CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-IV-Eco & Community Based tourism-Second draft

• 22 kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir • a National Park in the year 1981 • Hangul • Musk Deer • Leopard • Himalayan Gray Langur Dudhwa National Park • Terai of Uttar Pradesh • national park in January 1977 • In 1988, the park was declared as a tiger reserve Mudumalai National Park Figure 9.25 Mudumalai National Park • First wildlife sanctuaries established in India. The sanctuary is divided into 5 ranges - Masinagudi, Thepakadu, Mudumalai, Kargudi and Nellakota • 48 tigers in the Nilgiri Reserve Valley of Flowers National Park 127 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 9.26 Valley of Flowers, Uttarakhand • Uttarakhand • UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004 • declared a national park in 1982 MADHAV – Shivpuri NATIONAL PARK • Jhansi-Shivpuri Road • wildlife – buffs • chin Kara, Indian gazelle and chital Nanda Devi National Park 128 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure; 9.27 Nanda Devi national Parks, National Heritage Site. • Uttarakhand in northern India • World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 • Nanda Devi: 7,816 m (25,643 ft.) • Devi Stan I, II: 6,678 meters (21,909 ft.), 6,529 m (21,421 ft.) • Rishi Kott: 6,236 m (20,459 ft.) Figure 9.28 Wildlife sanctuaries in India S. Name of State S.No Name of Protected Area Year of Area (in No . Notificatio km2) n 1 Andhra Pradesh 1 Coringa 1978 235.7 2 2 GundlaBrahmeswaram 1990 1193.68 3 3 Kambalakonda 2002 71.39 4 4 Koundinya 1990 357.6 5 5 Kolleru 1953 308.55 6 6 Krishna 1989 194.81 7 7 Nagarjuna Sagar- 1978 2131.31 Srisailam 8 8 Nellapattu 1976 4.5892 129 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

9 9 Pulicat Lake 1976 600 6.14 10 10 Rollapadu 1988 464.4282 1030.85 11 11 Sri Lankamalleswara 1988 172.35 190 12 12 Sri Penusila Narasimha 1997 4149 217 13 13 Sri Venkateswara 1985 140.3 77.607 14 Arunachal Pradesh 1 D' Ering 1978 783 31 15 2 Dibang 1991 281.5 861.95 16 3 Eagle Nest 1989 49.2 100 17 4 Itanagar 1978 337 397 18 5 Kamala 2015 78.64 326.24 19 6 Kamlang 1989 26.22 7.22 20 7 Kane 1991 21 8 Mahao 1980 22 9 Pakke (Pakhui) 1977 23 10 Ringba-Roba 2015 24 11 Sessa Orchid 1989 25 12 Tale 1995 26 13 Yordi Rabe Supse 1996 27 Assam 1 Amchang 2004 28 2 Barail 2004 29 3 Barnadi 1980 30 4 Bherjan-Borajan- 1999 Padumoni 130 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

31 5 Burachapari 1995 44.06 32 45.57 33 6 Chakrasila 1994 4.14 34 111.19 35 7 DeeporBeel 1989 221.81 36 6.05 37 8 DihingPatkai 2004 20.98 38 70.13 39 9 East KarbiAnglong 2000 451 40 37 41 10 Garampani 1952 97.15 42 38.81 43 11 Hollongapar Gibbon 1997 33.93 44 220 45 Bihar 12 Lawkhowa 1972 1.96 46 13 Marat Longri 2003 681.99 47 138.34 48 14 Nambor 2000 1342 49 63.11 50 15 Nambor-Doigrung 2003 29.17 51 1.92 52 16 Pabitora 1987 3.33 17 Pani-Dihing Bird 1995 18 SonaiRupai 1998 1 Barela Jheel Salim Ali 1997 Bird 2 Bhimbandh 1976 3 Gautam Buddha 1976 4 Kalmar 1982 5 Kanwarjheel 1989 6 KusheshwarAsthanBird 1994 7 Nagi Dam 1987 8 Nakti Dam 1987 131 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

53 9 Pant (Rajgir) 1978 35.84 54 8.87 55 10 Udaipur 1978 545.15 56 50 11 Valmiki 1978 57 Chhattisgarh 551.55 58 12 Vikramshila Gangetic 1990 104.45 59 Dolphin 244.66 60 138.95 61 1 Achanakmar 1975 351.24 62 277.82 63 2 Badalkhol 1975 262.12 64 430.35 65 3 Barnawapara 1976 553.36 66 608.51 67 4 Bhairamgarh 1983 237.27 68 Goa 133 69 5 Bhoramdev 2001 8 70 85.65 71 6 Sarangarh-Gomardha 1975 1.78 72 7 Pamed Wild Buffalo 1985 208.48 73 211.05 74 Gujarat 8 Semarsot 1978 542.08 9 Sitanadi 1974 132 10 TamorPingla 1978 11 Udanti Wild Buffalo 1985 1 Bhagwan Mahavir 1967 2 Bondla 1969 3 Cotigao 1968 4 Dr. Salim Ali Bird 1988 (Chorao) 5 Madei 1999 6 Netravali 1999 1 BalaramAmbaji 1989 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

75 2 Barda 1979 192.31 76 3 Gaga (Great Indian 1988 3.33 Bustard) 77 4 Gir 1965 1153.42 78 5 Girnar 2008 178.8 79 6 Hingolgadh 1980 6.54 80 7 Jambughoda 1990 130.38 81 8 Jessore Sloth Bear 1978 180.66 82 9 Kachchh (Lala) Great 1995 2.03 Indian Bustard 83 10 Kachchh Desert 1986 7506.22 84 11 Khijadiya Bird 1981 6.05 85 12 Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) 1980 295.03 86 13 Mitiyala 2004 18.22 87 14 Nal Sarovar Bird 1969 120.82 88 15 Narayan Sarovar Chinkara 1995 442.91 89 16 Paniya 1989 39.63 90 17 Porbandar Bird 1988 0.09 91 18 Purna 1990 160.84 92 19 RamparaVidi 1988 15.01 93 20 Ratanmahal Sloth Bear 1982 55.65 94 21 Shoolpaneswar 1982 607.7 (Dhumkhal) 95 22 Thol Lake 1988 6.99 133 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

