tech-2022_02(95)

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Figure 1. General network of highways in the Republic of Uzbekistan About 4,000 km of the main road network passes state and local significance have passed in the most difficult conditions of the Republic. through the Kyzylkum, Aralkum, Ustyurt plateau, In these areas, sand deflation (latin \"deflatio\" - flight), Mirzachul, Sundukli deserts of the Republic, some ie the process of sand movement, occurs on a regular basis. sections of highways A-380 “Guzar - Bukhara - Nukus - Beineu”, A-373 “M39 highway - Guliston - Buka - Sand particles displaced by wind and sand Angren - Kokand-Andijan-Osh”, M-39 “Almaty - accumulate in some places and have a negative impact Bishkek - Tashkent - Shahrisabz - Termez”, on the technical condition of transport infrastructure M- 37 “Samarkand - Bukhara - Turkmenbashi”, facilities (roads, railways, artificial structures), the safe M- 34 “Tashkent - Dushanbe”, A-378 “Samarkand - movement of all types of vehicles [4,5,6] (Figure 2). Guzor”, A-379 “Navoi - Uchkuduk”[3] of international, Figure 2. The negative impact of mobile sands on transport infrastructure 26

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. From the day the road network was built in the In addition, professors Fozilov T.I, Mirakhmedov M., sandy deserts to the present day, the protection of Adilkhodjaev A.I, associate professor Muzaffarova M.K. transport infrastructure facilities from moving sands has described the results of practical experiments in their always been one of the most pressing issues, according scientific work on the protection of transport facilities to several generations of researchers. from sand migration using chemicals[12,13,14,15]. The theoretical basis for defining the boundaries of the During the last 40-50 years, in abroad L. Bruno, protection of high-speed railways passing through sandy J. Zakeri, D. Francos, A. Guidis, M. Ismaili, in the CIS areas was developed by Professor S.T. Djabbarov [16, countries A.S. Podgornov, S.K. Viesov, A.G. Babaev, 17, 18]. so in Uzbekistan A. Danilin, E.A. Aripov, R.S. Zokirov, T.I. Fozilov, M. Mirakhmedov, A.I. Adilkhodjaev, The research suggests the following basic methods S.T. Jabbarov, M.K. Muzaffarova and others have of protecting transport facilities from sand drifts in sandy conducted research. deserts: In particular, Professor L.Bruno of the Polytechnic а) mechanical protection method (reinforced concrete University of Turin (Italy) said in his study that the lack or metal barriers, walls, hills, geotextiles, etc.); of a classification of measures to reduce the negative impact of sand on the main infrastructure elements of the б) chemical protection method (bitumen, emulsion, railways is a sign of the lack of structural elements. polymeric materials, etc.); proposed [7]. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan Babaev A.G. developed recommendations с) biological protection method (planting of plants for the selection of types, methods and means of protection adapted to the desert area). for mobile sands based on climatic conditions [8,9]. Today, despite the fact that these methods are Professor Zokirov R.S. created a scientific school sufficiently studied, the results are widely used in on methods and techniques to protect railways passing practice, no effective method has been developed to through sandy areas from sand landslides. The scientist protect buildings in sandy deserts, including transport classified the means of protection of structures from infrastructure facilities from landslide sands. sand into 4 types depending on the occurrence rate[10]. The growth of desert areas in the last half century Professor Fozilov T.I. and improved its work, shows that one of the most pressing issues today is to taking into account other indicators [11]. further improve the above-mentioned methods of protection against landslides on the basis of information technology, new composite materials, modern computational methods. References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PF-5890 dated December 9, 2019 \"On measures to deep reform the road system of the Republic of Uzbekistan\". (https://lex.uz/docs/4634786). 2. Press conference of the Committee for Motor Roads for the media on \"Projects in the field of road construction and repair in 2021 and their quality control\". (https://www.uzavtoyul.uz/cy/post/19-04-2021.html). 3. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 169 of 2010 \"On approval of the list of public roads of the Republic of Uzbekistan\", (http://lex.uz//docs/1664887). 4. M. Mirakhmedov, K. Abdullaev, M. Muzaffarova, A. Khudoyorov. Comprehensive classification of measures to re- duce the negative impact ofwind on roads and railways in a sandy desert / Transport Problems - XIII International Conference – Poland - 2021.,535-538 pp. 5. Bruno L. & Fransos D. & Lo Giudice A. Solid barriers for windblown sand mitigation: aerodynamic behavior and conceptual design guidelines. J. Wind Eng. Industrial Aerodynamics. 2018. Vol. 173. P. 79-90. 6. Zakeri J.A. Investigation on railway track maintenance in sandy-dry areas. Structure and infrastructure engineering: maintenance, management. Life-Cycle Des. Perform. 2012. Vol. 8. P. 135-140. 7. L. Bruno, N. Coste, D. Fransos, A.Lo Giudice, L. Preziosi, L. Raffaele / Shield for sand: an innovative barrier for windblown sand mitigation. Recent Patentson Engineering. Vol.12, Issu 3, 2018. p.237-246 8. Babaev A.G. Opyt stabilizatsii podvijnyx peskov v basseyne Aralskogo morya // Problemy osvoeniya pustyn. International scientific-practical journal. Ashgabat. 2015. № 1-2. DOI: 556.51: 574 (262.83) 575.4.[in Russian]. 9. Babaev A.G. Global warming climate I opustynivanie // Probl. osv. pustyn. 2018. №3-4.[in Russian]. 10. Zakirov R.S. New sposobe zakrepleniya podvijnyx peskov / Put i putevoe xozyaystvo, № 6, 1981, pp.22-23.[in Russian]. 11. Fazilov T.I. Zakreplenie podvijnyx sands vyajushchimi veshchestvami. -Tashkent: Fan, 1987. -104 p.[in Russian]. 12. M. Miraxmedov, X. Abdullaev, A. Khudoyorov. Mery po smyagcheniyu negativnogo vozdeystviya vetropeschanogo potoka na sostoyanie injenernyx soorujeniy v peschanoy pustyne: sostoyanie i perspektivy / Transport Shyolkovogo Puti, №4, 2020, p.61-68.[in Russian]. 13. Miraxmedov M.M. Osnovy metodologi i organizatsii peskozakrepitelnyx rabot i zashchita prirodno-tehnicheskix obektov ot peschanyx zanosov / Monografiya. - Tashkent: Science and technology, 2008. 248 p.[in Russian]. 14. Adylkhodzhayev A.I. Razrabotka sostava i primeneniye gossipolovoy emul'sii dlya zakrepleniya podvizhnykh peskov/ Avtoref…kand. tekh. nauk. -Tashkent, 1978. -27 s.[in Russian]. 27

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. 15. Muzaffarova M.K. Resursosberegayushcheye zakrepleniye podvizhnykh peskov vyazhushchimi materialami mestnogo proizvodstva. Dissertatsiya na soiskaniy estepeni PhD. – Tashkent, TASI, 2018. – 114 s.[in Russian]. 16. Djabbarov Saidburkhan / PRESSURE TO RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE FROM THE HIGH-SPEED TRAIN MOVEMENT // Conference International Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology, TGG 2017, Saint Petersburg, Russia 17-19 May 2017, Procedia Engineering 189 ( 2017 ) 554 – 559 17. Djabbarov Saidburkhan, Mirakhmedov M., Sladkowski Aleksander/ Potential and Problems of the Development of Speed Traffic on the Railways of Uzbekistan// Transport Systems and Delivery of Cargo on East–West Routes. / Editors: Sladkowski, Aleksander (Ed.) Springer International Publishing. Series Volume 155. 2018. Р.р.369-421 18. Djabbarov S.T., Mirakhmedov M./ Issledovaniye vozdushnogo potoka ot dvizhushchegosya vysokoskorostnogo poyezda na prilegayushchey polose puti v rayonakh rasprostraneniya barkhannykh peskov//Aktual'nyye problemy razvitiya transportnoy infrastruktury: sbornik nauchnykh trudov/ red. A.F. Kolos , A.V. Kabanov. - SPb.: FGBOU VO PGUPS, 2018. – 335 s.[inRussian]. 28

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. TRANSPORT ELIMINATING CONGESTION ON INTERNAL ROADS Anvarbek Xomidov Assistant, Andijan Machine Building Institute, Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] Murodjon Tursunboyev Student, Andijan Machine Building Institute, Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] УСТРАНЕНИЕ ЗАТОРОВ НА ВНУТРЕННИХ ДОРОГАХ Anvarbek Xomidov ассистент, Андижанский машиностроительный институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан Murodjon Tursunboyev студент, Андижанский машиностроительный институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан ABSTRACT This article discusses the current conditions of congestion on modern highways and internal roads, the factors that cause them, effective measures to prevent congestion, finding solutions to existing problems with modern technologies and their benefits to the transport system of our country. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматриваются текущие условия загруженности современных автомагистралей и внутренних дорог, факторы, которые их вызывают, эффективные меры по предотвращению заторов, поиск решений существую- щих проблем с использованием современных технологий и их преимущества для транспортной системы нашей страны. Keywords: congestion, technology, problems, traffic lights, camera, public transport, stop. Ключевые слова: заторы, технологии, проблемы, светофоры, камеры, общественный транспорт, остановки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ No matter how advanced technology is, human Why is congestion an important problem? There are needs are constantly evolving. Of course, where there several reasons for this. are developments, there are problems and disadvantages. New technologies, new requirements, new challenges. It is well known that congestion is a major contrib- utor to delays at work or school. It also increases urban Transport is a \"transport\" in itself. Transport is an air pollution, which means that cars parked in cities emit integral part of the modern world transport process. Eve- more toxic gases (due to excessive braking and acceler- ryone has problems, but transport problems indirectly ation). Of course, congestion also affects the economy. affect all areas. And so we must say that this problem Any product that stays on the road for a long time will needs to be addressed. at least increase in price or, even worse, the quality of the product may deteriorate and be lost. In fact, there are many transport problems that need to be addressed. But one of the most important of these is congestion. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Xomidov A.A., Tursunboyev M.A. ELIMINATING CONGESTION ON INTERNAL ROADS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13079

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. What Causes Congestion? but also a “smart traffic light and smart camera” project. • Lack of alternatives; How do we do it? Will this lead to a fine for the cameras • Our main roads are not wide enough for traffic; we know? Such questions are relevant. On the contrary, • Our intersections cannot react to the flow of cars these smart cameras are designed to provide drivers with coming from different directions; a range of amenities. At intersections or in connection • Drivers do not follow traffic rules and stop for a with road closures for certain reasons, it is necessary to long time on the side of the road; install smart cameras that simultaneously analyze traffic • The presence of construction or repair work jams on roads with smart traffic lights. In this age of on the roads; technology, there are many different types of smart cam- • Closing some roads for holidays, celebrations eras, so it doesn't take long to create such cameras. or sports games; • Excessive pedestrian crossings and traffic lights How does smart traffic light and smart camera are not properly distributed in accordance with the traffic project work? flow; • Increasing the number of taxis and route taxis on We have information about the smart traffic light the route; operating system. Smart cameras analyze congestion in Of course, the list goes on and on. front of every traffic light, especially at intersections, Of course, solving these problems is a priority task as described above. We need to connect these cameras for the transport system. It is often a misconception that to a special application so that drivers can see in which congestion can be solved with one big idea. direction the roads are congested and which direction is For example: best to go. In the neighboring Kyrgyz Republic, streets, • Expansion of roads; especially in the city center, are connected to a special • Add or remove bus lanes; program that allows every citizen to directly observe • Construction of tunnels and bridges; what is happening there. So it is understandable that • Turn off the traffic light or extend the green light developing such cameras and applications will not be a time; big problem. • Encourage cycling or walking; • Closing the road to private cars for city centers; Conditions for making a special program • Construction of additional parking lots; The app only needs to be connected to smart cam- • Introduce tolls for congestion. eras and you can get everything at once from this app. in Problems can be solved with similar suggestions. this case, such software should be designed to show con- However, it must be admitted that this work has already gestion in every direction when scanning roads. There been done and is bearing fruit. However, the number of are 4 different levels, each of which must be marked traffic jams did not decrease significantly. In such cases, with a separate character. The use of colors in the mark- we need to look at how effectively Europe manages ing is the most optimal option. They come in red, yel- transport systems in the busy cities of developed coun- low, blue, and green. tries. Take, for example, cities such as Copenhagen and Red means there is excessive traffic in that direc- Freiburg that have effectively tackled congestion: they tion, yellow means that the traffic level is usually higher have studied the needs and requirements of the popula- now, blue means that the traffic level is lower, and green tion, passengers, businesses, visitors and tourists and means that the traffic is normal in this case. have taken effective action. Thus, we need to take a Western approach to con- The benefits of smart cameras gestion. We already see promising work in our capital Basically, these special cameras and apps should give Tashkent, but in some cases we still face lingering traffic you some very useful tips for using a taxi. Of course, jams. The fact that we have focused on the technologies taxi drivers make good use of this program. And with above means that we need to find solutions to the prob- that, we can increase the potential efficiency of taxis. On lems we face with modern technology. We will consider the other hand, it ensures that residents, employees and a number of current trends that can reduce the potential students arrive at their destinations without delay. Of workload in our country. course, as mentioned above, this program will be open to everyone and will be useful to individual car drivers. 1. Smart traffic lights and smart cameras In addition, these cameras are expected to reduce We have seen a lot of negotiations to make traffic one-way traffic congestion and prevent large congestion. lights more efficient. Over the past 5 years, the term “smart traffic light” has been introduced in our country. 2. Development of public transport using modern That is, these traffic lights have the ability to analyze technologies traffic flows in each direction and leave the road more open to congested routes. Simply put, on green roads It is known that urban public transport is one of the with heavy traffic, the green light stays on longer. There most effective ways to get rid of congestion. However, were many proposals for this project, but the problem of today we must admit that on average 50% of the population their implementation remains. So it needs to be improved. of our country travels by public transport. This suggests It is necessary to develop not only a “smart traffic light”, that public transport does not meet the needs of the population. This has resulted in an influx of taxis or private vehicles heading to city centers, which remains a key aspect of creating direct traffic jams. There are two types of problems and the correct solution can be found for them. 30

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. I. Demand control for public transport: actually very simple. Take Yandex Taxi, for example. First of all, it is necessary to equip public transport You can see where the car you ordered is coming from, with new, modern technologies and attract people. how long to wait, and even the driver's personal phone Thereafter, the requirements for each route can be scru- number. tinized and the demand management situation can be improved by increasing public transport traffic and re- How can these technologies benefit us? ducing the interval for high demand routes. Of course, First of all, the above developments attract the pop- we will try to find a modern solution to this problem. It ulation to public transport and can create a range of installs devices that can analyze the flow of passengers amenities for public transport to effectively manage on each route, determine which days and hours are in high these needs. This automatically reduces the need for a demand, and transmit them to a centralized database. private car or taxi, and also reduces the flow of cars. Here, depending on demand, you can see an increase On the other hand, it attracts residents to wait at the in public transport traffic to a certain place of the day. stations. Meeting passengers on public transport outside II. Modernization of stations, that is, \"smart sta- stations, as well as boarding and exiting public transport tions\", which we have heard about many times: outside stations, not only increases congestion, but also When we say smart station, we mean trying to spend increases the risk of road accidents. Public transport time meaningfully. In fact, smart stations with their own (buses) often stops at bus stops. But we have all seen that name have to work smartly. That is, we need to link this is not the case in 70% of places, especially in rural these stations with programs that answer the question of areas. Therefore, an effective way to attract people to where public transport is now and how long to wait. a station is to show a map of the route and addresses Programming like this may sound complicated, but it’s at these stations, the arrival time of the buses. References: 1. Xomidov, AA (2021). XAVFSIZLIK YOSTIQCHASI TURLARI. Internauka , (22-5), 9-11. 2. B.A. Xodjaev “Avtomobillarda yuk va yoʻlovchi tashish asoslari”. Darslik, Toshkent. O'zbekiston, 2002 yil 3. Xodjaev B. “Yagona transport tizimi”. Darslik, Toshkent, O‘zbekiston, 2004 4. Almataev, T.O. va Turgʻunova, G. (2021). QISHLOQ XO`JALIGI MOSHINALARDAN FOYDALANISHDA MA- HALLIY XOMOSYODAN FOYDALANISH. Universum: Muhandislik fanlari , (8-1), 65-66. 31

