CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-IV-Eco & Community Based tourism-Second draft

1 Geographic factors – location of the tourist and host, seasonality of destination, period of travel 2 Demographic factors - age, gender, country of origin 3 Psychological factors – interest of the tourist, motivational factor, rest or relax, meet new people, explore new things 4 Social factor - income, salary 5 Cultural factors – explore new culture food, dance, festivals etc 6 Economic factors – choice of destination may vary from budget traveller to premium class traveller. In tourism industry there are some hybrid segmentations which are followed at large those are- Fig 4.9 4 Type of market Segmentation 27 a. socio-cultural factors, b. demographic – psychograph factor, c. geodemographic factors, d. geo-cultural factors and others CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Eco tourism is largely depending on this segmentation to know their audience and values and lifestyles. In tourism field this list is added by such criterion as motivation. It was mentioned above that tourist’s motivation can be studied from different perspectives. 4.6 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CRITERIA This segment identifies tourist and group them according to the age, sex, profession, education, etc. it is very much essential to know the target audience and to do marketing campaigns. 4.6.1 The role of socio-demographic characteristics in segmentation  It is important to know your target audience and do personalise your marketing campaigns  Whatever they maybe we need to fix the segment and create a data base.  Segmentation process categorising tourist according to certain criteria. The tourist is grouped together customers with some common attributes (homogeneous customers): e.g. behaviour, gender, hobbies, interests, of the same age group, etc.  It is important to know the needs of customer (Tourist) prior to the tour.  . A detailed segmentation of your customers with clear data base has to be made  Socio-demographic characteristics can be classified, as sociological characteristics (or “social”) on the and demographic characteristics. But, in practice, geographic characteristics are also added to it. In addition, demographic characteristics also added to economic character. 4.6.2 The limits of socio-demographic characteristics  If we target large group and do ultra-targeted marketing campaigns, there are certain limitations in socio-demographic characteristics.  These characteristics categorise the tourist according to who they are: men or women, young or elderly, middle or working class, single or married, parents or not, etc.  But what your Tourist is does not fully determine with what they want and where they wish to go. Some like hills, some like mountains, some desserts etc.  Combination of socio-demographic data with psychographic is better way to market. For example, if you want to market a campaign to sell 4 Nights kullu Manali, instead of only targeting young age  People, you could target all your customers who have expressed an interest in kulluManali. This enables you to also all age people who are interested. 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Socio demographic characters do not reflect your tourist actual behaviour. Past few years, behavioural characteristics have become important. It could be said that behavioural characteristics are the main part of personalised marketing. 4.6.3 Eco Tourist Market Size The ecotourism market size was valued to be $181.1 billion in 2019, and is expected to reach $333.8 billion by 2027, registering a CAGR of 14.3% from 2021 to 2027. The group segment led in terms of ecotourism market share in 2019 and is expected to retain its market throughout the forecast period. Ecotourism involves travelling to remote area and destinations with rich fauna, flora, and cultural heritage as core attractions. The market includes expenditure by travellers from North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. The ecotourism market is studied for international outbound travel only. The rise of travel has shown significant growth globally. Trending destination such as Iceland, Kenya, Palau, and Nepal are emerged as unique eco-tourism destinations across the globe. Nepal witnessed 24% increase in travellers in 2018 recording about 1,173,072 travellers annually. Kenya's in 2018 tourist arrivals increased by more than 37% crossing the two million marks. Countries such as Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands, and Panama, are now becoming eco-tourism hotspots. Ethiopia has performed well in the last few years by focusing on alternative markets in with the country’s historical, natural, and cultural tourism attraction. Wildlife tourism, bird watching, coral reefs and visiting undisturbed natural areas such as Amazon forests, have attracted travellers to the third world countries across the globe. 4.6.4 Socio demographic criteria based on their motivation This pie chart helps you to understand how segment of tourist influence a person to travel. In addition, this study will consider some other tourist’s characteristics (e.g., age, gender etc.) to profile tourists who belong to same segment.        Figure 4.10 Ecotourists’ segmentation based on motivation to participate in ecotours 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Tourists, whose travel motivation is based on ecotourism principles  Tourists, whose travel motivation is caused by personal motives  Tourists, whose travel motivation is based on personal motives and reflects the ecotourism principles Figure 4.11 Ecotourists’ segmentation based on motivation to behave in a certain way during the trip.  Tourists' behaviour based on motivation, which correspond to the ecotourism principles  Tourists' behaviour is based on personal motives  Tourists' motivation to behave in a certain way based on personal motives and reflects the ecotourism principle 4.7 SUMMARY  Ecotourism is a responsible travel to nature-based destination and understand the culture of host community.  Recent day’s tourist is more interested and stimulated for travelling to places for experiencing new things during their vacation. Most of the tourist are becoming all centric and willing to take up new opportunities  Since 1980s, ecotourism is considered to be a non-commercial and unconventional tourism aimed for protection of flora and fauna and economic well-being of local people.  This chapter aims to understand about varied eco-tourism market and the nature of the tourist the outcome of these chapters helps the tour planners to understand the current demand and plan the tour accordingly. 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.8 KEYWORDS  Reduction - The action or fact of making something smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.  Socio- demographic - Generally, characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level, income, type of client, years of experience, location, etc. are being considered as socio-demographics  Homogeneous customers - potential customers in the same segment prefer the same product qualities  CAGR - Compound annual growth rate  Geographic factors - location of the tourist and host, seasonality of destination, period of travel  Demographic factors - Age, gender, country of origin 4.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Importance of Ecotourism Marketing. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is basic behaviour of Eco tourist? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Bring out the need for marketing promoting of Eco tourism destination. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List out the types of Motivation? 2. What is Maslow Hierarchy? 3. Describe about nature of Motivation? 4. How does common market influence Eco Tourism? 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. What do you understand by Active Eco Tourism Market? Long Questions 1. How does behaviour of the tourist influence Eco Tourism Market? 2. Bring out the importance of Active Eco tourism Market 3. Explain about Nature of Motivation 4. Elucidate the relationship between Type of Motivation and Attitude 5. Describe about the limitation of socio demographic character B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Motivation is the ________________ that stimulates people into the action which enable to fulfil their needs or desires. a. external force b. push factor c. Internal force d. pull factor 2. Motivation describes depends on internal psychological factors like___________ a. wants b. needs c. goals d. All of these 3. How many needs dose Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 4. Cultural motivation is an interest to discover new _____________. 32 a. cultures b. traditions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. heritage d. None of these 5. ____________is considered to be a best choice of tourism as it does not affect nature. a. sustainable tourism b. Eco-tourism c. responsible tourism d. green tourism 6. Core reason to participate in ecotours a. Willingness to meet people with similar interests b. Willingness to spend time with nature c. Willingness to participate in adventure activity d. All of these 7. ._______________segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into different subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics. a. Product b. market c. tourist d. demographic 8. _________ Segment identifies tourist and group them according to the age, sex, profession, education, etc. a. geo-cultural b. socio-cultural c. All d. Socio-demographic 9. Nature-based or Adventure travellers go for day trips away from regular tourist destinations comes under___________. 