]. • Измеренные векторы токов и потокосцеплений статора вводятся в элемент, содержащий математи- Ещё одна особенность оптимальных режимов ческую модель синхронного двигателя, который формирует информацию о положении осей d,q; регулируемого синхронного двигателя – положи- • Из векторов токов и потокосцеплений статора тельная подмагничивающая составляющая тока формируют вектор основного потока и используют для заданий токов координаты ρ, управление будет статора. Переход к подмагничивающему току статора с ориентацией по полю и дополнительно формируется задание тока возбуждения. снижает ток возбуждения примерно в 1,3 ÷ 1,5 раз. При этом несколько снижаются суммарные потери 33

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Задача управления без датчика положения ротора На рисунке показаны кривые следующих пере- для синхронного двигателя сложнее, основная труд- менных: ность – трогание с места и прохождение зоны малых скоростей. В синхронном двигателе этот процесс • потокосцепления статора ψFs ; сопровождается значительными колебаниями, так как • реактивная составляющая тока статора iFsx ; СД является более колебательным элементом элек- • электромагнитный момент MF; тропривода чем АД [5]. На рис.2 показаны кривые • задание скорости vref ; модели синхронного электропривода на основе • скорость v; инвертора напряжения с широтно-импульсным мо- • сигнал обратной связи по скорости vFMJ. дулятором (ШИМ), без датчика положения ротора. • Рисунок 2. Пример процессов модели синхронного электропривода без датчика положения На первой стадии, при t < 0,25c создаётся маг- На основе выше сказанных можно сделать сле- нитный поле, увеличиваются ток возбуждения и по- дующее заключение: токосцепление статора, ток статора равен нулю. Вектор потокосцеплений в этом случае направлен • Синхронный двигатель более сложный объект по продольной оси. Следящая система измерителя управления и как трёхмерный он предоставляет положения стремится совместить направление своей дополнительные возможности в отношении энерге- внутренней оси dFM c направлением измеренного тических режимов; вектора. Во время работы электропривода сигнал обратной связи по скорости следует за фактической • Автоматическое регулирование синхронного скоростью так, как и должен следовать выходной электропривода успешно осуществляется в системе сигнал фильтра. Постоянная времени измерителя векторного управления. Предпочтительной системой в данном случае ТFM = 0,01с. координат для управления являются оси ротора d,q, но возможно также использование системы ориен- тированной по полю. • Для синхронного двигателя регулирование без датчика положения ротора сложная задача, но она решаемая. Список литературы: 1. А.М. Вейнгер “Регулируемые электроприводы переменного тока” М. 2009. 2. В.В. Москаленко “Системы автоматизированного управления электропривода” М. 2004. 3. Г.Б. Онищенко “Электрический привод” М. 2006. 4. Karimjonov D.D. Study of characteristics of three-phase electromagnetic current transducers for filter-compensation devices of asynchronous motor reactive power, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Research and Technology, January 2023, Published by Novateur Publication, M.S. India. 5. Siddikov I.Kh., Makhsudov M.T., Karimjonov D.D. 2022 Research of static characteristics of three-phase current sensors for control and monitoring of asynchronous motor filter-compensation devices, New intelligence technology: Past, Present and Future 213-216 Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent. 34

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. ЭНЕРГЕТИКА СНИЖЕНИЕ ПОТЕРЬ АКТИВНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В СИСТЕМАХ НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ БАТАРЕЙ Рахимов Абдурахмон Абдурауфжон угли ассистент кафедры “Электроника и приборостроение” Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Алижонов Умиджон Хушназар угли ассистент кафедры “Электроника и приборостроение” Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана E-mail: [email protected] REDUCING ACTIVE ENERGY LOSSES IN ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS BASED ON PHOTOELECTRIC SOLAR BATTERIES Abdurakhmon Rakhimov Assistant of the department “Electronics and Instrumentation” Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana Umidjon Alijonov Assistant of the department “Electronics and Instrumentation” Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье представлены преимущества энергосберегающих устройств, компенсации тока реактивной мощности солнечных панелей и энерго-экономическая эффективность преобразователей электроэнергии и ком- пенсации реактивной мощности в их нагрузке, и исследования по снижению рассеиваемой активной мощности. ABSTRACT This article presents the advantages of energy-saving devices, reactive power current compensation of solar panels and the energy-economic efficiency of electric power converters and reactive power compensation in their load, and research on reducing active power dissipation. Ключевые слова: фотоэлектрический солнечный элемент, реактивная мощность, преобразователь постоянного тока, реактивная мощность, компенсационное устройство, баланс реактивной мощности, индуктивность, емкость, рассеивание активной мощности. Keywords: photovoltaic solar cell, reactive power, DC/DC converter, reactive power, compensation device, reactive power balance, inductance, capacitance, active power dissipation. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Все страны пытаются реализовать много хороших возникающие при производстве электроэнергии в инициатив по использованию и экономии энергии, сетях, следовательно, достигается большее количество и всегда ищутся экономические методы. Благодаря энергии. этому многие страны могут повысить энергоэффек- тивность и обеспечить себя энергией. Благодаря В то же время чрезмерные потери тепла предот- процессу компенсации сокращаются потери энергии, вращаются с помощью компенсации. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Рахимов А.А., Алижонов У.Х. СНИЖЕНИЕ ПОТЕРЬ АКТИВНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В СИСТЕМАХ НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ БАТАРЕЙ // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15160

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Благодаря наличию избыточной энергии цена улучшать стабильность напряжения, безопасность реализации энергии снижается и достигается очень напряжения и режим мощности. экономичный для страны уровень. Быстрое переключение моста преобразователя Солнечные панели — устройства преобразующие создает высокочастотные гармоники в выходном солнечный свет непосредственно в электричество напряжении преобразователя. Чтобы предотвратить чисто и безопасно. Являются одним из устройств, эти гармоники, необходимо правильно спроектиро- предлагающих экологически чистое и практичное вать и использовать фильтр доступа к сети. Серия f01 решение для реактивной мощности, компенсации выбрана по половине резонансной частоты и со- и управления энергопотреблением для бытового и противлению 0x .442 01. С x01, что является реактив- промышленного применения [1]. ностью фазового реактора на частоте f01. Частота коммутации 1350 Гц («частота треугольника»), Компенсационные устройства могут быть элек- т.е. всегда в симуляциях и в симуляторе реального трическими, механическими, гидравлическими и т. д. времени. Большинство электрических компенсаторов состоят из RC-фильтров. В настоящее время ведется большая Первый набор гармоник, генерируемых преоб- работа по автоматизации технологических процессов разователем, имеет порядки n = p ± 2m, m = 1,2,3, …, и процессов, а также снижению и контролю потреб- где p = 1350/50 = 27 — коэффициент частотной ления электроэнергии. модуляции. Резонансная частота серии f01, равная 350 Гц, выбрана для гармоник, чтобы получить В результате применения компенсирующих достаточное снижение для нижнего порядка. устройств существенно возрастает основной поток мощности. По мере увеличения величины нагрузки АЧХ фильтра, рассчитанного на эту частоту пере- в компенсирующем устройстве увеличивается и общая ключения, показана на рис.1. Коэффициент усиления величина емкости с набором конденсаторов. на базовой частоте и на частоте коммутации 1,03 и 0,08 соответственно. Асинхронные двигатели составляют 40 %, электронагреватели 8 %, вентильные выключатели Рисунок 1. Конвертор фильтр 10 %, всевозможные трансформаторы 35 %, линии электропередач (отходы в них) 7 % в составе электро- Снизить поток реактивной мощности до опти- исполнительных механизмов. мального значения и добиться энергоэффективности можно за счет схемы компенсации за счет электри- Преимущества использования компенсирующих ческих конденсаторов. Очень важно уменьшить по- устройств. ток реактивной мощности за счет компенсирующих устройств и разработать специальные энергоэффек- • Для обеспечения бесперебойной работы си- тивные компенсирующие устройства для автономных стемы на прежнем уровне мы используем компенси- фотоэлектрических солнечных элементов. рующие сети. Для достижения оптимальных показателей по- • Электродвигатели и устройства в техноло- требляемой мощности и потребляемой мощности гическом процессе компенсируются для работы необходимо управлять потоком реактивной мощности в стабильном режиме. энергосистемы. В следующей таблице показана про- центная разница между производительностью до и • Компенсирующая сеть используется для после компенсации. уменьшения ненужного рассеивания мощности. • Ток в коммунальной сети потребляется почти полностью. При компенсации на основе тиристоров система имеет два типа: тиристорную и симисторную. Сими- сторы обычно используются для однофазных нагрузок мощностью не более 25А. Кроме того, тиристоры предпочтительнее использовать в электропотре- бителях с предельно высокими нагрузками. Сложные современные технологии используются сегодня для повышения надежности, безопасности и рентабельности энергосистем, тем самым улучшая качество электроэнергии. Необходимо постоянно 36

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Таблица 1. Процентная разница между производительностью до и после компенсации Cosφ до компенсации Cosφ после компенсации Процентное падение Процентное снижение на полной мощности % потерь мощности % 0,5 0,9 44 48 0,5 1 45 55 0,6 0,9 33 50 0,6 1 40 58 0,7 0,9 22 39 0,7 1 30 51 0,8 1 20 36 Значения были рассчитаны на основе таблицы выше. По полученным результатам приведены ре- зультирующие значения суммарных потерь мощности и потерь мощности до и после компенсации. Таблица 2. Результирующие значения суммарных потерь мощности и потерь мощности до и после компенсации Cosφ до компенсации Cosφ после компенсации Процентное падение Процентное снижение на полной мощности % потерь мощности % 0,5 0,9 718,5 344,8 0,5 1 734,5 403,9 0,6 0,9 538,8 269,4 0,6 1 653,2 378,8 0,7 0,9 359,2 140 0,7 1 489,9 249,8 0,8 1 326,6 117,5 Использование возобновляемых источников электрической энергии фотоэлектрической системы, энергии, особенно использование фотоэлектрической сохраняя нагрузку и распределение реактивной мощ- энергии, растет очень высокими темпами, что от- ности на одном уровне, и обеспечиваем постоянный крывает огромные инвестиционные возможности. ток. также делает это возможным. компенсация Это означает, что необходимо ускорить внедрение реактивной мощности на переменной нагрузке с нескольких эффективных методов рационального преобразователем постоянного тока через компенси- использования электроэнергии. рующие устройства позволяют значительно сэко- номить электроэнергию и дополнительные средства, Заключение. Исходя из вышеизложенных со- а также эффективно и разумно их использовать. ображений и расчетов, мы уравновешиваем баланс Список литературы: 1. Saurav Mohapatra, Manav Aggarwal, Sumit Kumar Jindal. “Remote Power Monitoring and Distribution System of a Solar Based Power Plant” International Conference on Internet of Things and Connected Technologies (ICIoTCT), 2018. 2. А.А. Рахимов, Д.Р. Отамирзаев. «Cостояние и перспективы развития солнечной энергетики в Узбекистане». Eurasian journal of academic research, 2(5), 2022, 170–173. 3. А.А. Рахимов. Программы распределения нагрузки и дистанционной рассеивание реактивной мощности в фотоэлектрической солнечной станции. Scientific-technical journal FerPI, Т. 26. №11, 2022. 4. A.A. Rakhimov.“Methods Of Reactive Power Compensation In The Load Of Photoelectric Installations In Central Asia”. Eurasian Research, 2022. 50-55. 5. Рахимов А.А., Холматов Э.С., Хамдамов Д.Х. «Способы компенсации реактивной мощности в нагрузке фо- тоэлектрических установок». Scientific-technical journal FerPI, Т. 26. №15, 2022. 6. A.A. Rakhimov. Electrical energy efficiency and reactive power monitoring system based on photoelectric solar batteries. II Международная научная конференция «современные тенденции развития физики полупроводников: достижения, проблемы и перспективы» Ташкент, 2022 г, 27-28 декабрь. 37