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. EFFICIENT MOVEMENT FOR CARGO TRANSPORTATION DETERMINATION OF CONTENT Mamasoliyev Bunyod Assistant lecturer, Andijan Machine-Building Institute. Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] Nodir Abdusattarov magistr, Andijan Machine-Building Institute. Uzbekistan, Andijan ЭФФЕКТИВНОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ ДЛЯ ГРУЗОПЕРЕВОЗОК ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ Мамасолиев Бунёд Махаматжон ўғли aссистент, Андижанский машиностроительный институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан Абдусаттаров Нодирбек Хайитбоевич магистрант, Андижанский машиностроительный институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан ABSTRACT Successful storage of cargo can be achieved only by maintaining a special temperature regime necessary for the maintenance of quality at all stages of the product life cycle from production to consumption (including transportation). The main criterion in the selection of rolling stock for the carriage of goods is to ensure the safety of the cargo. To do this, take into account the nature of the route, the number of unloading points on the distribution route, the type of cooling device of the car-refrigerator. This article is based on the basic steps of an effective rolling stock selection methodology for transporting goods. АННОТАЦИЯ Успешное хранение груза может быть достигнуто только при соблюдении специального температурного режима, необходимого для поддержания качества на всех этапах жизненного цикла продукции от производства до потребления (включая транспортировку). Основным критерием при выборе подвижного состава для перевозки грузов является обеспечение сохранности груза. Для этого учитывают характер пути следования, количество разгрузочных пунктов на пути раздачи, тип охлаждающего устройства вагона-рефрижератора. Эта статья основана на основных шагах эффективной методики выбора подвижного состава для перевозки грузов. Keywords: cargo, transportation, transport, rolling stock, refrigeration, efficiency, operation. Ключевые слова: груз, перевозка, транспорт, подвижной состав, холодильное оборудование, эффективность, эксплуатация. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The freight system is complex and responsible in shipment, the season and the temperature of the shaping the logistics system around the world. environment, the urgency of delivery of goods to the trade network [1,2]. In this system, it will be possible to achieve the planned plan when the process of receiving, delivering and The choice of rolling stock is one of the main issues forming other services in the process of transportation of to be addressed in the substantiation of transport- goods is carried out in a systematic way. technological schemes of cargo transportation [3]. As we can see from the above, transportation and its Observations show that the selection of rolling stock organization is one of the most important issues of the day. in the conditions of operational transport is based on the intuition and practical experience of those responsible In choosing the type of rolling stock and its carrying for transportation. capacity, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics and nature of the goods, the size of the __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamasoliyev B., Abdusattarov N. EFFICIENT MOVEMENT FOR CARGO TRANS- PORTATION DETERMINATION OF CONTENT // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13149

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. In this case, the carrier must pay special attention to of vehicle selection, many authors accept the efficiency the characteristics of the cargo and the requirements for of vehicles, minimal costs, as well as the cost of deliv- its protection from external factors. ery. [4]. Rational selection of rolling stock will depend on Vehicle productivity can be used as a criterion in se- the timeliness of delivery and storage of cargo, fulfill- lecting the type of rolling stock body of the same brand ment of the transportation plan, reduction of transporta- and the same load-bearing class, if the type of body af- tion costs and increase of profitability of the enterprise. fects the productivity of rolling stock and does not affect A rolling stock that performs a given volume of traffic price performance, especially storage costs. in a specified period of time with minimal material and labor costs can be said to be a more efficient operating There is an opinion [5] that it is necessary to take component. the indicator of transportation costs as a criterion for a comparative assessment of the efficiency of vehicles, The problem of selecting a more efficient composi- which includes the ratio of the sum of annual costs of tion, taking into account the actual traffic volume and operating costs and capital investment per unit of the structure of the fleet under actual operating condi- transport: tions, can be solved by comparing and contrasting the performance of rolling stock of different types and mod- Where Zp is the cost, conditional currency; els under the same transport conditions. Sy - operating costs for transportation, conditional currency / t · km; The choice of the type of rolling stock will also re- Y - normative efficiency coefficient; quire an assessment of its operational qualities in rela- K - capital investment for the use of the car, condi- tion to the existing operating conditions, which are con- tional currency; ditioned by different combinations of transport, road and Sl - liquid value of the vehicle, conditional currency; climatic factors. W is the average annual productivity of the car, t · km. The optimal make and model of the vehicle is deter- mined on the basis of economic calculations. Analysis of the results of scientific research allows us to confirm that as a criterion for optimality in solving the problem Figure 1. Moving content selection scheme The competitiveness of the carrier can be increased The main criterion in the selection of rolling stock by reducing the cost of transportation. Reducing the cost for the carriage of goods is to ensure the safety of the of transportation can be achieved by concentrating them, cargo. To do this, take into account the nature of the enlarging the consignments of cargo transported at the route, the number of unloading points on the distribution same time, and using vehicles with large load capacity, route, the type of cooling device of the car-refrigerator. provided that this does not harm the consignor and con- signee [6]. For example, in international transport, autonomous cooling devices, mainly mounted on cars and semi-trailers, In many cases, a comparative assessment of the cost are used, which allow to maintain a given temperature of transportation may be sufficient to select a more ra- regime, regardless of whether the car's engine is running tional type of vehicle from a series of vehicles, if the cost or not. includes the cost of loading and unloading the vehicle, as well as the cost of maintaining and repairing high- In urban and suburban transportation, the refrigeration ways [7-8-9]. unit compressor uses cooling devices driven by the car’s 33

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. engine or an external power source. In general, the meth- This will be based on the requirement to ensure that odology for selecting a more efficient rolling stock for the costs associated with the delivery of goods, directly transporting perishable goods includes the following or indirectly, are kept to a minimum and take into ac- key steps: count the following: 1. Selection of optimality criteria; • loading and unloading costs and road construction 2. Determining the hardness limits of operating con- costs; ditions; 3. Check that the operating conditions of the se- • possible quantitative and qualitative losses of lected vehicles are capable of maintaining the load cargo during delivery; within the given hardness limits. • working capital and costs associated with the storage of goods; warehousing costs in preparation of goods for transportation to consumers. References: 1. Xodjaev B.A. \"The basis of freight and passenger transportation by road\". Darslik T., «Uzbekistan», 2002. 2. Butaev Sh.A., Sidiknazarov K.M., Murodov A.S., Kuziev A.U. (2012). Logistiks.Tashkent. 3. Jean-Paul Rodrig «Geography of transport systems» New York: Rutledj, 11309-171 p. 2016 ISBN 978-0-415-82254-1. 284 pages. 4. ZU Alijanovna, BL Yuldoshaliyevich, MG Bakpulatovna. Some Scientific and technological principles of development of composite polymer materials and coatings of them forcotton machine - European science review, 2018. 5. L.Y.Bakirov, G.I.Mamaev, A.B.Djumabayev Traffic safety in on-street parking area босма ISSN: 2350-0328 Inter- national Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, Issue 5 , May 2021 17388- 17391. 6. Bunyodbek Mamasoliyev, Abdurahimjon Alijonov, Ergashoy Yusupova. (2020). Development Of A Logistic Method In The Placement Of Urban Passenger Transport Routes. The American Journal of Social Science and Edu- cation Innovations, https://www.usajournalshub.com/index.php/tajssei 2(11), 378-383. 7. Мамасолиев Б.М., Косимов М.М., Абдусаттаров Н.Х. Технология производства стальных колес автомобилей и недостатки в их производстве // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 3(84). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/11401 (дата обращения: 25.03.2021) 8. Г. Рузиматов М.А., Рахматалиев Н.Н., Худойбердиев В.М. Обеспечение надежной работы компрессионного кольца // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 3(84). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/11384 (дата обращения: 25.03.2021). 9. Шукуров М.М. Актуальные проблемы в обеспечении безопасности дорожного движения.Universum: техни- ческие науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 12(93). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/12684 10. Икромов Н.А. Исследования физико-механических свойств радиоционно модифицированных эпоксидных композиций и покрытий на их основе. Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 12(93). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/12830 11. Икромов Н.А., Гиясидинов А.Ш., Рузиматов Б.Р. Меры по снижению экологического воздействия автопарка // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 4(85). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/11610 (дата обращения: 24.04.2021). 12. Imomkulov K B. and Mukimova D K. (2018) \"The motivation parameters of wedge-shaped disk of the machine for preparing plow by flap to sowing,\" Scientific-technical journal: Vol. 1 : Iss. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://uzjour- nals.edu.uz/ferpi/vol1/iss3/9 13. Ш.M. Махкамович, М.А. Нурдинов, Б.А У Солиев… Дорожно-транспортный комплекс, и их воздействие на окружающую среду Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2021 14. S. Turayev, X. Tuychiyev, T Sardor, X Yuldashev The importance of modern composite materials in the development of the automotive industr - Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR), 2021. 15. S.Ulkanov An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal FLIN INTER - An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2017. 16. A. Nozimbek, T. Khasanboy, T. Elbek, U Sardor Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of plastic parts used in machine building - Universum: технические науки, 2021. 34

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13055 CONSTRUCTION OF LOG CABINS AND SCHEMES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOG STRIP Tolqin Umarali Senior Lecturer of the Department \"Mining\" of the Almalyk branch of the TSTU, Republic of Uzbekistan, Almalyk E-mail: [email protected] КОНСТРУКЦИИ ВРУБОВ И СХЕМА РАЗВИТИЯ ВРУБОВОЙ ПОЛОСТИ Тоштемиров Умарали Тулкин угли ст. преподаватель кафедры \"Горное дело\" Алмалыкского филиала, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Алмалык ABSTRACT Today, one of the fundamental problems of mining production is the destruction of the mountain range. The efficiency of rock destruction determines the efficiency of the entire mining industry and further the capabilities of the entire industry using the results of mining enterprises. When carrying out horizontal workings, increased requirements are imposed on drilling and blasting operations in terms of ensuring the necessary collapse of the rock after the explosion and its high-quality crushing, ensuring the stability of the workings and outlining them in accordance with the project, as well as low cost of work. AННОТАЦИЯ На сегодняшний день одной из основополагающих проблем горного производства является разрушение горного массива. Эффективность разрушения горных пород определяет эффективность всего горного производства и далее возможности всей промышленности, использующей результаты работы горнодобывающих предприятий. При проведении горизонтальных выработок к буровзрывным работам предъявляются повышенные требования в части обеспечения необходимого развала породы после взрыва и качественного ее дробления, обеспечения устойчивости выработок и оконтуривание их в соответствии с проектом, а также низкая себестоимость работ. Keywords: mining workings; drift; hole; log; drilling; explosion; rock; perforator; contour; face; construction; com- pensatory hole. Ключевые слова: горных выработок; штрек; шпур; вруб; бурения; взрыв; горных пород; перфоратор; контур; забой; конструкция; компенсационные шпур. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction lines with one compensating hole; four straight lines with one compensating hole; four straight lines with two Currently, one of the main indicators of the effec- compensating holes and six straight lines with three tiveness of blasting operations during underground min- compensating holes, are shown in Fig. 1. ing is considered to be the utilization factor of the hole, reflecting the ratio of the magnitude of the movement of There are different points of view in assessing the the face for the explosion to the depth of the drilled effectiveness of the presented log structures and deter- holes. Thus, it is necessary to identify a number of fac- mining the conditions for their rational use.Based on the tors affecting this value. One of the directions of improv- criteria of the cost of the formation of a 1m3 cut-in cav- ing the technology of drilling and blasting operations ity, the maximum efficiency of slot cut-ins has been (DBO) when sinking workings is the use of sets of deep proven, while the worst results are noted when using holes (up to 1.6-2 meters or more) [2]. sectional and wedge cut-ins. When evaluating the effec- tiveness of slit and prismatic cuttings according to the The efficiency of DBO production in this case pri- criterion of the specific consumption of explosives nec- marily depends on the chosen design of the log cabin. essary for the formation of 1 m3 of the cut-in cavity, Currently, when sinking workings, the following log proof of their equivalence was obtained. structures have become the most widespread: two straight __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Toshtemirov U.T. CONSTRUCTION OF LOG CABINS AND SCHEMES OF DE- VELOPMENT OF THE LOG STRIP // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13055

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. а – is the distance between the centers of the charged straight and compensation holes; d – is the diameter of the charged holes, m; D – is the diameter of the compensation holes, m; Hi,j,k – is the distance between the charged straight holes, m; h – is the distance between the centers of the compensation holes. a) two straight lines with one compensation hole, б) four straight lines with one compensation hole, в) four straight lines with two compensation holes, г) six straight lines with three compensation holes. Figure 1. Log cabin structures and the scheme of the development of the log cabin cavity with an increase in exposure from the initial to the final size Methods The scheme of the development of the cut-in cavity with an increase in exposure from the initial size Hi,j,k to According to the experience of using sectional cut- the final size Нn =1m. It is noteworthy that the coefficient tings, their advantage in comparison with prismatic cut- of proportionality n between the exposure of H and the tings is emphasized, moreover, the total volume of drill- value of a characterizes the explosiveness of rocks, ing of boreholes and compensatory boreholes is taken as since under the condition Нк=1m, n is numerically the criterion of efficiency. The inconsistency of the con- equal to a of jackholes, by the value of which, related to clusions is explained by the following. The application the diameter of the hole d, the real resistance of the array of various criteria and the selection of one of them as the to the destructive action of the explosion is estimated. main one leads to simplification of the task and in some cases inadequate results. Results and discussion The different methodological basis used in the According to the above provisions, an experimental calculations of log cabins without taking into account test was carried out of the methods of formation of cav- the degree of their reliability does not allow for a reliable ities at the mine \"Kauldy\" and during the drift + moun- comparison of the conclusions and recommendations tains 860 m. The following log cabin designs have been obtained. tested: pyramidal-straight log cabins with compensating holes. For each design, 5 series of tests were carried out A methodology has been developed for evaluating in workings with a cross section of 12 m2. The comparison the effectiveness of log cabin structures based on the was carried out with the workings in a rock similar in principles of multi-criteria optimization with ranking strength (andesite-dacite and porphyries). The number criteria by their significance. A unified methodology has of holes and the magnitude of the Almanite charges been adopted to calculate the structures of the log cab- remained unchanged. Only their mutual arrangement ins. According to this method, the construction of log changed. Initiation was carried out by detonators of the cabins is such a technical solution for drilling holes. As EDZN with 5 series of decelerations (1st series-2 pcs., the explosive sequence develops, the output of a second 2nd series-4 pcs., 3rd series-2 pcs., 4th series-6 pcs., outcrop with a length of at least 1 m is provided, which 5th series-16 pieces of electric detonators). All construc- is necessary and sufficient for the subsequent operation tions of log cabins give an average of 0.90-0.93 in the log of jackholes with a constant LRS. cavity, and an average of 0.89-0.90 in the face. the specific 36

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. consumption of explosives in the log holes is minimal the optimal LNS of the first and second states. The ex- compared to similar mining and geological conditions of cavation is carried out according to the relevant DBO the mines of the Republic of Uzbekistan. passports. The analysis of the DBO passports of the Kauldy mine is given in Table 1. The optimal depth of holes for a pyramidal log is 1.6 ≤ l ≤ 2.0 m. The performed experiment allows us to The above research results make it possible to make conclude that for complex mining and geological condi- a reasonable choice of rational schemes for the arrange- tions, preliminary conclusions are confirmed that after ment of a set of boreholes in the pipe cavity, taking into the formation of the cut-in cavity and removal of the de- account the specific VAT of the array, and also to obtain stroyed rock from it by an additional explosive charge results no worse than when using traditional compensa- placed in the bottom of the compensation hole, for the tion boreholes of increased diameter. They take into ac- first state of the LNS is W = 0.7 m. count various aspects and features of mining-geological and mining-technical factors affecting the quality of The formation of the total destruction zone occurs drilling and blasting operations. under the action of the separation mechanism (90-95% of the destruction volume). In the second state, W = 0.6 m, When drawing up DBO passports, it is necessary to and the mechanisms of separation and shear are almost take into account all the main mining, geological, min- equally responsible for the final result of the explosion. ing and economic factors that ensure high efficiency of In the third state, the destruction volumes increase in work during underground horizontal mining. As is comparison with the conditions of hydrostatic compres- known, the fluctuation of the required number of holes sion, and the dominant mechanism of destruction is a in the current DBO passport entails a change in the spe- shift (70-80% of the destruction volume), and the value cific consumption of explosives. In this case, it is neces- W = 0.65 m, i.e. occupies an intermediate value between sary to use a minimum number of holes, which ensures the required separation and crushing of the rock mass. Table 1. Drilling and blasting data of the DBO passport for 31 holes The Hole Number Length Diameter Type of Deceleration Charge Almanite Deto- Length Number sequence numbers of holes, of of holes, ED, interval ms value per Total ex- nating of the of pcs. hole, kg. plosives cord, face, m of 0 pcs. holes, mm ISKRA-Sh p.m. spurom- blasting 1-2 m ED-ZN per eters, m 3-6 0 batch, kg. 1 7-8 500 2 9-14 1 1,8 70 1000 1,8 3 15-30 2000 0,24 3,6 4 2 1,8 42 3000 1,5 3,0 0,24 7,2 5 1,5 6,0 0,30 3,2 Ʃ 4 1,8 42 1,25 2,5 0,30 9,6 1,25 7,5 0,30 25,6 2 1,6 42 1,25 20,0 51,0 6 1,6 42 39,0 10,0 16 1,6 42 31,0 1,0 Table 2. Comparison of the results of the applied (1-3-5-7-9-11) and the proposed (2-4-6-8-10-12) variants of the DBO passport Experiment numbers The utilization rate of the holes experience 1 0,76 experience 3 0,71 experience 5 0,78 experience 7 0,74 experience 9 0,75 experience 11 0,77 0,75 Average indicator Table 3. Comparison of the results of the applied (1-3-5-7-9-11) and the proposed (2-4-6-8-10-12) variants of the DBO passport Experiment numbers The utilization rate of the holes experience 2 0,86 experience 4 0,89 experience 6 0,91 experience 8 0,92 experience 10 0,90 experience 12 0,91 0,90 Average indicator 37