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. common markets b. active market c. customised market d. None of these 10. Motivations help to understand human’s behaviour as it plays important role in the _________. a. planning a trip b. both c. decision-making process d. neither of them Answers 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-b, 8- d, 9-a, 10-c 4.11 REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI.  Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference’s book  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- a Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning,PolicyandDevelopment. NewYork,JohnWiley, pp.296-312.  Aaronson, L. (2000). TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNew York.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global, national, and local interests–A casestudy.ASEAS: ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106. 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman) 211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who is tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22 (4):527-55.  Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and key consideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual Caribbean Conference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and Sea Encounters.” Havana, Cuba. House.(1997)  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: AStructuralApproach to Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill  Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos  Hidalgo  WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Website  Goodwin,H.,andSantilli,R.(2009).Community-basedtourism:A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos. (2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch, 2004, fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE TRAVELLER STRUCTURE 36 5.0 Learning Objective 5.1 Types of travellers 5.2 Tourist typologies 5.3 Environmentally sensitive Travellers 5.4 Emerging Sustainable Travel 5.5 Western approach on Eco-Tourism 5.5.1 Western views of Eco Tourism. 5.5.2 Western environmental paradigm and the Environmental movement 5.5.3 Arguments against the Western Paradigm 5.6 Factors Involved in Expanding the Environmental Movement 5.7 Green consumers and travellers 5.8 Summary 5.9 Keyword 5.10 Learning activity 5.11 Unit end questions 5.12 References 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the expectation and characteristics of environment sensitive travellers.  Analyse the reason behind western environmental paradigm  State the importance of green consumers and travellers  List the types of travellers for eco-tourism 5.1 TYPES OF TRAVELLERS A. Classifying Tourists • By Product • Mass Tourism: Package tour • Alternative Tourism: Ecotourism CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• By nature of the activity • Active: Adventure tourism, Ecotourism, Golf • Passive: Sightseeing, Beach, Cruise • Location preference • Coastal, Rural, City, Mountains, Lakes • Duration of trip • Day trip, weekend trip, annual holiday • Psychographic • All centric • Mid-centric • Psychocentric • By age/socio-economic group • Backpackers • DINKS • SINKS • Empty Nesters • Boomers • Youths Old and New Tourists NEW OLD Mature Inexperienced heterogeneous Homogeneous Spontaneous Predictable wanderlust Sun-lust Protection lover Get Sunburnt All centric Psychometric Understanding Superiority explore of life Unexplored of life 5.2TOURIST TYPOLOGIES 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Dalen (1989) 38  Traditional Materialists  Traditional Idealists  Modern Materialists  Modern Idealists  American Express (1989)  Adventurers  Worries  Dreamers  Economizers  Indulgers  Valene Smith  Explorers  Elite Tourists  Offbeat tourists  Unusual tourists  Incipient mass tourists  Mass Tourists  Perrault&Dorden (1979)  Budget tourists  Adventure tourists  Homebody tourists  Vacationer  Moderates  Cohen (1972)  Recreational tourists  Diversionary tourists  Experimental tourists  Experiential tourists  Existential tourists  Gray (1970)  Wanderlust  Sun lust  Plog (1977)  Psychocentric  Allocentric  Peters Inventory of Tourist attractions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Cultural attractions  Traditional attractions  Scenic attractions  Entertainment attractions  Other attractions  Iso Ahola& Crompton  Push-  Pull Factors  Cooper Tourism Demand  Life Cycle Factors  Lifestyle Factors 5.3 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE TRAVELLERS Use Eco friendly item Environmentally sensitive travellers are the one who create beautiful memories of holidays that last for years, also they are considered to be responsible travellers. They don’t use Plastic bags has it takes several long periods to biodegrade instead the use re-useable shopping bag such as bags made from clothes or paper when they go to local markets. Avoid travel in aircraft Every kilo counts when flying. Usage of aircraft releases more emissions the more a plane weighs, the more carbon emissions it produces. Weight of air craft also produces more emission. Pack only what you need - the environment will thank you. Using public transportation Usage of public transport is best things you can do for the environment while travelling. It also creates travel experience and provides several opportunities to interact with local community. Best Usage of Amenities When staying at hotel l avoid getting clean towels when not necessary amenities do not use long showers and remember to turn off TV, lights and aircon when you leave the room. Carbon-offset adventure Not all carbon emissions can be avoided while traveling. Intrepid Travel has a variety of adventures to which carbon emissions can be calculated for reduced wherever possible and offset remains. The emissions from transport, accommodation, activities and waste have been responsible for and the cost of offsetting that is included in the cost of the trip. Avoid bottled water 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Plastic bottles accumulate more waste. Intrepid Travel has worked with hotels in Asia to install water filters that travellers can use to refill bottles with safe water. Maintain Décor While getting inside the forest follow your guide always stay and maintain a safe distance. Also ensure that you do not affect nature or any endemic/ endangered species. Limited Number Smaller groups tend to have less of an environmental negative impact, environmentally friendly traveller always travel in solo or in small groups. 5.4 EMERGING SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL Emerging Sustainable Travel Sustainable Travel Report suggests 65% of global travellers expressed their desire to stay in eco-friendly accommodation compared to 34% who wish to stay in normal accommodation.  68% confirm they are more likely to consider choosing an eco-friendly accommodation because of its existence.  36% would choose an eco-friendly accommodation because it provides relevant experience where they spend with local community.  46% of global travellers already consider themselves a sustainable traveller.  38% wish to buy locally-made products and supporting local artisans as sustainable travel Chinese (93%), Brazilian (83%) and Spanish (80%) travellers are most likely to look for sustainable accommodation. Interestingly, 79% of those surveyed say sustainable considerations also impact their mode of transport when travelling, with 43% taking public transport whenever possible, 42% trying to walk, bike or hike as much as possible. 5.5 WESTERN APPROACH ON ECO-TOURISM Ecotourism became popular across the world due to the bliss of nature and need for protection. Developing is planning to be more responsible towards saving biodiversity. Western approach educates about environment and nature to the people. Ecotourism considered to be an approach rather than type of tourism. It was initially originated from the developed countries after facing environmental pollutions and other destruction in ecology. The western countries took the lead role to solve pollutions by introducing many some sustainable practices. Ecotourism was considered to be key tool to sustainable development 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

