CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-IV-Eco & Community Based tourism-Second draft

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT SEMESTER-IV ECO & COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning SLM Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) H.B. Raghvendra Vice- Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab:Chairperson Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Registrar Prof. (Dr.) B. Priestly Shan Dean of Academic Affairs Dr. Nitya Prakash Director – IDOL Dr. Gurpreet Singh Associate Director –IDOL Advisors& Members of CIQA –IDOL Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Editorial Committee Prof. (Dr) Nilesh Arora Dr. Ashita Chadha University School of Business University Institute of Liberal Arts Dr. Inderpreet Kaur Prof. Manish University Institute of Teacher Training & University Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management Research Dr. Manisha Malhotra Dr. Nitin Pathak University Institute of Computing University School of Business © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS Unit 1: Introduction To Eco Tourism..................................................................................... 1 Unit 2: Introduction To Eco Tourism- II................................................................................ 1 Unit 3: Characteristics Of Ecotourism ................................................................................. 10 Unit 4: Ecotourism Markets ................................................................................................ 18 Unit 5: Environmentally Sensitive Traveller ........................................................................ 36 Unit 6: Ecotourism Organizations And Policies................................................................... 49 Unit 7: Case Study Of Different States -I............................................................................. 67 Unit 8: Case Study Of Different States -II ........................................................................... 83 Unit 9: Ecotourism Policies ................................................................................................. 94 Unit 10: Understanding Community Based Tourism -I ...................................................... 169 Unit 11: Understanding Community Based Tourism -II..................................................... 176 Unit 12: Community Based Tourism In India-I ................................................................. 186 Unit 13: Community Based Tourism In India .................................................................... 199 Unit 14: Problem And Prospects Of Community ............................................................... 208 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ECO TOURISM STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic features of Eco Tourism 1.3 Mass tourism 1.4 Evolution of Mass Tourism 1.4.1 Meaning & Definition of Mass Tourism 1.4.2 Indicators for defining mass tourism 1.4.3 Characteristics of Mass Tourism 1.4.4 Types of Mass Tourism 1.4.5 Mass Tourism Activities 1.5 Principles and benefits of ecotourism 1.6 Types of Ecotourism 1.7 Types of Tourism Activities 1.8 Relationship between Nature and Ecotourism 1.9 Summary 1.10 Keyword 1.11 Learning Activity 1.12 Unit End Questions 1.13 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the relationship between tourism and ecology at the destination.  Analyse the need for a significant relationship between ecology and tourism.  Be familiar with the concepts of Eco Tourism concepts and approach.  Examine the need for maintaining the endangered species 1.1 INTRODUCTION - EMERGENCE OF ECO -TOURISM

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, often termed as small scale or alternative tourism form whereas standard commercial form is termed as mass tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveller, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavour by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. Generally, ecotourism deals with living parts of the natural environments. Ecotourism carries social responsibility while travelling that includes personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where the tourist gets a chance to see exotic flora, fauna, and cultural heritage. From a Historical Perspective Tourism has made some negative impact on nature where mass tourism was highly practiced. There was a need for conservation to bring back the lost habitat, damaged soil and vegetation, and lost exotic species those were caused due to several calamities. Forest fire, pollution, and anthropological disturbance to flora and fauna. The relationship between tourism and environment was studies in the last quarter of 20th century. There was not much literature on tourism and environment prior to 1980. However, Mathieson and Wall’s approaches on Economic, Social and Ecological Impacts (1982) explained about the tourism development and conservation of nature. The United Nations of 1972 with the theme Human and Environment Conference was held. Several World Conservation Strategy was discussed and in the Brandt land Commission. Manila Declaration 1980 was an eye opener for tourism and environment. For example, the UN’s first conference highlighted eco-development and the Brandt land Commission emphasized on the meaning and principles of sustainable development. The protection of heritage was included an agenda item for this organization from 1954 onwards. The Fifteenth General Assembly of IUOTO resolved that nature in its most noble and unchanging aspects constitutes and will continue to increase in the future to constitute one of the essential elements of the national or world tourist heritage. All these conferences or global summit level discussions on the minimum use of tourism resources. It is further highlighted that the use of tourism resources should not be overused out of control; using resources may risk their resources and may lead to deterioration or destruction of the resource. The satisfaction of tourism requirements must have a concern towards social and economic interests of the population in tourist areas and to the environment. Above all, natural resources are the fundamental attractions of tourism and historical and cultural sites. All tourism resources are part of the heritage of mankind. 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.2 BASIC FEATURES ECOTOURISM Eco Tourism is also termed as alternative mode of tourism that helps in sustainable development of a destination Followings are some of the basic impacts of Eco tourism 1. It serves as key tool to sustain Natural resource and wellbeing of local community 2. It is an appropriate Alternative mode of tourism that focus on the Economic benefit of the people 3. It involves several soft-core activities which don't affect nature 4. It is also called as people to people tourism because of the strong bond between Host and Tourist. 