96 23 Wild Ass 1973 4953.71 4.12 97 Haryana 1 Bhindawas Lake 1986 7.67 0.29 98 2 Bir Shikargah 1987 54.36 0.83 99 3 Chhilchhila Lake 1986 48.83 100 4 Kalesar 1996 2.11 32.11 101 5 Khaparwas 1991 16 38.56 102 6 Khol-Hi-Raitan (Morni 2004 55.52 Hills) 171.5 982.86 103 7 Nahar 1987 108.4 12.61 104 Himachal Pradesh 1 Bandli 1962 17.17 107.29 105 2 Chail 1976 14.94 2220.12 106 3 Chandratal 2007 405.49 31 107 4 Churdhar 1985 108 5 Daranghati 1962 109 6 Dhauladhar 1994 110 7 GamgulSiyabehi 1962 111 8 Kais 1954 112 9 Kalatop-Khajjiar 1958 113 10 Kanawar 1954 114 11 Khokhan 1954 115 12 Kibber 1992 116 13 Kugti 1962 117 14 LippaAsrang 1962 134 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

118 15 Majathal 1954 30.86 119 29 120 16 Manali 1954 132.3731 121 207.59 122 17 Nargu 1962 304 123 18 Pong Dam Lake 1982 3.87 124 503 125 19 RakchhamChitkul (Sangla 1989 90 126 Valley) 390.29 127 29.94 128 20 Renukaji 2013 10 129 46.48 130 21 RupiBhaba 1982 61 131 64 132 Jharkhand 22 Sainj 1994 193.22 133 121.14 134 23 Sech Tuan Nala 1962 186.25 135 177.35 136 24 Shikari Devi 1962 211.03 137 63.26 138 25 Shimla Water Catchment 1958 752.94 139 182.83 26 Talra 1962 27 Tirthan 1992 28 Tundah 1962 1 Dalma 1976 2 Gautam Buddha 1976 3 Hazaribagh 1976 4 Kodarma 1985 5 Lawalong 1978 6 Mahuadanr Wolf 1976 7 Palamau 1976 8 Palkot 1990 135 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

140 9 Parasnath 1984 49.33 141 10 Topchanchi 1978 12.82 142 11 Udhwa Lake Bird 1991 5.65 143 Karnataka 1 Adichunchunagiri 1981 0.84 144 Peacock 1985 13.5 145 2 Arabithittu 1994 2.23 146 3 Attiveri Bird 1974 500.16 147 4 Bhadra 2010 190.42 148 5 Bhimgad 1987 539.52 6 BiligiriRangaswamy 149 1974 181.29 150 Temple (B.R.T.) 2019 136.11 151 7 Brahmagiri 1987 1027.53 152 8 Bukkapatna 2019 53.39 153 9 Cauvery 2012 134.88 154 10 Cauvery Extension 1987 886.41 155 11 Chincholi 1992 82.72 156 12 Dandeli 1974 29.78 157 13 Daroji Bear 1989 0.73 158 14 Ghataprabha Bird 2013 47.61 159 15 Gudavi Bird 2019 120.05 160 16 Gudekote Sloth Bear 2015 100.48 161 17 Gudekote Extension 2019 78.62 18 Jogimatti 19 Kamasandra 136 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

162 20 Kappathagudda 2019 244.15 163 164 21 MalaiMahadeshwara 2013 906.187 165 166 22 Melkote Temple 1974 49.82 167 168 23 Mookambika 1974 370.37 169 170 24 Nugu 1974 30.32 171 25 Pushpagiri 1987 102.92 172 173 26 Ranebennur Black Buck 1974 119 174 175 27 Ranganathittu Bird 1940 0.67 176 177 28 Ramadevara Betta Vulture 2012 3.46 178 Kerala 179 29 Rangayyanadurga Four- 2011 77.23 180 horned antelope 181 182 30 Sharavathi Valley LTM 1974, 2019 930.16 183 31 Shettihalli 1974 395.6 32 Someshwara 1974, 2011 314.25 33 Talakaveri 1987 105.59 34 Thimlapura 2016 50.86 35 Yadahalli Chinkara 2015 96.36 1 Aralam 1984 55 2 Chimmony 1984 85 3 Chinnar 1984 90.44 4 Chulannur Peafowl 2007 3.42 5 Idukki 1976 70 6 Karimpuzha 2019 227.97 137 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

184 7 Kottiyoor 2011 30.38 185 8 Kurinjimala 2006 32 186 9 Malabar 2010 74.22 187 10 Mangalavanam Bird 2004 0.03 188 11 Neyyar 1958 128 189 12 Parambikulam 1973 285 190 13 Peechi-Vazhani 1958 125 191 14 Peppara 1983 53 192 15 Periyar 1950 427 193 16 Shendurney 1984 100.32 194 17 Thattekad Bird 1983 25 195 18 Wayanad 1973 344.44 196 Madhya Pradesh 1 Bagdara 1978 478 197 2 Bori 1977 485.715 198 3 Gandhi Sagar 1981 368.62 199 4 Ghatigaon 1981 510.64 200 5 Karera 1981 202.21 201 6 Ken Gharial 1981 45.2 202 7 Kheoni 1982 134.778 203 8 Narsighgarh 1978 57.19 204 9 National Chambal 1978 435 205 10 Nouradehi 1984 1197.04 206 11 Orcha 1994 44.914 138 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

207 12 Pachmarhi 1977 491.632 208 78.53 209 13 Gangau 1979 245.842 210 118.473 211 14 Panpatha 1983 110.704 212 2.345 213 15 PenchMoghli 1975 910.638 214 12.965 215 16 Phen 1983 347.938 216 348.121 217 17 Ralamandal 1989 312.036 218 83.684 219 18 Ratapani 1978 23.973 220 Maharashtra 127.11 221 19 Sailana 1983 509.27 222 82.94 223 20 Sanjay Dubari 1975 104.38 224 130.78 225 21 Sardarpur 1983 61.1 226 134.78 227 22 Singhori 1976 2.17 228 205.23 229 23 Son Gharial 1981 1.98 24 VeeranganaDurgavati 1997 139 1 Amba Barwa 1997 2 Andhari 1986 3 Aner Dam 1986 4 Bhamragarh 1997 5 Bhimashankar 1985 6 Bor 1970 7 Chaprala 1986 8 Deulgaon-Rehekuri 1980 9 Dhyanganga 1997 10 New Maldhok Bird 2012 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(Gangewadi) 230 11 Gautala-Autramghat 1986 260.61 231 12 Ghodazari 2018 159 232 13 Great Indian Bustard 1979 366.73 233 14 Isapur 2014 37.8 234 15 Jaikwadi 1986 341.05 235 16 KalsubaiHarishchandraga 1986 361.71 d 236 17 Karnala Fort 1968 4.48 237 18 Karanja Sohal Blackbuck 2000 18.32 238 19 Katepurna 1988 73.63 239 20 Koka 2013 100.14 240 21 Koyana 1985 423.55 241 22 Lonar 2000 1.17 242 23 Malvan Marine 1987 29.12 243 24 Mansingdeo 2010 182.59 244 25 Mayureswar Supe 1997 5.15 245 26 Melghat 1985 778.75 246 27 Nagzira 1970 152.81 247 28 Naigaon Peacock 1994 29.89 248 29 NandurMadhameshwar 1986 100.12 249 30 Narnala Bird 1997 12.35 250 31 Nawegaon 2012 122.76 251 32 New Bor 2012 60.7 140 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