in the early 1980s as it conserves and protects ecology and environment and people who depend on them. 5.5.1 Western views of Eco Tourism. We will study about fundamental views of western thinkers on ecotourism planning and programming. Ecotourism. Most of the western viewers focus on the concept of responsible travel, conservation of nature and culture, community well-being, local tradition. Ethnic foods, handicraft visitor satisfaction, wildlife conservation, the components of ecotourism are social factor, economical factor and environmental factor that generate income and employment for the local people and also enrich their wellbeing. Some countries have established the Ecotourism Society that serves to guide, promoters and to certify the ecotourism sites. That also does conservation of nature responsible ecotourism approach. Many people have accepted western views to save the vulnerable ecosystem by combining all the stakeholders. The activities of ecotourism differ from passive to active participation. It also get influence through economic and social factors generally, ecotourism could create positive impact but when different mind-set people are involved it might create negative impact it is better to avoid over marketing and there must be control towards overusing of its products by tourist. Western Thoughts on Ecotourism emerged in 1980s with serious debates /discussions on the practical facets of ecotourism. This influenced many ecologists, environmentalists and biologists to support the movement for combining the conservation of nature through promoting eco-friendly tourism. Thereby, ecotourism gained worldwide support Ecotourism is also considered to be alternative forms of tourism that promotes special interest travel. For past two decades, ecotourism creates more demand. 5.5.2 Western environmental paradigm and the Environmental movement: -  The word paradigm means Collective world’s opinion. Western environmental paradigm is the term developed by knill. In this term he describes about the scientific paradigm as it relates to its perception the relationship between humans and the environment.  This perception includes the beliefs of humans that they are superior and separated from environment aspects, which results in resource naturally available for exploitation through technologies. Some believes that nature has no essential value. Western Environmental paradigm are dominant one has it is human centric (Weaver, 2001).  A contradiction to the Western Environmental paradigm is conventional mass tourism. According to Butler (1980), the decline of the destination's physical, geographical and socio-cultural environment is the logical culmination of an unregulated cycle. 5.5.3 Arguments against the Western Paradigm: - Due to Anthropological action and Conventional Mass Tourism. - Rising sea levels, Spreading Viruses, and the Increase in mass tourism are more one of the sectors specific contradicts 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Western paradigm. - The contradictory element is the fact that many tourists are attracted to scenic environment, but this creates levels of visitation stress that eventually decreases attractiveness. - The theory of paradigm shift would suggest that sustainable tourism and ecotourism have been widely adopted because they promise to resolve the contradiction of conventional mass tourism by focusing on the core sustainability principles and practices. The Environmental Movement was vital one to bring a change to nature where it highlights the flaws of human action and formulated to take steps against human’s dominated action. It also proved that human action can be only through human action. It also acts as an alternative to the Dominant Western Environmental paradigm the combination of bio centric (nature- based) and anthropocentric ideas of environmental movement paved way to eradicate several problems of environment. This movement began with the creation of national parks in the late 19th centuries. 5.6 FACTORS INVOLVED IN EXPANDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT  Actions affecting Environment (global warming, ozone depletion, overpopulation, melting of ice, earth quake, pollution etc.)  High profile environmental books (i.e., Silent Spring, Limits to Growth, Small is Beautiful etc...  Huge Marketing of major environmental hazards (i.e., Three Mile Island (USA), Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Chernobyl (Russia) nuclear reactor accidents, Bhopal gas tragedy. chemical factory leaks (India) and a number of oil spills, submerge of Dhanush Kodi  Governments expressing environmental issues and problems on the international agenda (i.e., Earth Summit in Brazil). 5.7GREEN CONSUMERS AND TRAVELLERS 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 5.1 being Eco friendly Green: a group of thoughts and ideas that express a common concern opinion for environmental stability. Also refers that it is eco friendly Green Paradigm: Global opinion on humanity concern for nature and relationship between human and environment. As humans are directly depends on environment for their survival. The green paradigm focuses on a steady dynamic instead of only growth and also focuses on local community wellbeing over profit making. This term is used in the text, since the adjective ‘green’ has come to symbolize a group of ideas that expresses a generic concern for environmental sustainability. - The green paradigm regards humanity as a part of nature (not apart from nature), dependent on the rest of the environment for its survival. It also emphasizes total well-being over profit. Green Consumer: Individuals or Group who wish to be responsible, who believes world is place for all living organism to live and it is not a place for man alone to own. Green consumers will have environmental concern and friendly attitude towards environment and other exotic species. Green Traveller: Individuals or group of travellers who support \"green\" companies and are willing more premium products from environmentally responsible suppliers. Genuine green traveller is the one The closest group to be considered genuine \"green\" travellers are found to be inclined with \"cultural creative.\" These cultural creative make a significant effort to patronize companies and destinations with environmentally pro-active polices. 5.8 SUMMARY  Ecotourism initially introduced through western concept which focused on preservation and conservation of natural beauty, wildlife, forest, Aboriginal people & culture  After the emerge of Ecotourism in 1980s several western ecotourism thinkers shared their views and opinion towards the concept of bringing ecotourism into limelight.  The concept gained thrust in the early 1980s as it is considered to be a tool to conserve the ecology and environment in collaboration with community.  This chapter highlighted on and different critical views of Environmental sensitive travellers who are the nature enthusiast and responsible travellers who create less impact on environment, the western thinkers of ecotourism and green travellers. 5.9 KEY WORDS 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Elite Tourists These types of tourists usually travel for pleasure and entertainment. They are individually motivated tourist.  Homebody tourist-a person who seldom goes anywhere; one not given to wandering or travel.  Paradigm-a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model.  Green Consumer - A green consumer is someone who is aware of his or her obligation to protect the environment by selectively purchasing green products or services. A green consumer tries to maintain a healthy and safe lifestyle without endangering the sustainability of the planet and the future of mankind.  Green Paradigm - Global opinion on humanity concern for nature and relationship between human and environment. As humans are directly depends on environment for their survival.  STA Special Tourism Area 5.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define traveller. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who is an Eco sensitive traveller? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5.11 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Question Short Questions 1. List out different types of tourists . 2. Who is a green consumer? 3. How does green paradigm help to conserve nature? 4. What are the arguments against western approach? 5. Bring difference between allocentric and psycho centric tourist Long Questions 1. Explain the actions of environmentally sensitive travellers 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Describe the western approach on ecotourism and its importance for the growth of eco-tourism 3. Explain the factors Involved in Expanding the Environmental Movement 4. Is ecotourism a western concept or philosophy? Discuss. 5. Compare and contrast the various types of tourists. 6. Is green tourism important for nature conservation – Justify? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Environmentally sensitive travellers are considered to be _________ travellers. a. eco-friendly b. enthusiastic c. Responsible d. sustainable 2. Environmentally sensitive Travellers do not practice _______________. a. Littering b. usage of plastic bags c. cutting of trees d. All of these 3. The more a plane weighs the________ carbon emissions it produces. a. more b. less c. equal d. None of these 4. Usage of _____________ is best thing one can do for the environment while travelling. a. public transport b. own transport c. cycle 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. less emission transports 5. Environmentally friendly travellers always travel in ________. a. small groups b. solo c. big groups d. family 6. Sustainable Travel Report suggests ___________of global travellers expressed their desire to stay in eco-friendly accommodation. a. 65% b. 70% c. 90% d. 60% 7. _________ Percentage of Spanish travellers are most likely to look for sustainable accommodation. a. 85% b. 80% c. 70% d. 90% 8. ______________considered to be an approach rather than type of tourism. a. rural tourism b. sustainable tourism c. alternative tourism d. Ecotourism 9. Western Thoughts on Ecotourism emerged in ________ with Serious debates /discussions on the practical facets of ecotourism a. 1980s 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. 1970s c. 1990s d. 1960s 10. For past two decades, __________ creates more demand. a. Mass tourism b. Alternative tourism c. Ecotourism d. Rural tourism Answers 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-b,8- d, 9-a, 10-c 5.12REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI.  Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference’s book  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- a Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning,PolicyandDevelopment. NewYork,John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aaronson, L. (2000). The DevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNew York: Continuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global, national, and local interests–A casestudy.ASEAS: New York, 4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman) 211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who is tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22 (4):527-55. 