5. It minimizes or controls the negative impact created on any tourism destination that is associated with Nature 6. It also provides income benefits for the individual or family as they conduct home- stay type of accommodation. 7. It enhances managerial and decision-making skills 8. It improves the quality of life and well-being of the family 9. It builds environment friendly relationship between host and local community 10. It simultaneously checks the leakage of tourism revenue and increases the purchasing power to the local community 11. It reduces social tensions as they local community get regular income out of doing the job they wished 12. it preserves the local traditions and customs 13. It helps tourist to prefer the ecotourism destinations as they get authenticated experience. 1.3 MASS TOURISM Mass tourism has played a significant contribution towards socio-economic development. Mass tourism creates economic benefits thereby developing the well-being of the people. It creates both employment and self-employment opportunities. In some destinations we can notice the inflow of tourist traffic will be more during certain seasons.as revenue of such destinations increases thereby they contribute for the infrastructure developments in terms of road, rail, airports, hotels, parking, business centres etc. As a result, many destinations witness irreplaceable damages to the ecology and environment. Thus, forest areas are being replaced by majestic architectural structures. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 1.1 Eco Tourism in India 1.4 EVOLUTION OF MASS TOURISM In Earlier day’s people travel in mass travel to the religious and pilgrimage sites the concept of mass tourism emerged from this activity. During the period of renaissance several changes happened in the society and traveling to distant places became easy. Most of the holy places of world’s pilgrimage centres and religious institutions were ready to provide accommodation and food to the devotees and pilgrims. In addition, people in the Romanian Empire used to travel to the hill stations and mountain for spa bath. There was a major change in mass travel during the rapid industrialization due to rise in income and holidays. Further, in 17th and 18th century. Mass tourism got major breakthrough paid holidays introduced in the Western Europe and North America during the massive industrialization many popular destinations in Italy, France, Switzerland, Egypt and the United Kingdom were emerged as mass tourism destinations. Other important mass tourism destinations were the Southern Europe, the Caribbean Islands and North America region in the 1960s and 1970s. Mass Tourism is one of the growth-led and economic-driven industries worldwide and the number of international tourists across the countries has been gradually increasing. Large number of tourists at a particular point of time causes maximum damage to the quality of air and water and creates noise and radioactive pollution. 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.4.1 Meaning & Definition of Mass Tourism Figure 1.2 Mass Tourism at Great Wall of China Mass tourism is defined as the occurrences of assembly or congregation of a large number of tourists at a particular point of time, thereby causing maximum damages to the quality of air and water and creating noise and radioactive pollution. Mass tourism in a rather unspecific manner is known for its accumulated appearance of tourists in a special destination. Thus, mass tourism constitutes the major share of tourism arrivals and activities since majority of tourists prefer to visit conventional places of tourist interest. Importantly mass tourism generates foreign exchange for countries and also enhances socio psychological behaviour of host population. Mass tourists usually like to undertake organized package tour and take the help of professional travel agents to make transport and accommodation arrangements. Language is not a constrain as the host populations or people working for the tourism industry pick up some functional or operational words and sentences to help tourists in finding hotels, vehicles, restaurants, shopping complex, et. As such, mass tourists like to have accommodation or other travel services with a very hard bargain and they wish to stay at reasonable hotels or in some cases expensive hotels. The amount of expenditures is relative higher as it includes the cost of room, food, sightseeing, shopping and other entertainment activities. The crowding of tourists to enjoy usual or common attractions without facing any 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

problems of accommodation, transportation, food, hygienic, safety, etc may called as mass tourism. Because mass tourism destinations are well developed with maximum infrastructure and the quantity of development is related to the quantity of tourist arrivals. Mass tourism creates both positive and negative impacts on the ecology and environment of the destinations. Leisure tourism boom in the 1960s and 70s to the Mediterranean region and other exotic islands added to the growth of mass tourism. Many alternative forms of tourism as opposed to a mass phenomenon include sustainable tourism, ecotourism, slow tourism, soft tourism, responsible tourism and pro-poor tourism. 1.4.2Indicators for defining mass tourism Figure 1.3 Mass Tourism at a canal 1. The number of tourists gathered at a particular time or in season. 2. The intensity of the visitors in their interactions with local social, cultural, ecological an environmental condition. 3. The mode of transports used for transferring the visitors and transporting goods for the tourism industry 4. The type of accommodations and its locations 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. The temporary or permanent character of the impacts of mass tourists arrivals, movement and stay 6. The amount of water, land, energy, etc used for meeting their needs and comforts 7. The impacts of carrying capacity at an individual site or as a whole. 8. The establishment of support infrastructure and its direct impact. 