252 33 New Nagzira 2012 151.33 253 324.62 254 34 Painganga 1986 69.79 255 420.06 256 35 Phansad 1986 351.16 257 10.87 258 36 Pranhita 2014 77.13 259 49.62 260 37 Radhanagari 1958 304.81 261 16.905 262 38 Sagareshwar 1985 148.63 263 85 264 39 Sudhagad 2014 189.3 265 211 266 40 Tamhini 2013 177.52 267 22.38 268 Manipur 41 Tansa 1970 184.4 269 0.412 270 42 Thane Creek Flamingo 2015 198 271 187.5 272 43 Tipeshwar 1997 21 273 115.8 274 44 Tungareshwar 2003 1.031 45 Umred-Kharngla 2012 141 46 Wan 1997 47 Yawal 1969 48 YedsiRamlin Ghat 1997 1 YangoupokpiLokchao 1989 2 Khongjaingamba Ching 2016 3 Jiri Makru 1997 4 Kailam 1997 5 Zeilad 1997 6 Bunning 1997 7 Thinungei Bird 2019 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

275 Meghalaya 1 Baghmara Pitcher Plant 1984 0.027 276 2 Narpuh 2014 59.9 277 3 Nongkhyllem 1981 29 278 4 Siju 1979 5.18 279 Mizoram 1 Buhvum 2015 94 280 2 Dampa 1985 545 281 3 Khawnglung 1992 35 282 4 Lengteng 1999 60 283 5 Ngengpui 1991 110 284 6 Pualreng 2004 50 285 7 Tawi 1978 35.75 286 8 Thorangtlang 2002 180 287 9 Tokalo 2007 250 288 Nagaland 1 Fakim 1980 6.41 289 2 Puliebadze 1980 9.23 290 3 Rangapahar 1986 4.7 291 4 Singphan 2009 23.57 292 Odisha 117 Badrama 1962 304.03 293 118 Baisipalli 1981 168.35 294 119 Balukhand Konark 1984 71.72 295 120 Bhitarkanika 1975 525 296 121 ChandakaDampara 1982 175.79 297 122 Chilika (Nalaban) 1987 15.53 142 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

298 123 Debrigarh 1985 346.91 299 124 Gahirmatha (Marine) 1997 1435 300 125 Hadgarh 1978 191.06 301 126 Kapilash 2011 125.5 302 127 Karlapat 1992 147.66 303 128 Khalasuni 1982 116 304 129 Kothagarh 1981 399.5 305 130 Kuldiha 1984 272.75 306 131 Lakhari Valley 1985 185.87 307 132 Nandankanan 1979 14.16 308 17 Satkosia Gorge 1976 745.52 309 18 Simlipal 1979 1354.3 310 19 Sunabeda 1988 500 311 Punjab 1 Abohar 1988 186.5 312 2 Bir Aishvan 1952 2.64 313 3 Bir Bhadson 1952 10.23 314 4 Bir Bunerheri 1952 6.62 315 5 Bir Dosanjh 1952 5.18 316 6 Bir Gurdialpura 1977 6.2 317 7 Bir Mehaswala 1952 1.23 318 8 Bir Motibagh 1952 6.54 319 9 Harike Lake 1982 86 320 10 Jhajjar Bacholi 1998 1.16 143 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

321 11 KathlaurKushlian 2007 7.58 322 12 Nangal 2009 2.9 323 13 Takhni-Rehampur 1992 3.82 324 Rajasthan 1 Bandh Baratha 1985 199.5 325 2 Bassi 1988 138.69 326 3 Bhensrodgarh 1983 229.14 327 4 Darrah 1955 80.75 328 5 Jaisamand 1955 52 329 6 Jamwa Ramgarh 1982 300 330 7 Jawahar Sagar 1975 153.41 331 8 Kailadevi 1983 676.38 332 9 Kesarbagh 1955 14.76 333 10 Kumbhalgarh 1971 608.58 334 11 Mount Abu 1960 326.1 335 12 Nahargarh 1980 50 336 13 National Chambal 1979 274.75 337 14 Phulwari Ki Nal 1983 692.68 338 15 Ramgarh Vishdhari 1982 252.79 339 16 Ramsagar 1955 34.4 340 17 Sajjangarh 1987 5.19 341 18 Sariska 1955 219 342 19 Sawaimadhopur 1955 131.3 343 20 Sawai Man Singh 1984 103.25 144 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

