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\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0932-\u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e), \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u094d\u0926\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u094d\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0917\u092e\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u090f\u0964 Apply Cold: The reasons for applying cold are to prevent edema, relieve pain, decrease circulation, decrease metabolism, and to slow or stop bleeding. 203","The effects of cold are to decrease blood flow, oxygen, tissue temperature, local metabolism, lymph flow, to enhance blood clotting, and to slow nerve impulses. As when applying heat, apply cold only according to directions of a physician or supervisor. Nerves in the skin are easily numbed, and the patient may not feel any pain. Therefore, it is up to you to discontinue any cold application if the patient complains of numbness, if the skin looks white or spotty, or if the patient develops a rapid pulse, bluish lips, bluish nail beds, or chills. Keep the temperatures between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and check with the physician if you are unsure. Then check with the patient to be sure the application is not causing pain. Methods of applying cold include chemical cold packs, ice bag for head, collar, cold soaks, cold compresses, and a cold or tepid alcohol sponge bath. Always place a hand towel over the treatment site before applying any wrapped cold pack. Cases or conditions when cold is not used are 24 hours after a burn or sprain injury, elderly patients with decreased metabolic rate, arthritic patients, and very young children. 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\u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0939\u0902\u0948\u0964 Enema Administration:- An enema administration is a technique used to stimulate stool evacuation. It is a liquid treatment most commonly used to relieve severe constipation. The process helps push waste out of the rectum when you cannot do so on your own. Enemas are available for purchase at pharmacies for home use, but you should ask a doctor or nurse for specific instructions to avoid injury. Other types of enemas are administered to clean out the colon and better detect colon cancer and polyps. If you have concerns or worsening symptoms after an enema, ask a doctor right away. What is an enema administration used for? Constipation is a common gastrointestinal condition. It occurs when the colon is unable to remove waste through the rectum. People with this condition have three or fewer bowel movements over a seven-day period. Mild constipation often occurs when you don\u2019t eat enough fiber or drink enough water on a regular basis. Daily exercise also helps to prevent constipation. An enema administration is most commonly used to clean the lower bowel. However, this is normally the last resort for constipation treatment. If diet and exercise are not enough to keep you regular, your doctor might recommend a laxative before trying an enema. In some cases, laxatives are used the night before an enema administration to encourage waste flow. Enemas may also be used before medical examinations of the colon. Your doctor may order an enema prior to an X-ray of the colon to detect polyps so that they can get a clearer picture. This procedure may also be done prior to a colonoscopy. 205","Types of enemas There are several common types of enemas. The purpose of a cleansing enema is to gently flush out the colon. It may be recommended prior to a colonoscopy or other medical examination. Constipation, fatigue, headaches, and backaches may be relieved by a cleansing enema. During a cleansing enema, a water-based solution with a small concentration of stool softener, baking soda, or apple cider vinegar is used to stimulate the movement of the large intestine. A cleansing enema should stimulate the bowels to quickly expel both the solution and any impacted fecal matter. A retention enema also stimulates the bowels, but the solution that is used is intended to be \u201cheld\u201d in the body for 15 minutes or more. Preparing for an enema You may be asked to fast or follow special dietary instructions in the days prior to having an enema. Instructions may vary, depending on your doctor and your personal health needs. If you plan to administer an enema at home, make sure that all of the equipment you are using has been sterilized and that you have a lubricant on hand. Pay careful attention to the way that you prepare the enema solution. You may have to mix it yourself with medicinal components. To lessen the pressure felt in your colon, empty your bladder before you begin the enema. You may also want to place a towel or cloth down in the area between your bathtub and your toilet, in case fluid leaks out of your bowels when you get up to empty your colon. 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throat, and down into the stomach. Orogastric intubation is a similar process involving the insertion of a plastic tube (orogastric tube) through the mouth. 