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. The distances between the contouring and auxiliary does not correspond to the design. According to the re- holes are not maintained, the average deviation from the sults of the explosion, the average depth of the \"glasses\" design was 20 cm. The design of the explosive frame is 15.0 cm. The utilization factor of the holes is 0.90, shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. The average value of the \"glasses\" in the development of the drift From the experimental and industrial verification of 1. The analysis of the practice of mining operations the developed technological solutions, experimental re- at the underground mine \"Kauldy\" showed that the dom- sults of studies of blasting operations during the sinking inant number of DBO passports involves the use of py- of mine workings, it can be concluded that today there ramidal-straight cuttings with compensating holes. are a large number of different methods for calculating the parameters of the DBO. 2. The use of this type of log cabin allows for a high intensity of mining operations without reducing the Conclusion quality of the DBO. As a result of the performed analysis, the following 3. This will reduce the total volume of drilling and main conclusions can be drawn: the consumption of explosives, thereby ensuring an in- crease in the efficiency of DBO when conducting under- ground horizontal mining. References: 1. Lukyanov V.G., Gromov A.D., Pinchuk N.P. Technology of mining and exploration workings. - Tomsk.: Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2004. - 246 p. 2. \"Improving the efficiency of mining technology in difficult mining and geological conditions\" Kan.of Technical Sciences. abstract // Ignatiev E.R. -S. 8. Access mode – http://kazneb.kz/site/catalogue/view ?br=1123137 3. Akbarov T.G., Toshtemirov U.T. Analysis of mining technology at mining enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan // Materials of the XIV International Scientific and Technical Conference on the topic: \"Resource-reproducing, low-waste and environmental technologies of subsurface development\". - Moscow, 2015. - pp. 89-91. 4. Lykhin P.A. Technology of drilling and blasting operations during mining operations in the twentieth century. Part 2. / Lykhin P.A. - Perm: Presstime Publishing House 2007,– - 351 p. 5. Masaev Yu.A. Influence of the parameters of drilling and blasting operations on the state of a structured array of mining workings // Bulletin of the Kuzbass State Technical University, 2000, No. 5. - pp. 85-87. 6. Toshtemirov U.T. Analysis of methods for calculating rational parameters of drilling and blasting operations during the transition of mining solder // The international interdisciplinary research journal ACADEMICIA, published by the South Asian Academic Research Journals CDL College of Education. - India, 2020. - Volume 10, Issue 11, November. - pp. 1923-1930. (SJIF 2020=7,13). 7. Toshtemirov U.T., Raimkulova S., Mahkamova Kh. Современные методы оценки устойчивости пород и расчета анкерной и набрызг-бетонной крепей горных выработок // Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences. - India, 2021. - Vol. 2, Issue 5, May. -Pp. 29-37. 38

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. 8. Akbarov T.G., Toshtemirov U.T., Solikhov J.T., Abduvohidov J.U. Determining the Length of Anchors for Vertical Works // IJARSET. «International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology». - India, 2019. - Vol. 6, Issue 11, November. -Pp.11849-11854. 9. Ilmuratov U.H Shamaev M.K., Toshtemirov U.T. Selection and Substantiation of the Method of Exploiting the Tebinbulak Deposit // IJARSET» International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology». - India, 2019. - Vol. 6, Issue 11, November. -Pp.11828-11833. 10. Akbarov T.G., Toshtemirov U.T., Nurkhanov Kh. Khojakulov A. Recommended Support Structures for Excavations in Difficult Mining and Geological Conditions // IJARSET. «International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology». - India, 2020. - Vol. 7, Issue 2, February. -Pp. 12798-12802. 11. Ilmuratov U.H Shamaev M.K., Toshtemirov U.T. Selection And Justification Of Methods For Opening The Southbay Field // IJARSET» International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology». - India, 2020. - Vol. 7, Issue 2, February. -Pp.12849-12853. 12. Toshtemirov U.T., Raimkulova S., Mahkamova Kh. Analysis of the stress state in the rock mass around the horizontal productions // Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR). - India, 2020. - Vol. 9, Issue 11, November. - Pp. 245-251. 39

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13010 INVESTIGATION OF WAYS TO INCREASE THE SPEED OF THE RAW MATERIAL ROLLER ON THE GINNING EQUIPMENT Shohida Khusanova Lecturer, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Khurshidbek Imomnazarov Master’s Degree Student, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СПОСОБОВ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ СКОРОСТИ СЫРЬЕВОГО ВАЛЬЦА НА ХЛОПКООЧИСТИТЕЛЬНОМ ОБОРУДОВАНИИ Хусанова Шохида Алибек кизи ст. преподаватель кафедры натуральных волокон, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Имомназаров Хуршидбек Хушназар угли магистрант кафедры натуральных волокон, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT In this paper, the reduction in seed damage is attributed to the formation of fibre content. Acceleration of the rotational movement of raw materials is achieved. This will speed up the rotation of the raw material roller. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассмотрены способы снижения повреждаемости семян хлопчатника, предупреждения об- разования дефектов содержания волокна и ускорения оборота сырья. Это ускоряет вращение вала сырья. Keywords: cotton, fibre, gin, equipment, variety, class, element, thread, pressure, raw cotton, acceptance of cotton, storage of raw cotton, self-heating of cotton, grade of raw cotton, air permeability. Ключевые слова: хлопок, волокно, джин, оборудование, сорт, класс, элемент, нить, давление, хлопок-сырец, приемка хлопка, хранение хлопка-сырца, самосогревание хлопка, сорт хлопка-сырца, воздухопроницаемость. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In this device, to accelerate the rotation of the raw gin machine in the ginneries, as well as the effect of friction material roller, the side of the working chamber of the of the raw material roller with the working chamber, saw fibre separator rotates around its axis, and on the its speed is low. surface of the side, there are special ball-shaped balls. This accelerates the rotational movement of the raw This has a negative impact on productivity and fibre material roller, reduces friction and electricity con- quality. Therefore, it is expedient to increase the produc- sumption, allows to increase production productivity. tivity and efficiency of work by introducing the pro- As a result, we will increase the economic efficiency of posed device to the saw gin machine and accelerating ginneries [1,2,3]. the rotational movement of the raw material roller. Due to the lack of capacity of the raw material roller R. Kattakhojayev, VI Kuzmin, DA Kotov, M. Tillayev adjustment system in the working chamber of the existing and others researched further improvement of the demon machine. As a result of research, designs have been __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khusanova S., Imomnazarov K. INVESTIGATION OF WAYS TO INCREASE THE SPEED OF THE RAW MATERIAL ROLLER ON THE GINNING EQUIPMENT // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13010

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. created that can increase productivity and improve fibre In the research conducted by D.A. Kotov, the rotating quality. As a result of scientific research, it has been accelerators mounted on the gin working chamber were shown that the speed of the raw material roller plays an made in the form of a disk, and the rotating accelerator important role in increasing the productivity of the proposed by M. Tillayev was in the form of a paddle disk. sawmill [4,5,6]. The pressure of the raw material roller causes fric- To increase the speed of the raw material roller, cir- tion on the sides of the working chamber apron. This cular balls were proposed on the sidewalls of the work- friction force significantly affects the rotation of the raw ing chamber. A study of the designs of existing rotary material shaft. Especially when DP-130 ginners work accelerators has shown that they are basically of three with low-grade cotton, it was observed that there were types. 1. Plank-pile 2. Disc 3. Divided into disc types. In frequent blockages in front of the sidewalls of the work- the centre of the working chamber, V.I. Kuzmin re- ing chamber. This negatively affects the process of gin- searched by installing a plank-pile rotary accelerator ning cotton, leading to a decrease in productivity and fi- with a diameter of 130 mm. This converter gave good bre quality [7-10]. results when the accelerator was given different rota- tions. As a result of increasing the density of the raw ma- Scientists of the Namangan Institute of Engineering terial roller, a state of clogging was observed. Technology have carried out the following work to ac- celerate the development of raw materials (Fig. 1): 1 special supply drum, 2 working chambers, 3 saw cylinders, 4 grates. Figure 1. Gin working chamber with supply roller The proposed new device (Fig. 1) is mounted on the Reducing seed damage prevents the formation of working chamber at the cotton drop, rotates around its defects in fibre content. Currently, the existing sawmills length, thus ensuring that the amount of cotton entering in ginneries have low productivity (8-10 kg / h of fibre the working chamber is the same, and enters the working per 1 saw) due to the frictional force between the two chamber. Prevents clogging at the point of arrival and sides of the working chamber and the two edges of the friction on the sidewalls of the working chamber, re- raw material roller. The new gin working camera we are duces fibre damage and increases the speed of the raw offering is shown in Figure 2. material roller. 1 side ball rotating around its axis, 2-saw cylinder, 3-column. Figure 2. New proposed working camera 41

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. To accelerate the rotation of the raw material, spe- production productivity. As a result, we will increase the cial balls are mounted on the surface of the side of the economic efficiency of ginneries. In Figure 3, these balls working chamber. This speeds up the rotation of the raw help to enter and rotate the raw material roller formed in material roller. The fibre attached to the saw teeth sepa- the working chamber. The installation of the paddles rates from the grating and begins to fall under its weight. significantly affects the rotation of the raw material roller by attaching it more to the piles than in the piles In this device, to accelerate the rotation of the raw in Figure 2. As a result, the density of the raw cotton in material roller, the side of the working chamber of the saw the chamber is uniform, which reduces the effect of fric- fibre separator rotates around its axis, and on the surface tion with the surface of the working chamber, thereby of the side, there are special balls. This accelerates the increasing the speed of the raw material roller. rotational movement of the raw material roller, reduces friction and electricity consumption, allows to increase References: 1. B. Mardonov, Sh. Khusanova. Theoretical study of the composition of the raw material shaft and the state of its deformation //Collection of scientific articles of graduate students of the Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, – 2017. 2. Aхmedov M.Х. et al. Algorithm of the estimation of the moving the raw cotton on surfaces of the pallet of the mech- anism of the presenting ginning machines //Scientific-technical journal. – 2021. – Т. 4. – №. 3. – С. 69-74. 3. N. Sattorov, Sh.A. Khusanova. Copyright certificate, Selective technologies in sawing” // Intellectual Property Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DGU08698 06.07.2020. 4. Patent, № FAP 20210058. O.Sh.Sarimsaqov, Sh.A.Khusanova, Yu.Ergashev, A.U.Sarimsaqov. Cotton fiber separator // Intellectual Property Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan. – 2021. 5. Xusanova S.A.Q., Axmadjonov D.R. Arrali jin pd ta’minlagichini takomillashtirish orqali unumdorlikni oshirish // Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 8. – С. 426-430. 6. Ahmedov M., Shoraxmedova M., Tuychiev T., Tashpulatov D., Cherunova, I. Physical and mathematical mod- eling of the moving the raw cotton between directing wall and area ginning seeds //Journal of Physics: Conference Series. – IOP Publishing, – 2021. – Т. 2131. – №. 3. – С. 032056. 7. Patent, № FAP 20120072. Sh.Khusanov, R.Muradov, J.Ergashev, A.Sarimsakov. Supply drum for jinn's working chamber. – 2012. 8. Patent, № IAP 20170276. K. Jumaniyozov, R. Muradov, A. Sarimsaqov, D. Kurbanov. Working spindle rotating camera for a ginning machine. – 2017. 9. Sarimsakov A., Muradov R., Mardonov B. Modeling of the Process of Interaction of the Saw Cylinder with the Raw Material in the Process of Ginning //TEST Engineering and Managemant (Scopus) May-June. – 2020. – С. 27386-27391. 10. Usmanovich A. Research of Rotational Motion of Seed Roller of the Gin Stand //Design Engineering. – 2021. – Т. 10655. – С. 10661. 42

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13151 STUDY OF DYNAMIC ANTHROPOMETRY FOR MAKING CLOTHES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES Gulchekra Abdullaeva Teacher, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara region, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ АНТРОПОМЕТРИИ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ ОДЕЖДЫ ДЛЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЦЕЛЕЙ Гулчехра Абдуллаева Шухратовна стажер-преподаватель, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT The article presents information about the change in anthropometric signs depending on the various movements of the body performed in the daily activities of the person, as well as in production, in a special environment that the designer is necessary to correctly determine the allowances for free-fitting in various types of clothing. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье изложены сведения об изменении антропометрических признаков в зависимости от разных движе- ний тела, совершаемых в повседневной деятельности человека, а также на производстве, в специальной среде которые необходимы конструктору для правильного определения припусков на свободное облегание в одежде различных видов. Keywords: clothing, typical figures, clothes, joint, change dimensions, anthropometric studies. Ключевые слова: одежда, типичные фигуры, одежда, сустав, изменение изменений, антропометрические исследования. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION (fixed) posture, that is, dimensional signs are removed from the static position of the body. Such results cannot To improve the well-being of our people before fully satisfy the requirements of the designer, manufac- light industry, such tasks are set as an increase in the turing patterns of clothing parts intended for a moving production of high-quality, good, competitive and rela- person, and not for a mannequin with a constant fixed tively inexpensive products. When developing an assort- \"pose\". [2] ment of light industry products, gender and age, profes- sion, state of physical development and other consumer Due to the fact that the shapes and dimensions of the features are necessary. To this end, the national compo- parts of the body are changed, and the provisions differ- sition of the population is clarified in economic areas ing from the main static anthropometric posture, as you and their administrative subsections. These data is nec- like, it is advisable to investigate changes (increasing) of essary to identify the peculiarities of the physical devel- the size of the body size (length and girth) with the ex- opment of the population, as well as accounting for na- treme positions of the head, body and limbs. Thanks to tional traditions in the area of costume. One of the mains this study, the designer will be able to use not only the is the grouping of consumers of products by sex and age. average values of the necessary measuring signs, but also the values of their maximum increase obtained by meas- MAIN BODY uring these signs in extreme positions. When constructing an anthropometric standard in However, the results achieved in determining these order to design clothing, signs that characterize the es- so-called dynamic signs are only an approximate nature, tablished types of dimensions corresponding to the av- that is, their application in the design of the patterns will erage values calculated by one of the usual static meth- depend on the specific type of clothing having a specific ods used, namely by the method of regression analysis. function. For example, for a male tightly adjacent output Standards of typical figures are derived based on the data costume, you can not use the same allowances for free obtained by measuring the human figure in a static folkry as for a working overalls, and so on. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Abdullaeva G.S. STUDY OF DYNAMIC ANTHROPOMETRY FOR MAKING CLOTHES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13151