344 21 Shergarh 1983 98.71 345 422.94 346 22 Sitamata 1979 7.19 347 495.27 348 23 Tal Chhapar 1971 25.6 349 Sikkim 104 350 24 TodgarhRaoli 1983 51.76 351 6 352 25 Van Vihar 1955 31 353 35.34 354 1 Barsey Rhododendron 1998 128 355 43 356 Tamil Nadu 2 FambongLho 1984 504.3348 357 0.4763 358 3 Kitam Bird 2005 2.884 359 4 Kyongnosla Alpine 1977 841.49 360 5 Maenam 1987 223.58 361 1.04 362 6 Pangolakha 2002 402.3955 363 4.5371 364 7 Shingba Rhododendron 1984 0.6121 365 608.9548 1 Cauvery North 2014 145 2 Chitrangudi Bird 1989 3 Gangaikondam Spotted 2013 Dear 4 Indira Gandhi 1976 (Annamalai) 5 Kalakad 1976 6 Kanjirankulam Bird 1989 7 Kanyakumari 2002 8 Karaivetti Bird 1999 9 Karikilli Bird 1989 10 Kodaikanal 2013 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2 366 11 Koonthankulam- 1994 1.29 Kadankulam 367 12 Megamalai 2009 269.1081 5 368 13 Melaselvanoor- 1998 5.9308 Keelaselvanoor 369 14 Mudumalai 1942 217.76 370 15 Mundanthurai 1977 582.0758 371 16 Nellai 2015 356.7333 372 17 Oussudu Lake Bird 2015 3.31785 373 18 Point Calimere 1967 17.2881 374 19 Point Calimere Block-A 2013 124.0727 & Block-B 375 20 Pulicat Lake Bird 1980 153.67 376 21 Sakkarakottai Bird 2012 2.3049 377 22 Sathyamangalam 2008 1411.609 4 378 23 Srivilliputhur Grizzled 1988 485.2 Squirrel 379 24 Theerthangal Bird 2010 0.2929 380 25 Udayamarthandapuram 1991 0.4528 Lake 381 26 Vaduvoor Bird 1991 1.281 382 27 Vedanthangal Lake Bird 1936 0.3 383 28 Vellanadu Blackbuck 1987 16.41 146 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

384 29 Vellode Bird 1997 0.7718 385 0.384 386 Telangana 30 Vettangudi Bird 1977 2166.37 387 1 Amrabad 1978 803 388 (Nagarjunasagar- 892.23 389 Srisailam) 635.41 390 29.81 391 2 Eturnagaram 1953 20 392 860 393 3 Kawal 1965 129.85 394 136.03 395 Tripura 4 Kinnersani 1977 389.54 396 0.858 397 5 LanjaMaduguSiwaram 1978 18.533 398 194.708 399 Uttar Pradesh 6 Manjeera Crocodile 1978 28.94 400 78 401 7 Pakhal 1952 2.25 402 8 Pocharam 1952 4.27 403 9 Pranahita 1980 2073 404 34.32 1 Gumti 1988 147 2 Rowa 1988 3 Sepahijala 1987 4 Trishna 1988 1 Bakhira 1990 2 Chandraprabha 1957 3 Chandra Sekhar Azad 1984 (Nawabganj) Bird 4 Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar 2003 Bird 5 Hastinapur 1986 6 Jai Prakash Narayan 1991 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

405 (Surhatal) Bird 1982 500.73 406 7 Kaimur 1976 400.09 407 8 Katerniaghat 1972 227 408 9 Kishanpur 1988 80.24 409 10 Lakh Bahosi Bird 1977 5.41 410 11 Mahavir Swami 1979 635 411 12 National Chambal 1990 4 412 13 Okhala Bird 1990 10.84 413 14 Parvati Aranga 1990 1.09 414 15 Patna 2014 602.798 415 16 Pilibhit 1977 230.31 416 17 Ranipur 1990 5.26 417 18 Saman Bird 1987 7.99 418 19 Samaspur Bird 1990 3.09 419 20 Sandi Bird 2016 0.25 420 21 Shekha Bird 1987 428.2 421 22 Sohagibarwa 1988 452.47 422 23 Sohelwa 1991 4.03 423 24 Sur Sarovar Bird 1989 7 424 25 Turtle 1990 2.62 425 Uttarakhand 26 Vijai Sagar 1986 600 426 1 Askot 1988 47.07 2 Binsar 148 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

427 3 Govind PashuVihar 1955 485.89 Kedarnath 1972 975.2 428 4 Mussoorie 1993 10.82 Nandhaur 2012 269.96 429 5 Sonanadi 1987 301.18 Ballavpur 1977 2.021 430 6 Bethuadahari 1980 0.6686 BibhutiBhusan 1980 0.64 431 7 Buxa 1986 251.89 Chapramari 1976 9.6 432 West Bengal 1 Chintamani Kar Bird 1982 0.07 Haliday Island 1976 5.95 433 2 Jorepokhri Salamander 1985 0.04 Lothian Island 1976 38 434 3 Mahananda 1976 158.04 Pakhi Bitan Bird 2016 14.09 435 4 Raiganj 1985 1.3 Ramnabagan 1981 0.14473 436 5 Sajnakhali 1976 362.4 Senchal 1976 38.88 437 6 West Sunderban 2013 556.45 Arial Island 1987 0.05 438 7 439 8 440 9 441 10 442 11 443 12 444 13 445 14 446 15 447 16 448 Andaman & Nicobar 1 Islands 149 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

449 2 Bamboo Island 1987 0.05 450 3 Barren Island 1987 8.1 451 4 Battimalv Island 1987 2.23 452 5 Belle Island 1987 0.08 453 6 Benett Island 1987 3.46 454 7 Bingham Island 1987 0.08 455 8 Blister Island 1987 0.26 456 9 Bluff Island 1987 1.14 457 10 Bondoville Island 1987 2.55 458 11 Brush Island 1987 0.23 459 12 Buchanan Island 1987 9.33 460 13 Chanel Island 1987 0.13 461 14 Cinque Islands 1987 9.51 462 15 Clyde Island 1987 0.54 463 16 Cone Island 1987 0.65 464 17 Curlew (B.P.) Island 1987 0.16 465 18 Curlew Island 1987 0.03 466 19 Cuthbert Bay 1997 5.82 467 20 Defence Island 1987 10.49 468 21 Dot Island 1987 0.13 469 22 Dottrell Island 1987 0.13 470 23 Duncan Island 1987 0.73 471 24 East Island 1987 6.11 150 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

472 25 East of Inglis Island 1987 3.55 473 26 Egg Island 1987 0.05 474 27 Elat Island 1987 9.36 475 28 Entrance Island 1987 0.96 476 29 Gander Island 1987 0.05 477 30 Galathea Bay 1997 11.44 478 31 Girjan Island 1987 0.16 479 32 Goose Island 1987 0.01 480 33 Hump Island 1987 0.47 481 34 Interview Island 1987 133.87 482 35 James Island 1987 2.1 483 36 Jungle Island 1987 0.52 484 37 Kwangtung Island 1987 0.57 485 38 Kyd Island 1987 8 486 39 Landfall Island 1987 29.48 487 40 Latouche Island 1987 0.96 488 41 Lohabarrack (Saltwater 1987 22.21 Crocodile) 489 42 Mangrove Island 1987 0.39 490 43 Mask Island 1987 0.78 491 44 Mayo Island 1987 0.1 492 45 Megapode Island 1987 0.12 493 46 Montogemery Island 1987 0.21 151 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