207","Types of nasogastric tubes include: \uf0b7 Levin catheter, which is a single lumen, small bore NG tube. It is more appropriate for administration of medication or nutrition. \uf0b7 Salem Sump catheter, which is a large bore NG tube with double lumen. This avails for aspiration in one lumen, and venting in the other to reduce negative pressure and prevent gastric mucosa from being drawn into the catheter. \uf0b7 Dobhoff tube, which is a small bore NG tube with a weight at the end intended to pull it by gravity during insertion. Uses: A nasogastric tube is used for feeding and administering drugs and other oral agents such as activated charcoal. For drugs and for minimal quantities of liquid, a syringe is used for injection into the tube. For continuous feeding, a gravity based system is employed, with the solution placed higher than the patient's stomach. If accrued supervision is required for the feeding, the tube is often connected to an electronic pump which can control and measure the patient's intake and signal any interruption in the feeding. Nasogastric Tubes may also be used as an aid in the treatment of life threatening eating disorders, especially if the patient is not compliant with eating. Nasogastric aspiration (suction) is the process of draining the stomach's contents via the tube. Nasogastric aspiration is mainly used to remove gastrointestinal secretions and swallowed air in patients with gastrointestinal obstructions. Nasogastric aspiration can also be used in poisoning situations when a potentially toxic liquid has been ingested, for preparation before surgery under anaesthesia, and to extract samples of gastric liquid for analysis. If the tube is to be used for continuous drainage, it is usually appended to a collector bag placed below the level of the patient's stomach; gravity empties the stomach's contents. It can also be appended to a suction system, however this method is often restricted to emergency situations, as the constant suction can easily damage the stomach's lining. In non-emergency situations, intermittent suction is often applied giving the benefits of suction without the untoward effects of damage to the stomach lining. Suction drainage is also used for patients who have undergone a pneumonectomy in order to prevent anesthesia-related vomiting and possible aspiration of any stomach contents. Such aspiration would represent a serious risk of complications to patients recovering from this surgery. 208","\u0928\u093e\u093f\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0915 \u0907\u094b\u0902\u091f\u0941\u092c\u0948\u0937\u0947\u0923: \u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0941\u092c\u0948\u0937\u0947\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u094d\u091c\u0938\u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0928\u091c\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c) \u0915\u094b 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\u0930\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u093f\u0940 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0928\u0947\u0925\u0925\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0938\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0930\u094d \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0940 \u093f\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u093f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0949\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u091c\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u091c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u093f\u0940\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0916\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0940\u0964 Catheter: In medicine, a catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. By modifying the material or adjusting the way catheters are manufactured, it is possible to tailor catheters for cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic applications. Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Functionally, they allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments, and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter. The process of inserting a catheter is \\\"catheterization\\\". In most uses, a catheter is a thin, flexible tube (\\\"soft\\\" catheter) though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an \\\"indwelling catheter\\\" (for example, a peripherally inserted central catheter). A permanently inserted catheter may be referred to as a \\\"permcath\\\" (originally a trademark). \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0947\u091f\u0930: \u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0902\u0948 \u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0902\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0902 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\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0936\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d \u0926\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0947\u091f\u0930 210","\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u093f\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0930\u094d \u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094d\u093e \u093f\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u093f\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093f\u092f\u093e \\\"\u0915\u0948 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(\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u0947\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0924 ) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0924\u0930\u094d \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Uses: Placement of a catheter into a particular part of the body may allow: \uf0b7 urinary catheter: draining urine from the urinary bladder as in urinary catheterization, e.g., the intermittent catheters or Foley catheter or even when the urethra is damaged as in suprapubic catheterisation. \uf0b7 drainage of urine from the kidney by percutaneous (through the skin) nephrostomy \uf0b7 drainage of fluid collections, e.g. an abdominal abscess \uf0b7 pigtail catheter: used to drain air from around the lung (pneumothorax) \uf0b7 administration of intravenous fluids, medication or parenteral nutrition with a peripheral venous catheter \uf0b7 angioplasty, angiography, balloon septostomy, balloon sinuplasty, cardiac electrophysiology testing, catheter ablation. Often the Seldinger technique is used. \uf0b7 direct measurement of blood pressure in an artery or vein \uf0b7 direct measurement of intracranial pressure \uf0b7 administration of anaesthetic medication into the epidural space, the subarachnoid space, or around a major nerve bundle such as the brachial plexus \uf0b7 administration of oxygen, volatile anesthetic agents, and other breathing gases into the lungs using a tracheal tube \uf0b7 subcutaneous administration of insulin or other medications, with the use of an infusion set and insulin pump 211","\uf0b7 A central venous catheter is a conduit for giving drugs or fluids into a large-bore catheter positioned either in a vein near the heart or just inside the atrium. \uf0b7 A Swan-Ganz catheter is a special type of catheter placed into the pulmonary artery for measuring pressures in the heart. \uf0b7 An embryo transfer catheter is designed to insert fertilized embryos from in vitro fertilization into the uterus. They may vary in length from approximately 150 to 190 mm (5.9 to 7.5 in). An umbilical line is a catheter used in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) providing quick access to the central circulation of premature infants. \uf0b7 A Tuohy-Borst adapter is a medical device used for attaching catheters to various other devices. \uf0b7 A Quinton catheter is a double or triple lumen, external catheter used for hemodialysis. \uf0b7 An intrauterine catheter, such as a device known as a 'tom cat', may be used to insert specially 'washed' sperm directly into the uterus in artificial insemination. 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This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity, cluster headaches, and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given. Long term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from severe COPD or cystic fibrosis. Oxygen can be given in a number of ways including nasal cannula, face mask, and inside a hyperbaric chamber. Oxygen is required for normal cell metabolism. Excessively high concentrations can cause oxygen toxicity such as lung damage or result in respiratory failure in those who are predisposed. Higher oxygen concentrations also increase the risk of fires, particularly while smoking, and without humidification can also dry out the nose. The target oxygen saturation recommended depends on the condition being treated. In most conditions a saturation of 94\u2013 96% is recommended, while in those at risk of carbon dioxide retention saturations of 88\u2013 92% are preferred, and in those with carbon monoxide toxicity or cardiac arrest they should be as high as possible. Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume while oxygen therapy increases this by some amount up to 100%. The use of oxygen in medicine became common around 1917. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a 213","health system. The cost of home oxygen is about 150 USD a month in Brazil and 400 USD a month in the United States. Home oxygen can be provided either by oxygen tanks or an oxygen concentrator. 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\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0964 Student exercise: Answer the following \uf0b7 What are the purposes of catheterization? \uf0b7 How many liters of oxygen can be given with nasal cannula? \u2022 \u0915\u0948 \u0925\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u2022 \u0928\u0947\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0948 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948? 214","Unit 18 \u2013 Infections control and prevention Lesson Content \/ \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u093f\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: Hospital Acquired Infection:- Keeping the facility safe for visiting patients and health care workers should be a priority for any hospital, but this isn't always the case. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), almost 100,000 people die every year from diseases acquired inside US hospitals. This scary statistic highlights some of the failures of traditional cleaning systems. Here are the hospital cleaning best practices suggested by North American public health officials and Kaivac Cleaning Systems. 1. Wear Gloves Properly The improper use of gloves spreads dangerous bacteria. The Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion recommends several techniques to control contaminants, starting with assigning different gloves for household tasks, patient rooms, and jobs involving heavily soiled items. Gloves must always be changed between patients, should never be worn in hallways, and should be changed when moving from a residential area to a shared restroom space. In addition, cleaning crews must their wash hands after removing gloves. 2. Focus on High-Touch Areas As in public restrooms and school facilities, every hospital administrator should direct staff to focus on the most-touched surfaces. These include bed rails, doorknobs, phones, and remote controls in patients' rooms. Since more people have touched these areas, there is a greater likelihood of dangerous bacteria. 3. Work from Clean to Dirty Areas One of the biggest mistakes in modern commercial cleaning is starting from the dirtiest places, usually the restroom, and moving to cleaner parts of the facility. There are so many chances to spread disease-causing soils from a bathroom or kitchen when mops and rags are part of the cleaning system. Hospital cleaning should progress from the rooms of the healthiest patients to the restrooms in the wards with the sickest patients. 