1.4.3Characteristics of Mass Tourism Mass tourists have different frame of mind in order to satisfy the travel needs, preferences and motivations. The attributes of mass tourists can be easily identified at any destinations since they are generally careless with consumptive mind-set. Thus, the behaviour of mass tourists includes passivity, lack of preparation, hurriedness or no interest in local customs, no care for environment and people, non-comprising, etc. In order to satisfy the erratic behaviour of mass tourists, large construction of building, shopping complex, airports, railway stations, bus terminals, public amusement park, parking areas, dumping yard, roads, etc. are created to cater mass tourists with the purpose of additional revenue generation. 1.4.4 Types of Mass Tourism There are different forms of mass tourism, but the most common of them comprise sunshine/ seaside tourism and winter sports tourism. Fink (1970) has classified mass tourism into four categories such as 1. Participation of large number of people 2. Collective organization of travelling 3. Collective accommodation 4. Conscious integration of the holidaymakers in a travelling group. 1.4.5Mass Tourism Activities The concept of “mass tourism” is used in contrast to the limited participation of people in some specialized forms of tourist activities such as Skiing, Trekking, River rafting and Scuba diving. Mass tourism is proportion to the total populations who participate in tourism or the volume of tourist’s activity. To deal with the mass tourism menaces, the popular and potential destinations with all possible qualities attract a large volume of tourists in a short period of time. These destinations generally witness the massive development of infrastructure and superstructure to cater to the needs of visitors. Nonetheless, there is every possibility of overutilization of facilities and amenities when the inflow of tourists into the destinations increases and vice-versa due to the seasonal factor and other uncontrollable factors. In many cases, the mass tourism becomes a nuisance factor when it is not regulated in a planned way. Mass Tourism: Biggest Polluter Mass tourism is an important source of significant economic benefits, particularly to less developed countries, but these are mostly distributed unequally. It has also generated uncongenial and sometimes destructive environmental, social and 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

cultural consequences at the popular destinations. As a result, it threatens the sustainability of local tourist industries. For example, small countries and fragile mountain destinations, island states and mountain areas as compared to other sectors of the economy largely depend on the tourism revenue. Tourism is a dominant industry and its contribution to GDP is significant for which those countries promote mass tourism. Consequently, the quality of water, air and soil as some of the indicators of environment get affected severely with the increase in tourist inflows. In addition, the rate of inflation rises to maximum level due to the rising demand by the visitors and tourism industry. The practices of tradition and custom get also influenced largely by the intrusion of foreign or alien culture. Air pollution is a result of emissions from vehicles and airplanes. The recent issues of ozone destruction, the greenhouse effect and global warming are related to the mass tourism activities. In congested areas, emissions negatively influence vegetation, soil and visibility. Tourism infrastructure could have negative impacts on visual quality that is a direct impact on environment. Historical buildings and monuments are also the victims of the alteration in architectural styles and it causes vision pollution. This impact of mass tourism is especially noticeable when any form of development. It is otherwise called as aesthetic pollution. Unplanned tourism growth and its consequences in the natural areas have resulted in damaging the natural environment in the form of repercussions on the man-made environment and disruption of the socio-cultural environment. Alternative tourism or alternate development strategies help protect and preserve the quality and serenity of the environment. The impact of consumptive activities such as hunting, poaching and smuggling of the vegetation at the wildlife area and medicinal plants creates the destruction of wildlife for souvenirs such as elephant tusks and lion-claw necklaces. Similarly, poaching or game safari is a major threat to wildlife, especially in African countries. There are some socio-cultural impacts such as loss of cultural heritage, loss of traditional livelihood and influence of urban culture affecting in the highland region. Sedimentation is also one of the additional impacts associated with tourism due to soil erosion and deforestation in many hill stations. Water pollution and sedimentation are directly linked to the tourism development. Sedimentation reduces the purity of water and gravely affects the aquatic life in the lakes and reservoirs for long time. On the other hand, tourism industry requires the heavy use of water for washing, swimming pools, lawn water and other uses. This is particularly problematic in areas where fresh water is scarce. For example, the physical environment impact of Western Australia Coastal areas is a matter of concern today. Therefore, adverse impacts can create degradation of dunes, loss of biodiversity, erosion, eutrophication and littering. For instance, CPREEC (C.P.REnvironmental Education Centre 2002) outlined the importance of an increase of two lakh visitors on an average in a year since 2000 in the Nigiri hill region. The authority should incorporate sustainable and responsible tourism practices to minimize the mass tourism impacts in Ooty, Shimla and Darjeeling. Advantage and Disadvantage of Mass Tourism Mass tourism is tourism on a large scale to one country or region. This equates to the Development and Consolidation phases of the Butler tourist resort life-cycle model. 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.5 PRINCIPLES AND BENEFITS OF ECOTOURISM 1. Permanent environmental restructuring 2. Generation of waste 3. Tourist activities 4. Effects on population dynamics Tourism & Environment Both natural and man-made environment is essential for tourism development. Figure 1.4 Eco- Tourism Experience in India However, the complex relationship of tourism with the environment needs to be explained. Tourism needs the quality of environment to be maintained at different levels. Environment expects from the tourism industry to be more responsible and contribute largely for its maintenance. The elements of environment include climate, altitude, temperature, topography, soil, water, etc. and these elements make the environment better or worse depending on the awareness of people involved directly and indirectly in the business. Many activities of tourism can have adverse environmental effects due to the development of infrastructure. It includes the construction of roads, rail lines, seaports and airports and touristic facilities include resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The positive aspects of these activities create additional facilities for the local people and stimulate several other forward and backward linkages in the economic activities. In addition, tourism has the 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. 