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 7. Тожибоев А.К., Хакимов М.Ф. Расчет оптических потерь и основные характеристики приемника параболоцилиндрической установки со стационарным концентратором //Экономика и социум. – 2020. – № 7. – С. 410-418. 8. Хакимов М.Ф., Тожибоев А.К., Сайитов Ш.С. Способы повышения энергетической эффективности автоматизированной солнечной установки // Актуальная наука. – 2019. – №. 11. – С. 29-33. 9. Эргашев С.Ф., Тожибоев А.К. Расчёт установленной и расчётной мощности бытовых электроприборов для инвертора с ограниченной выходной мощностью //Инженерные решения. – 2019. – №. 1. – С. 11-16. 10. Тожибоев А.К., Султонов Ш.Д. Измерение, регистрация и обработка результатов основных характеристик гелиотехнических установок // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 11-5 (92). – С. 76-80. 11. Тожибоев А.К., Боймирзаев А.Р. Исследование использования энергосберегающих инверторов в комбини- рованных источниках энергии // Экономика и социум. – 2020. – №. 12. – С. 230-235. 12. Davlyatovich S.S., & Kakhorovich A.T. (2021). Recombination Processes of Multi-Charge Ions of a Laser Plasma. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, 18, 405-409. 38

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH SAFETY OF HUMAN ACTIVITY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15150 EMERGENCIES RELATED TO STRONG TOXIC SUBSTANCES. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS Abdurashid Isoqav Senior teacher of the Life Safety Training Center, Namangan regional Emergency department, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Azizjon Kholdorov Senior teacher of the Life Safety Training Center, Namangan regional Emergency department, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Shavkat Alimov Senior teacher of the Life Safety Training Center, Namangan regional Emergency department, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫЕ СИТУАЦИИ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С СИЛЬНЫМИ ТОКСИЧНЫМИ ВЕЩЕСТВАМИ. ТРЕБОВАНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ Исоқов Абдурашид Қутбиддинович ст. преподаватель Центра обучения безопасности жизнедеятельности, Управление по чрезвычайным ситуациям Наманганской области Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Холдоров Азизжон Расулович ст. преподаватель Центра обучения безопасности жизнедеятельности, Управление по чрезвычайным ситуациям Наманганской области Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Алимов Шавкат Азимович ст. преподаватель Центра обучения безопасности жизнедеятельности, Управление по чрезвычайным ситуациям Наманганской области Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT This article focuses on the classification of highly toxic substances, their grouping, physico-chemical properties and characteristics. АННОТАЦИЯ Данная статья посвящена классификации высокотоксичных веществ, их группировке, физико-химическим свойствам и характеристикам. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Isoqav A.Q., Kholdorov A.R., Alimov S.A. EMERGENCIES RELATED TO STRONG TOXIC SUBSTANCES. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15150

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Keywords: chemical hazardous substance, potent toxic substance, mass damage, aggregate state, hydrolysis, density, physical property, chemical property. Ключевые слова: химически опасное вещество, сильнодействующее ядовитое вещество, массовое поражение, агрегатное состояние, гидролиз, плотность, физическое свойство, химическое свойство. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical protection is a set of measures aimed at • that imported technologies do not fully meet preventing or reducing the harmful effects of strongly security requirements; acting toxic substances on the population, civil defense forces and economic objects [1]. • non-compliance with technical safety rules when working with substances and storing them. A chemical accident is a violation of technological processes in production, damage to pipelines, tanks, The main part of highly toxic substances is chemical storage warehouses, and vehicles transporting transported to enterprises by road transport and chemical toxic substances, leading to the release of railway transport . In the process of transportation, an chemical hazardous substances (poisonous substances accident may occur due to the following factors, as a with a strong effect) into the atmosphere in quantities that result of which strong toxic substances will spread into pose a threat to human life and health, the biosphere [1]. the environment, mass poisoning of people and animals, as well as the death of flora. Chemical accidents often occur in chemical, oil refining, industrial, papermaking, meat-dairy, food, a) accidents in railway transport can be caused by metallurgical, mining and other industries. Due to the derailment of trains, collision with each other, fire and presence of large reserves of chemically dangerous explosion of substances transported in wagons, natural substances such as chlorine, ammonia, phosgene, cyanic disasters [2]; acid, sulfur oxides, these facilities are a source of chemical accidents [3]. b) accidents in automobile transport can be caused by violation of road rules, technical malfunction Accidents may occur in these facilities due to the of the automobile, speed exceeding the specified norm, following factors [ 4]: lack of sufficient qualifications of the automobile driver, drunken driving, non-observance of the rules for • due to natural disasters (earthquake, flood, etc.); transportation of dangerous goods during traffic [4]. • due to errors in the design or construction of facilities; Accidents occur due to the above-mentioned • wear and tear of production tools used for a long factors, resulting in human injuries and property time, breakdown; damage. After the elimination of the accident, • increased use, storage and transportation of highly depending on the nature of the toxic substance, the toxic substances; people who served at the accident site and remained in • improper storage of aggressive substances the poisoned area for a certain period of time are under (explosive, highly flammable toxic substances) and medical supervision. violation of the rules for its use; • low labor discipline in the enterprise, insufficient Action during a chemical accident [3]. \"Straight - qualifications of specialists and workers; up, everyone!\" when a signal is given, it is necessary to • insufficient control of the state of chemically use a radio receiver and a television to receive accurate hazardous facilities; information about the accident and recommendations for correct actions. \"Straight up, everyone!\" \"Attention! We are speaking from the headquarters of Civil Protection, Citizens! An accident occurred at the Chirchik chemical plant due to the spillage of a highly toxic substance-ammonia. Poisoned air is spreading towards the city of Tashkent. The area of chemical poisoning includes the surrounding enterprises and residential areas (names of the enterprise, residential areas of the neighborhood are indicated) . Workers in the production sectors close to the chemical enterprise, residents of the neighborhoods should leave their homes and workplaces in a safe state (turn off gas, water, electricity) and prepare for evacuation to Tashkent. Enterprises far from the chemical enterprise, residents of neighborhoods (names will be indicated) should ensure additional hermeticity in their workplaces and houses. Tell your neighbors what you heard!\" It is necessary to close the windows, turn off the it is also possible to use a gauze bandage or a homemade electricity and gas networks, put on rubber boots, a protective device made of cloth. cloak, take documents, necessary clothes, three days' worth of food, warn the neighbors, and move away from When it is not possible to leave the toxic area, it is the affected area in a direction perpendicular to the necessary to tightly close doors, windows, ventilation direction of the wind without panicking. In this case, go holes and chimneys. If they have cracks, they should be to a distance of at least 1.5 km, use a gas mask to protect sealed with paper or tape. Basements, semi-basements the respiratory tract, if it is not available, use a cotton and first floors of buildings should not be covered. swab soaked in a 2-5% soda solution (to avoid chlorine), a 2% solution of lemon or acetic acid (to avoid ammonia). In the case of accidents related to KTZM on railways and highways, the danger zone is determined within a radius of 200 meters from the accident site. Approaching and entering this area is strictly prohibited. 40

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Action after a chemical accident [8]. If there is a work, timely and high-quality reconnaissance work are suspicion of poisoning from KTZM, it is necessary to put important in eliminating the consequences of accidents aside all physical activities, drink a lot of drinks (tea, and disasters at facilities related to highly toxic substances. milk) and consult a doctor immediately. Entry to the Exploration work is carried out in the direction of the building is allowed only after a control check on the wind. Water curtains are created to prevent the gases presence of KTZM. If a person is directly exposed to from dispersing into the environment, and thus KTZM, the first step is to take a shower. Clothes should precipitation and neutralization of gases are carried out. be washed, if it is not possible to wash them, throw them The main part of KTZM neutralization (degassing) is away. Rooms should be cleaned frequently with a damp carried out by sprinkling solutions with the help of special cloth. It is recommended not to drink water from water mechanisms and machines. The casualty collection pipes (wells), not to eat garden crops and fruits, as well point should be located upwind of the KTZM spill and as meat of livestock and birds slaughtered after a must be in an area free of KTZM vapors. chemical accident until they have been officially determined to be safe. Degassing is the destruction (decomposition or neutralization) of harmful gases or toxic substances in coal Elimination of the consequences of the accident [7]. mines, affected areas, clothing, food, weapons, vehicles, Organization of emergency-rescue and other emergency buildings, etc., using special degassing agents [7]. References: 1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 20, 1999 \"On protection of population and territories from natural and man-made emergency situations\" . 2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 28, 2006 \"On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities\". 3. Abidova F.A., Abidov A.B. \"Characteristics of potent toxic substances\". - UzR FVV FMI: 2013. - 530 p. 4. Sevastyuk T.V. \"Silnodeystvuyushchie yadovytie veshchestva i zashchita ot nix\". - M.: Voenizdat, 1989. 5. Turagalov T.J., Ilyasova Z.F. \"Emergencies\". (short Russian-Uzbek encyclopedic annotated dictionary). - T.: FMI. 2016 - 220 p. 6. Sharipov A.Kh. \"Storage of highly toxic substances in a chemically hazardous facility and in rail transport\", methodical guide. Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers, 2010. - 23b. 7. Kxusniddin Muxitdinovich Akramov, Shokhrukh Bakhodirjonovich Mamadboev. Fire resistant properties of construction structure. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR). Volume.9. Vo 5. 415-419 pp. 8. NA Botirjonovich, MS Bahodirjonovich A Combined Method of Increase of Fluidity of High-viscous Local Oil. 41

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15207 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN SOLVING ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Sherali Ochilov Cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Bukhara engineering and technological institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara Khurshid Rahmonov Doctoral student, Bukhara engineering and technological institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara Zebiniso Tursunova Senior lecturer of the department \"Innovative technologies in the clothing industry\", Bukhara engineering and technological institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНЫХ УРАВНЕНИЙ ПРИ РЕШЕНИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧ Очилов Шерали Баротович канд. экон. наук, доц. кафедры \"Экономика\", Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Рахмонов Хуршид Хайриддинович докторант, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Турсунова Зебинисо Нуриллаевна ст. преподаватель кафедры \"Инновационные технологии в швейной промышленности\", Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT This article discusses the use of differential equations in the study of indicators in the economy that change over time, and the issues of approximation of forecasting results to reality. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматривается использование дифференциальных уравнений при изучении показателей в экономике, которые изменяются с течением времени, и вопросы приближения результатов прогнозирования к реальности. Keywords: continuous functions, differential equations, model, derivative value, product index change, inflation rate. Ключевые слова: непрерывные функции, дифференциальные уравнения, модель, значение производной, изменение индекса продукта, уровень инфляции. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ochilov S., Rahmonov K., Tursunova Z. APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUA- TIONS IN SOLVING ECONOMIC PROBLEMS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15207

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. In later years, foreign literature has been widely account that the market price of agricultural products used to construct and infer time-dependent continuous depends on the volume of production, import and inflation, functions rather than study the dynamics of traditional we express the price of product (i) in the year (t+1) using tables and numbers in solving economic issues. Until the following formula: this period, all processes that change in time were ex- pressed through differential and integral Equations, and ������������������+������ = ������������������������ + ������������������������ ∗ ������������+������ (1) all processes that change in time in the fields of mechan- ���̅��������������� ics, chemistry, biology were transferred to the language of equations. While economics also has the practice of Here: studying indicators that change in relation to time, it is with differential equations that these processes are little ������ ������ - (i) the expected price for the product in the studied. Calculations show that the difference between ������+1 the values of the continuous function to be constructed and the real numbers of the real processes is 2-5%. Con- next year tinuous functions are widely used in the study of time- varying processes in foreign literature [7-9]. ������ ������ ������ - (i) market price of the product in the base year ������ This article will focus on the problem of expressing ������ the relationship between market price and production ������ ������ - index of change in the amount of (i) output volume using continuous functions. As the main indica- tor, we received a change in the index of the amount of produced per person products per person. That is: ������������ – (t) inflation rate in the year. ������ Above, the ������ ������ index is the coefficient proposed by the authors, which is determined from the following formula: ������ ������ = ������������+������ ������: ������������+������ (2) ������ ������������������∶ ������������ here: ������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������ ������ ������ , ������ ������ − (i) the values of the function ������������������������������������������������������������ ������ ������+1 ���̅��������������� = representing the production of goods calculated in the ������ ������ = ������������(������) received in the form of corresponding base and reporting years; ������ ������(������) ������������, ������������+1 – the values of the population calculation function in the studied area in years t and t+1. In the next steps, it was proved that such an assumption Now let's consider the algorithm for calculating is justified and the use of continuous functions is very prospective prices for a specific product and region using useful in drawing important conclusions, that is, it is the above formulas. possible to determine the value of prices in different We take into account that the price of wheat in the periods, the dynamics of changes in the volume of output markets of Bukhara region is ������������= 3.5 thousand soums and ������������+1= 4.5 thousand soums and the average inflation per person . In addition, the necessary information can rate is 12%. In addition, we rely on statistics on be obtained by taking the derivative from the defined function. population and wheat production for 2016-2020.. The task of economics is not only to determine Table 1 presents information for finding the function positive or negative situations, but also to find solutions in the form of ������������ = ao+bt based on the differential method for population and Y for the years 2016-2020 at to problems in economic processes. In this sense, the article presents proposals and results of scientific the scale of Bukhara region. [1-3] This table compares calculations on measures to stabilize price growth, theoretical and model-calculated numbers. taking into account the influence of factors. Taking into Table 1. Table of necessary data for the compilation of the population forecasting function of the Bukhara region № t Y(thousand tons) ������������ Yp Yp – Y ������������ 1815,2 0 1842,35 1,15 1 2016 1815,2 1869,5 0,7 1896,7 -1,9 2 2017 1843,5 28,3 1923,87 0,03 3 2018 1870,2 26,7 4 2019 1894,8 24,6 5 2020 1923,9 29,1 ������ Δ������������ ≈ ������′ we accept that and ������������������= 27.175 the Table 2 shows wheat production statistics in dt Bukhara region for the period 2016-2020 and initial data ∑ for constructing a linear production function based on ������=1 Δx these numbers. equation yA(1)= 1815.2 solve on condition yA=27,175t+1788 we will have a function. 43