4. Limit Air Pollution 215","Since there are so many biological hazards in health care facilities, they must be contained in the trash bags and receptacles where they have been deposited. To keep bacteria out of the airstream, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion recommends that workers roll soiled bedclothes away from their bodies before placing them? not throwing them? in linen bins. Trash bags should be tied without releasing the excess air in the bag. 5. Avoid Cross-Contamination Probably the biggest challenge for health care cleaning crews is removing and disposing of contaminants right where they are in the hospital. Mops and rags are almost guaranteed to bring bacteria to other parts of the facility. Kaivac's No-Touch Cleaning System offers the most complete solution to this problem. Using a revolutionary technique of spraying, vacuuming, and disposing of contaminants, your cleaning crew can be certain that bacteria doesn't leave the room. 6. Dispose of Contaminated Materials Safely Knowing how and where to dispose of soiled surfaces and solutions should be considered as important as the cleaning system. Whether you have soiled linens, dirty cleaning fluids, or contaminated biological materials from clinics, make sure there is no chance for contamination during removal. No-touch cleaning makes disposal of dirty cleaning fluids easier than ever. 7. Minimize Chemical Content Abrasive chemicals can irritate patients' nasal passages and harm the skin of cleaning workers and hospital staff. Kaivac's top-rated cleaning system offers a solution with up to 90 percent less chemical content than other solutions. That means that the most effective cleaning system is also safer. 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Cleaning using mechanical equipment has made great in roads in the health facilities across the world. However it is capital intensive and trained manpower is required to handle the equipment, but cleaning is more efficient and a bigger area can be cleaned in lesser time. 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Preparation 1. Put gumboots or disposable shoe covers 2. Hand-Gloves must always be borne by all personnel engaged in cleaning of Health Facility 3. Wear cap, mask, apron \/ gown 4. Prepare germicidal cleaner (phenyl) in clean water as per the dilution directions mentioned on the product label, both in the wringer bucket as well as plastic pail. 5. Move cots and furniture as per the directions of the supervisor to one side. 6. Use a blunt knife to remove any dried up or sticky soil on the floor. 7. Use a treated dry mop or nylon push broom and dust pan to clear the loose soiling on the floor. Performance 1. Sweep the dust -in case the quantity is large- to the door way and collect it in the dust pan and discard into the trash. 2. Wet the mop in the germicidal solution (phenyl) and wring it gently so that the mop holds enough solution for necessary disinfection of the floor. 3. Wet mop the floor in one direction and ideally from the centre outwards toward the door. Change of mopping water should be done frequently especially when it is noticed that it is noticed dirty In a Health Facility, Chlorine Solution is used often for disinfection of surfaces, plastic waste, etc. Commonly, source of the Chlorine is either bleaching powder or commercially available Hypochlorite solution. Following points must be considered, whenever Chlorine Solution is being used \u2013 1. The solution should be freshly prepared. 2. Effectiveness of solution decreases with passage of time and presence of organic matter. There is often spill of body fluids & mercury in Health Facilities. Such spillage requires careful cleaning and disinfection. 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Health care workers have long fought for laws that would require hospitals and health care centers to use safe needles -- that is, needles with safety caps and other devices that prevent puncture wounds. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection, and now needles to conform to the requirements of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act. Since 2001, this federal law has required hospitals to use safe needles. If your hospital doesn't use safe needles, you may want to discuss it with the person responsible for workplace safety issues at your job. Meanwhile, make sure you're especially careful when drawing blood. Be aware that you are likely to be at your highest risk of injury at the end of a shift or when working a double shift, or at times when staffing is low. (2) Back injury. The majority of injuries reported by nurses are head, neck, or back injuries related to lifting patients. Although federal guidelines suggest workers do not lift anything above 50 pounds, most patients weigh much more than that. Whenever you can, push instead of pull. This puts less stress on your back and you have twice as much power. Stay close to the bed or machine you are using and avoid reaching. Use both arms to prevent strain. When you lift from floor level, lift from a squat with your back straight, bend your knees, and let your legs do the lifting. If you have to lift from waist level, try to get help from another nurse or aide on the floor. Make sure you put the bed rails or wheelchair arms down. Explain what you're doing to your patient and to your co-worker who's helping you lift. (3) Workplace violence. Nurses are particularly vulnerable to violent attacks when staffing is low and at times of high activity, such as visiting hours and meals, OSHA researchers note. Some nurses also work alone in remote locations and in high-crime areas where they are vulnerable to assault. Many nurses can't avoid working alone or in emergency rooms and mental health centers where the potential for violence exists. Most health care centers have installed security systems that control access and require employees to wear ID badges. Familiarize yourself with your patients, especially those with a history of violent behavior, dementia, or drug or alcohol intoxication. You can also make sure you always have an escort or another worker around when you feel you're in an unsafe situation. Make sure you