494 47 Narcondam Island 1987 6.81 495 48 North Brother Island 1987 0.75 496 49 North Island 1987 0.49 497 50 North Reef Island 1987 3.48 498 51 Oliver Island 1987 0.16 499 52 Orchid Island 1987 0.1 500 53 Ox Island 1987 0.13 501 54 Oyster Island-I 1987 0.08 502 55 Oyster Island-II 1987 0.21 503 56 Paget Island 1987 7.36 504 57 Parkinson Island 1987 0.34 505 58 Passage Island 1987 0.62 506 59 Patric Island 1987 0.13 507 60 Peacock Island 1987 0.62 508 61 Pitman Island 1987 1.37 509 62 Point Island 1987 3.07 510 63 Potanma Islands 1987 0.16 511 64 Ranger Island 1987 4.26 512 65 Reef Island 1987 1.74 513 66 Roper Island 1987 1.46 514 67 Ross Island 1987 1.01 515 68 Rowe Island 1987 0.01 516 69 Sandy Island 1987 1.58 152 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

517 70 Sea Serpent Island 1987 0.78 518 71 Shark Island 1987 0.6 519 72 Shearme Island 1987 7.85 520 73 Sir Hugh Rose Island 1987 1.06 521 74 Sisters Island 1987 0.36 522 75 Snake Island-I 1987 0.73 523 76 Snake Island-II 1987 0.03 524 77 South Brother Island 1987 1.24 525 78 South Reef Island 1987 1.17 526 79 South Sentinel Island 1987 1.61 527 80 Spike Island-I 1987 0.42 528 81 Spike Island-II 1987 11.7 529 82 Stoat Island 1987 0.44 530 83 Surat Island 1987 0.31 531 84 Swamp Island 1987 4.09 532 85 Table (Delgarno) Island 1987 2.29 533 86 Table (Excelsior) Island 1987 1.69 534 87 Talabaicha Island 1987 3.21 535 88 Temple Island 1987 1.04 536 89 Tillongchang Island 1985 16.83 537 90 Tree Island 1987 0.03 538 91 Trilby Island 1987 0.96 539 92 Tuft Island 1987 0.29 153 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

540 93 Turtle Islands 1987 0.39 West Island 1987 6.4 541 94 Wharf Island 1987 0.11 White Cliff Island 1987 0.47 542 95 City Bird 1998 0.029 Sukhna Lake 1986 25.98 543 96 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 2000 92.1683 544 Chandigarh 1 2.18 19.605 545 Chandigarh 2 210.5 546 Dadra & Nagar 1 180 Haveli 341.25 13.75 547 Daman & Diu 1 Fudam 1991 10.04 37.65 548 Delhi 1 AsolaBhati (Indira 1992 21.76 Priyadarshini) 33.34 511 549 Jammu & Kashmir 1 Baltal-Thajwas 1987 20 550 2 31.5 551 3 Gulmarg 1987 154.15 552 4 97.82 553 5 Hirapora 1987 554 6 154 555 7 Hokersar 1992 556 8 557 9 Jasrota 1987 558 10 559 11 Lachipora 1987 560 12 561 13 Limber 1987 Nandni 1981 Overa-Aru 1987 Rajparian (Daksum) 2002 RamnagarRakha 1981 Tral 2019 SurinsarMansar 1981 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

562 14 TattaKuti 2012 66.27 4000 563 Ladakh 1 Changthang 1987 5000 0.01 564 2 Karakoram (NubraShyok) 1987 3.9 565 Lakshadweep 1 Dr. Salim Ali Bird 1995 Sanctuary - (Pitti Bird Sanctuary) 566 Puducherry 1 Oussudu 2008 Table: 9.1 Sources: National Wildlife Data 9.10 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Figure 9.29 Marine Protected Area A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to parks we have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. 155 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

S.No. State/UT Name of MPA Legal Status Area Year of Notificaion 1 Andhra Pradesh Coringa Sanctuary 235.70 1978 2 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Sanctuary 194.81 1989 3 Andhra Pradesh Pulicat Lake Sanctuary 600.00 1980 4 Daman & Diu Fudam Sanctuary 2.18 1991 5 Goa Chorao Island Sanctuary 1.78 1988 6 Gujarat Marine (Gulf of National Park 162.89 1995 Kachchh) 7 Gujarat Marine (Gulf of Sanctuary 295.03 1980 Kachchh) 8 Gujarat Khijadia Sanctuary 6.05 1981 9 Kerala KadalundiVallikkunnu Community 1.50 2007 Reserve 10 Maharashtra Malvan Marine Sanctuary 29.12 1987 11 Maharashtra Thane Creek Sanctuary 16.905 2015 Flamingo 12 Odisha Bhitarkanika National Park 145.00 1998 13 Odisha Bhitarkanika Sanctuary 525.00 1975 14 Odisha Chilka (Nalaban) Sanctuary 15.53 1987 15 Odisha Gahirmatha Sanctuary 1435.00 1997 16 Odisha Balukhand Konark Sanctuary 71.72 1984 17 Tamil Nadu Gulf of Mannar National Park 526.02 1980 Marine 18 Tamil Nadu Point Calimere Sanctuary 17.26 1967 156 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