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Table 2. The necessary calculations for the compilation of the forecasting function of wheat production in the Bukhara region № t Y(thousand tons) ������������ Yp Yp - Y ������������ 1 2016 559,1 559,1 0 2 2017 546,7 -12,4 525,3 21,4 3 2018 453,1 -93,4 491,5 38,4 4 2019 443,1 -10 457,7 14,1 5 2020 423,1 -19,2 423,9 0 Based on the methodology used above, we create a In our case, since ∆x=∆t=1 is a condition, the value production function in the direction of the differential method and perform the relevant calculations.[1,2,3] of the derivative only represents the difference between 1 ∑ Δ������������ ≈ ������′ as it is being seen ������������= -33,8 equation the values of this function, that is, the decrease or increase of ���̅��� in the time interval. Using this method also gives ������ Δx dt results and can be used. y(0) = 559,1 we create the corresponding function It can be noted separately that the change in the by solving based on the condition. index of the product per person over a certain period of time can also be calculated using this formula. In 2010, ������������ = - 33,8t+592,9 the price of meat offered to the market by entrepreneurs Now we will make calculations based on the model in the Bukhara region was 25 thousand soums, currently and fill in the table. this value is 75 thousand soums. If the annual inflation The coefficient ���̅��� included in our proposal generally rate is estimated at 14%, then one can calculate the meat indicates the volume of output per person. per capita change index between 2010 and 2022. (1) from In our case now: the formula we find ������ ������ and perform the calculation: ������ ���̅��������� = 592,9−33,8������ (3) has a view function is created. ���̅��� ������ = ������ ������������������ = ������������ = 0,847 27,175+1842,37 ������ ������������+������ ������− ������ ������������������������������+������∗������ ������ ������������− ������������,������ To show that the calculation methodology can be That is, meat production per person is in Bukhara region: applied in practice, we present the numbers that represent ���̅1���������������= 1 =1,18 the actual situation in the region under consideration. 0,847 Taking into account that the price of wheat in the Decreased by 18 percent. In the calculations, the price regional market in 2020 is ������������= 3.5 thousand soums, and in 2021 it is ������������= 4.8 thousand soums, we will calculate the prices calculated based on the above methodology: ������2020 = −33,8∗5+592,9 = 0,235 is taken as SB i lt+1 ∗ N, where the initial price (2010) 27,175∗5+1842,3 t is 25,000 soums, and if the annual inflation is 14% on ������2021 = −33,8∗6+592,9 = 0,195 average until the present period, then the inflation sur 27,175∗6+1842,3 It is determined that the price of meat will increase So, ���̅���= 0,195 = 0,83 to 25*0.14*13=45.5 soums under the influence of 'ats. 0,235 We can say that the increase in the price of meat to (1) according to the formula: 45.5 soums depends on the increase in wages, production ������2022 = ������������2021 + S������2021 * ������2022 costs and other reasons. ������ Then the increase in the amount of ∆=75-45.5=29.5 Wheat prices in Bukhara markets in 2022: soums can be interpreted as a result of the imbalance 3,5 between supply and demand. 0,83 ������2022 = + 3,5*0,1= 4,5668 thousand soums: We will focus on the mechanisms of keeping product prices as stable as possible in the markets. One of the This is very close to the current prices. necessary conditions for stabilizing prices according We calculate the coefficient ���̅��� in another way. ���̅��� is to the law of supply and demand is to maintain the same a function that in our case depends on t from which we amount of products per person. As a result of long-term take derivative. observations, the following interesting information can According to the definition of the derivative: be given as an example. In July-August 2011, the price ������(������+∆������)−������(������������) of tomatoes in Bukhara markets was 3,000 soums, and ∆������ lim∆������−������ ≈ ������������(������������) meat was 25,000 soums. Despite the fact that the price of meat has increased 3 times over the last 12 years, the Or annual increase in the number of greenhouses has made ������(������������ + ∆������)−������(������������) = ������������(������������) ∆������ it possible to keep the price of tomatoes stable. Thus, the stability of the production volume per person can 44

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. be considered as one of the fundamental reasons for 592,9−33,8t shows that it represents a change. price stability. Therefore, we accept the condition ���̅��� ≥1 27,175∗������+1842,37 as a necessary condition for price stability. According to the formula for calculating the derivative Let's consider the mechanism of using the above if y=u/ ������ ������′ = u′ϑ−������′������ was. method. The function calculated by us is ������ = ������2 that is why ������′ = (592.9−33.8t)′ (27.175∗������+1842.37)−(27.175∗������+1842.37)′(592.9−33.8t) (27.175������+1842.37)² So: ������′ = −33.8 (27,175������ + 1842,37) − 27,175(592,9 − 33,8t) (27.175������ + 1842,37)² or: −61373,6 ������′ = (27,175������ + 1842,37)² If we take into account ������0 = 1, it means that K= The processes studied in the proposed [10-12] decreases by -0.018 every year. So K ̅=1- 0.018≈0.98. In previous simple calculations, K ̅=0.83 methods are expressed in differential equations. In this If the price is predictable then: case, all the studied processes were first put into the form of a differential equation, and then an equation ������2022 = ������������2021 + S������2021 * ������2021 from reflecting the real process was created. That is, ������������ = ������ dt 27.175, y(0)=1815 for population and y'=-33.8 and ������2022 = 3.5 + 3.5 ∗ 0.1 = 3.57 + 0.35 = 3.92 y(0)=559.1 for wheat production were expressed in 0.98 equations. However, it should be noted that only It appears that the prediction values took very close production costs are considered as the main factor when values in both cases. creating a model of economic processes, but there are The solution to the second problem follows from this. That is, since the value of ������′(������0) is in the other factors that can influence the process. Among computations or ������′(������0)∆x = ������(������0+∆x) - ������(������0), it can be taken as approximately annual increase or decrease [4-6]. these, we can see the effect of weather on productivity. We believe that the analysis of economic processes In general, if we express the productivity function using mathematical methods will give a positive result for use in the practice of forecasting. Especially the as ������ = ������(������1������2 … ������������) ± ∑(������), then ∑(������)represents the analysis of dynamic rows is very important for the external influence function. However, ∑(������) has not been implementation of these methods. Difficulties in the expression of any time-dependent economic processes fully studied or its expression based on certain laws has in differential equations are due to the accounting of many factors affecting them. The problem of not accurately not been fully studied, including the function of the effect reflecting real life in modeling economic processes using the previous method and is considered to be a special of weather on productivity has not been determined. effect of various factors. In conclusion, it can be noted that the use of differential equations in the study of time-varying indicators in the economy makes it possible to bring forecast results closer to reality and reduce errors in calculations. References: 1. Очилов Ш.Б. Дифференциальный метод прогнозирования трудовых ресурсов на основе корреляционных моделей // Экономическая безопасность социально-экономических систем: вызовы и возможности. – 2022. – С. 365-369. 2. Авезова Ш.М., Очилов Ш.Б. Дифференциальный метод прогнозирования трудовых ресурсов на основе кор- реляционных моделей // Экономика. – 2021. – №. 12. – С. 1018-1020. 3. Ochilov S.B., Khasanova G.D., Khudayberdieva O.K. Method for constructing correlation dependences for functions of many variables used finite differences // The American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations. – 2021. – Т. 3. – №. 05. – С. 46-52. 4. Очилов Ш. Инновационный метод прогнозирования трудовых ресурсов на основе корреляционных моделей // Иқтисодиёт ва инновацион технологиялар. – 2022. – Т. 10. – №. 3. – С. 159-166. 5. Ражабова Г.Ж., Турсунова З.Н. Историческое наследие древней Бухары // Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция\" ДИСК-2020\". – 2020. – Т. 3, – С. 198-202. 6. Турсунова З.Н., Очилов Ш.Б. Изучение технологического процесса изготовлении одежды с применением клеевых соединений с целью его усовершенствования // Молодой ученый. – 2016. – №. 7. – С. 189-192. 45

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 7. Турсунова З.Н., Ражабова Г.Ж., Очилов Ш.Б. Узбекистан-жемчужина востока // Инновации и технологии к развитию теории современной моды, \"Мода (Материалы. Одежда. Дизайн. Аксессуары)\", посвящённая Фё- дору Максимовичу Пармону. – 2022. – С. 519-522. 8. Турсунова З.Н., Очилов Ш.Б. Изучение сварных соединений в швейном производстве // Молодой ученый. – 2016. – №. 7. – С. 192-194. 9. Турсунова З.Н., Ражабова Г.Ж., Очилов Ш.Б. Проектирование многоассортиментных гибких потоков в швейном производстве // Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция «ДИСК-2020». – 2020. – Т. 4, – С. 96-102. 10. Nurillayevna T.Z. et al. Research of Foot Sizes of Younger School Children for the Purpose of Identification of Static Deformations //Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. – 2021. – С. 4723-4741. 11. Tursunova Z.N., Rajabova G.J., Ochilov Sh.B. Study of the characteristics of the physique of children for the purpose of manufacturing sewing products // Фундаментальные и прикладные научные исследования в области инклю- зивного дизайна и технологий: Опыт, практика и перспективы. – 2022. – Т. 1, – С. 61. 12. Ражабова Г.Ж., Турсунова З.Н. Инновационные достижения узбекской ткани атлас и адрас // Cборник научных трудов по итогам Международной научной конференции, посвященной 135-летию со дня рождения профессора В.Е. Зотикова:(25 мая 2022 г.). РГУ им. АН Косыгина. – 2022.– Т. 2, – 2022. – С. 123. 46

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE ON THE QUESTION OF USE OF AGGLOMERED WELDING FLUX IN THE FORMATION OF WELD METAL DURING ARC WELDING OF LOW- ALLOYED HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS Nurilla Khudaykulov Assistant professor, Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Muzaffar Abralov PhD of Technical Sciences, Assistant professor, Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] К ВОПРОСУ О ПРИМЕНЕНИИ АГЛОМЕРИРОВАННОГО СВАРОЧНОГО ФЛЮСА ПРИ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МЕТАЛЛА ШВА ПРИ ДУГОВОЙ СВАРКЕ НИЗКОЛЕГИРОВАННЫХ ВЫСОКОПРОЧНЫХ СТАЛЕЙ Худайкулов Нурилла доц., Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент Музаффар Абралов канд. техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент ABSTRACT Based on the analysis of the results of scientific research in the field of metallurgy of welding high-strength low-alloy steels, the article shows a change in the view on the role of welding flux in ensuring the quality indicators of weld metal. Modern welding fluxes should take the most effective part in the processes of refining the weld pool, controlling the metallurgical processes of the formation of non-metallic inclusions of a certain composition, morphology and distribution in the solid solution in order to ensure the required structural composition of the weld metal and a complex of its mechan- ical properties when welding steels. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье показано на основании анализа результатов научных исследований в области металлургии сварки высокопрочных низколегированных (ВПНЛ) сталей изменение взгляда на роль сварочного флюса в обеспечении показателей качества металла швов. Современные сварочные флюсы должны принимать самое эффективное участие в процессах рафинирования сварочной ванны, управления металлургическими процессами образования неметал- лических включений определенного состава, морфологии и характера распределения в твердом растворе с целью обеспечения требуемого структурного состава металла шва и комплекса его механических свойств при сварке ВПНЛ сталей. Keywords: high-strength low-alloy steel, welding, welding flux, non-metallic inclusions, microstructure, mechanical properties. Ключевые слова: высокопрочная низколегированная сталь, сварка, сварочный флюс, неметаллические включения, микроструктура, механические свойства. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khudaykulov N., Abralov M. ON THE QUESTION OF USE OF AGGLOMERED WELDING FLUX IN THE FORMATION OF WELD METAL DURING ARC WELDING OF LOW- ALLOYED HIGH -STRENGTH STEELS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15146