have a system that protects confidentiality but alerts your co-workers if you know there's a patient who may become aggressive. (4) Latex allergy. The powder that manufacturers put on latex gloves can cause a rash on your hands, and in some severe cases could send you into anaphylactic shock. Even if 222","you don't develop an allergy when you first start using them, you could develop them later, and you may be sensitive to them even if they're on other people's hands. Ask your workplace to use powder-free gloves. But if you do have to work with powdered gloves, wash and dry your hands thoroughly after removing them. While at work, avoid using oil-based lotions that contain mineral, coconut, or palm oil or lanolin. These oils break down the glove barrier. If you can, wear synthetic gloves or cotton liners with latex gloves for work that gets your hands wet. People who develop latex sensitivity may have to go to more trouble to avoid exposure. 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\u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Needle Stick Injuries (In Detail) Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are among the most common accidents reported by healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses and non- clinical staff. This is particularly worrying because hospital workers who are pricked with a needle may be at risk of contracting viruses that are carried in the bloodstream. The most serious of these include HIV and Hepatitis C. Over the past two decades, efforts have been made to reduce the rate of NSIs. Despite this, the rate of NSIs remains unacceptably high. This article will focus on the situation in Australian hospitals and how the rate of NSIs can be reduced by using safer technology. \u093f\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0902 (\u0938\u093f\u093f\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u0928\u0940\u093f\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u091f\u0902\u0947 (\u090f\u0928\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908) \u093f\u0949\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b,\u0902 \u0928\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0928\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u0924\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0930\u094d \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0924\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0930\u092a\u094b\u091f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u0926\u0941\u0918\u0924\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u091a\u0902\u0930\u094d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u0902\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u0941\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0924\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0915\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u093f\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u091a\u0906\u0908\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0938 \u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0939\u0902\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094d\u092a\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0928\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, \u090f\u0928\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0925\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094d \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0928\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0964 Background Hospital staff are at a much higher risk of NSIs than the general public because needles are an everyday reality of their work. Members of the general public may be familiar with the idea of \u2018needlestick injury\u2019 because it has been heavily debated and sensationalized by the media. Safe injecting rooms were introduced in Australia in 2001 as part of a harm minimization strategy to reduce the rates of HIV and Hepatitis C in illicit drug users. Following this, people feared that the public would be at risk of NSIs from used needles discarded in parks or at the beach. 224","In reality, few incidents have been reported and there has been no case of any member of the general public contracting a disease after an NSI. This is because viruses cannot live outside the body for very long. \u2018Dirty\u2019 needles found in public places are usually old and do not contain any live virus. In contrast, healthcare workers use needles all the time, and NSIs often occur immediately after using a needle to inject a patient. 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\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u093f\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u0902\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0942 \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u094d\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 How often do NSIs occur? On average, an NSI occurs once every two days in Australian hospitals. This figure is quite alarming and suggests that more needs to be done to reduce the rate of NSIs. It is possible that the rate is actually much higher, but many accidents go unreported because people may not think it\u2019s serious enough to bother. Nursing staff are the most vulnerable to NSIs, followed by doctors. However, hospital workers who have no patient contact may also suffer a NSI. For example, needles that drop into linen skips may injure laundry personnel. Due to intense public health campaigns, many people believe that HIV poses the highest risk to hospital staff who have a NSI. In fact, Hepatitis C is more of a concern because it is more common among patients, particularly those receiving renal dialysis. The risk also depends on what type of needle is being used. Hypodermic and butterfly needles cause the most number of needlestick injuries. Hypodermic needles are hollow and are used with a syringe to inject substances into the body. 225","Butterfly needles are small needles that are used to access small or fragile veins or arteries in young or elderly patients. These needles have two wings which hold the needle in place, and flexible tubing to minimize the risk of damage if the patient moves during the procedure. 