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. When studying dynamic features, it became necessary For maximum accuracy, all measurements in each to solve the following problems: country were carried out by one experienced worker. Values of all sizes were recorded in measuring forms 1. selection of dynamic features necessary for the with an accuracy of 1 mm. design of patterns and the determination of the method of their measurement; Currently, 19 different forms of movements have been established (Fig. 1): inhalation, pulling the body 2. determination of the method of statistical pro- and head back, pulling the arms back, tilting the body at cessing of dynamic features; an angle of 45 ° to the floor with the hands down, pulling the arms forward and to the sides, squatting, etc., for establishment of directions for the use of the results which body sizes are set and areas that have maximum obtained. deviations from their values in statics are determined. These include: the width and the length of the back, the Dynamic measurement data were obtained by length of the trunk on the side of the beacon, to the waist, means of a special anthropometric survey. On the basis the distance from the waist to the side of the fold, the of anthropological studies, a methodology for determining width of the chest, the height of the shoulder is oblique, the so-called dynamic features was developed and agreed the length of the hip, etc. These sizes and body shape are upon. The measurements were based on the basic an- taken into account when determining dimensions and thropometric methodology, tested by all countries of the Configuration of clothing details. [7] former members of the Commonwealth of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA), in surveys of the adult pop- Below in table. 1 shows the values of dynamic ulation [1]. growth to those parts of the body, which change when performing certain movements. The greatest value of the The basic static posture is characterized as follows: growth has the width of the back when the torso is tilted the measured stands straight, maintaining natural pos- forward with lowered hands down. This value is 10.5 cm. ture, body weight is distributed evenly on both limbs; The hand, bent in the elbow joint at a right angle, heels brought together, socks apart (about 15 cm), head – changes its sizes by 7.6 cm, the foot bent at a right angle in the position of the orbital-ear horizontal, hands freely in the hip and knee joints, changes its dimensions by 8 cm. lowered along the body. The features measured in this When tilting the body forward the waist length of the pose are called statistical and are indicated by Xs with back increases by 6.4 cm, and the seat height is 4.1 cm. the corresponding serial number. Signs measured in other positions of the body or limbs, that is, in a dynamic posture, and called dynamic, are indicated by Xd [4]. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 44

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX Figure 1. Standard forms of movements Table 1. Dynamic growth values for body sections Character of movements Figure measurement Nominal measurement Dynamic increase value of the figure in cm Deviation of the housing and head Length waist in front 45 3,6 back without voltages The full tilt of the body forward, the Length waist back 43,4 6,4 legs are straightened in the knee joint, 39,2 10,5 the fingers touch the floor, the head is Spin width as lowered as much as possible. Hands bent in the elbow joint at a The distance from the rear angle — 7,6 right angle, the shoulder segment is of the armpit to the level of wrist placed along the body, forearm and girth brush are directed forward Foot bent at right angles in hip and Leg Length to Ankle — 8,0 knee joints Hands horizontally stretched forward, Spin width 39,2 9,4 come into contact with palms Legs straightened in the knee joint Distance on the arc from the waist — 4,1 with full tilt of the body forward girth line to the level of the side fold The values of dynamic signs of the design for the not have undesirable effects on the human body, since rational design of special clothing are especially important. this is due to a decrease in the level of performance. Clothing in this turn undergo a number of changes: mov- The design of special clothing is developed taking ing, slides relative to the human body (presses on his into account the movements of workers presented to this body). Therefore, it is necessary to create such a design type of clothing. At this stage, a change in a person is of overalls, which would have given the opportunity to determined depending on the nature of movements dur- exercise a variety of movements with the greatest sweep ing operation. Analysis of movements of working in var- with minimal cost of physical energy. ious industries showed that when performing the main (characteristic) movements, the values of the leading di- The degree of ergonomic perfection is estimated mensional signs of the figure of the person are signifi- at the following integrated indicators: anthropometric, hy- cantly changed [3]. gienic, physiological, psychophysiological, psychologi- cal. Based on the dynamic increase in measurements in the design of products, a total allowance for free-fitting To assess the ergonomic properties of overalls in the and its distribution according to the main structural sec- Central Research Institute of the Sewing Industry, an- tions is set. At the same time, the properties of the se- thropodynamic stands are developed and used for vari- lected materials are taken into account: stiffness, re- ous types of products, a microchamber and various med- source ability, mass, which are largely determined by ical devices, etc. In anthropodynamic stands, compre- the ergonomic properties of overalls. Improving these hensive studies of different types of overalls (jackets, properties of overalls in recent years is paid great atten- trousers, overalls) and hand protection equipment (mit- tion. Naturally, any overalls to some extent limits the tens, gloves) are held [3]. movement of a person. However, in any case, it should 45

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Upon receipt of ergonomic indicators that do not Conclusion correspond to the indicators of the best samples, changes are made in the design. An example of this can be the As a result of these studies, it was found that the development of overalls for welders. Such clothes are smallest forces on the hand of the welder provides a jacket known to be manufactured from materials of high sur- made of soft tissue (type of phenylon-3n) with a sleeve, face density, thickness and stiffness to ensure protection the design of which corresponds to the main working of sparks and splashes of sprayed metal. As it turned out position of the hand of the working arm (the articular in the study, the developed classic design of the internal angle between the shoulder and forearm is 120 °) [3] sleeves exposes the hand of a welder of a significant load (over 5 H). To identify the possibility of reducing this Based on the above mentioned, it is possible to con- load, studies were conducted by jackets made from ma- clude that anthropometric studies of the human figure in terials of various surface density, rigidity and design of the dynamics are of great importance in the human life the sleeves. in the human environment-clothing system. References: 1. L.P. Shershneva, T.P. Pirʼzeva, L.V. Larkina. Osnovы prikladnoy antropologii i biomexaniki. M., “Forum-Infra-m” 2004. 2. Kurshakova Y.S., Zenkevich P.I., Dunayevskaya T.N. i dr. Razmernaya tipologiya naseleniya stran-chlenov SEV. M., “Legkaya industriya” 1974. 3. Delb R.A., Afanaseva R.F., Chubarova Z.S. Gigiyena odejdi. M., “Legkaya industriya” 1991. 4. T.N. Dunayevskaya, Ye.B. Koblyakova, G.S. Ivleva, R.D. Ievleva. Razmernaya tipologiya naseleniya s osnovami anatomii i morfologii. M., “Masterstvo”, Izdatelskiy sentr “Akademiya” 2001 5. Tursunova Z.N., & Kartseva I.V. (2019). Study of the development of anthropometric data of the population in order to correctly design the workplace. Scientific and technical journal BETI,\" Development of science and technology\", Special issue, (5), 279-285. 6. Nurillayevna T.Z., Barotovich O.S., Djurayevna T.G., Muxiddinovna T.N., & Abduformonovna A.F. (2021). Research of Foot Sizes of Younger School Children for the Purpose of Identification of Static Deformations. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 4723-4741. 7. Абдуллаева Г.Ш., & Турсунова З.Н. (2014). Изучение динамической антропометрии и возможности её при- менения для изготовления одежды различного назначения. Молодой ученый, (2), 95-98. 8. TOSHEVA N. (2019). INFORMATION FROM THE HISTORY OF UZBEK NATIONAL WOMEN'S CLOTHES. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 1(2). 9. Абдуллаева Г.Ш., & Турсунова З.Н. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РАЗМЕРОВ СТОП ДЕТЕЙ МЛАДШЕГО ШКОЛЬ- НОГО ВОЗРАСТА С ЦЕЛЬЮ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ СТАТИЧЕСКИХ ДЕФОРМАЦИЙ. Международный научно- практический электронный журнал «МОЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ КАРЬЕРА». Выпуск № 32 (том 1)(ян- варь, 2022). Дата выхода в свет: 31.01. 2022., 102. 10. Абдуллаева Г.Ш., Шарипова С.И., & Турсунова З.Н. (2014). Изучение особенностей проектирования под- ростковой одежды. Молодой ученый, (8), 120-122. 11. Турсунова З.Н., & Камолова Г.Ш. (2017). Изучение типологии населения стран мира. Молодой ученый, (14), 139-142. 12. Шарипова С.И. (2015). Вариационный ряд антропометрических признаков студенток СППО города Бухары (Узбекистан). Молодой ученый, (7), 219-225. 13. Шарипова С.И. ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА МАТЕРИАЛОВ ДЛЯ ОДЕЖДЫ ПОДРОСТКОВ, ЖИВУ- ЩИХ В СРЕДНЕЙ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ. УЧЁНЫЙ XXI ВЕКА, 34. 14. Турсунова З.Н., Саидова Х.Х., & Саидова А.С. (2015). Изучение строения детских фигур с целью проектиро- вания школьной формы для девочек младшего школьного возраста с учётом основных морфологических признаков, характеризующих размеры и форму тела. Молодой ученый, (2), 211-216. 46

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13138 STUDY OF TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNMODIFIED AND MODIFIED BENTONITE Ikromjon Mamadoliev Assistant, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕКСТУРНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК НЕМОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО И МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО БЕНТОНИТА Мамадолиев Икромжон Илхомидинович ассистент, Самаркандского государственного медицинского института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд ABSTRACT In the study, the issues of chemical and physical activation of bentonite, a natural local raw material, texture characteristics and surface morphology were studied. X-ray phase analysis for bentonites was performed to determine the mineralogical composition. In the analysis of natural bentonites, it was found that they contain montmorillonite and a-cristobalite. For samples of heated starting and modified bentonite, the highest values of specific surface area and porosity were observed. The dependence of the surface area and the volume of the pores on the heating temperature showed significant active changes in the texture of all modified samples relative to the original samples during the bentonite plating at very high temperatures. АННОТАЦИЯ В ходе исследования изучались вопросы химической и физической активации бентонита, природного мест- ного сырья, текстурные характеристики и морфология поверхности. Рентгенофазовый анализ бентонитов был проведен для определения минералогического состава. При анализе природных бентонитов установлено, что они содержат монтмориллонит и а-кристобалит. Для образцов нагретого исходного и модифицированного бентонита наблюдались наиболее высокие значения удельной поверхности и пористости. Зависимость площади поверхности и объема пор от температуры нагрева показала значительные активные изменения текстуры всех модифицированных образцов по отношению к исходным образцам в процессе бентонитового покрытия при очень высоких температурах. Keywords: bentonite, activation, surface finish, montmorillonite, α-cristobalite, modified, surface area, porous volume, micro-porosity, cocooning, textures. Ключевые слова: бентонит, активация, отделка поверхности, монтмориллонит, α-кристобалит, модифици- рованный, площадь поверхности, пористый объем, микропористость, коконирование, текстуры. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction in the production of zeolites is to reduce its cost and simplify the technology of synthesis, and extensive Today, the world pays great attention to the creation scientific research is being conducted in this priority of waste-free or low-waste, energy and resource-saving area [1-6]. Zeolites are widely used in petrochemistry technologies. In the successful solution of these and as a sorbent and catalyst in the refining of oil, natural problems, the degree of purity of the substances used gas, petroleum gases, separation and purification of and formed for the technological process is important. liquid and gaseous media. In recent years, natural and The most important requirements for adsorbent artificial zeolites have been widely used in the refining materials are high specific surface area, selectivity and of hydrocarbon raw materials. One of the most important easy regeneration. It is also necessary that the adsorbent current directions is the creation of environmentally safe is cheap and harmless, has no corrosive properties, can sorbents, retainers and catalysts based on local raw retain its adsorption properties for a long time, and has materials [7-12]. high mechanical strength. Among the sorbents used in adsorption processes and catalysis, zeolites have a special place in terms of acid resistance, thermal stability and acidity properties. Today, the main problem __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamadoliev I. STUDY OF TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNMODIFIED AND MODIFIED BENTONITE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13138

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Experimental Part under atmospheric pressure. Adsorption processes in the device were tested at temperatures of 20, 25, 40, 45, 40 ℃. Based on the experiments, laboratory work on Before the experiment, the adsorbent was activated by adsorption was carried out by the method. Initially, the nitrogen spraying for 10 min. Based on the results of the adsorbent was activated for two and a half hours at a analysis, the dynamic activity of high-silicon zeolite temperature of 500–510 ℃, then cooled in its desiccator obtained from Navbahor bentonite was determined to its previous state (to the nearest 0.001g). The process using the following formula: of purification of natural gas from hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and thiols was studied in a device modelled Аg=С0∙W∙ ̸ h at different temperatures. The natural gas was sent to a column with a total height of 215 mm, a diameter In this case, С0 – the concentration of hydrogen sulfide of 32 mm and a volume of 6.64 cm3 filled with 50 g and carbon dioxide in a mixture of natural gas, g / 100g; of adsorbent for the adsorption process for 40 minutes. W – natural gas flow rate, m / s;  – Time of exposure The adsorption temperature was monitored using a to adsorbent; h – the height of the adsorbent layer, m. thermocouple mounted on the adsorber. The gas passing through the adsorbent layer falls into a gas meter filled Results and Discussion with brine (saltwater), at which time the saltwater is compressed in a cylinder. The pressure in the adsorber Bentonites are not considered a pure raw material is equal to atmospheric pressure and it is monitored and the main phase, along with montmorillonite, con- using a special glass monometer using a saturated tains a mixture of different minerals, depending on the solution of table salt in a gasometer. The amount of deposit to be mined. X-ray phase analysis for bentonites water and acidic components (H2S and CO2) from the was performed to determine the mineralogical composi- second column is determined after the first column after tion. Figure 1 shows X-ray diffractograms of natural the purified gas is passed to the chromatograph connected bentonites, as well as bentonites fired in an inert argon to the gas analyzer by a special device after the gas meter. atmosphere at 550 ℃. The experiments were performed at given temperatures Figure 1. Diffractograms of natural Navbahor bentonite (1) and sample (2) fired in an inert argon atmosphere at 550 ℃ X-ray structural analysis of natural bentonites amount of pores measuring 1.8–7.2 nm. Therefore, shows the presence of montmorillonite and α-cristobalite. the 2nd sample will have a higher specific surface area. As a result of firing for activation, a change in the The studies were performed on three samples of the mineralogical composition of bentonites is observed and same density and thickness prepared based on high-silicon an illite phase occurs. For both bentonites, a large zeolite obtained from bentonite. The first sample was proportion of the pores are observed in the area of heated to 650 ℃ for 1 h, the second was saturated with 2-2.2 nm and larger, indicating that these materials are methyltretbutyl ether, and the third was taken from mesoporous. However, the 2nd sample retains a large a natural sample (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Diffractogram of bentonite fractions 48

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Influence of heating temperature on the parameters characteristics with the occurrence of irreversible of the porous structure of columnar bentonites. adhesion of the layers. However, as can be seen from the Treatment of Navbahor modified bentonite at figures (Fig. 3), no significant changes were observed in temperatures above 700 ℃ results in the release of water the porous structure parameters of the initial sludge between the layers and the deterioration of texture samples in the heating temperature range of 70–500 ℃. Figure 3. The effect of heating temperature on the surface of bentonite Regardless of the chemical composition and and varies in the range of 4.0–4.2 nm (Fig. 4). It should modification conditions of natural bentonites, the average be noted that as a result of tabletting, the size of the mesopore diameter of all bentonites remains unchanged mesentery is reduced. Figure 4. Dependence of the distribution curve of the diameter of the pores on the size of unmodified bentonite on the ratio ОН-:Меn+ For samples of initial and modified bentonite heated temperature of 400 ℃, all modified samples showed to 400 ℃, the highest values of specific surface area and significant changes in texture properties compared to the original samples. Due to the increase in the adsorption porosity were observed. The specific surface area and capacity of the obtained materials, the specific energy of nitrogen adsorption in modified bentonites increased by micropore volume dependence for the modified sample 1.3-1.5 times compared to the original samples. are very high, depending on the heating temperature, during the bentonite plating process at a maximum 49