19 Tamil Nadu Pulicat Lake Sanctuary 153.67 1980 20 Tamil Nadu Pulicat Lake Block-A Sanctuary 124.0727 2013 & Block-B 21 West Bengal Sundarbans National Park 1330.10 1984 22 West Bengal West Sundarbans Sanctuary 556.45 2013 23 West Bengal Holiday Island Sanctuary 5.95 1976 24 West Bengal Sajnakhali Sanctuary 362.40 1976 25 West Bengal Lothian Island Sanctuary 38.00 1976 Total Area 6852.14 Table9.2Marine Protected Areas A marine protected area (MPA) is considered to oceanic or Sea waterbodies where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters. There are several Coastal Regulation zones and - similar to parks we have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. List of Marine Protected Areas in Islands of India S.No. Name of MPA Legal Status Area of MPA Year of Notification Andaman &Nicobars Islands 1 Campbell Bay National Park 426.23 1992 2 Galathea Bay National Park 110.00 1992 Mahatama Gandhi Marine 281.50 1983 3 (Wandoor) National Park 4 Mount Harriett National Park 46.62 1987 5 Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 320.06 1996 6 Saddle Peak National Park 32.54 1987 157 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7 Arial Island Sanctuary 0.05 1987 8 Bamboo Island Sanctuary 0.05 1987 9 Barren Island Sanctuary 8.10 1987 10 Battimalv Island Sanctuary 2.23 1987 11 Belle Island Sanctuary 0.08 1987 12 Benett Island Sanctuary 3.46 1987 13 Bingham Island Sanctuary 0.08 1987 14 Blister Island Sanctuary 0.26 1987 15 Bluff Island Sanctuary 1.14 1987 16 Bondoville Island Sanctuary 2.55 1987 17 Brush Island Sanctuary 0.23 1987 18 Buchanan Island Sanctuary 9.33 1987 19 Chanel Island Sanctuary 0.13 1987 20 Cinque Islands Sanctuary 9.51 1987 21 Clyde Island Sanctuary 0.54 1987 22 Cone Island Sanctuary 0.65 1987 23 Curlew (B.P.) Island Sanctuary 0.16 1987 24 Curlew Island Sanctuary 0.03 1987 25 Cuthbert Bay Sanctuary 5.82 1997 26 Defence Island Sanctuary 10.49 1987 27 Dot Island Sanctuary 0.13 1987 28 Dottrell Island Sanctuary 0.13 1987 29 Duncan Island Sanctuary 0.73 1987 158 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 East Island Sanctuary 6.11 1987 3.55 1987 31 East of Inglis Island Sanctuary 0.05 1987 9.36 1987 32 Egg Island Sanctuary 0.96 1987 0.05 1987 33 Elat Island Sanctuary 0.16 1987 0.01 1987 34 Entrance Island Sanctuary 0.47 1987 133.87 1987 35 Gander Island Sanctuary 2.10 1987 0.52 1987 36 Girjan Island Sanctuary 0.57 1987 8.00 1987 37 Goose Island Sanctuary 29.48 1987 0.96 1987 38 Hump Island Sanctuary 22.21 1987 39 Interview Island Sanctuary 0.39 1987 40 James Island Sanctuary 0.78 1987 0.10 1987 41 Jungle Island Sanctuary 0.21 1987 6.81 1987 42 Kwangtung Island Sanctuary 159 43 Kyd Island Sanctuary 44 Landfall Island Sanctuary 45 Latouche Island Sanctuary Lohabarrack (Saltwater 46 Crocodile) Sanctuary 47 Mangrove Island Sanctuary 48 Mask Island Sanctuary 49 Mayo Island Sanctuary 50 Montogemery Island Sanctuary 51 Narcondam Island Sanctuary CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

52 North Brother Island Sanctuary 0.75 1987 53 North Island Sanctuary 0.49 1987 54 North Reef Island Sanctuary 3.48 1987 55 Oliver Island Sanctuary 0.16 1987 56 Orchid Island Sanctuary 0.10 1987 57 Ox Island Sanctuary 0.13 1987 58 Oyster Island-I Sanctuary 0.08 1987 59 Oyster Island-II Sanctuary 0.21 1987 60 Paget Island Sanctuary 7.36 1987 61 Parkinson Island Sanctuary 0.34 1987 62 Passage Island Sanctuary 0.62 1987 63 Patric Island Sanctuary 0.13 1987 64 Peacock Island Sanctuary 0.62 1987 65 Pitman Island Sanctuary 1.37 1987 66 Point Island Sanctuary 3.07 1987 67 Potanma Islands Sanctuary 0.16 1987 68 Ranger Island Sanctuary 4.26 1987 69 Reef Island Sanctuary 1.74 1987 70 Roper Island Sanctuary 1.46 1987 71 Ross Island Sanctuary 1.01 1987 72 Rowe Island Sanctuary 0.01 1987 73 Sandy Island Sanctuary 1.58 1987 74 Sea Serpent Island Sanctuary 0.78 1987 160 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

75 Shark Island Sanctuary 0.60 1987 7.85 1987 76 Shearme Island Sanctuary 1.06 1987 0.36 1987 77 Sir Hugh Rose Island Sanctuary 0.73 1987 0.03 1987 78 Sisters Island Sanctuary 1.24 1987 1.17 1987 79 Snake Island-I Sanctuary 1.61 1987 0.42 1987 80 Snake Island-II Sanctuary 11.70 1987 0.44 1987 81 South Brother Island Sanctuary 0.31 1987 4.09 1987 82 South Reef Island Sanctuary 2.29 1987 1.69 1987 83 South Sentinel Island Sanctuary 3.21 1987 1.04 1987 84 Spike Island-I Sanctuary 16.83 1985 0.03 1987 85 Spike Island-II Sanctuary 0.96 1987 0.29 1987 86 Stoat Island Sanctuary 0.39 1987 87 Surat Island Sanctuary 88 Swamp Island Sanctuary 89 Table (Delgarno) Island Sanctuary 90 Table (Excelsior) Island Sanctuary 91 Talabaicha Island Sanctuary 92 Temple Island Sanctuary 93 Tillongchang Island Sanctuary 94 Tree Island Sanctuary 95 Trilby Island Sanctuary 96 Tuft Island Sanctuary 97 Turtle Islands Sanctuary 161 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