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It is impossible to eliminate the source of the risk because patients who are infected with a disease must still receive appropriate medical treatment. Healthcare workers must be immunised against Hepatitis B. If a staff members comes into contact with blood from an HIV positive person, then they will receive treatment which will decrease their chance of being infected. After a NSI, the patient and staff member involved will both have blood tests to determine whether any diseases have been transmitted from one to the other. Education programs have also been used to raise awareness about the issue. Now all staff members are advised on how to dispose of sharps properly. All needles should be put into bright yellow sharps bins immediately after use. 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For members of the general public: If you find a used needle that has been discarded in a public place, the WA Department of Health (Public Health) advises you to do the following: 1. Stay calm \u2013 do not be alarmed 2. Find a secure container with a screw top lid. For example, a juice bottle, soft drink bottle or milk bottle. Do not use glass because it can break. Also avoid using aluminium because it can be squashed easily. 3. Put the container close to where the needle is. 4. Do not attempt to recap any used needles. 5. Pick up the needle by the blunt. Do not touch the sharp point of the needle. 6. Put the needle into the container, making sure that the pointy needle goes in first. 7. Make sure the container is tightly sealed off with a screw top or other top. 8. Put the sealed container in a domestic rubbish bin (mobile green bin). Do not put needles and syringes down toilets, in recycling bins or post boxes. Please note that children should not perform the above steps if they find a used needle. They should report the used needle to a responsible adult immediately. If you are pricked by a used needle, the WA Department of Health (Public Health) states that you must do the following: 1. Again, stay calm. 2. Wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible. 3. Apply an antiseptic and clean dressing. 4. Go see your doctor as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours of the incident. 227","5. You will need to bring the needle with you to the doctor. See the 8 steps described above on how to safely remove a needle. You will need to place it into a secure container and avoid touching the sharp needle end. Please see above. For Patients: If you find a needle in a hospital setting, make sure you follow the following advice: \uf0b7 Do NOT attempt to touch the needle \uf0b7 Try clear off the area \uf0b7 Make sure the people around you are aware of the danger \uf0b7 Notify a hospital staff member immediately. \u0909\u0938\u091a\u093f \u093f\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0928\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u093f\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0948 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094d \u0930\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 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Preventative measures such as those described above have failed to reduce the number of NSIs to an acceptable level. Retractable Needle Retracting needles eliminate the risk of an NSI because the needle automatically retracts into the barrel of the syringe. A plunger at the end of the needle must be pushed to engage the safety mechanism, and then pulled back to retract the needle inside. After conducting a study at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, researchers concluded that 62% of the NSIs could be prevented by using retracting needles. Replacing butterfly needles would further reduce the risk by 10%. Evidence suggests that retractable needles would be a cost effective solution to the issue of NSIs. Generally, needles with safety features cost more than conventional ones. However, hospitals would also save money because there would be less staff time lost due to medical appointments after an NSI. Laboratory equipment could also be put to other uses rather than for testing staff and patients. The lower incidence of NSI would also reduce administration costs associated with reporting procedures. There would also be substantial non-financial benefits such as lower anxiety amongst staff. \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u093f\u0915\u093f\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0930\u094d \u0930\u094d\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0928\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0935\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 NSI \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 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\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093e\u093f \u093f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0902 \u0947\u0964 Management of blood or body substance spills Health services should have management systems in place for dealing with blood and body substance spills. Protocols should be included in procedural manuals, and emphasised in ongoing education or training programs. The basic principles of blood and body fluid\/substance spills management are: \uf0b7 standard precautions apply, including use of personal protective equipment (PPE), as applicable \uf0b7 spills should be cleared up before the area is cleaned (adding cleaning