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and key consideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual Caribbean Conference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and Sea Encounters.” Havana, Cuba. House.(1997)  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: AStructuralApproach to Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill  Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by CarlosHidalgo  WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Website  Goodwin,H.,andSantilli,R.(2009).Community-basedtourism:A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos. (2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch, 2004, fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 6: ECOTOURISM ORGANIZATIONS AND POLICIES STRUCTURE 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Tourism policy 6.2 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 6.3 International Year of Ecotourism (IYE) 6.4 STEP - Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty 6.5 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 6.6 Tourism Projects the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India and the UNDP 6.7 World Wide Fund for Nature 6.7.1 Objectives of WWF 6.7.2 Mission of WWF 6.7.3 Activities of WWF 6.7.4 Publications The WWF 6.8 Ministry of Forest & Environment 6.9 Guidelines for Developing State Ecotourism Strategy 6.10 Ministry of Tourism 6.11 EQUATIONS 6.12.1 Objectives 6.12.2 The Activities of EQUATIONS 6.12.3Publication 6.12 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & Environment (ATREE) 6.13 The Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation and Centre for Environment and Development 6.14 The International Ecotourism Society 6.15 Summary 6.16 Keyword 6.17 Learning Activity 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6.18 Unit End Questions 6.19 References 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the primary reasons of the involve of government and other stakeholders in ecotourism activity.  Describe their commitments towards the sustainable ecotourism and the contributions towards the formulating ecotourism policy  Organise responsible ecotourism involving local community.  Initiate funding research projects with regard to sustainable ecotourism.  Analyse the need for planning Organisational policies for promoting and administrating ecotourism.  Familiarise with characteristics of Eco tourism Organisation and to understand the need for Ecotourism society of India and International Eco Tourism Society. 6.1 TOURISM POLICY Tourism policy provides various benefits of through several useful schemes. The objective of ecotourism policy is to educate, encourage the local community and for development of the destination. Planning helps the organization achieve the strategically plan in an efficient and effective manner Ecotourism policy which supports government and other organisation in formulating successful plan. The objectives of ecotourism plan are to guide the government and execute them for further development. Tourism planning intends to achieve specific defined goals at the given duration. 6.2 UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO) UNWTO initially started as The Union of National Propaganda Organizations (UNTPO) was set up by the representatives of 14 countries at The Hague in Netherland in 1925 ) in 1934 The UNTPO was changed to the International Union of Official Tourist Propaganda Organizations (IUOTPO). The International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO) was established in 1947. The IUOTO was finally changed to World Tourism Organization (WTO) on January 2, 1975. Its headquarters is situated at Madrid in Spain. December 1, 2005 The UN General Assembly approved to add UN before the World Tourism Organization on. 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Objectives  To Promote and of tourism for economic development and to articulate international understanding, peace, prosperity and fundamental human rights and freedoms  To Safeguard the interests of the developing countries in promoting sustainable form of tourism activity  To collaborate with various bodies of the UNs bodies. 6.3 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF ECOTOURISM (IYE) The year 2002 was selected as International Year of Ecotourism. In this year several discussions like global warming, climate change, poverty eradication, preservation of endangered and endemic species, etc. with the association and partnership with other countries issues can be solved. As such, ecotourism is promoted in ecologically sensitive areas where tourist can enjoy the nature and culture of the destinations. The UNs Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) announced the year 2002as the International Year of Ecotourism (IYE). The theme was “Ecotourism- A Key to Sustainable Development focused to achieve the aims of Agenda 21 that ensures protection of the environment. This helps to increase the economic development, environmental pollution and social wellbeing from ecotourism. The objectives of the IYE To create awareness and understanding among public sector the private bodies. For the growth and development of standard of living in that destination. To plan, organise, direct, maintain, control, regulate and monitor managerial functions of ecotourism for sustainability. To Promote educate and experience ecotourism activity 6.4 STEP - SUSTAINABLE TOURISM FOR ELIMINATING POVERT Projects-EPhas been funded by UNWTO. The concept Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty initiative has been an attempt since 2002 to meet the UN’s Millennium Development Goals introduced in the year 2015. This initiative is taken for people who are under the poverty line. This scheme is applicable for a person who earns less than a dollar a day from the 49 underdeveloped countries. The ST-EP Foundation provides funds amount of US$3,043,150 to 44 projects in 31 countries. In addition to five projects with IUCN with UNWTO and UK Travel Foundation. 6.5 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) 51 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is an important programme organised by UN. It is also part UN’s global development network to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MNG). It helps to build relationship with rest of the world to share knowledge, skills and experience that helps to utilize efficient and effective use of resources. Its main aim is to promote sustainable human development. It advocates for inclusive growth and can reduce poverty, malnourishment, unemployment, hunger, etc. Network of UNDP the UNDP operates in 177 countries to evolve strategic plan to face international and national levels. The program is funded by member of UNs. Each member country becomes the part of the programme. It collaborates governments for monetary and technical support to find challenges to development and to increase responsible, accountability, taking up authority and other managerial skills and attribute among the local community. It provides expert advice, technical training and financial assistance to developing countries, along with the least developed countries. The UNDP’s environmental strategy focuses on effective water maintenance and storage system which includes sanitation and access to sustainable energy services. Sustainable land management raises voice for desertification and land degradation, thereby, conserve biodiversity in sustainable manner. It controls carbon emissions of harmful pollutants and ozone-depleting substances. The UNDP highly supports rural women to take part actively in the development process. It plays a bridge between governments, NGOs, it helps people by providing huge opportunity especially women to become socially and financially independent. 6.6 TOURISM PROJECTS THE MINISTRY OF TOURISM, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND THE UNDP Tourism Projects the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India and the UNDP funded the Endogenic Tourism project partnership with local NGOs. Several rural tourism villages are selected for this project. The activities of the project include construction and renovation work of building, roads and other facilities along with community building programme, training and capacity building, and skill up gradations are been conducted. 150+ rural tourism projects have been implemented in 28 States/Union Territories. It includes 36 rural sites where UNDP has supported for capacity building programme for under privilege women. This programme includes networking, site marketing, hospitality, traditional local cuisines, interpretation skill and language skill. 6.7 WORLDWIDE FUND FOR NATURE Several environmentalists, NGOs and campaigners have protested against the campaign called Corporate Watch and PR Watch funded by Coca-Cola, Lafarge and IKEA. For example, in 1988, Prince Bernhard, former president of the WWF, sold paintings for GBP700, 000 to raise money for the World Wildlife Fund. WWF-India is passive at the tiger 52 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