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Introduction. Despite numerous forecasts of rapid or bainitic-martensitic microstructure. Welded joints of growth in the use of polymeric materials in construction, such steels must have a complex of mechanical proper- mechanical engineering, and power engineering, today ties at the level of values of the base metal. with welding steels remain the most common structural material. It is fluxes, in this case, the leading role is played in obtaining likely that this situation will continue in the coming dec- the necessary microstructure of the weld metal and the ades. Welding firmly occupies a leading position among mechanical properties of the welded joint. the methods of joining steel products, and arc welding remains the main technology in this area. An analysis of A large number of works have been devoted to the the situation with the consumption of welding materials study of the conditions for the formation of the micro- for arc welding methods over the past decade shows that structure of the weld metal of HSLA steels , as a result submerged arc welding occupies about 10% of the total of which it was found that one of the factors that have volume of arc methods and observations show that there a decisive influence on the structure is non-metallic in- is no reason to assume significant changes in this position. clusions (NI) [1]. Modern fluxes should not only protect the weld pool from the ambient atmosphere, but also Submerged arc welding began to be used in the 30s. set the required level of oxygen potential of the slag XX century. Until now, this welding method has gone phase , together with low alloyed wire, contribute to the through a stage of intensive development, during which formation of NI of the predictable amount, composition deep fundamental studies of metallurgical, electrical, and and size [2]. The weld metal obtained by submerged arc physicochemical processes were carried out, which served welding of modern HSLAsteels contains 0.02 - 0.04% as the basis for widespread introduction by the mid-70s. oxygen and less than 0.01% sulfur. Using the well- automated welding in various industries. The studies known expression VNI= 5.5 [% O + % S ], it can be es- carried out over the years, combined with the accumula- tablished that the given content of oxygen and sulfur - tion of practical experience in the use of fluxes and the corresponds to 0.15 - 0.30 vol. % there are nometallic improvement of the technology for the production of inclusions. However, to provideonly about 30% of them high quality steels, caused changes in approaches to de- can actively influence the nucleation of the ferrite phase. termining the role of the flux itself in the process of weld formation. If at the initial stage of development, the flux The most effective in this regard are inclusionswith was assigned the role of passive protection of the weld sizes from 0.3 to 1.0 µm, which have a specific morphol- pool from the environment, and the working personnel - ogy. Refractory oxides (for example, Al2O3), which are from the impact of the arc, then in subsequent years, the present as crystals in the liquid metal of the weld pool. flux began to be considered as an active participant in When titanium oxide precipitates on the surface of a re- metallurgical processes occurring in the arc burning zone fractory inclusion, zones with a reduced content of al- and in the liquid bath. loying elements having a high mobility in the γ phase can form in the adjacent regions of the solid solution. Objects and methods of research. The requirements Inclusions of this type are the most efficient centers for for the operation of welded structures determine the the nucleation of a bainitic microstructure. need to guarantee the service properties of welded joints at the level of modern high strength steels, so the flux in For the purpose of refining iron-based alloys in met- combination with the electrode wire should provide al- allurgy, such deoxidizing elements as aluminum, sili- loying, microalloying, modification and refining of the con, titanium, and manganese are widely used. The weld metal. At the same time, high welding and techno- manufacturing technology of agglomerated fluxes logical properties of the flux should be ensured in order makes it possible to control their oxygen potential over to obtain high-quality welds in a wide range of welding a wide range [3]. Controlling the oxygen content in the modes and technologies. weld metal by changing the oxidizing capacity of the slag phase in combination with the introduction of active Rolled sheets of low-alloy steels currently used for deoxidizers into the flux composition makes it possible the manufacture of welded structures are characterized by to use agglomerated fluxes not only to reduce the vol- a combination of high strength, ductility, and toughness ume fraction of NI in the weld, but also to form inclu- due to the formation of a fine-grained ferritic-bainitic sions of a certain size and composition (Fig. 1). 48

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 1. Influence of the oxygen content in the weld metal on the average size of the NI and the content of titanium in them The use of fluxes of this type in arc welding signifi- and morphology in the weld metal. Welded joints in this cantly expands the scope of methods for the predictable case acquire a complex of mechanical properties at the influence on the formation of NIs of a certain composition level of the values of the HSLA steels [4]. Figure 2. Influence of Titanium/Oxygen Ratio in NV on the Content of Structural Components and Fracture Resistance of Weld Metal With a decrease in the oxygen content in the welds a thin film of titanium compounds on their surface have alloyed with titanium, not only does the average size of an increased concentration of manganese in the outer the NI decrease, but the precipitation of titanium com- layer and a decreased concentration of manganese. content pounds on the surface of refractory inclusions of the of manganese in the zones of the solid solution adjacent Al2O3 type also increases. An analysis of the chemical to the inclusion. Inclusions of such a morphology con- composition of NIs of this morphology and the metal tribute to the formation of a ferrite phase with increased matrix surrounding them, performed using a microprobe viscosity during the γ → α transformation (Fig. 2). for X ray analysis, showed that those inclusions with 49

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 3. Influence of the ratio of structural Figure 4. Influence of the ratio of structural components on the yield strength of the weld metal components on the impact strength of the weld metal The complex of mechanical properties of a weld is Conclusion. Scientific research and extensive prac- determined by the combination of the components of its tical experience in the field of welding of HSLA steels structure. An increase in the proportion of microstructural have led to an obvious change in the view on the role of fractions with increased hardness leads to an increase welding flux in ensuring the quality of the weld metal. in the strength of the metal (Fig.3), and a high content Modern welding fluxes should take the most effective part of microstructures formed in the low-temperature zone in the refining of the weld pool, control of metallurgical of the γ → α- transformation is characterized by increased processes of the formation of NI of a certain composition, resistance to brittle fracture at low climatic temperatures morphology and nature of distribution in the solid solu- (Fig.4).The optimal combination of strength, toughness, tion in order to ensure the required structural composi- and plasticity indicators for each individual case is de- tion of the weld metal and a complex of its mechanical termined by a set of these structural components. properties in the welding of HSLA steels. Production experience has shown that agglomerated fluxes, which As can be seen from the data shown in Fig. 3 and 4, are characterized by high technological efficiency, have an increase to 60% of the content in the microstructure a significant advantage in this regard,flexibility by con- of such viscous components as acicular and grain- trolling their oxidative capacity. Welded joints obtained boundary ferrite, granular and lower bainite, provides an with the use of this type of fluxes have a complex of increase in the impact strength of the weld metal, while the mechanical properties at the level of the HSLA values yield strength does not exceed the level of 500 - 550 MPa, of steels. typical for seams with a ferritic structure. An increase in the proportion of upper bainite in the microstructure of the weld contributes to an increase in its strength indicators, but reduces the impact strength at low tem- peratures. References: 1. Zhang L., Thomas B.G. State-of-the-art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness: Review // ISIJ Intern. - 2003. - 43, N. 3. - P. 271-291. 2. Головко В.В. Влияние окислительного потенциала сварочных флюсов на легирование твердого раствора металла швов // Автоматическая сварка. - 2006. - № 10 . - С. 10-14. 3. Головко В.В., Подгаецкий В.В., Бондаренко Т.П. Окисленность шлаковых расплавов системы MgO-Al2O3- SiO2-CaF2 // Автоматическая сварка. - 1993. - № 9. - С. 28-30. 4. Головко В.В. Агломерированные флюсы в отечественном сварочном производстве // Автоматическая сварка. 2012. - № 2. - С. 38-41. 50

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES IN UZBEKISTAN Mukaddas Mamasalieva Senior Lecturer, Islam Karimov Tashkent State Technical University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ Мамасалиева Мукаддас Ибадуллаевна ст. преподаватель Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article examines the potential of using various types of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Uzbekistan. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассмотрен потенциал использования различных видов возобновляемых источников энергии в Республики Узбекистан. Keywords: renewable energy source, resource, environment, lubricants, fuel, production, energy resources, energy efficiency, energy conservation. Ключевые слова: возобновляемый источник энергии, ресурс, окружающая среда, смазочные материалы, топливо, производство, энергоресурсы, энергоэффективность, энергосбережение. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Nowadays, it is not a secret that energy saving should power plants and vehicles. Today the amount of fossil become the most important direction in the energy sector fuels burnt in the world each year is equivalent to 12 billion of the country, as it can solve many problems: reducing tons of oil, or 2 tons of oil equivalent for each person on the production of primary energy resources, reducing the planet. During the last 40 years the fossil fuels pro- emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere duced in the world have exceeded the previous history during the production of electricity and heat, reducing of mankind, resulting in a drastic reduction of fossil fuel the need for large investments in the sector, and as a con- resources. The available reserves of mineral resources in sequence, increasing the economic effect. their majority not only provide the existing mining com- plexes for the long term, but also allow to increase the We are witnessing a turnaround in the energy industry, capacity, to re-organise the extraction of a number of the where unconventional sources are moving from being most important minerals - gold, uranium, copper, lead, exotic, previously only subjects of scientific interest, silver, lithium, phosphate rock, potash salt, fluor-spar, to statistically tangible energy categories [3]. agrochemical ores, etc. It should be noted that in the context of the globali- In terms of proven reserves of minerals such as gold, sation of the world economy, the reduction in the growth uranium, copper, natural gas, tungsten, potassium salts, of non-renewable energy resources, and increased com- phosphorites and kaolins, Uzbekistan leads not only in petition on the world liquid hydrocarbon and solid fuel the CIS but also worldwide. markets, the search for and wide involvement of new al- ternative energy sources are becoming increasingly im- In agriculture, these include advanced technologies portant to ensure sustainable economic development. for land preparation and cultivation, water use, improved machinery fleet structure, etc. By the beginning of the 21st century, with the eco- nomic development of countries, there has been an ex- In transport: growth of the fleet of light-duty vehicles, cessive increase in energy consumption, especially increase in the share of diesel engines, use of gas as motor generated by combined heat and power plants, com- fuel, construction of paved roads, etc. bined heat and power plants, and internal combustion engines using fossil fuels, which has led to an increased The basis of the scope of operation of energy assets negative impact of their emissions on the natural envi- is the consumption of fuel and energy resources and ronment. Scientists attribute the global increase in the the production of products. temperature of the Earth's atmosphere to the enormous amount of combustion products from fossil fuel-fired The energy problems of industrial production in the agricultural sector are applied to optimise the process chain (receipt, purification, transport, storage and refuelling) __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamasalieva M.I. PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES IN UZBEKISTAN // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15116