liquids to spills increases the size of the spill and should be avoided) \uf0b7 generation of aerosols from spilled material should be avoided. Using these basic principles, the management of spills should be flexible enough to cope with different types of spills, taking into account the following factors: \uf0b7 the nature (type) of the spill (for example, sputum, vomit, faeces, urine, blood or laboratory culture) \uf0b7 the pathogens most likely to be involved in these different types of spills \u2013 for example, stool samples may contain viruses, bacteria or protozoan pathogens, whereas sputum may contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis \uf0b7 the size of the spill \u2013 for example, spot (few drops), small (<10 cm)=\\\"\\\" or=\\\"\\\" large=\\\"\\\">10cm) \uf0b7 the type of surface \u2013 for example, carpet or impervious flooring \uf0b7 the location involved \u2013 that is, whether the spill occurs in a contained area (such as a microbiology laboratory), or in a public or clinical area of a health service, in a public location or within a community premises \uf0b7 whether there is any likelihood of bare skin contact with 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\u0938\u0902\u093f\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Cleaning spills \u2013 equipment Standard cleaning equipment, including a mop, cleaning bucket and cleaning agents, should be readily available for spills management. It should also be stored in an area known to all. This is particularly important in clinical areas. To help manage spills in areas where cleaning materials may not be readily available, a disposable \u2018spills kit\u2019 could be used, containing a large (10 L) reusable plastic container or bucket with fitted lid, containing the following items: \uf0b7 appropriate leak-proof bags and containers for disposal of waste material \uf0b7 a designated, sturdy scraper and pan for spills (similar to a \u2018pooper scooper\u2019) \uf0b7 about five sachets of a granular formulation containing 10,000 ppm available chlorine or equivalent (each sachet should contain sufficient granules to cover a 10-cm diameter spill) \uf0b7 disposable rubber gloves suitable for cleaning (vinyl gloves are not recommended for handling blood) \uf0b7 eye protection (disposable or reusable) \uf0b7 a plastic apron \uf0b7 a respiratory protection device, for protection against inhalation of powder from the disinfectant granules or aerosols (which may be generated from high-risk spills during the cleaning process). \uf0b7 destroyed by incineration \uf0b7 immersed in sodium hydroxide or sodium hypochlorite for 1 hour, rinsed and placed in a pan of clean water, and sterilised on an 18-minute cycle. Single-use items in the spills kit should be replaced after each use of the spills kit. 231","With all spills management protocols, it is essential that the affected area is left clean and dry. 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\u091c\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0916\u092e \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0938\u091c\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b,\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 Cleaning spills \u2013 procedures In clinical areas, blood and body fluid\/substance spills should be dealt with as soon as possible. In operating rooms, or in circumstances where medical procedures are under way, spills should be attended to as soon as it is safe to do so. Care should be taken to thoroughly clean and dry areas where there is any possibility of bare skin contact with the surface (for example, on an examination couch). 232","PPE should be used for all cleaning procedures, and disposed of or sent for cleaning after use. Hands should be washed and dried after cleaning. Where a spill occurs on a carpet, shampoo as soon as possible. Do not use disinfectant. Steam cleaning may be used instead. Wash hands thoroughly after cleaning is completed. Cleaning spots or small spills: Spots or drops of blood or other small spills (up to 10 cm) can easily be managed by wiping the area immediately with paper towels, and then cleaning with warm water and detergent, followed by rinsing and drying the area. Dry the area, as wet areas attract contaminants. A hospital-grade disinfectant can be used on the spill area after cleaning. Cleaning large spills: Where large spills (more than 10 cm) have occurred in a \u2018wet\u2019 area, such as a bathroom or toilet area, the spill should be carefully washed off into the sewerage system using copious amounts of water and the area flushed with warm water and detergent. Large blood spills that have occurred in \u2018dry\u2019 areas (such as clinical areas) should be contained and generation of aerosols should be avoided. Granular formulations that produce high available chlorine concentrations can contain the spilled material and are useful for preventing aerosols. A scraper and pan should be used to remove the absorbed material. The area of the spill should then be cleaned with a mop, and bucket of warm water and detergent. 