reserve given as the example, but it is active to negative tourism impacts and to increase tourism benefits to local communities. The World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international nongovernmental organization focuses on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration and protection of environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada, United States and the United Kingdom. It is the world’s largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, with 100 countries, 1, 30 conservation and environmental projects are been carried out. 6.7.1 The Objectives of WWF are as follows  To act for fundraising and providing grants to non-governmental organizations  To provide scientific knowledge for the protection of endangered and endemic species  To preserve biological hotspots  To sustain use of natural resources  To reduce of pollution and climate change 6.7.2 Mission of WWF  Conserving the world’s biological diversity  Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable manner  Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption 6.7.3 Activities of WWF A. Funding activity 1. The organization works on providing funds to know more about biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources and other destruction to nature. 2. Collaboration with several NGO and several other organisations several investment/ loan schemes are provided by banks to the scientists, fishers, farmers and local communities. B. Creating Public awareness 1. It also undertakes public awareness and mass contact campaigns to influence decision- making to general people to provide support for preservation of environment. C. Restoration project 1. Presently, the WWF focuses on restoring populations of 36 species and some of the important species include elephants, tunas, whales, dolphins, dugong, sparrows, snakes, turtles, porpoises. 53 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6.7.4 Publications the WWF 1. WWF provides two-yearly publications Living Planet Report namely the Living Planet Index in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents. 6.8 MINISTRY OF FOREST & ENVIRONMENT Government of India the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India aims to plan, promote, organise, coordinate and oversee the environmental, forestry and wildlife policies and programmes to conserve and protect natural resources, biodiversity, flora and fauna forests, sacred groves and wildlife. It also enhancement of human welfare, it ensures the wellbeing of animals. . The objectives of the Ministry are guided through National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development framed in 1992; National Forest Policy framed in 1988; Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution framed in 1992; and the National Environment Policy framed in 2006. The Ministry also serves as the nodal agency the UNEP SACEP, ICIMOD, UNCED, CSD, GEF, ESCAP and SAARC). Objectives of the MoEF.  To do survey on exotic and endangered species of several flora, fauna, forests and wildlife  To prevention and control of pollution.  To regenerate of degraded biome through or reforestation  To Protect environment  To Ensuring the welfare of animals. 6.9 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING STATE ECOTOURISM STRATEGY Ecotourism guidelines is recommended by the Tiger Task Force (2005), the guidelines are initially stated with Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 as amended in 2006, The Ministry has collaborated with the Central Government, State Governments, Hospitality Sector, State Forest Departments, and Protected Area Managements, Forest officers, Local Communities and Civil Society institutions for ensuring successful implementation of the ecotourism guidelines. Major framework includes 54 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ecologically sensitive land use policies should be implemented to prevent the aesthetical attractiveness of landscape in protected areas. Sufficient requirements must regulate ecotourism from getting exclusive tourism without benefiting local communities. Modifications in State rules and regulations are made for stakeholders’ development 6.10 MINISTRY OF TOURISM, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India promotes ecotourism in a responsible and sustainable manner Objective of Ministry of Tourism  To Involve of local community in development of socio- economic factor  To Minimize the use of Natural resource for eco-tourism activity and for livelihood of local community  To create relationship between environment and socio-cultural factors.  To focus on Growth of sectorial integration and integrated land-use plan  To avoid inter-sectorial conflicts for overall area development. The Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Environment & Forests have received complaints regarding misuse of ecotourism destination in the protected areas by the stakeholders. To ensure the best ecotourism practices, the Ministry of Tourism has instituted National Tourism Awards for Best Eco friendly Hotel/ resorts and also Award Best Responsible Tourism Project and Best Eco-friendly Practices for Tour Operators. 6.11 EQUATIONS (EQUITABLE TOURISM OPTIONS) Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) is a research, campaign that focuses on social, cultural, economic and environmental impact of tourism towards benefit of local community. 6.11.1 Objectives  To be non-exploitative.  To be equitable and sustainable towards the local community.  To research on particular eco-tourism development destination and to create impacts on livelihood of local communities.  To create campaign and to support the struggle of local community, undemocratic and unsustainable form of tourism. 55 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 To control and decentralise the ownership towards natural resources and common resources. EQUATIONS was founded in 1985 it is a Non-Government Organisation that fights for truth, justice, equality and democratic rights of the people in the bottom of the society. This organization took decisive role in responding to new economic policies and structural adjustments for free and liberalized trade regimes. It has been working for indigenous people, downtrodden, women, coastal communities and the poor to help Notes 278 them access to healthcare, education and employment and participate in policymaking and development decisions Activities of Equations. 6.11.2 The Activities of EQUATIONS Equation with collaboration with wildlife Institute of India and other state bodies involved in the study of Visitor Management and Participatory Ecotourism Strategy for Periyar Tiger Reserve, Thekkady in 2002. It recommended strategies for conservation tourism and management systems. It participates policy making for national biodiversity and also formulate strategy and action plan It was part of steering committee to formulate the National Environment Policy in 2006. It was referred by the MoEFfor formulating Environment Impact Assessment in 2009. It became the member of PATA India ecotourism wing and environment committee in 2002. It involves in creating awareness on environmental issues and regulates and reality in the tourism among the service providers, tour operators and with Ecotourism Society of India. It has been working for south Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It criticized the Vohra Committee report to modify the Coastal Regulation Zone notification in 1992. It opposed the government’s plans to convert Bekal Fort area in Kasargode district of Kerala into a Special Tourism Area as it affects Coastal Regulation Zone It raised voice against the East Coast Road in Tamil Nadu. It conducts regular programmes on Environment and Ecosystems and Special Programme on hill tourism in Ooty and Kodaikanal. It creates awareness and banned plastics in Ooty and Kodaikanal. In the year 1997-98 it participated the South-Southeast Asian Convention on Development and Sustenance of Coastal Tourism in India which was organized by the CII. 56 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It trains elected members of Panchayat on Coastal Tourism in Kerala and Coastal Regulation Zone. It participated in the Coastal Watch Programme in 1998. It Participated on Issues of Protected Areas, forest lands and sanctuaries being declared as tourism areas. It also participated in a meeting held in Gudalur (Nilgiris) on creating welfare of Sanctuaries and wellbeing Tribal people. It raised voice against the struggle of the Adivasi of Nagarahole It researched on Community Participation and has studied on roles of local communities in ecotourism in natural areas in Andaman Islands, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Assam and Ladakh. An EQUATION is one of the reasons to celebrate International Year of Ecotourism in 2002. It organized an international conference for NGOs on the topic “Tourism Towards 2002” at New Delhi in September 2001 6.11.3 Publication Case studies of coastal zones at Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala in collaboration with regional/ state organizations like Malabar Coastal Institute for Training Research and Action, Coastal Action Network, Okkutta Karnataka. 6.12 ASHOKA TRUST FOR RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT (ATREE) Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) is a non-governmental organization with much focus on research in conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development. The mission is to promote social and environmental conservation and sustainable development through generating knowledge about sustainable practices. It involves scholars, researchers, policymakers, practitioners, social activists, naturalist, tour guides, students and other stakeholders as opinion-decision makers. The values and practice of ATREE include professional integrity, academic freedom it also increasing ownership, justice, equality and transparency, liability, responsibility accountability, and collaboration and partnerships. 