1.6 TYPES OF ECOTOURISM Ecotourism is a form of alternative tourism which mostly attracts nature and wildlife lovers from city places. People of those industrialized countries are more motivated to visit the ecotourism places as the life in big cities becomes restless and stressful. There can be several types such as soft or hard, consumptive or non-consumptive, natural and unnatural and exploitive, passive and active for of ecotourism. The level of commitment tourists has learnt interest to gain experience is mostly given important in the ecotourism activities. An eco-tourist needs to have willingness, interest and efforts to enjoy the hard or soft form of ecotourism in the natural areas. It may be rainforest, desert, mountain, hills, valleys, beach etc, but Eco tourists are those who wish to take risk of taking experience out of ecotourism activities. Thus, hard-core eco-tourists have a deep level of interest and enthusiasm to take part in the activities like trekking, jungle walking, river rafting, rock climbing, wildlife and bird watching, etc. Those hard-core eco-tourists are experienced and expertise in the activities that they are inclined to participate and enjoy the climate, nature and activities. In addition, these eco-tourists have conflicting motivations and behaviour with regard to take challenges at the ecotourism sites. Some of them stay shorter period and majority of them prefer to stay for longer period with basic facilities. Conversely, soft-core eco-tourists are less serious about take risk of participation in the ecotourism activities and they do not prepare their mind for risk. Other characteristics of hard-core eco- tourists reveal that they spend more time in seeing the objects in interpretation centre along with other tourists. As compared to hard-core eco-tourists, the soft-core eco-tourists spend shorter duration along with interest in multi-purpose and multi-dimensional travel experience. 1.7 TYPES OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES Eco Tourism consists of aesthetic landscape sites, such as beaches, lakes, riversides, and mountains in build with several species’ rich ecosystems. Those are now threatened with deprivation a those ecologically fragile areas such as alpine regions, rain forests, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds. In the European Alps, tourism exceeds 150 million visitors per days. Every year in the Indian Himalayan region receive more than 2.5 lakhs Hindu pilgrims, and 75 mountaineering experiences. In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of waste each year. Today some cruise lines are actively working to reduce waste-related impacts. A new concept called as Green Tourism has been emerged by many governments to promote nature tourism and create of more afforestation activities with the 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

help of tourism stakeholders the objective of green tourism is to use the resource in minimum and enhance the capacity of resources are to be followed. Thus, the nature-based tourism can play a crucial role in the communities and natural environments under the greatest pressure from the development of tourism. The ecology of sustainable tourism aims at explaining the roles of tourism industry to make through checking of lighting, landscaping, colour contrasts, exterior and interior decorations. Street appearances and city themes, parking lots and internal transportation service to help visitors understand the richness of the places of tourism interest. Local festivals reflect the long tradition of local community and festivals should be made a part of ecology of sustainable tourism. Figure 1.5 Eco- Tourism Environmental Protection Activity 1. Reduction of exploitation of land areas 2. Reduce pollution of air, soil and water, noise and vision. Community based Tourism Activity 1. Supporting of local economy 2. Involving local communities directly in Tourism activity e.g. - homestay, home food, purchasing handicraft items etc. 3. Establishing friendly communication between stakeholders and local community 4. Training and developing skills of local people 5. Being responsible tourist. Utilizing the limited resource. 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Nature Tourism activity include 1. Providing education on nature and its functioning 2. Practicing sustainable use of resources 3. avoiding degradation 4. Learning about the Ecosystem 5. Trekking 6. bird watching 7. Empowering local community as a part of nature tourism 8. Respecting local culture and heritage 9. Providing sustainable profits to the business firms involved in nature tourism Nature- based tourism 10. Respecting local community culture and tradition 11. Experiencing Ethnic food. Figure 1.6 Bird watching On-site activities include 1. Fishing 2. photography 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. bird watching 4. Visiting National parks wildlife sanctuaries and zoo. Soft Adventure Activities Soft adventure activities include kayaking, canoeing, rowing, sailing, horseback riding, river rafting, scuba diving, angling, rock climbing, ropeways, river crossing with rope or swinging bridge, searching for wild orchids, etc. These activities offer more of fun and frolic than studying. Conversely, these activities have moderate impact on the ecosystems of lakes, rivers, soil, sea, etc. For example, angling or catching fish in the Yercaurd. Figure 1.7 Kayaking in Aleppey 1.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE AND ECOTOURISM Ecotourism is highlighted within the area of nature tourism by: 1. Travel to a natural area. 2. Travel that supports the conservation of biodiversity. 3. Travel that brings benefits to local communities. 