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. as well as the gas and fuel infrastructure, becoming one of addressing this problem is seen in the consolidation of the most important problems of the national economy, of scientific forces and investment at the interstate level, in which agricultural science has a special role to play. as it is a global problem. A quick and successful solution to the fuel and en- In recent years, a sharp increase in the price of hy- ergy problem depends on the consolidation of scientific drocarbons in many countries has forced people to think efforts and the concentration of investor funds at the in- about new alternative energy sources, as a result, the to- ter-state level. However, the economic and political in- tal capacity of photovoltaic power plants installed in Eu- terests of oil exporting, transport and energy exporting ropean countries, especially the production of these countries dictate the opposite, due to the established plants in the Middle East has doubled. The total area of trade balance between them. It is not profitable for them solar collectors has reached 15 million m in the USA2 , to invest at least another 10... 15 years to invest in re- in Japan 12 million m2 . In Israel, about 1 million solar search and development (R&D) and technical re-equip- energy installations are in operation, providing 75% of ment of these industries, which are already paying huge the country's total hot water supply. The use of wind en- dividends. Delaying conversion also ensures the eco- ergy is also developing rapidly, with an annual growth nomic and political enslavement of developing countries rate of 40-45% in Europe. Experience with renewable that, with their substantial natural gas reserves, are not energy installations shows that they generally pay for able to bail themselves out of the fuel and energy crisis. themselves, despite the high costs of their acquisition In summary, there are encouraging results in the devel- and use in the initial period of operation. Today, a num- opment of new energy sources and technical alternatives ber of countries have adopted renewable energy pro- to conventional energy sources. But the practical imple- grammes. In Germany, for example, it is planned to mentation of ideas is still a long way off. Obviously, we increase the share of renewable energies to 50 % of the can expect significant changes in the next decade. At the total national energy balance by the year 2050 [1]. same time, it should be noted that accelerating the pace Structure of the technical potential of renewable energy sources in Uzbekistan Figure 1. Renewable energy sources Uzbekistan is among those states that have achieved drinking water to the population living in settlements re- energy independence in the country with natural gas and mote from the central energy supply, mountainous and oil products as sources of electricity generation. Given steppe areas. According to expert estimates, Uzbekistan's the importance of renewable energy sources (RES) in renewable energy potential is about 51 billion tonnes of oil saving hydrocarbon resources, ensuring the country's equivalent, with a technical potential of 182.32 billion energy security, as well as providing electricity, heat and toe, which is more than three times the current annual production of primary energy resources 52

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Table 1. Renewable energy potential in Uzbekistan Given the importance of the electricity sector in the some developing countries have developed and are country's economy, the attention of the President and the implementing strategies and programs in the sphere of Government of the Republic to this sector is also growing. alternative energy. One of the main factors is develop- ment and introduction of RES (renewable energy sources), At the same time, the regional distribution of different as well as use of the potential of these types of energy types of RES and their resource potential along with the under the National Energy Saving Program will allow regime specifics of RES makes it necessary to consider Uzbekistan in the near future to significantly reduce energy these factors in technical and economic calculations and intensity of GDP, bringing this indicator to the level justify the feasibility of using various RES sources for of developed countries, and to embark on energy-saving electricity and heat supply for various purposes and ca- development and, thus, will contribute to further ac- pacity, including through their combined use that allows celerated development of our country's economy. to increase the energy efficiency of their application [2]. In conclusion, it can be said that study of international experience and its comparison with conditions of Uz- bekistan shows that now all developed countries and References: 1. Г.Ж. Аллаева “Иқтисодиёт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. № 4, июль-августь, 2016 йил. 2. Н.М. Курбанова Перспективы использования возобновляемых источников энергии в Узбекистане // Молодой учёный -2016-№5(109) стр. 42-45. 3. М.И. Мамасалиева Состояние и перспективы рационального использования и снижения потерь топлива и смазочных материалов республики Узбекистан. Москва. Сборка в машиностроении и приборостроении. Том 21 3(236) 2020 г стр. 141-145. 53

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15138 STUDY OF THE SEDIMENTATION PROCESS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN HORIZONTAL SEDIMENTATION TANKS FOR WASTEWATER Abdumalik Rizaev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dilshod Khushvaktov Doctoral student, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Umarkhodzha Bakhramov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Gulchehra Rikhsihodzhaeva Doctor of philosophy (PhD) in technical sciences, Docent, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Uchkun Umarov Assistant, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ОСАЖДЕНИЯ ВЗВЕШЕННЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНЫХ ОТСТОЙНИКАХ ДЛЯ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД Ризаев Абдумалик Набиевич д-р. техн. наук, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хушвактов Дилшод Кахрамонович докторант, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Бахрамов Умарходжа канд. техн. наук, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: STUDY OF THE SEDIMENTATION PROCESS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN HOR- IZONTAL SEDIMENTATION TANKS FOR WASTEWATER // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Rizaev A.N. [и др.]. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15138

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Рихсиходжаева Гулчехра Рашидходжаена д-р филос. техн. наук, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Умаров Учкун Вафокулович ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Sedimentation is the simplest and most commonly used method of separating coarse impurities from wastewater, which, under the influence of gravitational force, settle to the bottom of the settling tank or float to its surface. Depending on the required degree of wastewater treatment, sedimentation is used either for pretreatment before treatment at other, more complex facilities, or as a method of final purification, if local conditions require only undissolved (precipitating or floating) impurities to be isolated from wastewater. АННОТАЦИЯ Осаждение - это самый простой и наиболее часто используемый метод отделения крупных примесей от сточ- ных вод, которые под действием силы тяжести оседают на дно отстойника или всплывают на его поверхность. В зависимости от требуемой степени очистки сточных вод осаждение используется либо для предварительной об- работки перед очисткой на других, более сложных установках, либо в качестве метода окончательной очистки, если местные условия требуют выделения из сточных вод только нерастворенных (осаждающихся или плаваю- щих) примесей. Keywords: settling, horizontal sump, solid particles, wastewater, flocculation, Reynolds number. Ключевые слова: отстаивание, горизонтальный отстойник, твердые частицы, сточные воды, флокуляция, число Рейнольдса. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The primary sedimentation tank is Problem Statement and Solution Method. Depo- usually located after the grain chamber. This is where as sition is a treatment process that removes suspended par- much of the settling undissolved particles as possible are ticles such as flakes, sand, and clay from water. separated. This sludge is called primary sludge [11-9]. Sedimentation is often used in surface water treatment In some plants (oxidation ditch types) where no primary to avoid rapid clogging of sand filters after coagulation and sedimentation tank is installed, the undissolved particles flake formation. Sedimentation is used in groundwater are trapped in the activated sludge and stabilized there. treatment plants for backwash treatment. In horizontal- The sand particles are basically called granular particles, flow settling tanks (Fig. 1), water is evenly distributed which settle unchanged (undetectable sedimentation) across the cross-sectional area of the tank in the inlet [10-2]. It is also well known that during the settling area. Stable, non-turbulent flow in the sedimentation process, particles become larger as a result of particle zone ensures sedimentation of suspended solids in the agglomeration or flocculation (flocculent settling). This sedimentation zone. The sediment accumulates at the process can be stimulated by agitation, the addition of bottom or is permanently removed. chemicals and biological agents. Flocculation occurs at higher concentrations of undissolved particles; it is clearly the primary sedimentation. Figure 1. Horizontal flow sump 55

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Sedimentation occurs because of the density differ- • bottom cleaning - during bottom scour, settled ence between the suspended solids and the water. particles resuspended and washed The following factors influence the settling process: • flocculation - with wastewater flocculation results density and size of suspended solids, water temperature, into larger particles, increasing the rate of settling. turbulence, flow stability, bottom cleaning and floccula- tion: Deposition of discrete particles • density - the higher the particle density, the faster Individual particles do not change their size, shape, the particles settle. or weight during settling (and therefore do not form ag- gregates). • size - the larger the particles, the faster they settle. • temperature - the lower the temperature of the A discrete particle in a liquid will settle by gravity water, the greater the viscosity, therefore the slower [8, 3-5]. The particle will accelerate as long as the drag the particles settle. force of the fluid in friction does not equal the value of • turbulence - the more turbulent the flow, the slower gravity, after which the vertical (settling) velocity of the the particles settle. particle will be constant (Fig. 2). • stability - instability can lead to overflow, affect- ing particle settling Figure 2. Forces acting on settling particle The upward force acting on the particle, caused by A – projected particle area м2 the resistance of the fluid during friction, can be calcu- lated using: The downward force caused by the difference in den- ������������������ = ������������ ∙ ������ ∙ v���2��� ∙ ������ sity between the particle and the water can be calculated 2 using: Where: Where: ������������������������������ = (������ − ������������) ∙ ������ ∙ ������ Fup − directions of upward force due to friction, [N] ������������������������������ − downward flow under the action of gravity Н ������������ − drag coefficient - ������������ − specific density of particles к������⁄м3 ρ − water density к������ ∕ м3 ������ − gravitational constant м∕ ������2 v������ − settling velocity [ м∕s ] ������ − particle volume м3 Figure 3. Relationship between Reynolds number and drag coefficient 56

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. The equality of both forces, assuming a spherical When the Reynolds number Re > 1600, the deposition particle, gives as settling velocity: is turbulent, and when 1<Re<1600, the deposition is in a transition state between laminar and turbulent. Figure 3 v������ = √3 4 ∙ ������������ − ������ ∙ ������ ∙ ������ shows the relationship between drag coefficient and ∙ ������������ ������ Reynolds number. The horizontal flow sedimentation tank is 2 m high, 20 m wide, and 45 m long. The flow rate where: through the tank is 0.5 m3/s and the water temperature d - diameter of the spherical particle is 10 C. We have to check if the tank meets the hydraulic Thus, the rate of deposition depends on: requirements. The horizontal flow rate and the critical • particle density and liquid density settling velocity are equal: • particle diameter (size) • the flow pattern around the particle. v0 = ������ = 0,5 = 12,5 ∙ 10−3 м ∕ ������ The flow pattern around the particle is accounted for ������ ∙ ������ 20 ∙ 2 in the drag coefficient. The value of the drag coefficient is not constant, but depends on the value of the Reynolds v������������ = ������ = 0,5 = 0,56 ∙ 10−3 м ∕ ������ number for settling. For spherical particles the Reynolds ������ ∙ ������ 20 ∙ 45 number is given by the formula: ������������ = v������ ∙ ������ The hydraulic radius of the tank can be calculated ������ with: ������ ∙ ������ 20 ∙ 2 R = ������ + 2 ∙ ������ = 20 + 2 ∙ 2 = 1,67 where:  - kinematic viscosity м ∕ ������2 Reynolds number and Camp number are equal: In the drinking water treatment practice, laminar settling usually takes place. The Reynolds number for ������������ = v0 ∙ ������ = 12,5 ∙ 10−3 ∙ 1,67 = 15935 laminar deposition of spheres is Re<1, which leads to the ������ 1,31 ∙ 10−6 following relationship between the Reynolds number and drag coefficient: ������������ = v02 = (12,5 ∙ 10−3)2 = 0,954 ∙ 10−5 ������ ∙ ������ 9,81 ∙ 1,67 Replacing this relationship in the equation for dep- osition rate gives the Stokes equation: v������ = 1 ∙ ������ ∙ ������ч − ������ ∙ ������2 18 v ������ The Reynolds number exceeds 2000, and the flow Thus, the deposition rate depends on the viscosity will be turbulent. The Camp number is approximately 1- of the fluid as well as the temperature. The relationship 10-5, and no short-circuiting will occur. Let's determine between kinematic viscosity and temperature is: the efficiency of the settling tank with the slurry from the sedimentation test in Table 1. Figure 5 shows the 495 ∙ 10−6 suspended solids content as a function of water depth at v = (������ + 42,5)1,5 different sampling times from Table 1. Between 0 and 0.75 meters, the progress of the graph (dashed line) is estimated [9, 6-7]. The residence times are: Where: ������ ∙ ������ ∙ ������ 20 ∙ 2 ∙ 45 T – temperature С ������ = ������ = 0,5 = 3600c Table 1. Relative particle concentration as a result of the precipitation test 57

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 4. Distribution of the total frequency of setting velocities velocities at different tank depths Figure 5. Relative concentration of particles Conclusions. Based on the calculations, we can and the green surface below the line shows the amount conclude that, assuming a residence time of 3600 seconds of solids that are still in suspension. After measuring the and a height of 2 meters, from Figure 19, the blue surface surfaces, it can be concluded that the settling efficiency above the line indicates the amount of deposited solids, is more than 80%. References: 1. Rikhsikhodjaeva G.R., Rizaev A.N. Analysis of modern methods of salts and corrosion destruction of petroleum equipment. Advanced Engineering Science. Volume 54, Issue 02, December, 2022. ISSN: 2096-3246. 5747-5752 р. 2. Rizaev A.N. Intensification of process adsorption treatment of petroleum wastewater. Annals of forest research. © ICAS 2022. Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 6839-6845 2022 ISSN: 18448135, 20652445. 6839-6845р. 3. Rizaev A.N., Adilov K.A., Xushvaqtov D.Q. (2022). Numerical determination of the performance of horizontal settling tanks. Journal \"Scientific and technical magazine\" 180-184. 4. Rasulov M.H., Rizaev A.N., & Rahimov R.V. (2016). Theoretical research for defining the body durability characteristics of cement carrier rail car manufactured in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Journal \"Innotrans\".-Ekaterinburg, (4), 43-47. 5. Rizaev A. (2020). Research methods of water purification from pollution with petroleum and petroleum products. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(08), 5630-5634. 6. Rixsixodjaeva G.R. (2021). CORROSION AND SCALE FORMATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHARAC- TERISTIC FEATURES OF WATER AND METALS. ResearchJet Journal of Analysis and Inventions, 2(12), 71-76. 7. Rikhsikhodzhayeva G.R., Rizaev A.N., Khamidov B.N. (2020). Corrosion resistance of structural materials in recycled water.{Materially XVI Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji, \"Naukowa myśl informacyjnej powieki- 2020\", 07-15 March 2020 roku. Przemysl Nauka i studia, 127- 129. 8. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Department of Water Management Section of Sanitary Engineering Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl 9. Hudson H.E. Jr. (1981) Water Clarification Processes, Practical Design and Evaluation, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York. www.aquavarra.ie. 10. Ivanov V.G., Chernikov N.A., Water supply and drainage of industrial enterprises Textbook 190031, St. Petersburg, 2013. 11. Nikoladze G.I., Mints D.M., Kastalsky A.A. Preparation of water for drinking and industrial water supply. -Moscow: The Higher School, 1984. 58