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\u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u090f\u0964 Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) It is generally unnecessary to use sodium hypochlorite for managing spills, but it may be used in specific circumstances. It is recognised, however, that some healthcare workers and members of the public may feel more reassured that the risk of infection is reduced if sodium hypochlorite is used. Healthcare workers and members of the public should be aware that there is no evidence of benefit from an infection control perspective. Hypochlorites are corrosive to metals and must be rinsed off after 10 minutes and the area dried. \u093f\u094b\u0938\u0921\u092f\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u093f\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091a) \u0906\u092e\u0930\u094d\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d \u092a\u0930\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0925\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0941 \u091b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u094d\u094b \u0938\u0902\u093f\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0916\u092e \u0915\u092e 234","\u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0924\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u090f \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u093f\u092e\u0923 \u0930\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0902\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u093f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948 \u0914\u0930 10 \u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0941 \u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u090f\u0964 Student exercise: Answer the following \uf0b7 How do you treat a needlestick injury? \uf0b7 How do you clean up a blood spill? \uf0b7 \u0906\u092a \u0928\u0940\u093f\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0948 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \uf0b7 \u0906\u092a \u0916\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? 235","Unit 20 \u2013 Nurse Call Button Lesson Content \/ \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u093f\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: A nurse call button is a button or cord found in hospitals and nursing homes, at places where patients are at their most vulnerable, such as beside their bed and in the bathroom. It allows patients in health care settings to alert a nurse or other health care staff member remotely of their need for help. When the button is pressed, a signal alerts staff at the nurse's station, and usually, a nurse or nurse assistant responds to such a call. Some systems also allow the patient to speak directly to the staffer; others simply beep or buzz at the station, requiring a staffer to actually visit the patient's room to determine the patient's needs. The call button provides the following benefits to patients: \uf0b7 Enables a patient who is confined to bed and has no other way of communicating with staff to alert a nurse of the need for any type of assistance \uf0b7 Enables a patient who is able to get out of bed, but for whom this may be hazardous, exhausting, or otherwise difficult to alert a nurse of the need for any type of assistance \uf0b7 Provides the patient an increased sense of security. The call button can also be used by a health care staff member already with the patient to call for another when such assistance is needed, or by visitors to call for help on behalf of the patient. \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0949\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u093f\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928 \u091c\u0917\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0925\u0930\u0942\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0926\u0942 \u0930\u0925\u0925 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d \u0926\u0947\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u094d\u094b \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u094d\u0938\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0905\u0932\u091f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0930\u094d\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941 \u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0941\u0901 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u093f\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0924\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u094d \u093f\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0926\u0942 \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094d\u093f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0939\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u094d\u091c\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0930\u094d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u093e\u0924\u0930\u0930\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u0924\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0916\u0930\u094d \u0932\u093e\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948: 236","\u2022 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u094d\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094d \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0940 \u093f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0915\u092e\u0924\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2022 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u094d\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u094d\u0928\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u094d\u091c\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0915, \u0925\u0915\u093e\u090a, \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0940 \u093f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0947 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0930\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2022 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0908 \u093f\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u093f\u0940 \u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0902\u0930\u094d\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094d\u0932\u090f\u0964 Student exercise: Answer the following \uf0b7 How Do Nurse Call Systems Work and When Are They Required? \u2022 \u0928\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0930\u094d\u0938\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0948 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0940 \u0939\u0948? 237"]
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