4. Travel that leads to greater understanding of the natural or culturalenvironment 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Nature Walk Ecotourism is better known for its priority for providing opportunities of jungle or forest walk. The walks along the forest trails with local nature guide offer wonderful opportunities of watching a range of birds, butterflies and wildlife habitats in the natural environs. In addition, nature lovers also see the trees, plants, creepers, etc. to understand the rich biodiversity and its impacts on human existence. It is soft form of ecotourism activities conducted for shorter distance about four to five kilometres with a maximum number of five to seven persons. It is a regulated tour with well-designed programmes that include interaction with indigenous tribes and their occupational activities. The chirping of birds and nature’s whispers along with sighs enhance the experience of nature walk. Trekking one of the most preferred activities of ecotourism is the participation of eco-tourists in the trekking. Trekking is a soft form of organized adventure activity that is programmed to provide services like camping, food, escort-cum-guide, binoculars, reading materials, torch lights, etc. The primary purpose of participating in trekking or hiking is to see, enjoy and admire the grasslands, evergreen, deciduous and river in a forests, wildlife and tribal hamlets. Professional ecotourism operators conduct trekking tours with varied durations and most of the ecotourism are all-inclusive packages. Activities of trekking include photographywatching wild animals, taking bath in the hot-sulphur spring water, camp fire, watching folk dance, taste of local cuisine, paintings, etc. Jungle Patrolling Participation in the tiger or other endangered animals is an activity in the jungle patrolling. This activity involves younger visitors with physical stamina, good health, experience and commitment to contribute to the conservation of plants, wildlife and cultural resources of ecotourism sites. This jungle patrolling programme is conducted in the fringes of Eco development zones of the animal reserve and the visitors are accompanied by armed forest guards. Visitors are given some short training and tips to be alert in the night patrolling in the jungle. This is quite popular in Africa and it has been introduced in Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala. Hiking what hiking can provide experience that trekking cannot provide to the visitors as an important adventure activity. Unlike trekking, participants or eco-tourists need to have experience in doing hiking in different altitudes. Generally, the altitudinal ranges between 300 to 1,500m with many ups and downs in the hiking trails. The hikers or trekkers can have clear views of lofty mountain peaks, valleys, terrains, watersheds, waterfalls, rivers, gorges, animals, plants and people. More interestingly, meeting the local people, for example Mawlynlong village tourism and interacting with them add to the pleasant experience participation. It is neither a soft or hard form of ecotourism, but it is no less than hard-core adventure activity. Participants undergo several rounds of physical fitness test before they are included in the all- inclusive package tour. The adventure or eco-tour operators conducted the tours with the help of local porters and guides to carry belongings of eco-tourists. Jungle Camp Temporary huts and camps are pitched against the backdrop the hill terrains or in the bank of rivers and lakes or in the midst of farm land to provide off-the-beaten-track experience to the eco-tourists. This is a secondary type of tented accommodation that provides bed, attached toilet and bathroom, mosquito net and solar light. Food is served them Notes 124 in the room or in the 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

dinning. The activities include walking leisurely, viewing animals and birds, visiting local villages, viewing the traditional cultivation, boating or rafting, etc. Local community members are hired to serve in the jungle camp and guests are served local cuisine to have authentic tastes of local food. Camps can be accessed by the forest trails or river. It does not require any training for staying or participating in the jungle camp. Wilderness Hard-core eco-tourists with much interest in nature and wildlife do take part in the wilderness activities. This is clearly non-conventional activity that requires special permission from the authority to trek through the protected areas to study, understand, appreciate and enjoy the natural environs and its settings. For those eco-tourists who wish to show interest in experiencing the wilderness must be prepared to adjust with minimal facilities and foods in the jungle. These eco-tourists are dedicated and committed to see the undisturbed, uncontaminated and unpolluted deep forests to satisfy one’s mission in the life. Wildlife Viewing Wildlife is a prime attraction and motivation of those nature tourists who are prepared to undertake wildlife or safari tour to view animals in forest. Wildlife viewing is an important ecotourism activity in the protected areas. Watch towers are erected at the key locations to view the grazing of deer, peacocks and other herbivore animals. For example, seeing the wild elephants taking the salts is an amazing view and experience for the wildlife lovers. Many hard-core wildlife tourists spend longer duration to follow the trails of animals and understand their behaviours. Many wildlife enthusiasts and activists participate in the tiger, elephant, crocodile and rhinoceros census with the wildlife officials in the protected areas in India. Wildlife tourists stay in the Forest Rest House (FRH) and enjoy the wildlife viewing from the tower and learn the natural ecosystem. Figure 1.8 Wildlife viewing Thematic Attraction Apart from creating opportunities for nature walk, trekking, wildlife viewing, photographing, etc., thematic attraction for the children in the interpretation centre 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

or in the amusement park in the manipulation zone of the protected areas. Thematic attractions include the erected objects made of stone, cement, bricks, etc. to present the relationship of organisms in different ecosystem. For example, aquarium presents a wide range of marine species to make the visitors educated about the marine ecosystem. Similarly, sculpture garden in Thenmalain Kerala showcases the relationship between humans and nature. 1.9 SUMMARY  Tourism is an amalgamation of several other development other industries. It provides varied job opportunities, but a famous tourist destination is mostly considered to be over explored, and the activities are considered to be damaging the environment or ecology through high carrying capacity.  This chapter discussed about the need for being responsible towards and environment and the need for eco-tourism is highlighted as an approach rather than considering it has a type of tourism along with the positive and negative impacts of tourism on environment concepts and benefits were also discussed.  Thus, Eco tourism is compared with Mass tourism to create understanding and Tourism and Environment.  