6.13THE SURI SEHGAL CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION AND CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 57 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The organisation represents two broad themes areas for implementing four inter-linked programmes. Interdisciplinary research is also organized under the Centre for Environment and Development (CED) and the Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation. Programmes under CED include Forests and Governance and Land, Water and soil. Different disciplines work together to resolve key research questions that reflected in programme. Environmental Issues Deterioration in quantity and quality of water Changes in agricultural practices – hybrid plant species High-value uses Climatic change Land degradation Increase in Saline water Land-use management of areas inclined to water and wind erosion Change in wind draft, reduced number of rainy days, Sudden high rainfall intensities These are the following sample projects involving community. Conservation project in Darjeeling Vembanad, Kerala CERC’s annual fish count Agasthyamalaicommunity-based Tourism project and promotion of community conservation initiatives at Vagaaikulam Technology and research support to Soliga community 6.14 THE INTERNATIONAL ECOTOURISM SOCIETY The International Ecotourism Society is a non-profit organization that promotes and supports ecotourism around the globe. 6.14.1 The objective  To ensure the sustainable ecotourism development with conservation of resource and generating income for the local community.  TIES provide several training programmes, workshops, seminars, conferences, etc for the members and other partners in the tourism industry.  It links all the stakeholders of ecotourism projects and providing consultancy and professional guidance to the registered members. This chapter will focus on the roles and activities of TIES. 58 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The International Ecotourism Society (TIES is committed for ecotourism promotion since 1990 in USA.  It is an international body helps and guides the policymakers, planners, tour operators, travel agents, hoteliers, national and international funding agencies, consultants and others.  Its members are from 120 countries those are academics, consultants, conservation professionals and organizations, governments, architects, tour operators, lodge owners and managers, general development experts, and eco-tourists etc. 6.14.2 Emergence of TIES  The first Chairman of TIES was David Western. In the year 1991, Society joined with Charles Darwin Foundation to undertake research work in Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. The Society organized Seminar in association with Washington University in Washington, DC in 1990.  In 1992, TIES actively participated on World Parks and Protected Areas Congress in Caracas, Venezuela and the First World Congress on Tourism and the Environment in Belize and supported for reducing noise pollution in protected areas. The Society does field survey and interviews the focused group audience and published first set guidelines to promote sound ecotourism management  In 1993, the Society published its first book on “Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Manager”. It also printed and circulated the pamphlet on Ecotourism Guidelines for Naturalist and Tour Escorts.  In 1994, TIES conducted the first meeting of International Ecotourism Partners in Virgin Islands to promote of national and regional ecotourism associations.  The TIES funded the International Eco-lodge Forum and Field Seminar on Eco-lodge  In 1995, the TIES initiated Ecotourism News Service and Ecotourism Society Research Service and published The Eco lodge Sourcebook for Planners and Developers.  In 1996, the TIES planned first Marine Ecotourism Workshop in Hawaii and published documents on Ecotourism and Protected Areas in collaboration with IUCN.  In 1995, the TIES became the co-host for organizing the first regional forum on Ecotourism and Community Participation in Quito, Ecuador  In 1997, the TIES conducted a regional workshop on Planning and Developing an Ecotourism Destination in Quintana Roo, Mexico.  In 1998, the TIES published Marine Ecotourism Guidelines and conducted ecotourism training workshop at the World Ecotourism Conference held in Sabah, Malaysia. 59 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 It also undertook survey for conserving coral reefs.  In 1999, educational campaign for consumers was launched on the title “Your Travel Choice Can Make a Difference”.  In 2002, TIES participated in several rounds of regional meeting were conducted for the IYE in India, Peru, Thailand, Kenya and Sweden.  In 2003, TIES participated in the World Ecotourism Summit in Quebec City, Canada and offered trainings to NGOs and indigenous groups.  In 2004, TIES organised the Traveller’s Philanthropy Conference at Stanford University in California, USA.  In 2005, TIES provided relief fund to the countries affected by tsunami surrounded by Indian Ocean.  In 2006, TIES launched Campaign on “Traveling with Climate in Mind”  In 2007, TIES organized the Global Ecotourism Conference at Oslo, Norway  In 2008, TIES organized Eco-Tour in with the help of local community and local NGOs at Washington DC.  In 2009, TIES launched Eco-destinations program and Your Travel Choice Blog.  In 2010, the TIES published “Ecotourism Then and Now” on the occasion of bio- decennial celebration. It organized Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Conference (ESTC). 6.15 SUMMARY  In this lesson, the roles of MoFE and MoT, Government of India Guideline’s principles and policies are being implemented for the growth of Ecotourism.  To overcome Mass tourism and to save the environment from the unregulated mass tourism, the EQUATIONS are a Ngo working for the cause of protecting the environment and educating the people to contribute for preservation of environment.  ATREE and other NGO aiming to create awareness campaign against the environmental pollutions. These two NGOs activities and initiatives have been discussed in this lesson.  Ecotourism has been so popular in the world after the IYE in 2002 that the international organizations and funding agencies have seriously felt the need for technical financial and administrate support to the countries and ecotourism sites promoting ecotourism for the preservation of nature and wildlife and providing income and employment to the local community members. 60 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 UNs, UNDP and WWF to set the rules and regulations and take several worldwide campaigns for the nature conservation that leads to protecting the ecologically sensitive areas in developing countries and third world countries. Those countries do have expertise and financial capability to protect their natural resources and wildlife. Thus, the lesson has presented the background, objectives and commitment towards ecotourism of the UNWTO, UNDP and WWF. 6.16 KEYWORDS  UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organisation  WWF - World Wide Fund  UNTPO - Union of National Propaganda Organizations  IUOTPO - the International Union of Official Tourist Propaganda Organizations  IUOTO - The International Union of Official Travel Organization  IYE - International Year of Ecotourism  Self Help Groups - Self-help groups are informal groups of people who come together to address their common problems.  UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.  TEF -Tiger Emergency Fund  SBSTTA - Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice  CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity  ATREE - Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & Environment. 6.17 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss the roles of the UNWTO. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do WWF promote ecotourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6.18 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Question 61 Short Questions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. What are the objectives of TIES? 2. What are the UNWTO’s funding projects for ST-EP? 3. Discuss the major activities of UNDP . 4. Elucidate preservation methods taken by ATREE for preservation 5. Discuss about Emergence of TIES Long Questions 1. Discuss the roles and functions of the Ministry of Forest & Environment - Government of India for the promotion of ecotourism. 2. Critically evaluate the activities of Equations for the preservation of ecology and environment with the promotion of ecotourism. 3. Explain the activities that TIES is involved for the promotion of ecotourism worldwide. 4. Elucidate the need of national agencies in promoting Eco-tourism 5. Explain the need of international agencies for promoting Eco- tourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The WWF fund supported, anti-poaching in ______________. a. Panna National Park b. Corbett Tiger Reserve c. Kaziranga national park d. Gir national park 2. ________ Government in India has implemented ecotourism policy to promote responsible as well as sustainable ecotourism at the ecotourism sites. a. Regional b. Central c. State d. Municipal 3. As part of the Ecotourism Strategy, the State government should levy a “Local Conservation Fee” as a minimum________ of turnover on all tourist facilities within a minimum 5 km of the boundary of a Protected Area, 62 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. 