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15139 THE EXPERIENCE OF SOUTH AFRICA, WEST GERMANY, SPAIN, JAPAN, USA IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Matchon Tukhtaev Teaching Assistant, Tashkent State University of Transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jahongir Isaev Teaching Assistant , Tashkent State University of Transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Alisher Mamatmuminov Teaching Assistant, Tashkent State University of Transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ОПЫТ ЮАР, ФРГ, ИСПАНИИ, ЯПОНИИ, США ПО УСТРОЙСТВУ ЦЕМЕНТОБЕТОННЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ Тўхтаев Матчон Бекчонович ассистент преподавателя, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Исаев Джахонгир Азамат угли ассистент преподавателя, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Маматмуминов Алишер Туракулович ассистент преподавателя, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Sharing and disseminating knowledge is essential if we are to continue to advance the practice of concrete pavement construction and maintenance worldwide. Toward this end, this report presents the proceedings of the Harold J. Hulme International Symposium on Concrete Pavement Design. АННОТАЦИЯ Обмен и распространение знаний имеет важное значение, если мы хотим продолжать совершенствовать практику строительства и обслуживания бетонных покрытий во всем мире. С этой целью в данной статье представлены материалы Международного симпозиума Гарольда Дж. Халма по проектированию бетонных покрытий. Ключевые слова: бетонные покрытия, автомобильная дорога, консервативность. Keywords: concrete pavements, highway, conservative. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Experience working with concrete roads They are built using manual methods and rudimentary in South Africa factories that do not create the longitudinal profile re- quired for modern transportation. As a result, the use of Until 1968, concrete pavements were used only in concrete roads was discontinued in the 1950s and 1960s. special cases in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). However, AASHTO road test results and studies and __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tukhtaev M., Isaev J., Mamatmuminov A. THE EXPERIENCE OF SOUTH AFRICA, WEST GERMANY, SPAIN, JAPAN, USA IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15139

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. observations of modern concrete pavement performance, seams are doweled, and longitudinal seams are an- particularly in the United States, have sparked interest in chored. Both dowels and anchors are vibrated into com- modern concrete pavements as a means of meeting the pacted concrete. The aggregates used on the concrete rapidly increasing traffic load on highways in South Af- surface must have high frost resistance and at least half rica. Construction of modern concrete pavements started of the coarse aggregate must be crushed. Concrete must in RSA in 1968 and accelerated from the mid-1970s. also be entrained to withstand the effects of heat and The technology currently in use is based on that used in cold preservation agents. When damaged slabs are re- regions of the United States with similar climate condi- constructed, high-strength concrete containing super- tions. As it was recognized that existing concrete pavement plasticizer is used. In summer, reconstructed segments designs were probably conservative for South African can be reopened for traffic within 12-14 hours. When conditions, an extensive research and testing program old concrete pavements are renewed, either the old con- was initiated. crete is broken up and a new pavement is placed on top of it, or the old concrete is crushed by a cutter and used It was necessary to solve the following problems. as a cement-bound base aggregate. • Design flaws. • Road base problems. In Spain concrete cover construction • Demand for materials. • Preparation of concrete mixes. In Spain, traffic and climate pose serious limitations, • Transportation of concrete mixes. so design and construction specifications developed in • Construction problems. other countries usually have to be adapted to Spanish conditions. Although the first concrete pavements in the Construction of concrete pavements country date back to 1915, mechanized construction was in West Germany not introduced until the 1960s. In 1971, along with the California approach, slip-shaped coatings were intro- In West Germany, concrete pavements are usually duced. This technique has undergone significant laid on top of a hydraulically or bitumen-bonded foun- changes since the 1970s. -Recent work shows that to avoid dation in a convenient laying method. The thickness of joint failures (due to the heavy traffic that is common in these pavements has recently been increased from 5 to Spain), the joints should be equipped with dowels, and this 10 inches, and these pavements are divided into 5 m long practice has been made mandatory in the latest standards. and 4.25 m wide slabs by joints to relieve stresses caused by limiting volume changes. The plates are not rein- forced, ordinary Portland cement is used. Transverse Figure 1. Cross-sectional view of cement concrete pavement construction 60

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Characteristics of longitudinal surface textures used Design changes that improve the performance of PCC in Spain are described, as Spanish roads represent the only pavements are reviewed along with examples of innovative large-scale use of such textures in Europe. Finally, some technology. observations are made on the use of rolled compacted concrete pavements, which are mainly used on second- Conclusion ary roads but have recently been used on some major roads. This paper describes the current state of pavement Progress made and ideas that can be considered es- technology in Japan. Traffic and weather conditions tablished affecting pavement design and methods of selecting the pavement to be used are reviewed. Emphasis is placed • A survey of pavement conditions and the need for on the type and structure of cement concrete (PCC) used, a central database appears to be an accepted goal. as well as its performance and construction methods. Future trends in the development of PCC coating tech- • The need to establish pavement maintenance in- nology in Japan are also described. tervention limits and maintenance strategies is generally accepted. • Traffic conditions, weather conditions and special problems. • Preventing water ingress into pavement structures is an important design and maintenance requirement. • The role of concrete pavement. • Construction and use of concrete guides. • Concrete overlays (thick and thin) continue • Concrete pavement performance. to increase in value and reliability over older concrete • Construction methods for concrete roads in Japan and flexible overlays. This storage method is now widely • Construction methods used on national highways used. and major local roads. • More efficient maintenance and repair methods. Unsolved problems Concrete pavements. USA • Although this is important, few countries have a central database of pavement condition. This would be The article describes the current state of concrete more easily implemented if cheaper and faster survey pavement construction in the United States and examines systems were available. Photographic (including video) changes to accommodate increased traffic volume and and other automated electronic systems of pavement con- loading on road projects. The history of the development dition assessment need further research and development. of traffic on interstates and other major highways is dis- cussed, and the sharp increase in traffic loads that has • Retrofitting of effective drainage structures for accelerated the deterioration of the interstate and primary existing road structures requires further research. highway system is noted. This degradation called for some sort of rehabilitation strategy to preserve the exist- • Detailed technical and economic studies are ing system, and thus ushered in a new era in highway needed to determine the full potential of concrete pavement construction that focused on maintaining the highway recycling options. system through rehabilitation, resurfacing, reconstruction, and recycling. . Different types of concrete pavements Necessary studies are discussed, along with typical highway designs, and different types of road structures used in interstate and • Creation of a central database of road pavement heavy-duty mainline systems are considered ¬. Typical condition, problems and solutions and use of data; designs used for major hubs, civil and general aviation airports are reviewed, and concrete pavements for con- • The most modern technologies for laying con- tainer ports, parking lots and cargo terminals are also crete pavements on road surfaces; discussed. Equipment development over the past 30 years has brought about major changes in PCC road construc- • Processing of concrete coatings; tion methods, increasing production to meet the needs of • The role of roller compacted concrete for pave- major road construction programs during this period. ment rehabilitation. ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and PCC portland cement concrete References: 1. C.R. Freeme, E. Otte, and M.F. Mitchell. The Economics of Pavement Type Selection. National Transport Commission, Pre· toria, 1980. 2. M.F. Mitchell and R.N. Walker. The Economics of Pavement Type Selection. Proc., Third International Conference on Con- crete Pavement: Design and Rehabilitation. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., 1985. pp. 23-32. 3. H . Liiwenberg. Betonstrassenbau: Stand der Technik. Strassen- und Tiejbau, Vol. 33, 1979. 12. T. Moss and H. Harbert. Grunderneuerung von abgiingigen Betondecken auf Autobahnen: Betonbauweise. Hochtief Nach - richten-Be- tonstrassenbau, No. 3, 1985. 4. V. Faraggi, C. Jofre, and C. Kraemer. Combined Effect of Traffic Loads and Thermal Gradients on Concrete Pave- ment Design. 61

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 5. Proc. , Workshop on Theoretical Design on Concrete Pavements, Epen, the Netherlands, Netherlands Centre for Research and Contract Standardization in Civil and Traffic Engineering, Ede, the Netherlands, June 5-6, 1986. 2. C. Kraemer. Test section in the CN-II (in Spanish). Proc. , First Meeting on Concrete Pavements, Barcelona, Spain, Catalonian Cement Manufacturers Association, December 16-18, 1981, pp. XIV-1-XIV-6. 6. Manual for Cement/Concrete Pavement. Japan Road Association, Tokyo, 1984. 7. The Status of the Nations Highways: Conditions & Pe,formance. Report of the U.S. Secretary of Transportation to 100th Congress, 1987. 8. Ronald L. Hutchinson. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 99: Resu1facing with Portland Cement Concrete. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1982. 62

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. TRANSPORT DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15089 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MODELING OF THE SOFTWARE COMPLEX \"UNIVERSAL MECHANISM\" RAILWAY TRACK Nodir Begmatov Ismoilovich Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ulug’bek Ergashev Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОГРАММНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА «УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫЙ МЕХАНИЗМ» ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ПУТИ Бегматов Нодир Исмоилович ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эргашев Улугбек Эркинжон угли ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents a simulation of a railway track in the \"Universal Mechanism\" software package. Automation of the processes of studying mechanical objects, such as a system of elastic, as well as rigid bodies that are connected by kinetic and power elements, such as a wagon, an electric locomotive and a diesel locomotive, can be calculated using software systems, one of which is the Universal Mechanism software package. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приводится моделирование железнодорожного пути в программном комплексе «Универсальный механизм». Автоматизация процессов исследования механических объектов, таких как система упругих, а также твердых тел, которые связаны кинетическими и силовыми элементами, такими как вагон, электровоз и тепловоз, возможно, рассчитать с помощью программных систем, одной из которых является программный комплекс «Универсальный механизм». Keywords: modeling, railway track, software package, track width, longitudinal profile of the track. Ключевые слова: моделирование, железнодорожный путь, программный комплекс, ширина колеи, продольный профиль пути. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Operating conditions on different railways may means and strategies and to make this choice conscious, have significant differences. This applies, in particular, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the basic to the plan and profile of the track, axial loads and mechanisms of interaction in the wheel-rail and rolling weight of trains, track width, climate, geological charac- stock-track systems [1, 2]. teristics, traffic structure and their intensity. Any of these factors can have a noticeable impact on the choice of struc- It should be noted that a mechanical system in its tural solutions for the wheel-rail system and strategies structure can be flat or spatial, whereas for complex sys- for the maintenance of the track and rolling stock. In or- tems, the analysis of equations, summing up, as well as der to avoid conflict situations when choosing technical the representation of the structure of the object itself is complex. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Begmatov N.I., Ergashev U.E. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MODELING OF THE SOFT- WARE COMPLEX \"UNIVERSAL MECHANISM\" RAILWAY TRACK // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15089