Eco Tourism consists of aesthetic landscape sites, such as beaches, lakes, riversides, and mountains in build with several species’ rich ecosystems. Those are now threatened with deprivation a those ecologically fragile areas such as alpine regions, rain forests, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds. In the European Alps, tourism exceeds 150 million visitors per days.  Soft adventure activities include kayaking, canoeing, rowing, sailing, horseback riding, river rafting, scuba diving, angling, rock climbing, ropeways, river crossing with rope or swinging bridge, searching for wild orchids, etc. 1.10 KEYWORDS  Biodiversity - The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable  Ecotourism - The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable  IUOTO - International Union of Official Travel Organizations.  Pristine- in its original condition; unspoilt.  Environmentalists - a person who is concerned about protecting the environment.  FRH - Forest Rest House  Mass Tourism - Tourism happening with large number of people 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.11 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define Ecotourism ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the uses of Eco tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Bring out the reason for evaluation of Eco tourism. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.12 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What do you mean by Eco Tourism? 2. What are the characteristics of Eco Tourism? 3. Name some eco-tourism destination? 4. List out some eco-tourism activities? 5. Why eco-tourism is important? Long Questions 1. List out the fundamental concepts of ecology. 2. Give a detailed view on the evolution, meaning and characteristics of mass tourism. 3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism. 4. Differentiate between the mass tourism and ecotourism. 5. Explain the nature-based components of ecotourism? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The ecotourism is all about visiting ____________ areas where the eco-tourists explore the unexplored destination. a. undeveloped b. developed 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. overdeveloped d. developing 2. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavour by _______. a. conservationists b. naturalists c. forest department d. environmentalists 3. Eco Tourism is also termed as __________ mode of tourism. a. substitutive b. alternative c. corresponding d. Cultural 4. Eco tourism provides _________ benefits for the individual or family as they conduct home stays. a. psychological b. income c. cultural d. social 5. Eco Tourism promotes ________ travel. a. responsible b. leisure c. business d. alternative 6. The basic principles of ecotourism include 18 a. Deforestation CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. Afforestation c. energy efficiency d. All of these Answers 1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a, 5-a, 6-b 1.13REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI.  Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference’s book  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region,Canada’s Far North- a Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies inTourism.  Planning,PolicyandDevelopment. New York,John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aronsson, L. (2000). TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourismLondonandNew York: Continuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann,Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global, national,andlocalinterests–A case studyASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who is tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55.  Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and keyconsideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual CaribbeanConference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and Sea Encounters.” Havana, Cuba.House.(1997) 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: AStructuralApproachto Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill  Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos Hidalgo  WWW International.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity-BaseEco- tourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Websites  Goodwin,H.,andSantilli,R.(2009).Community-based tourism:A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos. (2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch, 2004, fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2: INTRODUCTION TO ECO TOURISM- II STRUCTURE 2.0Learning objectives 2.1 Introduction – Eco tourism Definitions 2.1.1 Emergence of Eco Tourism 2.1.2 Basic features ecotourism in context to other tourism types 2.1.3 Concept of Ecotourism 2.2 Summary 2.3 Keyword 2.4 Learning Activity 2.5 Unit End Questions 2.6 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the concept of Eco- Tourism  Analyse the need to explore the unexplored destination  Be familiar with the Eco Tourism approach.  Examine the need for maintaining the natural resources and Wildlife 2.1 INTRODUCTION - ECO TOURISM DEFINITIONS Ecotourism is a form of tourism associated with the natural history of a destination, including its vernacular culture and tradition. The ecotourism is all about visiting undeveloped areas where the eco-tourists explore the unexplored destination. Eco tourism also helps in the protection of the place. Ecotourism includes exploring wildlife areas and natural resources and contributes for social welfare through financial means and also focuses to directly benefit the localities. Definition of Eco tourism According to Boo. (1991) Ecotourism is a nature tourism that contributes to conservation, through generating funds for protected areas, creating employment opportunities for local communities and offering environmental education.’ Forestry Tasmania, 1994: stated that Ecotourism is also considered to be ‘Nature-based tourism that is focused on providing learning opportunities in addition providing local