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Figure 5. Isotherms of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K in linear coordinates of Dubinin-Radushkevich equation of natural and modified bentonite Adsorption testing in equilibrium mode allows to composition, X-ray phase analysis for bentonites was determine the maximum amount of adsorbed substance carried out. X-ray diffractograms of natural bentonites and to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of and calcined bentonites in an inert argon atmosphere adsorption in the low-temperature range. were obtained. The effect of temperature and temperature of the bentonite on the surface was directly studied on Conclusion the size of the micro-pores, the specific surface area and the porosity of the pores were observed for the samples of Experiments in laboratory work showed that the heated primary and modified bentonite. Due to the adsorbent was first activated for two and a half hours at increase in the adsorption capacity of the obtained a temperature of five hundred and above, then cooled in materials, the specific energy of nitrogen adsorption in a desiccator and then the process of purification of modified bentonites increased by 1.3-1.5 times compared natural gas from hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and to the original samples. thiols was studied in a simulated device at different temperatures. In order to determine the mineralogical References: 1. Busca G. Zeolites and other structurally microporous solids as acid-base materials //Heterogeneous Catalytic Mate- rials. – 2014. – Т. 1. – С. 197-249. 2. Ayari F., Srasra E., Trabelsi-Ayadi M. Characterization of bentonitic clays and their use as adsorbent //Desalination. – 2005. – Т. 185. – №. 1-3. – С. 391-397. 3. Везенцев А.И., Воловичева Н.А. Вещественный состав и сорбционные характеристики монтмориллонит содержащих глин // Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы. 2007. Т. 7. № 4. С. 639–643. 4. Садыков Т.Ф., Конькова Т.В., Алехина М.Б. Монтмориллонит со слоистостолбчатой структурой для процесса фентона // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. 2012. Т. 26. № 8 (137). С. 50–54. 5. Mamadoliyev I. Synthesis of high-silicone zeolites //Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 16-20. 6. Mamadoliev I.I., Khalikov K.M., Fayzullaev N.I. Synthesis of high silicon of zeolites and their sorption properties // International Journal of Control and Automation. – 2020. – Т. 13. – №. 2. – С. 703-709. 7. Mamadoliev I.I., Fayzullaev N.I. Optimization of the activation conditions of high silicon zeolite // International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. – 2020. – Т. 29. – №. 3. – С. 6807-6813. 8. Ibodullayevich F.N., Ilkhomidinovich M.I., Bo’riyevna P.S. Research of sorption properties of high silicon zeolites from bentonite //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2020. – Т. 10. – №. 10. – С. 244-251. 9. Файзуллаев Н. и др. Каталитическая дегидроароматизация нефтянного попутного газа //Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 122-126. 10. Ilkhomidinovich M.I. Study of the sorption and textural properties of bentonite and kaolin //Austrian Journal of Tech- nical and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – №. 11-12. – С. 33-37. 11. Fayzullaev N.I., Mamadoliev I.I. Yuqori kremniyli seolitning faollanish sharoitini maqbullashtirish //SamDU ilmiy axborotnoma. – 2019. – Т. 3. – №. 115. – С. 8-12. 12. Fayzullaev N.I., Mamadoliev I.I. Mahalliy xomashyolardan olingan yuqori kremniyli seolitli sistemalarining xarak- teristikalari //SamDU ilmiy axborotnoma. – 2020. –№.119. – 52-56. 50

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONING AT DIFFERENT OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES Abdullakhuja Norkhujaev Assistant of the Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic technique. Tashkent State Technical University Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Boburjon Iskhokov Master of the Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic technique, Tashkent State Technical University Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ЭКСЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ КОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ВОЗДУХА ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ НАРУЖНЫХ ТЕМПЕРАТУРАХ Норхужаев Абдуллахужа Саидолимхужаевич ассистент кафедры холодильной и криогенной техники, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Исхоков Бобуржон Гулом Угли магистр кафедры холодильной и криогенной техники, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article examines the cooling agents that cause the depletion of the ozone layer and the alternatives to these cooling agents. Exergetic analysis was also performed. The study compared the refrigerants R22, R410A, 290 and R32 used in a split air conditioner with a capacity of 12000 Btu / s. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются хладагенты, вызывающие разрушение озонового слоя, и альтернативы этим хладагентам. Также был проведен эксергетический анализ. В исследовании сравнивались хладагенты R22, R410A, 290 и R32, используемые в сплит-кондиционере мощностью 12000 БТЕ/с. Keywords: R22, R410A, 290, R32, exergetic analysis, refrigerant, alternative, Ozone, cooling efficiency, cooling coefficient. Ключевые слова: R22, R410A, 290, R32, эксергетический анализ, хладагент, альтернатива, озон, эффективность охлаждения, коэффициент охлаждения. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction artificial cooling. It is impossible to imagine our lives and activities today without artificial cold [1, p. 76]. The production of artificial cooling, obtaining tem- peratures below ambient temperatures, is widely used in Research methodology and results many areas of the economy in the implementation of var- ious technological processes. Refrigeration technology is R32 refrigerant is an alternative to R410A, which is needed in many areas of human activity. currently used instead of R22 refrigerant. The reason can be seen in Table 3.1. The global heating potential Life on Earth has been preserved for thousands of (GWP) of R32 is much lower than that of R410A. So years because of its protective atmosphere. This layer is R32 is environmentally friendly. called ozone and protects the Earth from the sun’s harm- ful ultraviolet rays. If the protective layer is broken, the Table 1 shows the characteristics of R32, R410A, harmful part of the sun's ultraviolet rays will affect the R22 and R290. The physical properties of R410A and Earth's surface, killing most living organisms possible. One R32 are very close, so copper pipes of the same diameter of the industries that has a negative impact on ozone is are used in the operating mode of the split system. It should be noted that the same oil is used. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Norkhujaev A.S., Iskhokov B.G. EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONING AT DIFFERENT OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13013

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Comparison of some properties of refrigerants under study Table 1. R32 R410A R22 R290 propan Category GFU GFU GXFU - Composition (Mixture Ratio wt%) – R32/R125 (50/50) – -42 0 Boiling temperature(°C) -51,7 -51,5 -40,8 3 ОDP 0 0 0,055 GWP 675 2100 1810 The following is a study of a ozone-safe refrigerant graphically present the results of the study obtained R410A, R290 and R32 for a split air conditioner with a when the ambient temperature is 30, 40, 50. In cooling cooling capacity of 12000 Btu / s. mode, the air conditioning temperature is always higher than the outside temperature. That is, if the outside tem- Today’s world is living and adapting to global perature is 30, the condensing temperature will be warming. The fact that the average temperature of our around 10 [2, p. 286]. winters increases every year, and the extreme heat of our summers requires additional experiments. Therefore, we COOLING CAPACITY, W 6500 6200 R22 R290 R410A R32 3900 6000 5055 5500 4500 3124 5000 3281 3748 2748 4500 2575 2994 4000 2278 2026 3500 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 3000 2500 OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE, °C 2000 28 Figure 1. Graph of correlation of cooling capacity of cooling agents R22, R410A, R290 and R32 to outdoor temperature R290 is 1.27 times lower than R22. As can be seen, performed better than other refrigerants, but it dropped as the outside temperature increased, that is, in summer by 38% compared to the initial result. This figure was conditions, the results of all four cooling agents decreased. 38% in R410A and showed the same negative result as This is because as the outside temperature increases, the R32. However, these figures were 16% in R22 and 21% specific mass cooling efficiency (q0) of the refrigerant in R290, a positive result for them. [3, p. 23] decreases, which in turn affects the self-cooling effi- ciency (Q0). Under these conditions, the R32 refrigerant 52

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Exergy efficiency, ηex(%). 15 14,03 10,37566552 14,5 13,92940232 7,95595181 7,456279809 0,517301038 14 12,53097268 13,5 10,64338604 6,877424767 0,329411765 0,508650519 0,304152249 13 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 12,5 OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE, °C 47 49 51 53 12 11,5 11 10,5 10 9,5 9 8,5 8 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 25 R32 R290 R22 R410 Figure 2. Relativity of outdoor temperature to exergy efficiency ηex(%) Figure 2 shows a graph of the change in the exergy at an outdoor temperature of 30°C. The refrigerants efficiency of the refrigerant under study with a change in ambient temperature. In this graph, we can see that the R410 and R32 do not differ significantly at an outdoor exergy efficiencies of refrigerants decrease with a change temperature of 30°C. The exergy efficiency reaches a (increase) in the ambient temperature. Refrigerants high result at an ambient temperature of 50°C and all R290 and R22 have an exergy efficiency of 1.18 times refrigerants differ slightly [4, p. 176]. EXERGY LOSS(KW) 1,6 R32 R290 1,4 R22 R410 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE, °C Figure 3. Relativity of outdoor temperature to exergy loss 53

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. As the ambient temperature rises, the amount of ex- Conclusion ergy loss increases, and such losses give different results in the cold agents we study (Figure 3). For R410 and The results of the study of refrigerants R22, R410A, R410 refrigerants, the exergy loss is much less than for R290 and R32 at different outdoor temperatures are as R32 refrigerant. the same temperature at an ambient follows: temperature of 30 ° C. However, with an increase in the outdoor temperature by 44 ° C, the exergy loss of R410 • The refrigerant R32 is 1.2 times higher than R410A, refrigerant increases more than that of R32 refrigerant 1.5 times higher than R22, and 1.98 times higher than [5, p. 179]. R290; • The exergy efficiency of R410 and R32 is almost indistinguishable at an ambient temperature of 32-35℃, but when the ambient temperature exceeds 37℃ to 49℃, the exergy efficiency of R22 refrigerant is the highest. Reference: 1. Azizov D.H., Norkhujaev A.S., Research of split air conditioner in environmentally friendly cooling agent // Scien- tific and technical journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. №2, 2017 - pages 75-78. 2. Azizov D.H., Norkhojayev A.S., Research of a split air conditioner on environmentally friendly refrigerants // Col- lection of scientific papers international scientific and technical on-line conference. - Tashkent. TashSTU, 2020. pp. 285-288. 3. Azizov D.H., Norkhujaev A.S., Perspektivy perevoda split-konditsionerov na GFU ‑ 410A // Molodoy uchonyy. International scientific journal. № 1 (135), January 2017. C. 20-24. 4. Koraboev A.S., Norkhujaev A.S., Maxmudov O.O., Study of compressors with split conditioners with low pressure // Texnika i teknologii mashinostroeniya. Materials of the VII International scientific-technical conference. Omsk, May 21-23, 2018 S. 174-177. 5. Nurmatov T.B., Norkhujaev A.S., Khasanov B.B., Testing of split-conditioners with low pressure with the use of refrigerants R22 and R410A // Texnika i teknologii mashinostroeniya. Materials of the VII International scientific- technical conference. Omsk, May 21-23, 2018 C. 178-180. 54

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13146 DETERMINATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF COOKING OIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE A SOAP Altantogos Myagmar Master, Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate student, Mongolian National University of Medical School, Applied Science and Engineering, National University of Mongolia, Sciences, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar E-mail: [email protected] Altan-Od Myagmar Graduate Student, Graduate School, International Cyber Education Medical Sciences, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar Battsetseg Usukhbayar PhD, Department of Medical Chemistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar Otgon Zambal MSc of Business administration, Graduate student in Management skill, The head of the Director of the Interdisciplinary Broadcasting and Innovation center of the Institute of Brain and Psychology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar Battugs Ganbat Student, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar Suvd-Erdene Urdmunkh Student, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ СВОЙСТВ ПИТАТЕЛЬНОГО МАСЛА И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ЧИСТОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ МЫЛА Алтантогос Мягмар* магистр кафедры медицинской химии, Монгольский национальный университет медицинского факультета, Аспирант, Прикладные науки и инженерия, Национальный университет Монголии, Науки, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор Алтан-Од Мягмар магистрант, Высшая школа, Международное Кибер-Образование Медицинских Наук, Монгольский Национальный Университет Медицинских Наук, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор __________________________ Библиографическое описание: DETERMINATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF COOKING OIL AND ENVIRONMEN- TAL FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE A SOAP // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Al- tantogos M. [и др.]. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13146

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Батцэцэг Усухбаяр PhD, Кафедра Медицинской Химии, Монгольский Национальный Университет Медицинских Наук, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор Отгон Замбал магистр делового администрирования, аспирант в области управления, Руководитель директора Междисциплинарного радиовещательного и инновационного центра, Института мозга и психологии Монгольской академии наук, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор Баттугс Ганбат студент, Монгольский Национальный Университет Медицинских Наук, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор Сувд-Эрдэнэ Уурдмунх студент, Монгольский Национальный Университет Медицинских Наук, Монголия, г. Улан-Батор ABSTRACT In this study, we studied the properties of cooking oil and used cooking oil. Saponification value of cooking oil was 188.8 g/ml and saponification of used cooking oil was 197.8 mg/g. After cooking the saponification value is significantly increased. After cooking the relative density and refractive index is significantly increased. It says the cooking oil quality will decrease during the cooking process. The cooking oil can be used can be reprocessed into valuable product, one of which is as a basic ingredient in making soap. This may eventually lessen the environmental pollution and impact econ- omy through sustainable production of soap. АННОТАЦИЯ В этом исследовании мы изучили свойства растительного масла и отработанного растительного масла. Значение омыления масла для жарки составило 188.8 г/мл, а значение омыления использованного масла для жарки составило 197.8 мг/г. После варки число омыления значительно увеличивается. После варки относительная плотность и показатель преломления значительно увеличиваются. В нем говорится, что качество растительного масла ухудшится в процессе приготовления. Кулинарное масло можно использовать, его можно перерабатывать в ценный продукт, один из которых используется в качестве основного ингредиента при изготовлении мыла. Это может в конечном итоге уменьшить загрязнение окружающей среды и повлиять на экономику за счет устойчивого производства мыла. Keywords: the cooking oil, used cooking oil, soap. Ключевые слова: кулинарный жир, отработанный кулинарный жир, мыло. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction vegetable oils at high temperatures during cooking is a very common cooking practice. Repeated heating of ed- Frying is one of the most common methods used for ible oils can generate a number of compounds, including preparation of foods throughout the world. Fast food is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which termed as a food obtained from restaurants and other ca- have been reported to have carcinogenic potential tering establishments, where the aim is to provide a fast (Srivastava et al., 2010). Heating oils and fats for a con- service and rapid customer turnover at reasonable prices siderable length of time results in chemical reactions, (Sebastian et al., 2014). Cooking oils function as heat leading to the aggravation of a free radical processes, transfer medium and contribute to flavor and texture of which ultimately contributes to atherosclerosis (Anishas food in culinary purposes (Yamsaengsung et al., 2008). et al., n.d.). During the frying, chemical reactions taking Fried food quality is a function of oil quality. If the cook- place during frying include oxidation, hydrolysis, ing oil is abused or damaged, it affects the texture, taste, polymerization, and fission (Li et al., 2008). During this and overall flavor perception of the food (Stier, 2013). process, many oxidative products such as hydroperoxide Salt is used during processing and preserving, and cook- and aldehydes are produced, which can be absorbed into ing oil is frequently used in food preparation (Ngoan et the fried food (Taylor et al., 2015). Consumption of re- al., 2002). Repeated use of oils and fats for frying of peatedly heated cooking oil has been a regular practice food brings about many changes in their physical and without knowing the harmful effects of use (Venkata & chemical properties (Bansal, 2013). Consumption of Subramanyam, 2016). Repeatedly heated cooking oils these repeatedly heated oils can pose a serious health can generate varieties of compounds, including polycyclic hazard (Thrift & El-serag, 2019). Repeated heating of 56

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which have been re- Analyses of physicochemical properties of used ported as carcinogenic. The present review provides ad- cooking oil ditional insights into the polluting features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced various cancers via Though there are several parameters to evaluate cooking activities in indoor environments (Ganesan et al., qualities of oils, the two important parameters namely 2017). Chemical analysis revealed that repeated heating saponification values and total fatty number were con- of oils resulted in changes in fatty acid composition and sidered in this experiment to assess the properties of the elevated lipid peroxidation. Degree of saturation of oil is collected used cooking oil for soap making. an important factor determining the quality of cooking oils. Unsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to lipid Determination of relative density of oils oxidation than saturated fatty acids and for this reason Determination of the density of oil and oil products they are good source of free radicals (Wsowicz et al., with a hydrometer is performed in accordance with 2004). Furthermore, when cooking oil is presented to GOST 3900-85. high temperatures for drawn out stretches of time, it will causes the fatty acid peroxidation process and subse- Determination of saponification value quently pose harmful effect for human health (Venkata & The saponification number (value) is defined as the Subramanyam, 2016). Oxidative stress produced by free milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to radicals is associated with the development of athero- saponify 1g of fat or oil. Two grams of the oil sample sclerosis. Oxidative stress is associated with activation was weighed into a clean dried conical flask and 25 ml of platelets and for the same reason, a role can be as- of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added. signed for platelets in the cardiovascular events that are The flask was heated for an hour with frequent shaking. related to oxidative stress (Freedman, 2008). The clini- 1 ml of 1% phenolphthalein indicator was added and the cal role of oxidative stress in platelet function and hot excess alkali was titrated with 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric thrombosis is not straightforward. Although earlier epide- acid (HCl) until it reached the end point where it turned miological studies found that dietary antioxidant consump- colorless. A blank titration was carried out at the same tion was inversely associated with the development of time and under the same condition. The saponification coronary artery disease, more recent studies of vitamin value was calculated using following equation. supplementation have presented conflicting or negative results (Design, 2008). These accumulating data suggest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������ = (������ − ������) ∙ ������ ∙ 56.1 chronic intake of heated cooking oils increases the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (Kamisah, 2014). ������ Accompanying these changes in food consumption at a global and regional level have been considerable health B and S are titration values of blank and sample, re- consequences (Kearney & Kearney, 2010). Many con- spectively, M is the molarity of HCl and 56.1 is the mo- sumers and food handlers are not well knowledgeable lecular weight of potassium hydroxide. regarding the damaging effects of overwhelming deep- fried food in repeatedly heated vegetable oil (Kamisah, Determination of total fatty matter 2014). Because of the reasons that named in the above, In the present study, determination of total fatty we determined some properties of cooked oil and find- matter was done following a method described in AOCS ing the way environmental friendly technology to make (ISO, 1975), with slight modifications. The tests were a soap. It is important to determine the repeatedly carried out by reacting soaps samples with acid in the cooked oil properties to affect massive health improve- presence of hot ethanol and measuring the fatty acids ment. obtained. 10 grams of soap samples was mixed with 150 mL of warm neutralized ethanol and was heated; the MATERIALS AND METHODS soap materials were dissolved. The dissolved solution was then filtered, and the residue was dried in oven at Collection used cooking oil 110°C for 1 h and weighed again. The total fat matter The used cooking oil samples were collected from was obtained using following equation: local chain restaurant, that locates in Ulaanbaatar Mon- golia. We get a sample fresh natural vegetable oil and ������������������������������ ������������������ ������������������������������������ = 100 − (������������ − ������������������) oil that after cooked 3 times for food frying. Literature reported procedures were employed to do the pretreat- 1.085 ment on the collected used cooking oil in order to re- move solid, inorganic material and other contaminants Where, MC = moisture content and MIA = matter from food frying process. It was carried out, first, by insoluble in alcohol. heating them at 80°C. The hot oil samples were then al- lowed to cool to room temperature. Suction filtration Preparation of soap was also used to remove the above mentioned impurities 300 g of the oil was measured into a plastic container. and to make used cooking oil suitable for soap prepara- It was warmed in order to quicken the reaction between tion (Adane, 2020). the alkali and the fat. A calculated amount of NaOH was weighed and a fixed amount of distilled water was added to it to prepare a 0.2 N NaOH solution. And prepared 3 different types of soap. The caustic soda was poured very gradually into it and stirred gently in one direction to enhance through mixing of the solution. The plastic container was insulated with pieces of cloths to prevent the fat from hardening before the soap mix properly. The content of soap consists of 43% of water, 16 % of NaOH and 27% of water. 57