10 per cent b. 15 per cent c. 5 per cent d. 20 per cent 4. The__________ take initiatives for campaigns and support the struggles and go against unjust, undemocratic and unsustainable forms of tourism a. Non-profit organisation b. public sector c. private sector d. government 5. Conservation Centre is located at BiligiriRangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka as the_______ field sites to make microscopic study on indigenous Soliga community in 1996. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth 6. ATREE informed the provisions of the Forest Rights Act for which______ families have received individual land rights a. 1468 b. 1469 c. 1466 d. 1467 7. TIES was established in the year____________ 63 a. 1998 b. 1990 c. 1995 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. 1993 8. EQUATIONS became the member of PATA India ecotourism and environment committee in _______. a. 2000 b. 2001 c. 2003 d. 2002 9. In the year______, the Society took active part in the World Parks and Protected Areas Congress in Caracas, Venezuela a. 1992 b. 1990 c. 1995 d. 1991 10. The International Ecotourism Society is a non-profit organization committed for ecotourism promotion since it was established in 1990 in_______ a. United States of America b. Canada c. Italy d. Spain Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-a, 6-a, 7-b, 8- d, 9-a, 10-a 6.19REFERENCES Reference Books  Bhatt, S., Liyakhat, S. (2008). Ecotourism Development in India: Communities, Capital, and Conservation. India: Cambridge University Press.  Singh, J. (2010). Ecotourism. India: I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Limited. 64 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Text Books  Avila Foucat, V.S. (2002) Look at Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability, in Ventanilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 511-529.  Aylward, B., Allen, K., Echeverria, J. and Tosi, J. (1996) Sustainable ecotourism in Costa Rica: the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 315-343.  Broad Hurst, R. (2001) Managing Environments for Leisure and Recreation. Routledge Environmental Management Series,  London Cole, D.N. and Spildie, D.R. (1998) Hiker, horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 53, 61-71.  Constantine, R., Brunton, D.H. and Dennis, T. (2004) Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates) behaviour. Biological Conservation, 117(3), 299-307  Dyck, M.G. and Baydack, R.K. (2004) Vigilance behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the context of wildlife-viewing activities at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Biological Conservation, 116 (3) 343 –350.  Doxey, G.V. When enough enough: the natives are restless in Old Niagara, Heritage Canada 2 (2), 26-7.  Fairburn-Dunlop, P. (1994) Gender, culture and tourism development in Western Samoa. In V. Kinnaird and D. Hall (eds.) Tourism: A Gender Analysis, 121-141.  London: John Wiley. Forsyth, T. (1995) Business attitudes to sustainable tourism: Self-regulation in the UK outgoing tourism industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3 (4), 210-31.  Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (1995) Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. UCL Press, London. 342 pp.  Gunn, C.A. (1993) Tourism Planning: Basic concepts cases. Taylor and Francis, 3rd edition. 460 pp.  Gurung, D. (1995) Tourism and gender: Impact and implications of tourism on Nepalese women - A case study from the Annapurna Conservation Area Project. Mountain Enterprises and Infrastructure discussion paper, 95/03. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.  Hodgson, G. (1999) Global Assessment of Human Effects on Coral Reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38 (5), 345-555.  Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1996) Tourism and the Environment: a Sustainable Relationship. Routledge, London. Websites  https://tourism.gov.in/ 65 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 http://envfor.nic.in/  http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/Ecotourism-Society-of-India-is-renamed-as- Responsible-Tourism-Society-of-India/06-05-2020-191353  https://ecotourism.org/ties.  http://equitabletourism.org/  https://www.atree.org. 66 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 7:CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT STATES -I STRUCTURE 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Case study of different states 7.1.1 Limitation in Existing Eco tourism spots 7.2 Eco Tourism policy of Sikkim 7.2.1 Vision 7.2.2 Objectives 7.2.3 Ecotourism principles, policies of Sikkim 7.2.4 Planning and Development 7.2.5 Financing 7.2.6 Operation and Management 7.2.7 Monitoring, Evaluation and Research 7.2.8 Strategies for benefiting the Weaker Sections 7.2.9 Strategies for stakeholder partnership 7.2.10 Strategies for infrastructure development and carrying capacity 7.2.11 Strategies for awareness and education on ecotourism, environmental conservation and waste management 7.3 Case Study on Kerala Eco Tourism Policy 7.3.1 Mission 7.3.2 Objectives 7.3.3 Community and Tourism 7.3.4 Community and Economic benefits 7.3.5 Community and Socio-cultural aspects 7.3.6 To strengthen and promote Responsible Tourism (RT) 7.3.7 Active involvement of Local Self Governments 7.4 Summary 7.5 Keyword 7.6 Learning Activity 67 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.7 Unit End Questions 7.8 References 7.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Familiarize with different state policies.  Compare and analyse the cases of different state policies.  Analyse pros and cons on different state policies and government of India policies. 7.1 CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT STATES Table 7.1 Case study 68 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.1.1 Limitation in Existing Eco tourism spots  Eco tourism policiespromote infrastructure development its major objective is to minimize new infrastructures by following environmental regulations.  Conservation -most of the stakeholders, except forest department have not taken a proactive role.  Lack of community involvement noticed for sustaining nature benefits mostly confine to employment opportunities.  Unethical activities such as pick up waste thrown around while trekking, checking the number of plastic articles etc) are remained ignored. Existing Eco tourism spots Figure 7.1 Eco Tourism spots 1. Government a. Government initiated and managed e.g. Thenmala, Kerala. Top slip, Pollachi. b. Public sector corporate,e.g., JLR, Karnataka 2. Private a. Small, e.g., House boats, Kerala, Homestay’s concept b. Corporate, e.g., Blue Yonder, Kerala 3. Community a. Self- Initiated and community managed, e.g. Sacred grove, a community forest Kerala b. NGO Initiated and community owned, e.g.,Rampuria, Darjeeling. 4. Co-managed Community Managed and Government Supported, e.g., Bamboo Groves, Kerala. 69 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.2 ECO TOURISM POLICY OF SIKKIM Figure 7.2 Bio-Diversity Park at Sikkim Sikkim is a unique destination with copious biodiversity of more than 4,500 species of flowering plants, more than 50 species of fish, 690 species of butterflies, 16 species of amphibians, 78 species of reptiles, 550 species of birds, and 154 species of mammals. Sikkim is one of the Educated states of India and best known for its best Eco tourism practices. It is blessed with great landscapes, forests, streams, rivers, glaciers, lakes, snow-capped mountains and cold deserts. Most of these natural treasures are located in the Protected Areas (PAs) under the control of Forests, Environment, and Wildlife Management Department (FEWMD), In addition to conservation of nature, Sikkim eco-tourism policy benefits of ecotourism on social factor, cultural factor, economic factor and physical factor and environment factors. 7.2.1 The vision To promote Sikkim as unique ecotourism destination offering memorable and high-quality experiences to visitors, and to eradicate poverty through conservation. 7.2.2 Objectives A.Tobrings all stakeholders together to create awareness about understanding of ecotourism; b. To promote ecotourism in a sustainable manner based on the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria (GSTC); 70 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. To generate financial assistance to local communities for nature conservation through alternative income sources for their livelihoods d. To conserve the existing biodiversity, ecosystems, heritage site and culture and tradition; e. To offer memorable and quality experience to the tourist. f.Toenable children as well as visitors to enjoy nature- based activities g. To encourage people in Sikkim to increase their pride and appreciation of local natural and cultural values. h. Toensure that local communities have a role in determining the appropriate presentation of their cultural values. i. To reduce carrying capacity and minimise negative impacts of tourism. 7.2.3 Ecotourism principles, policies of Sikkim; - a. conserves nature, including biodiversity and ecosystems as well as the culture and traditions of Sikkim. b. respect local communities’ culture, tradition and customs. c adheres to international ecotourism principles, guidelines and standards for the development of ecotourism in the state of Sikkim. d. generates income sources to local communities, preferably to economically disadvantaged, through ecotourism activities. e. promotes sustainable use of natural, cultural and local resources to develop and promote ecotourism in the state with the emphasis on the use of renewable energy. f. facilitate partnership for planning, implementation, coordination and monitoring ecotourism activities with key stakeholders such as local communities, NGOs, government organizations, tour agents and tour operators. g. enhances cooperation between local entrepreneurs, such as home stay operators, tour operators and tour agents, and government organizations and other key players in the development of ecotourism infrastructures and promotion of ecotourism products. h. encourages visitors to learn about biodiversity and ecosystems as well as local people’s cultural and traditional values. 7.2.4 Planning and Development: i. ensures the implementation and execution of the ecotourism guidelines. ii. Coordinate with the Home Department, and other related key government organizations in border sensitive ecotourism sites to ensure the smooth operation of ecotourism activities. iii. Implement the strategies described in Sikkim Ecotourism Policy. 71 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