98 West Island Sanctuary 6.40 1987 0.11 1987 99 Wharf Island Sanctuary 0.47 1987 1594.78 100 White Cliff Island Sanctuary Total Area Lakshadweep 1 Pitti Sanctuary 0.01 2002 40.00 2019 A. AttakoyaThangal Conservation 2019 172.59 2019 2 Marine Reserve 57.46 Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Conservation 270.06 1864.84 3 Sea Cucumber Reserve Conservation P.M. Sayeed Marine Birds 4 Reserve Total Area Grand Total Area Table 7.3 9.11 RAMSAR WETLAND SITES Figure 9.30 birds at Wetlands The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and 162 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. The Ramsar Convention is the intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Convention was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and came into force in 1975. Since then, almost 90% of UN member states have become “Contracting Parties” and committed to the Convention’s three pillars: 1.Work towards the wise use of all their wetlands 2.Designate suitable wetlands for the list of Wetlands International Importance and ensure their effective management 3. Cooperate internationally on trans boundary wetlands, shared wetland systems and shared species The Convention uses a broad definition of wetlands. It includes all lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands, peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, mangroves and other coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans. 9.12 SUMMARY  There is an increase in animal population in most of the protected areas where ecotourism projects have been launched by the State Governments in India.  It is in fact a successful model that has resolved many critical enduring issues in a very cordial manner. After the IYE All the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India have adopted the micro ecotourism projects for strengthening the relationship between man and nature.  Ecotourism projects have provided sufficient opportunities to empower local people participate in the conservation of forest and wildlife. In this lesson, chapter, much focus on the distribution of National Park, wildlife sanctuaries and Marine Park. Periyar National Park, Corbett National Park, Thenmala, Run of Kutch, Gulf to safeguard biodiversity and encourage ecotourism activities, etc  The Indian Forest Act, 1927 from Section 35 to Section 38 gives approval to the State Governments to control forests and lands which are not government property.  Protected areas Includes areas governed by private people, indigenousand local communities or public body. Protected areas can be managed and owned by individuals or group who sign the agreement on long term lease or who buy it.  A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to parks we 163 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. 9.13 KEYWORDS  Protected Area - Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values.  ICCA - Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas  Key Biodiversity Areas -The Key Biodiversity Areas approach helps to identify and designate areas of international importance in terms of biodiversity conservation using globally standardised criteria.  CRC -The Cooperative Research Center  Buffer zone - Buffer zones are areas created to enhance the protection of a specific conservation area  EDC -Eco Development Committees  TEPS- The Thenmala Ecotourism Promotion Society  Topography- the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.  LAC - Local Advisory Committee  PPP- public–private partnership. 9.14LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What is a National Park? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write about wildlife sanctuary? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9.15UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List out any four National Park 164 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Point out any three wildlife sanctuaries 3. Name some important marine park of India 4. Write about Gulf of Manner 5. Write about Jim Corbett National Park Long Questions 1. Write a brief note on the significance of wildlife tourism. 2. What are the community-based ecotourism programmes in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala? 3. How does the local community get the benefits from biodiversity conservation? 4. \"Write a short note on Simlipal National Park as an ecotourism project.\" 5. List out the types of ecotourism activities can be promoted in Gulf of manner. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Periyar Tiger Reserve is divided into _________ territorial divisions a. two b. less than two c. more than four d. four 2. A large number day visitors come for_______ activity in the reserve though it is a special interest destination. a. animal watching b. nature walks c. boating d. safari 3. Sundarbans provides a habitat for more than_________ animal species 165 a. 450 b. 500 c. 400 d. 425 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. As far as the boat facility is concerned, the maximum capacity of boats is _________ a. 302 b. 305 c. 310 d. 303 5. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve has been enjoying the status of a national park since it was declared park in _____________ a. 1982 b. 1984 c. 1980 d. 1988 6. The_____________ has been enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1988 a. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve b. Gir national park c. Thenmala d. Jim Corbett national park 7. The Nanda DeviBiosphere Reserve is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since________ a. 2006 b. 2004 c. 2002 d. 2000 8. The Corbett sanctuary was the_________ to come under Project Tiger initiative. a. 3rd b. 5th 166 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. 4th d. 1st 9. Hailey National Park is situated in Nainital district of Uttarakhand was established in ______ a. 1936 b. 1940 c. 1935 d. 1930 10. The Thenmala project is implemented with the direct help of_______________ a. Governments b. Private sectors c. Local communities. d. All of these Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-a, 6-a, 7-b, 8- d, 9-a, 10-a 9.16REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI.  Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis.  Premila Swamy D., D., Sanjay N Shende, D., Reddy, D. M. (2021). Environmental Protection: Critical Perspectives in Science and Literature. Germany: tradition.  Living on the Edge: Benefit-Sharing from Protected Area Tourism. (2021). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Reference books  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill 167 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- A Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsible-tourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning, PolicyandDevelopment. New-York,John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aronsson,L.(2000).TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNewYork:Cont inuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who isatourist’? Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55.  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: A StructuralApproachto Sustainable.  WWFInternational. 2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Websites  Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community-basedtourism:Asuccess  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos(2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf.  http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/docs/eco_tourism_white_paper.pdf  https://www.keralatourism.org/tourism-policy-2012-english.pdf  https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/policy-and-guidelines  https://abhimanuias.com/blogs/Important-Issues-DetailedArticle/8047/Ecotourism- Policy--2017-Environment-Himachal-Pradesh-States-civil-services-By-abhimanu 168 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 10: UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM -I STRUCTURE 10.0 Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction - Understanding Community Based Tourism 10.2 Evolution of Concept of Community Based Tourism 10.3 Meaning and definition of community-based tourism, 10.4 Summary 10.5 Keyword 10.6 Learning Activity 10.7 Unit End Questions 10.8 References 10.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Analysestheconcepts ofCommunityBasedTourism.  Familiarizewithmeaningdefinitionandcharacteristicsofcommunity-basedtourism.  Explaintheprospectsandbenefitsofcommunity- basedtourismthatcreatespositiveimpact towards local community.  Describe the importance of community-based Tourism  State the positive impacts of community-based tourism 10.1 INTRODUCTION - UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM 169 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure8.1 Community Based Tourism Thereisalsoas substantialvarianceindefinitionandapplicationofCBTamongdifferentdestinationsaround the World.DifferentCBT definitionsare providedinthe contentof all thesedefinitions can be summed up as: CBT is a tourism that is planned, developed, owned and managed bythecommunityforthecommunity, guidedbycollectivedecision-making, responsibility,access,ownership and benefits. It is envisioned as a win-win exchange between hosts and guests. Guests gainenjoyment and satisfaction from discovering natural and cultural heritage and wisdom of the destination people whereas the hosts gain heightened awareness and pride as their natural and cultural heritage andwisdomfunction as asourceofeconomicand social well-being. 10.2 EVOLUTION&CONCEPTS Some other sustainable tourism models are used interchangeably with CBT or in combinationwith CBT in academic and practitioner rhetoric. For example, the use of such combined terminologies iscommon in the form of Community-Based Rural Tourism in Latin America and Community-BasedEcotourism in in Asia Although CBT is similar to other sustainable tourism development models in itsgoal to sustain natural and cultural heritage while improving socio-economic conditions for the locals, itisuniqueinprioritizing locals’having controlandpowerin definingthedevelopmentdirection. Sustainability also guides all policies and actions in CBT; the difference, however, is CBT’sbottom-upapproaching outliningand executingtourism developmentplans. OnebasicpremiseofCBTisitsfoundationin“communitydevelopment”asdefinedbytheBrundtland Report, calling for sustainable development by promoting community participation and theprotection and improvement of the quality of life of communities. The emphasis is on the issues ofsustainability, social equity and environmental responsibility, ensuring that the development providesopportunities for people of different incomes and skills, promotes a better quality of life for all, andprotectstheenvironment. 10.3 MEANINGANDDEFINITION OFCBT WWFInternational (2001)A form of tourism “where the local community has substantial control over, and involvement in, its development and management, and a major proportion of the benefits remain within the community.” Dixey (2005)“Tourism owned and/or managed by communities, that is designed to deliver wider community benefitCommunities may own an asset such as lodge but outsource the management to a tourism company. Alternatively, communities may not own the assets on which their tourism enterprise is based (e.g., land,campsite infrastructure inside national parks, national monuments) but are responsible for managementandthereis an objectiveof 170 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