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. In order to simplify the above process, the method In the \"Universal Mechanism\" software package, of subsystems \"Universal Mechanism\", which includes the railway track is qualified by the following parameters several types of subsystems, is used in the analysis of given in [9]: the technical system. Thus, the components of the rolling stock can be divided into certain subsystems, after which • macrogeometry of the path (plan and longitudinal one of the same subsystems is selected, which will later profile of the path); be described in order to save and avoid a large number of errors in the calculation. • microgeometry of rail threads (nervousness of rail threads in vertical and horizontal planes); The \"Universal Mechanism\" software package allows the use of modern computer graphics methods for • elastic-dissipative and inertial properties of the graphically-animated description of the motion process path. in the process of numerical solution of the problem and in processing the results obtained [3, 4]. In Russia, The geometry of the path includes the following the Universal Mechanism (UM) software package has components: become the most popular for studying the dynamic in- teraction of complex systems [5, 6]. Currently, interest • the geometry of rails in a perfect straight line in the program is also manifested outside of Russia [7, 8]. (track width, slope, profiles); The equations of motion of an object are output by • macrogeometry of curves and switches; a special program module in symbolic or numerical form. • irregularities of rail threads [9]. The geometry of rails in an ideal curve includes the Object modeling requires data entry and description following components: of key interacting calculation systems, one of which • Rail profiles; is a railway track and rolling stock. • distance between the centers of the rail heads; • rail canting. Figure 1. Rail profile coordinate system Figure 1 shows a special rail coordinate system (TFR) axis of the rail and is directed into the track. The ordinate set in the rail profile in the \"Universal Mechanism\" (z) axis is directed upwards. The profile is set in mm [9]. software package. The beginning of the TFR is located on the central axis of the rail section, on its surface The position of the rail in the transverse direction in (that is, the profile curve passes through the origin). The an ideal straight line in the \"Universal Mechanism\" is set abscissa (y) axis is perpendicular to the cross-section (Figure 2) by the gauge widening parameter in a straight line, for the calculation of which the formula (1) is used. Figure 2. Widening of the track in a straight line 64

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. y = Lr − L , (1) y = S + hr − L , (2) 2 2 where Lr - distance between the centers of the rail heads; where S – track width; L – the distance between the wheelset riding circles. hr – rail head width. In other words, the widening of the track in a The default value is set to Δy = 0,003 m. Rail canting ar0 – the angle between the axis of sym- straight line is the transverse distance from the bottom point on the wheel's rolling circle to the central point metry of the rail section and the vertical in a perfect straight of the rail head at their ideal position. line. The angle is measured in radians. The angle value To calculate the exact value of the track width, the formula (2) can also be used: is positive when the rails are inclined into the track [9]. The default value is set to ar0 = 0,05 rad. References: 1. Begmatov N.I., Ergashev U.E. MODELING OF THE FORCE IMPACT FROM ROLLING STOCK ON THE RAILWAY TRACK // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 11(104). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14617 2. Begmatov N.I., Muhammadiyev N.R. Eksperimentаlnoe opredelenie jestkosti relsovoy niti [Experimental determination of the stiffness of the rail thread] // TSTU. 2021. №1. [in Russian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eksperi- mentalnoe-opredelenie-zhestkosti-relsovoy-niti. 3. Dmitry Pogorelov, Alexander Rodikov, Roman Kovalev. Parallel computations and co-simulation in Universal Mechanism software. Part 1: Algorithms and implementation Transport problems. 2019. Volume 14, Issue 3. DOI: 10.20858/tp.2019.14.3.15. [in English]. 4. Dmitry Pogorelov, Alexander Rodikov, Roman Kovalev. Parallel computations and co-simulation in Universal Mechanism software. Part II: examples Transport problems. 2019 Volume 14 Issue 4. DOI: 10.20858/tp.2019.14.4.3. [in English]. 5. Dmitry Pogorelov et al. Train 3D: the technique for inclusion of three-dimensional models in longitudinal train dy- namics and its application in derailment studies and train simulators / Vehicle System Dynamics, Published online: 11 Jan 2017 DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2016.1273532. [in English]. 6. Universal mechanism // Моделирование взаимодействия железнодорожных экипажей и пути [Modeling the in-teraction of railway crews and tracks]. / Rukovodstva polzovatelya. – 2021. – 21 pp. [in Russian]. 7. Ying Song, Lei Liang, Yanliang Du, Baochen Sun. Railway Polygonized Wheel Detection Based on Numerical Time-Frequency Analysis of Axle-Box Acceleration / Applied sciences. - 2020. - Vol. 10. - Iss. 5. DOI: 10.3390/app10051613 [in English]. 8. Iman Hazrati Ashtiani. Optimization of secondary suspension of three-piece bogie with bevelled friction wedge geometry / International Journal of Rail Transportation. 9. Universal mechanism // Моделирование динамики железнодорожных экипажей [Modeling the dynamics of railway carriages]. / Rukovodstva polzovatelya. – 2021. – 268 pp. [in Russian]. 65

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. STUDY OF FAILURES OF ISUZU BUSES OPERATED IN THE CITY OF TASHKENT Abdunabi Tajibaev Сandidate of Technical Sciences, professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Ravshanjon Alimardanov assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Iskandarbek Abdurashidov Doctoral student, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОТКАЗОВ АВТОБУСОВ ИСУЗУ ЭКСПЛУАТИРУЕМЫХ В ГОРОДЕ ТАШКЕНТЕ Таджибаев Абдунаби Абдурахманович канд. техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Алимарданов Равшанжон Алимардан угли ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдурашидов Искандарбек Журъат угли докторант, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article studies the failures of ISUZU buses operated in the city of Tashkent. Typical malfunctions of buses \"ISUZU\" are determined on the example of \"TRUCK AND BUS\" LLC SERVICE” located in the car park №2 in Tashkent. (on the example of 100 buses) АННОТАЦИЯ В статье изучается отказы автобусов ИСУЗУ эксплуатируемых в городе Ташкенте. Определены типичные неисправности автобусов \"ISUZU\" на примере ООО “TRUCK AND BUS SERVICE” находящегося в автопарке № 2 г.Ташкента. (на примере 100 автобусов). Keywords: breakdowns, malfunction, operation, bus, conditions, climate, clutch. Ключевые слова: поломки, неисправность, эксплуатация, автобус, условия, климат, сцепления. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction transport system of Tashkent, which is one of the largest cities in Uzbekistan, several brands of buses are used, Currently, the rapid growth of the population in large and ISUZU buses are used in many directions. One of cities of the Republic of Uzbekistan causes problems the main drawbacks of the ISUZU bus is the rapid in the urban public transport system, so the solution failure of the clutch, which is caused by the frequent use of these problems poses huge challenges for engineers of the clutch in urban areas. Clutch reliability research in the field of road transport. As you know, in the public is considered very relevant. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tajibaev A.A., Alimardanov R.A., Abdurashidov I.Z. STUDY OF FAILURES OF ISUZU BUSES OPERATED IN THE CITY OF TASHKENT // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15100

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the production of failures and malfunctions during its operation. It will be trucks, cars and buses is widely established. This, in turn, necessary to carry out timely maintenance and repair has a positive effect on the economic development of of buses on the basis of regulatory documents. the republic. For high-quality service of the population by ISUZU buses, it is necessary to prevent and eliminate Target: ISUZU Bus Failure Study. Research results: Table 1. Determination of typical malfunctions of buses \"ISUZU\" on the example of LLC \"TRUCK AND BUS SERVICE\" located in the car park №2 in Tashkent. (on the example of 100 buses) № Aggregates Common failures and malfunctions in Isuzu buses by mileage interval, (thousand km) 1 Engine 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Total % 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 - - 2 6 11 35 23 8 6 11 102 8.6 2 Cooling system - 3 6 13 13 36 26 12 15 17 141 11.9 3 Supply system - 2 5 16 19 39 31 18 11 23 164 13.9 4 Clutch - - 6 17 17 36 28 19 14 25 162 13.7 5 Transmission - 2 5 11 9 10 10 18 17 16 98 8.3 6 Cardan shaft - - - - - -1-1- 2 0.1 7 Rear axle - - - 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 20 1.6 8 Wheel and hub 6 13 26 6 7 31 19 39 23 31 201 17 9 Steering - - - 2 1 3 4 3 3 2 18 1.5 10 Brake system - - 6 12 17 11 11 14 13 20 104 8.8 11 Electronic equipment - - 3 9 13 10 16 10 3 13 77 6.5 12 Carcass - 2 5 14 4 19 8 6 3 7 68 5.7 Total 6 22 64 108 117 235 181 154 118 170 1178 100 Table 2. Determination of ISUZU bus clutch failures on the example of TRUCK AND BUS SERVICE LLC located in the vehicle fleet №2 in Tashkent Common failures and malfunctions in Isuzu buses by mileage interval, (thousand km) № Aggregates 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Total % 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1 Pedal 2 Stock - - - - - - - -1- 1 0.1 3 Master cylinder 4 Clutch disc - - - - - - -1- - 1 0.1 5 Clutch cover 6 Car tank - - 2 5 8 21 15 19 14 9 93 16.4 7 Pipe 8 Working cylinder - - 9 15 30 26 19 14 22 8 143 24.7 9 Spring 10 Clutch fork - - - - - - 11 - - 4 15 2.6 11 Release bearing - - - - - -214- 7 1.2 Total - - - - -5-2- - 7 1.2 - - 1 23 15 32 18 24 13 27 153 26.5 -----2--4- 6 1 - - - - - 6 4 12 7 8 37 6.5 - - - 3 21 15 11 28 14 22 114 19.7 - - 12 46 74 107 80 101 79 78 577 100 67

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. The mode of movement of buses in intensive urban drive disc running surfaces, and flywheel when it stops conditions differs from the suburban one (under the same at every stop, traffic light, and intersection. conditions of the road surface) as follows: speed 50-52%; frequency of crankshafts 130-136%; gear shifting is During peak hours, passenger traffic increases, which 3-3.5 times greater: the relative friction of the clutch affects the greater load. In turn, when the bus moves drive disc is 8-8.5 times greater; 3.0-3.6 times more from a place, the clutch parts are subjected to great movement along the reciprocating trajectory. The main stress. In this regard, frequent repair of buses is required. mode of transport in the city of Tashkent is the city pas- That is why the reliability of ISUZU buses and their senger bus. Buses are used very intensively. Daily mileage: assemblies-mechanisms is very important. 289.3 km; annual road mileage is 98.6 thousand km; operating speed 21.10 km/h; coefficient of technical Conclusion readiness 0.963; the output ratio on the line is 0.946. Based on the results of the analysis, the following The weather in Tashkent is hot and sometimes hu- conclusions were drawn: mid. As a result of heating the rubbing surfaces of the clutch of a car with a high temperature of dry hot air, its • The failures and malfunctions of ISUZU buses reliability is lost, friction between the surfaces increases operated in Tashkent were studied, the results of the and, if it is not prevented in time, parts and assemblies study were analyzed. begin to fail early. High temperature and humidity, in turn, cause rapid corrosion of surfaces and require • The influence of natural climatic and road condi- frequent replacement. tions on the operation of the clutch has been studied, the influencing factors have been determined, that is, it has Clutch parts of ISUZU buses running around the city been established that the traffic flow consists of a com- of Tashkent are subjected to heavy loads. For example, plex of natural climatic and road conditions. a bus moving along a route causes damage to the drive disc, • To improve reliability during operation, it is nec- essary to perform temporary and high-quality mainte- nance and current car repairs. References: 1. Абдурашидов И.Ж., Алимарданов Р.А. Исследование эффективности испытаний автомобильных тормозов // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн., 2021. 12(93). 2. Абдураззакова Д.А., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Алимарданов Р.А. Цифровые приложения в преподавании технических дисциплин // Интернаука: электрон. научн. журн., 2022. № 2(225). С. 74-77. 3. Едгоров Ж.Н., Алимарданов Р.А., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Кодиров М.Ф. Анализ поломок и неисправностей автобусов ИСУЗУ эксплуатируемых в городе Ташкенте // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн., 2022. 9(102). С. 14-17. 4. Ибрахимов К.И., Абдурашидов И.Ж. Влияние условий эксплуатации автомобилей-самосвалов на их ресурс работы // Цифровые технологии, инновационные идеи и перспективы их применения в сфере производства: межд. конф. (Узбекистан, 12 июнь 2021). Андижан: Изд-во Андижанский машиностроительный институт, 2021. С. 32-36. 5. Исматов А.А., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Ёкубжонов С.Г., Анализ неисправностей тормозной системы автобусов ISUZU в процессе эксплуатации., научно-методический журнал проблемы науки № 5 (64), 2021., С. 18-20. 6. Исматов А.А., Алимарданов Р.А., Абдурашидов И.Ж. Study of the dynamics of the transmission of a all-wheel vehicle // Технические науки: проблемы и решения: межд. конф. (Москва, апрель 2022). Москва: Изд-во Интернаука, 2022. С. 101-104. 7. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдурашидов И.Ж. Опыт подготовки преподавателей технических дисциплин в ведущих вузах мира // Вестник науки и образования. 2021. №7(110). С. 27-29. 8. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Общеметодическая подготовка преподавателей специальных дисци- плин в технических вузах // 2020. № 23 (101). Часть 3. С. 49-51. 9. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Алимарданов Р.А. Перспективы использования мобильных технологий в образовательном процессе // Вестник науки и образования, 2021. №172 (120). С. 85-87. 10. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдурашидов И.Ж. Условия совершенствования практической подготовки инженеров до- рожно-строительной отрасли // Наука и образование сегодня. 2020. №2 (49). 11. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдурашидов И.Ж., Алимарданов Р.А. Возможности и перспективы развития мобильных технологий в высшем техническом образовании // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн., 2022. № 1(94). С. 13-15. 12. Шарифбаева Х.Я. Применение мобильных технологий в сфере образования // Проблемы педагогики, 2018. № 2 (34). С. 106. 13. Шарифбаева Х.Я. Сравнительная педагогика в подготовке преподавателей для ССПО. – 2004. 14. Шарифбаева Х.Я. Опыт организации учебного процесса в технических вузах // ББК 74.57 я43 с56. – с.134. 68