iv. organize seminars, workshops and international conferences among concerned government officials, NGO, CBO, and other stakeholders, from time to time so as to consider the emerging needs/suggestions etc from all sections of society. 7.2.5 Financing: i. monitors the revenue generation and allocation of funds for the development of ecotourism. ii. Develop a plough back mechanism with an autonomous status for funds generated for sustainability of ecotourism related activities. Traveller 7.2.6 Operation and Management: i. work in close collaboration with NGO and state level of CBO to implement the ecotourism activities. ii. Collaborate with NGO, CBO, TDC, SHG and other local people’s representative groups to implement the ecotourism activities at the village level. iii.Set standards for the carrying capacity in the Protected Areas and other Reserved Areas to prevent damage to the biodiversity and ecosystems. iv. Publish newsletters, bulletins, pamphlets, status reports and other information and disseminate important government notifications and rules; v. ensure visitors, tour operators, tour agencies and guides to follow the prescribed guidelines. 7.2.7 Monitoring, Evaluation and Research: i. monitors the environmental impacts which are caused by tourism activities and plan/take necessary remedial measures to mitigate the same. ii. Enlist ecotourism operators in the state and monitor their activities. iii. Facilitate scientific assessment of relatively unexplored ecotourism destinations for their potential and promotion. iv. Develop participatory ecotourism monitoring plans in collaboration with NGO, CBO, SHG, TDC, Panchayat, EDC, PSS and JFMC. v. monitors the training and capacity building programmes that are conducted by various other agencies and provide support and cooperation. vi. Conduct research and document ecotourism assets and features. 72 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 7.3 Sikkim Eco Tourism Council 7.2.8 Strategies for benefiting the Weaker Sections;- a. facilitates self-employment opportunities for the economically disadvantaged people in ecotourism enterprises. b. encourages supply of goods and services to tourism enterprises by the economically disadvantaged people. c. facilitates direct sales of local goods and services to visitors by the economically disadvantaged people (informal economy); d. encourage establishment and running of tourism enterprises by the economically disadvantaged people - e.g. micro, small and medium sized enterprises, or community based enterprises (formal economy); 73 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

e. set up systems of voluntary support by tourism enterprises and tourists to the economically disadvantaged people. 7.2.9 Strategies for stakeholder partnership a. develops a quarterly meeting with the Tourism Department in form of workshop attended by the senior officers of the Forest and Tourism Departments to avoid duplication and build more synergy between the two departments on the schemes of ecotourism. b. develops partnership with local stakeholders and tour operators / tour agents to develop ecotourism business in a fair-trade manner. c. develops partnership with NGO, CBO, TDC, SHG /EDC, JFMC and PSS and local communities to manage ecotourism sites. d. establishes and enhances networks with key stakeholders including research institutions, private sector associations, public agencies, CBO, TDC, SHG and national and international NGO’s. e. holds seminars and events to discuss and deliberate on ecotourism achievements with participation of key stakeholders including key government organizations. f. disseminates information related to ecotourism to key stakeholders in the four districts. g. hold annual meetings of ecotourism stakeholders, policy makers, EDC, JFMC, PSS, Panchayat, NGO, CBO, TDC, SHG, private sector on a rational basis in each district 7.2.10 Strategies for infrastructure development and carrying capacity a. prohibits concrete infrastructures and building structures inside PAs. b. construct / Improve appropriate infrastructures around PAs such as, visitor friendly signboards with interpretive manners, footpaths, garbage bins, interpretation centre including informative maps showing the trekking routes, toilets and viewpoints at the entrance of each of PAs. c. promotes renewable energy systems for tourism purposes. d. conducts carrying capacity analysis inside PAs. e. develops flexible and sustainable approaches to ensuring solid waste management in the eco-tourism designated. 7.2.11 Strategies for awareness and education on ecotourism, environmental conservation and waste management a. plan awareness programmes on ecotourism policy contents, its guidelines and function of ecotourism council including line departments and local communities. b. plan awareness and educational programmes for local communities and school children on environment conservation and waste management. 74 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. plan nature-based activities for local children managed by qualified ecotour guides. 7.3 CASE STUDY ON KERALA ECO TOURISM POLICY Figure 7.4Pictures of Elephant in Kerala Vision Tourism becomes a vibrant and significant contributor to the sustainable development of the state of Kerala. 7.3.1 Mission  The state delivers a world-class, yet local visitor experience.  Tourism sector attracts investment, which will be sensitive to the natural environment  Communities benefit from tourism and value its contribution  Kerala is positioned as a visible global brand in tourism  Our market share is enhanced, within and outside India  Kerala becomes a quality human resource provider in tourism for the state and the country 7.3.2 Objectives  To ensure quality visitor experience  To focus on benefits for the community from tourism  To create enabling environment for investment  To market Kerala as a visible global brand in domestic and international markets  To develop quality human resources in tourism and hospitality 75 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.3.3 Community and Tourism Local community involvement is considered to be critical for tourism. tourism development in any destination should benefit local community on economic, social and environmental fronts. The economic objective should focus on generating employment opportunity besides enabling households and individuals to produce and supply products that are demanded by industry so that local people will be able to get maximum economic benefit out of tourism. On social and environmental fronts, steps will be taken to minimise negative impacts and enable the community to live in harmony with nature, culture and traditions. Suitable mechanisms have to be developed to enable the industry partners and visitors to strengthen and achieve above set goals. The Responsible Tourism programmes is designed and implemented in the state keeping these objectives in mind. 7.3.4 Community and Economic benefits Local community’s requirements in employment opportunities can be created by selling local products, while the industry will be sensitised on the locally available skills, the benefits on promoting local employment and purchase of local products. The Department will create environment for making local products available working closely with local bodies, Self Help Groups, NGOs, Farmers’ group, Department of Agriculture & Animal Husbandry, Forest, Fisheries, Traditional industries etc The Department will provide Entrepreneurship Development Programme to develop Local Level Entrepreneurs (LLE) in identified areas. 7.3.5 Community and Socio-cultural aspects The Department will do a mapping of the extinct or near extinct arts, work for their revival and protect the original styles and authenticity. The revived art forms will be promoted by Tourism Department. Tourism department organize programmes that would lead to the refurbishment and renovation of heritage buildings in association with Department of Culture. A Task Force against Trafficking and Abuse will be formed with officials from the departments of Social Welfare, Education, Law, Home, Health and Tourism to develop mechanisms and action plans to implement and monitor zero tolerance on trafficking, substance and child abuse in tourism. 7.3.6 to strengthen and promote Responsible Tourism (RT) To strengthen and promote Responsible Tourism several steps are taken to broad-base the RT initiative throughout the state, learning from the pilot locations of Kovalam, Kumarakom, Thekkady and Wayanad. It is essential to distinguish and encourage enterprises that are practicing RT principles. We will introduce and promote a new classification scheme for the tourism service providers 76 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)