widercommunityBenefit.Goodwin and Santilli (2009)“Tourismownedand/or managedbycommunitiesandintendedtodeliverwidercommunitybenefit”Asker et al (2010) “Generally,smallscaleandinvolvesinteractionsbetweenvisitorandhostcommunityparticularlysu itedtorural and regional areas. CBT is commonlyKyrgyz CBT Association (2013)“The practice of providing natural, value-packed travel services that utilize local accommodation, food,music, art, crafts and traditions.” Thailand CBT Institute (2013)“Tourism that takes environmental, social and cultural sustainability into account. It is managed andowned by the community, for the community, with the purpose of enabling visitors to increase theirawarenessand learnabout thecommunity andlocal ways of life.” 10.4 SUMMARY  Eco Tourism and sustainable development largely concentrate on three major components those areEnvironmentallySustainabledevelopment, Economicgrowth ofthelocalcommunity before andSocio-culturalcomponent.Thesecomponents canbeotherwisecalledas People, Planetand profit.  Throughcommunity- basedtourismthecomponentsofsustainabletourismcanbefulfilledinthischapterwe had discussed about Understanding Community Based Tourism, Evolution of various Concepts andprinciples of Community Based Tourism, Characteristics of Community that creates positive impactstowardsIndigenous,RequirementforSuccessfulCommunitybasedTourisman dhowCommunityBasedTourismbenefitstheAboriginalfurtherSustainableEconomic Developmentplanswere alsodiscussed.  CBT has been supported by different international organizations due to its objectives of communityempowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and culturalresources, and a high-quality visitor experience by integrating all stakeholders in tourism planning anddevelopmentprocessesaimingcreationofresourcesforthecommunityitself(SNV- NetherlandsDevelopmentOrganization,2001;WorldBank,2013).  CBT stimulates increased community cooperationandparticipation,providingnewrolesandimprovedvoiceforunskilledyout h,women,elderly,indigenous, marginalized, nonelite, poor and disadvantaged minority groups.  If effective and successful, CBT may lead to healthy economic development, cultural andenvironmental awareness, cross-cultural understanding and peace, sustainable destination development,successfuldestination. 171 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10.5 KEYWORDS  Poverty-the state of being extremelypoor  Sanitation – Conditionsrelating opublichealth,especiallytheprovisionofcleandrinkingwaterandadequate sewagedisposal.  Envisioned-imagineasafuturepossibility; visualize  Marginalized-ofaperson,group,orconcepttreatedasinsignificantorperipheral.  Indigenous-originatingoroccurringnaturallyinaparticularplace;native. 10.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. WhatarethecomponentsofCommunitybased Tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Howtopromotecommunity-basedtourism. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Briefly explain the evolution of CBT? 2. Define-CommunityBasedTourism. 3. Whydo weneed to preserveand promote thelocal culture? 4. BenefitsofCommunityBasedTourism. 5. Howcanwesustain throughcommunity-basedtourism? Long Questions 1. State the economic benefits of community-based tourism 2. Discuss the environmental benefits of community-based tourism 3. What are the socio-cultural benefits dosing the locals get from community-based tourism? 4. Explain in detail how does community-based Tourism evolve. 172 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Explicate principles of Community based Tourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. NorthKarnatakaarebeingdevelopedasmodelof sitesindirectpartnershipwithUnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP). a. Ecotourism b. Ruraltourism c. Sustainabletourism d. nature-basedtourism 2. TheCommunity – BasedTourismparticipatorydevelopmentprocessempowerslocalcommunitymembersby ___________ a. Enhancingknowledge b. Developingconfidence c. building the skills d. All of these 3. Themostimportantroleof isthechangeinlocals outlookonlifeandthemselves. a. Communitybasedtourism b. Ecotourism c. Ruraltourism d. Responsibletourism 4. MostCommunity-BasedTourismprojectsaresubsidizedbylocalor a. Internationaldonors b. non-profitorganisation c. government d. privatesector 5. Improvedinterandintraculturalrelationsandlinksthroughculturalexchangebetweenlocalm embersand . a. tourists 173 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. visitors c. government d. culturalist Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-a, 10.8 REFERENCES Reference’s book  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- A Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsible-tourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning, PolicyandDevelopment. New York, John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aronsson,L.(2000).TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNewYork:Cont inuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann,Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change(EssexUK: Longman)211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who isatourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55.  Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and keyconsideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual CaribbeanConference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and SeaEncounters.” Havana, Cuba.HouseJ. (1997)  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: A StructuralApproachto Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- 174 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK:RuffordFoundation. Websites  Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community-basedtourism:A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos.(2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST-ENGpdf. 175 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 11: UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM -II STRUCTURE 11.0 Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction - Characteristics of Community Based Tourism 11.2 Requirement for Successful Community based Tourism 11.3 Major Principles of CBT 11.4 Benefits of Community Based Tourism. 11.5 Economic benefits 11.6 Socio Cultural benefits 11.7 Environmental Benefits. 11.8 Sustainable Economic Development. 11.9 Summary 11.10 Keyword 11.11 Learning Activity 11.12 Unit End Questions 11.13 References 11.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Familiarizewithcharacteristicsofcommunity-basedtourism.  Explain the requirements of Successful community-based tourism  Describe the major principles of CBT  State the benefits of CBT 11.1 INTRODUCTION –CHARECTERISTICS COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM Since CBTisoriginally conceptualized asa meansofeconomic developmentfor underdevelopedlocalities, its target groups’ descriptors naturally include remote, rural, impoverished, marginalized, economically depressed, undeveloped, poor, indigenous, ethnic minority,and people in small 176 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)