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Results and discussion Oils with high saponification values such as coconut oil Saponification value gives information concerning (257.0) and palm oil (199.1) are better used in soap mak- the character of the fatty acids of the fat- the longer the ing. Saponification value of cooking oil was 188.8 g/ml carbon chain, the less acid is liberated per gram of fat and saponification of used cooking oil was 197.8 mg/g hydrolyzed. The long chain fatty acids found in fats have (Table 1). After cooking the saponification value is sig- low saponification value because they have a relatively nificantly increased. It is comfortable to make better qual- fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit ity soap. mass of the fat and therefore high molecular weight. Table 1. The analysis of cooking oil and used cooking oil Sample Analysis Standards for cooking oil Result Cooking oil Saponification value 188-194 мг/г 188.8 mg/g Relative density 0.918-0.925 г/см3 0.918 g/sm3 Used cooking oil Refractive index Fatty number 1.461-1.468 1.466 Saponification value - 0.16 mg/g Relative density - 197.8 mg/g Refractive index - 0.923 g/sm3 Fatty number - - 1.470 9.93 mg/g After cooking the relative density and refractive in- acids, more commonly called trans fats, are made by dex is significantly increased. It says the cooking oil heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen quality will decrease during the cooking process. Un- gas and a catalyst, a process called hydrogenation. It is saturated fats, which are liquid at room temperature, are not comfortable for cooking. We made the following 3 considered beneficial fats because they can improve types of soap illustrated in Image 1. First one (A) is no blood cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, stabilize additive soap, second one is added coffee sediment (B) heart rhythms, and play number of other beneficial roles. and third one is added activated carbon (C). The caustic After cooking the fatty number is increased and trans soda was stirred well using a stirring rod until it blends fatty acid will form in the used cooking oil. Trans fatty with the fat. Image 1. The soap made from used cooking oil, (A) is no additive soap, (B) is soap with coffee sediment, (C) is soap with activated carbon Sum up, it needs to make cooking oil to valuable Conclusion. The cooking oil can be used can be re- product. processed into valuable product, one of which is as a basic ingredient in making soap. This may eventually lessen the environmental pollution and impact economy through sustainable production of soap. 58

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. References: 1. Adane L. (2020). Preparation of Laundry Soap from Used Cooking Oils : Getting value out of waste. 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6649 2. Anishas C., Idris C., Sundram K., Faizal A., & Razis A. (n.d.). Effect of Consumption Heated Oils with or without Dietary Cholesterol on the Development of Atherosclerosis. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101527 3. Bansal G. (2013). Standard Methods Review of Rapid Tests Available for Measuring the Quality Changes in Frying Oils and Comparison with. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, February 2013, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390802544611 4. Design S. (2008). Vitamin e supplementation and cardiovascular events. The New England Journal Of Medicine. 5. Freedman J.E. (2008). T RANSLATIONAL T HERAPEUTICS AT THE P LATELET V ASCULAR I NTERFACE A CME-Certified Activity Oxidative Stress and Platelets. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.159178 6. Ganesan K., Sukalingam K., & Xu B. (2017). Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the inci- dence of various cancers- A critical review. 8398(September). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1379470 7. Kamisah Y. (2014). Repeatedly Heated Vegetable Oils and Lipid Peroxidation. May. https://doi.org/10.5772/46076 8. Kearney J., & Kearney J. (2010). Food consumption trends and drivers Food consumption trends and drivers. August. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0149 9. Li Y., Ngadi M., & Oluka S. (2008). Quality changes in mixtures of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated oils during frying. 1523(May), 1518–1523. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa 10. Ngoan L.T., Mizoue T., Fujino Y., Tokui N., & Yoshimura T. (2002). Dietary factors and stomach cancer mortality. 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600415 11. Sebastian A., Ghazani S.M., & Marangoni A.G. (2014). Quality and safety of frying oils used in restaurants. FRIN, 64, 420–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.033 12. Srivastava S., Singh M., George J., Bhui K., Saxena A.M., & Shukla Y. (2010). Genotoxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the dietary consumption of repeatedly heated coconut oil. 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002229 13. Stier R.F. (2013). Special Feature Ensuring the health and safety of fried foods. 956–964. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201300180 14. Taylor P., Choe E., Min D.B., Choe E., & Min D.B. (2015). Foods Chemistry and Reactions of Reactive. February 2013, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500455474 15. Thrift A.P., & El-serag H.B. (2019). Burden of Gastric Cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.07.045 16. Venkata R.P., & Subramanyam R. (2016). Evaluation of the deleterious health effects of consumption of repeatedly heated vegetable oil. Toxicology Reports, 3, 636–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.003 17. Wsowicz E., Gramza A., Hêœ M., Jeleñ H.H., Korczak J., Maecka M., Mildner-szkudlarz, S., & Rudziñska, M. (2004). Oxidation of lipids in food. 13(48 61), 87–100. 18. Yamsaengsung R., Rungsee C., & Prasertsit K. (2008). Simulation of the heat and mass transfer processes during the vacuum frying of potato chips. 30(1), 109–115. 59

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. ELECTRONICS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13066 BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS Ikhtiyor Namozov Assistant, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara Sohiba Suvonova Masters student at Bukhara state university, Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] БИПОЛЯРНЫЕ ТРАНЗИСТОРЫ Намозов Ихтияр Уcмонович ассистент, Бухарский государственный медицинский институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Сувонова Сохиба Ахмеджоновна магистрант Бухарского государственного университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT This article, based on the latest scientific data with a retrospective approach, presents research on the topic of bipolar transistors. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье, на основе последних научных данных с ретроспективным подходом, представлены иссле- дования на тему биполярных транзисторов. Keywords: semiconductor, bipolar transistor, power circuit, diodes, triodes, vibrations, oscillation. Ключевые слова: полупроводник, биполярный транзистор, силовая схема, диоды, триоды, колебания, колебание. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction a rapid development and popularization. In the Soviet Un- A transistor is an active semiconductor device de- ion in 1949, a prototype transistor was presented to the signed to amplify a signal and generate vibrations. It re- scientific world by Krasilov's laboratory, it was a C1-C4 placed the vacuum tubes - triodes. Transistors usually (Germanium) triode. The term transistor appeared later, have three legs - collector, emitter and base. The base is in the 50s or 60s. a control electrode, by applying current to it, we control the collector current. Thus, with the help of a small base Transistors were originally manufactured using current, we regulate large currents in the power circuit, Germanium. This was the standard for the first decade and this is how the signal is amplified. Bipolar transis- of transistor production. The Silicon-based transistors tors come in direct (PNP) and reverse conduction that are used to seeing today were adopted because Ger- (NPN). Their structure is shown below. Tellingly, the manium breaks down at 82,2 degrees Celsius [2, 332]. base occupies a smaller volume of a semiconductor crystal [1, 34]. However, they found widespread use in the late 60s, early 70s, when portable radios came into fashion. By Methods and The transistor appeared in 1948 (1947), the way, they were called “transistor” for a long time. thanks to the work of three engineers and under William This name stuck due to t he fact that they replaced elec- Shockley at Bell Labs, and Walter Brattain, John Bardeen. tronic lamps with semiconductor elements, which The three physicists who invented the transistor; Wil- caused a revolution in radio engineering. Since the topic liam Shockley, John Bardeen, were all awarded with the of transistors is very, very extensive, there will be Nobel Prize. At that time, they had not yet assumed such two articles devoted to them: separately on bipolar and separately on field-effect transistors. The transistor, __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Namozov I.U., Suvonova S.A. BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13066

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. like the diode, is based on the phenomenon of the p-n The main function of a bipolar transistor (BT) is to junction. Those who wish can refresh their memory of increase the power of the input electrical signal. These the physics of the processes taking place in it here or semiconductor radio components appeared as an alter- here. The necessary explanations are given, let's get to the native to electro-vacuum triodes, and over time they point. Definition and history. A transistor is an electronic were practically ousted from the industry. In fairness, semiconductor device in which the current in the circuit we note that lamps are still used, but in a very, very nar- of two electrodes is controlled by a third electrode. The row segment of special-purpose equipment. In mass ra- first field-effect transistors were invented (1928), and dio engineering, bipolar transistors and their closest bipolar ones appeared in 1947 at Bell Labs. And it was, “relatives” field-effect transistors are mainly used. without exaggeration, a revolution in electronics [3, 56]. The key advantage of these elements is their minia- Very quickly transistors replaced vacuum tubes in turization. An electro-vacuum amplifier with similar various electronic devices. In this regard, the reliability of characteristics turns out to be several times larger than a such devices has increased and their sizes have signifi- bipolar transistor. As a result, the use of BT in radio cantly decreased. And to this day, no matter how electronics leads to a significant reduction in the overall “fancy” the chip is, it still contains a lot of transistors dimensions of the final radio products. (as well as diodes, capacitors, resistors, etc.). Only very small ones. Figure 1. Examples This transistor is called bipolar because both types collector current is a proportional reflection of a weak of charge carriers - both electrons and holes - participate change in base current. in the physical processes occurring during its operation. This affects the control principle of the output signal. The second important parameter is the input re- In bipolar transistors, the output parameters are controlled sistance of the transistor. According to Ohm’s law, it is by current, and not by an electric field, as in field (unipo- the ratio of the voltage between the base and the emitter lar). to the control current of the base. The larger it is, the lower the base current and the higher the gain. The third A bipolar transistor consists of three zones: emitter, parameter of a bipolar transistor is the voltage gain. It is base and collector, each of which is supplied with voltage. equal to the ratio of the amplitude or effective values of Depending on the type of conductivity of these regions, the output (emitter- collector) and input (base-emitter) n-p-n и p-n-p transistors are distinguished. Usually the col- alternating voltages. Since the first value is usually very lector area is wider than the emitter. The base is made of large (units and tens of volts), and the second is very a weakly alloyed semiconductor (which is why it has a small (tenths of volts), this coefficient can reach tens of large resistance) and is made very thin. Since the emitter- thousands of units. It is worth noting that each control base contact area is significantly smaller than the base- signal of the base has its own voltage gain. collector contact area, it is impossible to swap the emitter and collector by changing the connection polarity. Thus, Transistors also have a frequency response that the transistor belongs to non-symmetrical devices [4, 76] characterizes the ability of a transistor to amplify a sig- nal whose frequency approaches the boundary gain fre- Since the EB transition is open, the electrons easily quency. The fact is that with an increase in the frequency \"run over\" to the base. There they partially recombine of the input signal, the gain decreases. This is due to the with holes, but most of them, due to the small thickness fact that the time of the main physical processes (the of the base and its weak alloying, manage to reach the time of moving carriers from the emitter to the collector, base-collector junction. Which, as we remember, is en- the charge and discharge of barrier capacitive transi- abled with a reverse offset. And since the electrons in tions) becomes commensurate with the period of change the base are non-basic charge carriers, the electric field of the input signal. I.e. the transistor simply does not of the transition helps them overcome it. Thus, the colle- have time to react to changes in the input signal and at tor current is obtained only slightly less than the emitter some point simply stops amplifying it. The frequency at current. Now watch your hands. If you increase the base which this happens is called the boundary. current, the EB junction will open stronger, and more electrons will be able to slip between the emitter and the Also , the parameters of a bipolar transistor are: collector. And since the collector current is initially • collector-emitter reverse current greater than the base current, this change will be very, • turn-on time very noticeable. Thus, the weak signal received at the • reverse collector current base will be amplified. Once again: a strong change in • maximum allowable current • modes of operation of a bipolar transistor [5, 222]. 61

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. The above option represents the normal active mode due to its high cost and worse parameters, in terms of of operation of the transistor. However, there are several temperatures and other things. more combinations of open/closed p-n junctions, each of which represents a separate mode of operation of the Semiconductors are materials that occupy a place in transistor. conductivity between conductors and dielectrics. Their resistance is a million times greater than conductors, and Inverse active mode. The BC transition is open here, hundreds of millions of times less than dielectrics. In ad- and the EB, on the contrary, is closed. The amplifying dition, in order for current to flow through them, it is properties in this mode, of course, are nowhere worse, necessary to apply a voltage exceeding the width of the so transistors in this mode are used very rarely. band gap so that the charge carriers move from the va- lence band to the conduction band. Saturation mode. Both transitions are open. Ac- cordingly, the main charge carriers of the collector and Conductors do not have a forbidden zone as such. emitter “run” to the base, where they actively recombine Move to the conduction band of the charge carrier (elec- with its main carriers. Due to the resulting redundancy tron) it can be not only under the influence of external of charge carriers, the resistance of the base and p-n voltage, but also from heat - this is called thermal cur- junctions decreases. Therefore, a circuit containing a rent. The current caused by irradiation by the light flux transistor in saturation mode can be considered short- of a semiconductor is called a photocurrent. Photoresis- circuited, and this radio element itself can be represented tors, photodiodes and other photosensitive elements as an equipotential point. work on this principle. Cut-off mode. Both transistor junctions are closed, Results. So the difference between germanium and i.e. the current of the main charge carriers between the silicon structures is that for germanium, the band gap is emitter and collector stops. Flows of non-primary about 0.3 eV (electron volts), and silicon has more than charge carriers create only small and uncontrolled ther- 0.6 eV. On the one hand, this causes more losses, but the mal currents of transitions. Due to the poverty of the use of silicon is due to technological and economic factors. base and transitions by charge carriers, their resistance increases greatly. Therefore, it is often believed that a As a result of doping, additional charge carriers are transistor operating in cut-off mode is a circuit break. obtained, positive (holes) or negative (electrons), this is called a p- or n-type semiconductor. You may have Barrier mode. In this mode, the base is directly or heard the phrase “pn-transition”. So this is the boundary through a small resistance is closed to the collector. between semiconductors of different types. As a result Also, a resistor is included in the collector or emitter cir- of the movement of charges, the formation of ionized cuit, which sets the current through the transistor. Thus, particles of each type of impurities to the main semicon- the equivalent of a diode circuit with a series-connected ductor, a potential barrier is formed, it does not allow resistance is obtained. This mode is very useful, since it current to flow in both directions. allows the circuit to work at almost any frequency, in a large temperature range and is undemanding to the pa- Conclusion rameters of transistors. The introduction of additional charge carriers (dop- What is a semiconductor? Transistors are made of ing of semiconductors) made it possible to create semi- semiconductor materials, for example, Silicon, Germa- conductor devices: diodes, transistors, thyristors, etc. nium was previously popular, but now it is rarely found, References: 1. Stepanenko I.P. Osnovi teorii tranzistorov i tranzistornykh skhem. Moskva: Izdatelstvo «Energiya», 1967) 2nd edition. S. 167. 2. Темиров С.А., Тураев О.Г. ПОСТРОЕНИЕ СОЛНЕЧНОГО КОНЦЕНТРАТОРА И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕПЛОВЫХ СВОЙСТВ // Universum: технические науки: электрон.научн.журн. 2021.11(92). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/12665 3. Joseph D. Greenfield / Practical Transistors and Linear Integrated Circuits Paperback - January 1, 1988. P. 233. 4. Burbayeva N.V. Sbornik zadach po poluprovodnikovoy elektronike. Fizmatlit, 2004. S. 211. 5. S.M. Sze, Kwok K. Ng. Physics of Semiconductor Devices. Third edition. 2006. P. 433. 6. Ismatovna А.Y. The Method of Using the Moodle Platform for the Organization of Teaching in Education (The In- troduction of Distance Learning Technologies in the Educational Process) // International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerging Technology. - 2021. - Т. 1. - №. 4. - С. 30-46. 7. Асадова Ю. The use of Moodle platform in the traditional transition of Information Technology Science in medicine to foreign students accepted on the basis of MBBS program at Bukhara State Medical Institute // Общество и инновации. - 2021. - Т. 2. - №. 7/S. - С. 35-43. 8. Ismatovna А.Y. Using the Moodle Platform in Extreme Cases //CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY AND COMPUTER SCIENCES. - 2021. - Т. 2. - №. 6. - С. 13-19. 9. Ismatovna А.Y. Using the Moodle Platform for Organizing Training in Education (Introduction of Distance Learning Technologies in the Educational Process) // International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerging Technology. - 2021. - Т. 1. - №. 4. - С. 63-67. 62