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 15. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Абдураззакова Д. Возможности дистанционного образования при формирования навыков самообразования у студентов // Архив научных исследований. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 1. 16. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Чўлпанова Х.Т. Техник таълим тизими мутахассислик фани ўқитувчиси: талаб ва таклиф // academic research in educational sciences, 2022. № tstu conference 1. 17. Шарифбаева Х.Я, Нарзуллаев Г. Факторы активизации когнитивных процессов при изучении технических дисциплин // Academic research in educational sciences. 2022. №TSTU conference 1. 18. Шарифбаева Х.Я., Муминов М. Организация самостоятельной работы студентов в технических вузах // Academic research in educational sciences. 2022. №TSTU conference 1. 19. Sharifbaeva, K., Niyazova, G., Abdurazzakova, D., Abdurashidov, I., & Alimardonov, R. (2022, June). Formation of methodical competence of special subjects teachers in technical universities. In American Institute of Physics Conference Series (Vol. 2432, No. 1, p. 050043). 20. Sharifbaeva K.Y., Abdurashidov I.Z., Alimardanov R.A. Training of road construction engineers // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн., 2022. 1(94). 69

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 3(108) Март 2023 Часть 4 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Научный журнал Издается ежемесячно с декабря 2013 года Является печатной версией сетевого журнала Universum: технические науки Выпуск: 3(108) Март 2023 Часть 5 Москва 2023

УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 3(108). Часть 5., М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 64 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/3108 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Transport 10 APPLICATION OF COMPUTER- AIDED DESIGN (CAD) SYSTEMS WHEN SOLVING 15 ENGINEERING SURVEY TASKS 15 Yusufov Abdulaziz Otabek Khamidov 19 Nuriddin Zayniddinov 19 Shukhrat Jamilov Sherzamin Abdurasulov 22 22 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORKING ALGORITHM OF BRAKING DEVICES OF WAGONS 27 AND SORTING STATIONS Janibek Kurbanov 32 Zokhid Toshboyev 37 Eldor Khujamkulov 41 Technology, machinery and equipment for logging, forestry, wood processing and chemical processing of wood bi-omass STUDY OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF SUBLIMATION DRYING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Oybek Ergashev Azizbek Egamberdiev Mirazam Meliboev Food technology BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT AMARANTH AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Dilshod Shodiev Hojiali Qurbonov Gulbakhoroy Shodieva Chemical engineering RECYCLING INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMICS Ashraf Eminov Shokhida Khamdamova Abdulaziz Khokimov EFFECTS OF REGIME PARAMETERS ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE INVESTIGATED VORTEX APPARATUS Ҳoshim Bakhronov Sabohat Ganieva Nazora Xudoyberdiyeva COAGULATION-FLOCULATION PROPERTIES OF DISPERSIONS FORMED BY ALUMINUM-CONTAINING COAGULANTS AND COMPOSITIONS BASED ON THEIR BASED IN THE PROCESSES OF PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER OF SERICULTURE Mustaqim Hotamov MODIFICATION OF CATALYTIC SYSTEMS IN THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING SYNTHETIC HIGH FATTY ACIDS THROUGH OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS Kamoliddin Khujakulov Javlonbek Muradov SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON DODECYL METACRYLATE AND STYRENE AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL Mavlonov Shokhrukh

RELAXATION MAXIMUM OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FROM EPOXY 46 AND POLYURETHANE POLYMERS Sayibjan Negmatov 52 Tulkin Ulmasov Nodira Abed 59 Sirojiddin Jovliev 59 Burkhon Haminov Boxodir Eshmuradov Joxongir Negmatov RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS OF ANTI-CORROSION COMPOSITE POLYMER MATERIALS AND COATINGS Sayibjan Negmatov Ulugbek Kuchkorov Nodira Abed Komila Negmatova Sanjar Sultanov Shukhrat Bozorboev Shavkat Jovliyev Boxodir Eshmuradov Joxongir Negmatov Energy industry CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL MODEL OF THE ALAN FIELD Shahlo Oripova Bobirjon Adizov Baxshillo Akramov Azizbek Umurzakov

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH TRANSPORT APPLICATION OF COMPUTER- AIDED DESIGN (CAD) SYSTEMS WHEN SOLVING ENGINEERING SURVEY TASKS Yusufov Abdulaziz Doctoral student PhD, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Otabek Khamidov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nuriddin Zayniddinov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Shukhrat Jamilov Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sherzamin Abdurasulov Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СИСТЕМ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ (САПР) ПРИ РЕШЕНИИ ЗАДАЧ ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ ИЗЫСКАНИЙ Абдулазиз Юсуфов Махамадали угли докторант Phd, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хамидов Отабек Рустамович д-р техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Зайниддинов Нуриддин Савранбек угли канд. техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: APPLICATION OF COMPUTER- AIDED DESIGN (CAD) SYSTEMS WHEN SOLVING ENGINEERING SURVEY TASKS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Yusufov A. [и др.]. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15088

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Жамилов Шухрат Фармон угли ассистент, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдурасулов Шерзамин Хайитбоевич ассистент, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Currently, computer-aided design systems are widely used in various branches of mechanical engineering in the automotive industry, railway transport, air transport, water transport and in general in all branches of mechanical engineering. Computer-aided design systems are regularly used to solve existing problems in engineering research. In engineering research, the finite element method is being rapidly introduced in the study of the stress-strain state of metal structures. The application of the finite element method makes it possible to increase the accuracy of calculations, as well as to determine the units of complex shape and stress at their junctions. АННОТАЦИЯ В настоящее время системы автоматизированного проектирования широко применяются в различных отраслях машиностроения в автомобильной промышленности, на железнодорожном транспорте, воздушном транспорте, водном транспорте и вообще во всех отраслях машиностроения. Системы автоматизированного проектирования регулярно используются для решения существующих проблем в инженерных исследованиях. В инженерных исследованиях быстро внедряется метод конечных элементов при исследовании напряженно-деформированного состояния металлических конструкций. Применение метода конечных элементов позволяет повысить точность расчетов, а также определить единицы сложной формы и напряжения в местах их соединений. Keywords: Finite Element Method (FEM), basic structures, Locomotive frame, bogie frame, SolidWorks modeling, residual resource, statistical analysis, dynamic analysis. Ключевые слова: Метод Конечных Элементов (МКЭ), рама локомотива, рама тележки, моделирование SolidWorks, остаточный ресурс, статистический анализ, динамический анализ. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. At the moment, the modeling direction c) the possibility of implementing dangerous or is an innovative and advanced method to ensure the desired difficult-to-reproduce modes in nature (critical mode of level of product properties at the design stage in technical a nuclear reactor, operation of a missile defense system); industries. Namely, the simulation route can prevent accidents and ensure the safety of traffic. In the field d) the ability to change time scales; simplicity of of modeling, there are the following problems: multidimensional analysis;  difficulties in the reliability of data and properties e) great predictive power due to the possibility of the modeling object; of identifying common patterns;  varieties of the model operator; f) the versatility of the technical and software of the  modeling goals; work carried out (computers, programming systems and  method of model research; packages of general-purpose application programs) [4,5].  objects of research;  the model belongs to the hierarchical level of the Currently, mathematical modeling is entering the object description; third fundamentally important stage of its development,  the nature of the displayed properties; integrating into the structure of the information society.  calculation procedure; “Raw information” usually provides little for analysis  using process control modeling. and forecasting, for making decisions and monitoring Mathematical modeling is a simulation in which the their execution. Reliable recycling methods are needed study of an object is performed by means of a model for- information raw materials in the finished product – mulated in the language of arithmetic. For example, the accurate knowledge. description and study of Newton's laws of mechanics by means of mathematical formulas [1,2,3]. A mathematical model should describe not only In comparison with full- scale modeling, mathematical specific individual phenomena or objects, but a fairly modeling has the following advantages: wide range of heterogeneous phenomena and objects. a) cost-effectiveness (in particular, saving the re- One of the fruitful approaches to modeling complex sources of a real system); objects is the use of analogies with already studied b) the possibility of modeling hypothetical, that is, phenomena. Example: oscillation processes in objects objects that are not realized in nature (primarily at different of different nature. stages of design); 1. Identification of significant factors. The basic principle: if there are several factors of the same order in the system, then all of them should be taken into account or discarded. 6

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 2. Allocation of additional conditions (initial, bound- The structures of the mechanical part of the traction ary, conjugation conditions, etc.). rolling stock, the shape and dimensions of their bearing elements are determined by the deformations and stresses Mathematical justification of the model. in them from the workloads specified in the design as- Investigation of the internal consistency of the model. signment, regulatory operating modes and environmental Justification of the correctness of the differential model. conditions (including extreme) [9]. Their actual loading, Proof of the existence, uniqueness and stability theorems which is necessary for a reliable assessment of strength of the solution. Qualitative research of the model. Eluci- and resource, is studied based on the results of running dation of the behavior of the model in extreme and ex- dynamic strength tests of the locomotive on various ele- treme situations. ments of the track. The operational load of the studied crew components is determined by the methods of loco- Numerical study of the model: motive motion modeling using modern software systems a) algorithm development; such as Solidworks, AutoCAD, Kompas 3-D, Ansys, etc. b) development of numerical methods for the study of the model; The railway branch of transport is one of the most c) the developed methods should be sufficiently important branches for ensuring brisk economic growth. general, algorithmic and allowing for the possibility Today, active work is underway, taking into account the of parallelization; trends in modernization and renewal of the existing lo- d) creation and implementation of the program. comotive fleet. The locomotive fleet is one of the most Nowadays there are many computer programs for important and necessary cogs of the industry, providing 3D modeling. They differ in the accuracy of the created cargo transportation and passengers. The organization of models, animation and visualization capabilities. The most non-hazardous operation of locomotives directly may accurate and complex 3D modeling software systems depend on the efficiency and condition of the rolling are used for industrial and machine-building design. stock used [10, 11]. Usually such complexes are called computer-aided de- sign (CAD) systems. Apart from this, software methods and tools for Foreign: collecting and managing information about the locomotive,  SolidWorks (France, Dassault Systemes) namely the locomotive's load-bearing structures, are  Fusion 360 (USA, Autodesk) being developed and intensively used, mathematical  Inventor (USA, Autodesk) analysis methods are used for analysis and processing  Solid Edge (Germany, Siemens PLM Software) (Fig.1). Russian:  Compass In addition to this, software methods and tools for  ADEM collecting and managing information about the locomotive, CAD developers have made specialized versions of namely the supporting structures of the locomotive, are software complexes according to their application profiles: being developed and intensively used, mathematical  Mechanical engineering analysis methods are used for analysis and processing [12].  Construction In the following Figures 1, 2 the main frame of the loco-  Instrumentation motive and the bogie frame were modeled by the finite  Electrical diagrams [6, 7, 8] element method. Figure 1. A finite element model of the bogie frame with interface nodes, made using the Solidworks program 7