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13134 MODELLING АND RESEАRCH OF HАRMONIC COMPONENTS OF CURRENT АND VOLTАGE IN ELECTRIC NETS Yelenа Borisovа Senior lecturer Depаrtment \"Power supply” University of informаtion technology nаmed аfter Muhаmmаd аl-Kwаrizmy, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mаil: [email protected] Nаtаlyа Аmurovа Senior lecturer Depаrtment \"Power supply” University of informаtion technology nаmed аfter Muhаmmаd аl-Kwаrizmy, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mаil: а[email protected] Fаzliddin Kodirov Senior lecturer Depаrtment \"Power supply” University of informаtion technology nаmed аfter Muhаmmаd аl-Kwаrizmy, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mаil: fаz7780@mаil.ru Surаyyo Аbdullаyevа Senior lecturer Depаrtment \"Power supply” University of informаtion technology nаmed аfter Muhаmmаd аl-Kwаrizmy, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mаil: surа[email protected] МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГАРМОНИЧЕСКИХ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИХ ТОКА И НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ В ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СЕТЯХ Борисова Елена Анатольевна ст. преподаватель кафедры «Системы энергоснабжения» Ташкентского университета информационных технологий имени Мухаммада ал-Хоразмий, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Амурова Наталья Юрьевна ст. преподаватель кафедры «Системы энергоснабжения» Ташкентского университета информационных технологий имени Мухаммада ал-Хоразмий, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Кодиров Фазлитдин Мислитдинович ст. преподаватель кафедры «Системы энергоснабжения» Ташкентского университета информационных технологий имени Мухаммада ал-Хоразмий, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаева Сурайе Мунировна ст. преподаватель кафедры «Системы энергоснабжения» Ташкентского университета информационных технологий имени Мухаммада ал-Хоразмий, Республика Узбекистан. г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: MODELLING АND RESEАRCH OF HАRMONIC COMPONENTS OF CURRENT АND VOLTАGE IN ELECTRIC NETS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Borisovа Y. [и др.]. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13134

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. АBSTRACT This аrticle provides mаteriаls of modelling аnd reseаrch of quаntity аnd quаlity vаlue аnd pаrаmeters of power energy of power supply nets with high-quаlity electricity аnd to ensure the quаlity. The аnаlysis of results of reseаrches of electric nets of consumers of power energy with defective tension on the big objects used for vаrious purposes wаs presented. Given results of modelling hаrmonic components of current аnd voltаge in electric nets of consumers with low power consumption аnd filter compensаtion equipment’s. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье приведены материалы моделирования и исследования количественно-качественного значения и параметров электрической энергии электросетей с качественной электроэнергией и для обеспечения качества. Представлен анализ результатов исследований электрических сетей потребителей электрической энергии с дефектным напряжением на крупных объектах различного назначения. Приведены результаты моделирования гармонических составляющих тока и напряжения в электрических сетях потребителей с малой потребляемой мощностью и фильтро-компенсационной аппаратурой. Keywords: power quаlity, energy efficiency, voltаge tolerаnce, ripple fаctor, voltаge аnd current nonsinusoidаlity, the аmplitude-frequency spectrum, reliаbility, filter condition device. Ключевые слова: качество электроэнергии, энергоэффективность, допуск по напряжению, коэффициент пульсаций, несинусоидальность напряжения и тока, амплитудно-частотный спектр, надежность, состояние фильтра, устройство. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The modern power supply system is weightless volt-аmpere аnd their pаrаmeters in provid- explаined by the expаnsion of loаd-beаring. For this ing uninterrupted power consumers with quаlity elec- reаson, power supply systems аre fаced with such а se- tricity in electricаl nets. rious problem аs “pollution”, which is higher thаn fre- quency of hаrmonics in the power distribution nets. If The trаnsition from incаndescent lаmps to energy- the loаd-beаring loаd in the power supply system does sаving light sources cаn significаntly sаve energy. The not exceed 5-10%, no significаnt chаnges in the power reseаrch of electromаgnetic sаfety showed thаt аctively studied semiconductor light sources cаn serve аs аn supply system will occur. Some power consumers, with аlternаtive to reduce energy consumption in lighting [3]. low power consumption, prevents аdditionаl energy supply with higher hаrmonic current, except for а sig- The quаlity of electricity in urbаn distribution nets nificаnt reduction in electricity consumption for is deteriorаting in mаny developed countries. High hаr- nonlineаr loаds. Due to the constаnt growth of electricity monics аre considered to be one of the subs of the dete- consumption, ensuring the cleаn quаlity of electricity, riorаtion of electricity, аnd in some cаses the level of energy remаins one of the mаin problems [1-3]. hаrmonics 3 аnd 5 exceeds 20%. The highest hаrmonics in electricаl nets аre typicаl for nets where а lаrge num- Reseаrch Methodology. Nowаdаys, for exаmple, ber of household аnd office electronic devices аre used. lighting through led diodes, which аre widely used in our Currently, the loаd on the lighting reаches 20-23% of the dаily life, is one wаy to sаve energy. But semiconductor electricity supply, up to 30% in lighting. The trаnsition light sources hаve а wide rаnge of hаrmonics in the to new energy-sаving technologies cаn leаd to the fаilure power supply, low electromаgnetic flexibility аnd pulse of electricаl equipment, which will leаd to significаnt chаrаcter аnd hаs low power consumption equipment. economic dаmаge. The problem of electromаgnetic compаtibility of led Аs determined, the totаl effect of аll hаrmonics is lаmps in the power supply cаn be solved with the help determined by the coefficient of sinusoidаl current dis- of phаse-compensаting devices, thаt is, with the use of turbаnce KI [1]: power fаctor correctors. (1). However, the power fаctor correction device sig- nificаntly reduces the economic efficiency with lаrge- Here is I( n ) the current vаlue of the current hаr- scаle аpplicаtion in low-power industries thаt hаve аn monic compiler; I 1 - the current vаlue of the mаin cur- аctive electronic circuit. Thus, providing the required power in the power supply net, filtering high hаrmonics, rent frequency. creаting simple аnd reliаble tools is аn urgent scientific When аnаlyzing the consumer current in the аnd technicаl tаsk. Tаking into аccount the аbove con- siderаtions, this аrticle discusses the circuit design аnd reseаrched clips, it wаs found thаt the 3rd hаrmonic of scientific bаsis of effective filter compensаtion devices, the current in the net wаs high (Fig.1). For rice.1 hаrmonic methods for the synthesis of the chаrаcteristics of а curvаture 1 аnd 3 indicаte their common source. 64

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Figure 1. Hаrmonic current phаse 1 hаrmonic current (А); 3rd hаrmonic current ( % ); the 7th hаrmonic current (%) Given the loаding nаture of these frаgments, it cаn Chаnges in the noise fаctor of the sinusoidаl curvаture be concluded thаt the Sources of the 1st аnd 3rd hаrmonics of the current аnd voltаge аre shown in figure 2. Аs seen cаn be concluded thаt they аre electricаl nets. in Fig.2, the coefficient of the sine wаve current inter- ference curve reаches 25% (tаble 1). Tаble 1. The coefficient of the sine wаve current interference curve Meаsured vаlues Phаse А Meаsurement Results Phаse C Phаse B KU, % 1.99 1.81 1.79 KUmаx, % 2.51 2.21 2.33 KI, % 7.96 14.72 10.05 KImаx, % 13.09 24.89 15.04 Some loаds cаn be used with pаssive filter com- ( )α= lgωp−lgωЗ tg , (3) pensаtion devices to increаse the power fаctor of the power supply network with the loаd. Trаditionаl filter-compensаtion devices bаsed on pаssive hаrmonic filters аre tuned to а certаin frequency To increаse the power fаctor in networks with non- of certаin consecutive vibrаtion circuits. You cаn аlso stаtic stаtic loаd resistаnce аnd reduce the level of high use the seriаl loop of the vibrаtion in eаch phаse. hаrmonics, а wide rаnge of filter compensаtion devices bаsed on а pаssive hаrmonic filter cаn be used. One of the Аt present, the filter compensаting devices cаn be mаin elements of reаctive power compensаtion in electricаl used in а wide rаnge by the “аsterisk” method (Fig.2). networks аre cаpаcitor devices. This method is energy efficient аnd cost-effective in electric power networks [5]. Pаssive hаrmonic filters Reаctive power of the sequentiаl circuit the bаsic with four light topologies reduce the number of LC- frequency hаrmonic is significаntly different ������������ from links, thаt is, twice less thаn conventionаl LC-filters. If filters 3, 5, 7 аnd 9 hаrmonics through conventionаl LC the power of а single cаpаcitor ������2(������2-1): filters, thаn need 12 series vibrаtion loop hаrmonics pаssive filters thаt connect in pаrаllel. ������������������=(������2/(������2−1))������������ , (2) Reаctive resistаnce in Fig.3 аre resonаnt elements where ������ = ������0������/������������ is the resonаnce frequency of the tuned to different frequencies LФ, СФ аnd LО. Therefore, vibrаtion circuit in the sequence. pаssive filters connected in pаrаllel cаn filter current hаrmonics. Creаtes а circuit with low resistаnce to certаin The peculiаrity of filter filtrаtion is determined by frequency hаrmonics, i.e. the elements in the circuit (а) its quаlity fаctor, i.e. it is directly relаted to the resonаnt form two resonаnce groups аt а frequency of 3 аnd 5, resistаnce of the filter. To ensure the quаlity of the filter (b) in the circuit of 7 аnd 9 hаrmonics. fаctor, а method for determining the tаn coefficient in the trаnsition spаce hаs been developed. It is defined by the following expression: 65

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. а) b) Figure 2. Four-beаm filter configurаtion The scheme of а four-wire filter with four sockets Ibnаsseudchonctаhseesr,esthoenаpnhtаesleemZфenаtnsdLCneiustrsаhlowZn0 in figure 3. resistаnces аre modelled аs follows:  =Rф + j Lфω−СФ1ω , (5) Zф  =(RФ +3R0 )+(LФ +3L0 )ω−ω1  1 +С30 . (6) Z0 CФ  Figure 3. Diаgrаm of the device of filtercontrol The filter in picture 3 hаs two resonаnt frequencies. with four rаys For specific exаct vаlues of R, L аnd C, the initiаl filter pаrаmeters cаn be cаlculаted using the expressions of Modeling аnd reseаrch the quаlity fаctor аnd resonаnce frequencies (5) аnd (6). The power supply circuit of led lаmps is simulаted аs in Fig.4. Figure 4. Model of Net diаgrаm of а four-point filter compensаtion device 66

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Аs а result of modeling аnd reseаrch’s, we cаn sаy Conclusion thаt in nets 3, 5, 7 аnd 9 hаrmonics аre chаrаcteristic hаrmonic sequences. • the use of energy-sаving sources cаn greаtly re- duce costs to sаve significаnt energy. Аt the sаme time, The аnаlysis model аnd results showed thаt in three- the use of silent electricity consumers loаds to sig- phаse electric nets it is more effective to use pаssive fil- nificаnt disturbаnces in the power source; ters with four hаrmonic rаys. Filtering hаrmonic compo- nents significаntly reduces the non-sinusoidаl power • introduction of efficient аnd filter-bаsed devices supply current аnd improves the quаlity of minimum to provide high-quаlity energy, tаking into аccount the mаss use of modern energy-sаving consumers with un- consumption in power supply nets. surpаssed chаrаcteristics of volt-аmpere; In the control of continuous processes of produc- • use of pаssive filters to reduce the high hаrmonic tion, trаnsmission, distribution аnd consumption of elec- effect cаused by stаtic loаding, preferаbly; tricity, high аccurаcy, uniformity of current trаnsformer elements widely used in production, distribution аnd • the аmplitude-frequency chаrаcteristics of the operаtion, аs well аs their security аnd performаnce with four-beаm frequency filters provide the required quаlity meаsured informаtion, improper control аnd mаnаge- for filtering high hаrmonics; ment of electricаl energy аnd energy consumption, which leаds to significаnt economic dаmаge, аre of greаt • four light frequency filters support filtering function importаnce. in symmetricаl аnd symmetricаl loаds аt the sаme level; Results of modelling аnd reseаrch showed thаt the high-voltаge hаrmonic voltаge аnd current reduces the rаtio of the sinusoidаl to the light sources in electric nets for consumers with low power consumption. References: 1. Gаytenko Ye.N. Sources of secondаry power supply. Circuit design аnd cаlculаtion. M.: SOLON-PRESS 2008. – p. 448. 2. Аizenberg Yu.B. Modern Problems of Energy-Efficient Lighting / Yu.B. Аizenberg // Energy Sаving. - 2009. - №1. - p. 42–48. 3. Kolmаkov V.O. Electromаgnetic compаtibility аnd energy-sаving equipment / V.O. Kolmаkov, V.I. Pаnteleev // En- ergetic. - 2012. - № 11. - P. 47– 49. - ISSN 0013-7278. 4. Siddikov I.Kh., Khаkimov M.Kh., Grigoriev Yu.А., Аnаrbаev M.А., Nаzhmаtdinov K.M. Energy sаving bаsed on аutomаtic control of reаctive power of power systems. // \"Energy: Mаnаgement, quаlity аnd energy efficiency.\" Tez.dokl. 7 - Аll-Russiаn Scientific аnd Technicаl Conf. Mаy 25-27, 2013.– Blаgoveshchensk, 2013.– p. 231-234. 5. Current Hаrmonics Cаncellаtion in Three-Phаse Four-Wire Systems by Using а Four-Brаnch Stаr Filtering Topology // IEEE trаnsаctions on Рower ELECTRONICS. – 2009. 6. I.X. Siddikov, Kh.А. Sаttаrov, Kh.E. Khujаmаtov, O.R.Dehqonov. Povishenie effektivnosti elektricheskix setey obektov telekommunikаtsii nа osnove primenenie istochnikov reаktivnoy moshnosti // (improving the efficiency of electricаl networks of telecommunicаtion fаcilities bаsed on the use of reаctive power sources) “Muhаmmаd аl- Xorаzmiy аvlodlаri” ilmiy-аmаliy vа аxborot-tаhliliy jurnаl. №2(4), 2018, С. 80-83. (05.00.00; №10). 7. I.X. Siddikov, Kh.А. Sаttаrov, Kh.E. Khujаmаtov, G.S. Rаhmonovа. Elektromаgnitniy preobrozovаtel trexfаznogo tokа v nаpryаjeniye dlyа elektricheskix setey sistem elektrosnаbjeniyа ustroystv telekommunikаtsii // (Elec- tromаgnetic coverter of three-phаse current to voltаge for electric networks of power supply systems of telecom- municаtion devices) “TАTU xаbаrlаri ilmiy-texnikа vа аxborot-tаhliliy jurnаli” №3(43), 2017,С. 114-119. (05.00.00; №10). 67

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. ENERGY INDUSTRY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13086 CONSIDERATION OF THE NONLINEARITY OF THE MAGNETIZATION CURVE IN THE CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC CHAINS WITH A MOVING ELECTROMAGNETIC SCREEN Boltayev Otabek PhD, docent, Tashkent State Transport University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Firuza Akhmedova Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Islombek Kurbanov Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] УЧЕТ НЕЛИНЕЙНОСТИ КРИВОЙ НАМАГНИЧИВАНИЯ ПРИ РАСЧЕТЕ МАГНИТНЫХ ЦЕПЕЙ С ПОДВИЖНЫМ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫМ ЭКРАНОМ Болтаев Отабек Ташмухамматович канд. техн. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Ахмедова Фируза Анваровна ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент Курбанов Исломбек Бахтиёрович ассистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент ABSTRACT In the article, it was found that using the method of quadrupole theory to take into account the nonlinearity of the magnetization curve in the calculation of magnetic chains of moving screen converters, this method allows to obtain results that are very close to practice. It is also based on the fact that it is possible to further increase the accuracy of the calculation by determining the magnetic resistances in each section of the converter magnetic circuit by the average value of the induction. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье определено, что использование метода четырехполюсной теории для учета нелинейности кривой намагничивания при расчете магнитных цепей преобразователей с подвижным экраном позволяет получить результаты, очень близкие к практике. Он также основан на том, что можно еще больше повысить точность расчета, определяя магнитные сопротивления в каждом сечении магнитопровода преобразователя по среднему значению индукции. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Boltayev O., Akhmedova F., Kurbanov I.B. CONSIDERATION OF THE NONLINEARITY OF THE MAGNETIZATION CURVE IN THE CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC CHAINS WITH A MOVING ELEC- TROMAGNETIC SCREEN // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13086

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Keywords: moving screen, magnetic system, magnetization curve, magnetic capacitance, magnetic flux, excitation coil. Ключевые слова: подвижной экран, магнитная система, кривая намагничивания, магнитная емкость, магнитный поток, обмотка возбуждения. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction capacity С������������according to the energy-information model of chains). The parameters of the quadrupoles are By calculating the magnetic chains of the moving determined using the expressions given in the literature. screen converter magnetic circuits taking into account the curvature of the magnetization curve, the results can A newly created device protected by a patent for the be approximated to the results obtained on an invention [1] A moving screen device developed using experimental basis. The simplest method of calculating a magnetic core is symmetrical, so it is sufficient to magnetic chains by considering the magnetization curve create an exchange circuit for a part of it. is B.K. Proposed by Bul. According to it, the calculated magnetic circuit is divided into several parts (usually 2 When the electrical conductivity of the moving to 6 for magnetic chambers with a moving screen is infinitely large, the switching scheme of this electromagnetic screen) and each part is described as a magnetic chain is further simplified (Fig. 1). That is, P- or T-shaped passive quadrupole with a permanent since ������������эк → ∞ it is sufficient to perform calculations complex magnetic resistance. These quadrupoles will only for the left part of the magnetic chain exchange consist of ������������ℎ complex magnetic resistance (������������ℎ circuit. In this case, the value of the scattering magnetic magnetic virginity according to the energy-information fluxes of the screen is considered to be so small that it model of chains) and ������������������ conductivity (magnetic cannot be taken into account. Figure 1. Switching circuit of the converter magnetic chain Results and Discussion moving screen and a ring core without a moving screen is determined by ������������1 and the magnetic capacitance С������������1 Given that the exchange scheme of the magnetic cir- between these ring cores: cuit under consideration is described as T-shaped pas- sive quadrupoles, the determination of the input and out- ������������1 = 2������1 ������1 ; С������������1 = √2������0С������������1������1, put magnitudes of these quadrupoles is carried out in the ������1 following sequence. Where is ������1 = ������������1 + ������������������1 specific complex mag- Based on the given ������������������������ = ������������������1 magnetic flux, the ������������������1 equivalent complex magnetic resistance at the first netic resistance of the first section and у ������1 = ������1 the quadrupole output ������������������������������1 and the magnetic voltage ������������1 are determined. magnetization curve of the material through the expres- 1 ������������������������ ������������������������������1. sion is determined using Figure 2; С������������1 – the magnetic С������������ ������������������������������1 = ������������������������������1 = ; ������������1 = capacity per unit length of the air gap between the annu- lar cores. The length of the first section is ������1, the induction is ������������������1 ������1 = ������1 and the magnetization curve Using Figure 2, the complex magnetic resistance of a ring core with a 69

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. Figure 2. Current of magnetic induction dependence of active and reactive specific magnetic resistance of 3413 steel Т from the expressions of the simon quadrupole ������������ℎ = 1 ������������, ������������������ = ������������������ magnetic resistance for the first С������������2 = √2������0С������п2������2; ������������������������������2 = ������������2 = ,������������01 ������2 = 2 ������������������2 ������������������01 part, taking into account the equations ������������1 is deter- ������������2 + ������������������2 – the relative complex magnetic resistance mined as follows: ������������������2 у ������2 of the second section and ������2 = The magnetization 11 curve of the material through the expression is deter- ������������1 = (2 + 2 ������������1С������������1) (2 ������������1 + ������������������������������1) − ������������������������������1. mined using Figure 2; С������п2 – the magnetic capacity per The magnetic voltage at the first quadrupole input unit length of the air gap between the annular cores. ������������01 and the magnetic flux ������������������01 are determined using the following expressions: The total magnetic flux, scattering magnetic flux and magnetic voltage in the newly created moving screen converter magnetic circuit exchange circuit are ������������01 = ������������������1������������1 = ������������2; determined as follows: ������������������01 = ������������01 (1 + С������������1 ������������������������������1 + 1 = ������������������2. ������������������0 = ������������������������ + ������������������������; ������������������������ = ������������02������������������������; ������������1 2 С������������1������������1) ������������������ = ������������02 + ������������������0������������2. ������������2 and ������������������2 after determining the values of s, the Conclusion magnetic voltage ������������02 and the magnetic flux ������������������02 at the second quadrupole input are determined as follows: Given the nonlinearity of the material magnetization curve in movable screen converter magnetic chains, this ������������02 = ������������������2������������2; method allows to obtain results that are very close to practice, although they are simpler than other methods. ������������������02 = ������������02 (1 + С������������2������������������������������2 + 1 In the considered method it is possible to further ������������2 2 С������������2������������2) ; increase the accuracy of the calculation by determining the magnetic resistances in each section of the magnetic Where is circuit by the average value of the induction. ������������2 = (2 + 1 ������������2 С������������2 ) (1 ������������2 + ������������������������������2) − 2 2 ������2 ������2 ������������������������������2 ; ������������2 = 2������2 ; 70

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. References: 1. Patent RUz (UZ) № IAP 05432. Magnitouprugiy datchik usiliy/ Amirov S.F., Turdibekov K.X., Jurayeva K.K., Boltayev O.T., Fayzullayev J.S.// 2017g. Official newsletter -2017. – №10. 2. Amirov S.F., Boltayev O.T., Akhmedova F.A. Calculation of Magnetic Chains with Mobile Screens // International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Engineering and Technology. India. - №6, Issue 5, May 2019 - pp. 9243- 9245. 3. Sulton, A., Otabek, B., Firuza, A. New created mathematical models of movable screens and a scatter parameter converters // Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 12, Special Issue-02, 2020. pp. 122-126. 4. Amirov S.F., Boltaev O.T. et al. Research of magnetic circuits of new force transducers. Automation. Modern technologies. 2020.Vol. 74. No. 1. P. 24-26. 5. Boltaev O., Ahmedova F., Nurxonov B.R. Classification of magnetic chains with moving electromagnetic screens//Internauka. 2021. № 27-2 (203). P. 55-57. 6. Amirov S.F., Boltayev O.T. Mathematical models of differential magnetic circuits of converters with movable screens and distributed parameters //Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2019. – Т. 15. – №. 3. – С. 75-81. 7. Boltaev O.T., Mirasadov M.J., Nurkhonov B.Sh. Investigation of the static regime of magnetic circuits with movable electromagnetic shields and with distributed parameters // Universum: technical sciences. - 2021. - No. 5-5 (86). –P. 90-94. 8. Bazarov M., Bedritskiy I.M., Boltaev O.T. Estimation of an error of calculations of ferromagnetic elements from inductance of dispersion// European Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. – Austria, 2017. – № 3. – p. 47-49. 9. Boltaev O.T. Structural methods for calculating magnetic circuits with movable electromagnetic screens // X International Youth Competition of Scientific Works \"Youth in Science: New Arguments\". 1 March 2019. - Lipetsk, Russia, 2019. - P. 20-24. 10. Amirov S.F., Boltayev O.T. Methods of approximation of the magnetization curve (Magnitlanish egri chiziqlarini approksimatsiyalash usullari)// Problemi informatiki i energetiki. – Toshkent, 2017. – № 6. – C. 71-80. 71

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.13050 CREATION OF A CONDUCTION BAND BY LASER IR RADIATION Toxirova Mashhura Graduate student of master degree Andijan State University, Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] Ermatov Shukrullo Associate Professor of the Department of Physics Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan СОЗДАНИЕ ЗОНЫ ПРОВОДИМОСТИ ЛАЗЕРНЫМ ОБЛУЧЕНИЕМ Тохирова Машхура Муроджон кизи магистрант Андижанского государственного университета Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан Эрматов Шукрулло доц. кафедры физики Андижанского государственного университета Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан ABSTRACT In this work, the possibility of creating and using a stable conducting channel in a dielectric liquid under the influence of laser radiation is considered. The pattern of breakdown was established. The dependence of the type of breakdown on the radiation power density and frequency is considered. The calculation of the main parameters of the breakdown, such as the breakdown temperature, the calculation of the values of F (intensity) and E (strength) of radiation, the dimensions of the focusing region of laser radiation to achieve the goal of the work, was carried out. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной работе рассматривается возможность создания и использования устойчивого проводящего канала в диэлектрической жидкости под действием лазерного излучения. Была установлена закономерность поломки. Рассмотрена зависимость вида пробоя от плотности мощности и частоты излучения. Были проведены расчеты основных параметров пробоя, таких как температура пробоя, расчет значений F (интенсивности) и E (силы) из- лучения, а также расчёты размеров области фокусировки лазерного излучения для достижения цели работы. Keywords: laser, spectrum, IR radiation, conduction, molecule. Ключевые слова: лазер, спектр, ИК излучение, проводимость, молекула. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dissociation of complex (polyatomic) molecules in is experimentally observed at an infrared radiation in- the field of infrared radiation. In typical cases 30hv. tensity many orders of magnitude lower than the inten- Since the vibrational spectrum of molecules is enhar- sity given by estimates based on the probability of mul- monic, at first glance it seems that dissociation can occur tiphoton absorption or Stark broadening [3]. only at a very high radiation intensity, either due to non- resonant multiphoton absorption of infrared radiation, or Detailed studies of the process of dissociation of when the field strength is so high that the anharmonicity complex molecules by IR radiation made it possible to of the vibrational spectrum is compensated by Stark elucidate the nature of this process, explain its relatively shifts and broadening of the vibrational levels. Estimates high probability and, thus, the possibility of observation show that in both cases we can talk about dissociation at at a not very high radiation intensity, and also reveal its an infrared radiation intensity of the order of 1012 isotopic selectivity. W/m2. However, the dissociation of complex molecules In the lower part of the spectrum, the density of ex- cited states is relatively low. In this region of the spec- trum, a multiphoton excitation of a molecule into a fixed __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Toxirova M., Ermatov S. CREATION OF A CONDUCTION BAND BY LASER IR RADIATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 2(95). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13050

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. discrete excited state occurs. This transition is isotopi- reason for the emergence of a quasi-continuum is a very cally selective. The degree of multiphotonity of this rapid increase in the number of transitions that a mole- transition depends on the particular type of molecule. As cule can make from a given excited state by absorbing a a rule, this is a three-photon excitation, less often two- radiation quantum. The increase in the number of tran- photon, but no more than four - five-photon. Thus, the sitions is due to the high density of vibrational states of probability of this transition is relatively high, and its a complex polyatomic molecule, which has a large num- implementation does not require a very high radiation ber of degrees of freedom, and the interaction of these intensity [1]. states. The spectrum in the region of the upper levels does not have that sharp resonant character as in the region of Higher in the spectrum, at high energies of the ex- the lower levels, the levels broadened, mutually overlap cited states, the spectrum acquires the character of a vi- and form absorption bands [2]. brational quasi-continuum. This means that a further in- crease in the energy of the molecule occurs as a result of A rigorous theoretical description of the kinetics of a series of successive one-photon quasi-resonance tran- the absorption of infrared radiation by a complex mole- sitions. It is obvious that the probability of each such cule is in good agreement with both this simplified qual- transition is very high, so that the molecule quickly gains itative model and experimental data [3]. an energy of the order of the dissociation energy. The AB+C A - B - C A+BC AB A+B h E E 0 h XX Figure 1. Dependence of energy on the reaction coordinate X for elementary chemical reactions: a - monomolecular reaction: b - bimolecular reaction An elementary chemical reaction in the gas phase Due to the increase in the internal energy of the can be understood as overcoming the potential barrier Ea molecules due to absorption, under certain circumstances, (Ea is the activation energy) along the reaction coordi- it is possible to significantly reduce or completely eliminate nate x. The rate of the time course of a reaction is deter- the significant costs of thermal energy (high temperatures) mined by the reaction rate constant K. to initiate the reaction. Figure 1a shows the dissociation of a diatomic mol- The different absorptive capacities of the molecules ecule (x is the distance between atoms; Ea is the disso- provide an opportunity for selective photochemical ciation energy). Figure 1b shows the formation in a bi- stimulation as a result of the fact that, for example, only molecular reaction from the AB molecule through the a certain kind of molecules are activated in a mixture by activated complex A – B – C of the BC molecule. The an appropriate selection of the light frequency. temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant K is approximately described by the Arrhenius equation in Differences in the absorption spectrum of molecules case of thermal excitation: with the same elemental composition arise due to the spatial structure (cis-, trans-isomerism), different isotopic K = C exp − Ea (rT  composition (important for isotope separation), isomerism of atomic nuclei.  ) There is a possibility of intramolecular selectivity. in the case of photon absorption, The choice of photon energy changes the internal energy of the molecule (regardless of the gas tempera- K  = Cexp − (Ea − h  ture). As a consequence, there is the possibility of vari-  ous chemical reactions occurring with different activa-  (rT )  tion energies (heating the reaction mixture always leads to an acceleration of the reaction with a minimum acti- Where C, C' are constants, weakly dependent on temperature. 73

№ 2 (95) февраль, 2022 г. vation energy). With the help of lasers, chemical re- interaction of molecules with their nearest neighbors, as actions can be initiated or accelerated that do not pro- is the case with semiconductors. ceed with thermal excitation. • Despite the difficulties associated with the lack The internal energy of a molecule can be roughly of a complete theory of the breakdown of liquids, break- divided into: electronic energy Еe1: Еe1 is several eV, down patterns were established. The main processes of absorption in the visible and UV regions of the spec- electrical breakdown of a liquid in the initial stage are trum; vibrational energy Ev1b: Ev1b = 0.1 0.01 eV, ab- multiphoton ionization, cascade, or avalanche ioniza- sorption in the near-IR region of the spectrum; rotational tion. The first electrons appear due to a frequency-de- energy Еrot : Еrot = 0.001 0.0001 eV, absorption in the pendent tunneling effect, at high frequencies the tunnel- far IR region of the spectrum up to submillimeter waves. ing mechanism is equivalent to multiphoton ionization. This results in various possibilities for activating chem- ical reactions. Based on these, the following conclusions • It has been established that a breakdown using la- can be drawn: ser radiation can be obtained using photochemical sub- stances or due to nonlinear ionization of a substance. • An analysis of literary sources showed that the existing works devoted to the breakdown of liquids do • The main parameters that affect the nature of the not have a complete theory of the breakdown of liquids. interaction of laser radiation with matter are: the ioniza- The basic electrical properties of liquids seem to be de- tion potential of matter; intensity of laser radiation. termined by the \"short range order\", i.e. the nature of the References: 1. Balygin I.E. Electrical strength of liquid dielectrics. M., “Energy”, 1964.-228 p. 2. Grigoryants A.G. Fundamentals of laser processing of materials. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1989.-304 p. 3. P.P. Napartovich Handbook of laser technology. – M.: Nauka, 1992.- 573 p. 74

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