community economic benefits, ecotourism demonstrates environmental, social, cultural, and economic sustainability According to Richardson 1993 ecologically sustainable tourism in natural areas that indulge local environment and Vernacular culture of the aborigines, furthers helps tourists to understand the propaganda for conservation In 1994 Australia Department of Tourism stated that Nature-based tourism involves education and interpretation of nature and environment and teaches tourists to be responsible to maintain a sustainable ecosystem. In addition, it involves cultural components, and long- term conservation of the local community resource.’ Tickell 1994, ‘Defined Travel to remote or natural areas which aims to enhance and educate travellers to understand the association with nature, environment and cultural heritage, also educate tourists to avoid damage or destruction of “environment and create minimum of negative impact in the destination. Whereas the tourist can travel to the destination enjoy the diverse culture and can have a look on exotic species of that region without causing any damages Butler Defined ‘Ecotourism is a form of tourism which fosters environmental principles, with an emphasis on visiting and observing natural areas. Ensuring to create a ‘lower negative impact on the destination. Godwin Defined nature tourism which contributes to the maintenance of Endangered and Exotic species and its habitats either by direct contribution by conserving the environment or indirectly by providing revenue to the local community to protect, their wildlife heritage area helps in generating income to one. Basic importance of eco-tourism 1. An important economic activity in natural areas gives economic value to ecosystem services 2. Generates direct income for the conservation of protected areas. 3. Generates direct and indirect income for local stakeholders 4. Promote sustainable use of natural resources. 5. Reduce threats to biodiversity 2.1.1 Emergence of Eco Tourism Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, often termed as small scale or alternative tourism form whereas standard commercial form is termed as mass tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveller, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavour by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. Generally, ecotourism deals with living parts of the natural environments. Ecotourism carries social responsibility while travelling that includes personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where the tourist gets a chance to see exotic flora, fauna, and cultural heritage. From a Historical Perspective Tourism has made some negative impact on nature where mass tourism was highly practiced. There was a need for conservation to bring back the lost habitat, damaged soil and vegetation, and lost exotic species those were caused due to several calamities. Forest fire, pollution, and anthropological disturbance to flora and fauna. The relationship between tourism and environment was studies in the last quarter of 20th century. There was not much literature on tourism and environment prior to 1980. However, Mathieson and Wall’s approaches on Economic, Social and Ecological Impacts (1982) explained about the tourism development and conservation of nature. The United Nations of 1972 with the theme Human and Environment Conference was held. Several World Conservation Strategy was discussed and in the Brandt land Commission. Manila Declaration 1980 was an eye opener for tourism and environment. For example, the UN’s first conference highlighted eco-development and the Brandt land Commission emphasized on the meaning and principles of sustainable development. The protection of heritage was included an agenda item for this organization from 1954 onwards. The Fifteenth General Assembly of IUOTO resolved that nature in its most noble and unchanging aspects constitutes and will continue to increase in the future to constitute one of the essential elements of the national or world tourist heritage. All these conferences or global summit level discussions on the minimum use of tourism resources. It is further highlighted that the use of tourism resources should not be overused out of control; using resources may risk their resources and may lead to deterioration or destruction of the resource. The satisfaction of tourism requirements must have a concern towards social and economic interests of the population in tourist areas and to the environment. Above all, natural resources are the fundamental attractions of tourism and historical and cultural sites. All tourism resources are part of the heritage of mankind. 2.1.2 Basic features ecotourism in context to other tourism types Eco Tourism is also termed as alternative mode of tourism that helps in sustainable development of a destination Followings are some of the basic impacts of Eco tourism 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14. It serves as key tool to sustain Natural resource and wellbeing of local community 15. It is an appropriate Alternative mode of tourism that focus on the Economic benefit of the people 16. It involves several soft-core activities which don't affect nature 17. It is also called as people to people tourism because of the strong bond between Host and Tourist. 18. It minimizes or controls the negative impact created on any tourism destination that is associated with Nature 19. It also provides income benefits for the individual or family as they conduct home- stay type of accommodation. 20. It enhances managerial and decision-making skills 21. It improves the quality of life and well-being of the family 22. It builds environment friendly relationship between host and local community 23. It simultaneously checks the leakage of tourism revenue and increases the purchasing power to the local community 24. It reduces social tensions as they local community get regular income out of doing the job they wished 25. it preserves the local traditions and customs 26. It helps tourist to prefer the ecotourism destinations as they get authenticated experience. 2.1.3. Concept of Ecotourism Ecotourism is a form of tourism that generally involves visiting to fragile, pristine and protected areas. The activities of ecotourism have low negative impact on the ecology and it is often a small-scale alternative form of tourism as against mass tourism. As such, the purpose is to provide an interactive environment for both the host and guest to understand each other and the travel to the ecotourism sites can educate the visitors, raise funds and create belongingness for conservation of ecology and ecosystem. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is intended to offer tourists insights into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of the natural habitats and their relationship. As a result, the act of responsible travel can directly provide immense benefits in the forms of income, employment, decent facilities and dignified social life. The very basic purpose of ecotourism is to emancipate the downtrodden people in and around the sites through political, social and economic empowerment. It fosters friendship, brotherhood and mutual respect for both host and guest cultures and ensures for human rights in the form of equitable distribution 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of benefits percolated from the tourism revenue. Since the 1980s, environmentalists, ecologists and Notes 90 naturalists have been very critical of the functioning of tourism activities in the ecologically sensitive places. Consequently, ecotourism was conceived as an alternative to the commercial form of tourism to experience and enjoy the beauty and serenity of destinations for present and future. They have been raising their concerns for uncontrolled ways of managing the ecotourism sites. Ecotourism sites should not be opened to all. It further explains that the destinations should be undisturbed. Generally, ecotourism focuses on three points such as socially responsible travel, knowledge gaining and contribution to the local community and environmental sustainability that creates wellbeing of mental and physical health. Eco Tourism promotes responsible travel that can neutralize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts by reducing carbon foot print. Components of eco-tourism the social, cultural and economic well- are being. The basic principles of ecotourism include recycling, waste management, energy efficiency, water conservation and afforestation. Thus, ecotourism is an alternative means to promote and preserve the nature and culture for present as well as future generation. 2.2 SUMMARY  Tourism is an amalgamation of several other development other industries. It provides varied job opportunities, but a famous tourist destination is mostly considered to be over explored, and the activities are considered to be damaging the environment or ecology through high carrying capacity.  This chapter discussed about the need for being responsible towards and environment and the need for eco-tourism is highlighted as an approach rather than considering it has a type of tourism along with the positive and negative impacts of tourism on environment concepts and benefits were also discussed.  Thus, Eco tourism is compared with Mass tourism to create understanding and Tourism and Environment.  Eco Tourism consists of aesthetic landscape sites, such as beaches, lakes, riversides, and mountains in build with several species’ rich ecosystems. Those are now threatened with deprivation a those ecologically fragile areas such as alpine regions, rain forests, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds. In the European Alps, tourism exceeds 150 million visitors per days.  Soft adventure activities include kayaking, canoeing, rowing, sailing, horseback riding, river rafting, scuba diving, angling, rock climbing, ropeways, river crossing with rope or swinging bridge, searching for wild orchids, etc. 2.3 KEYWORDS 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Eco-Tourism Destination - Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel (using sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.  Natural Resources - Natural resources are resources that exist without any actions of humankind. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest and cultural value  Protected Areas - Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values.  Environmental Education- Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably.  Sustainable Tourism-Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities.  Ecosystem - An ecosystem consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. 2.4 LEARNING ACTIVITY 4. Define Ecotourism Destination ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the endangered species? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is Sustainable tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.5 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What do you mean by Eco Tourism destination? 2. What are natural resources? 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. List the basic importance of Eco-Tourism? 4. List out the basic features of Eco-Tourism? 5. Why preserving of eco-tourism destination is important? Long Questions 1. Explain the fundamental concepts of ecology. 2. Describe the evolution of Eco-Tourism concept. 3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of preserving ecotourism destinations. 4. What are nature-based components of ecotourism? 5. Eco-Tourism promotes responsible travel. Explain. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The ecotourism is considered as ______tourism. a. Nature based b. Water based c. Land based d. Mountain based 2. Eco tourism promotes _______of natural resources. a. deforestation b. afforestation c. Sustainable use d. Conservation 3. Mass tourism has a ________impact on nature. 7 a. Positive b. Negative c. Political d. Demographic 4. UN’s first conference highlighted ________ a. Eco-development b. Sustainable development c. Land development CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Wild life development 5. Eco Tourism promotes ________ travel. a. responsible b. leisure c. business d. alternative Answers 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a, 5-a, 2.6REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI.  Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference’s book  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- a Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning,PolicyandDevelopment. New York, John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aronsson, L. (2000). TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourismLondonandNew York: Continuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global, national,andlocalinterests–A case studyASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who is tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55.  Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and key consideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Organization Sixth Annual Caribbean Conference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and Sea Encounters.” Havana, Cuba. House.(1997)  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: A StructuralApproachto Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill  Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos Hidalgo  WWW International.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity-BaseEco- tourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Websites  Goodwin,H.,andSantilli,R.(2009).Community-based tourism: A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf.  IstitutoOikos. (2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch, 2004, fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOTOURISM STRUCTURE 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Characteristic of Ecotourism 3.2 Importance of Eco Tourism 3.3 Summary 3.4 Keywords 3.5 Learning Activity 3.6 Unit End Questions 3.7 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the need to travel to natural destinations.  Analyse the negative impacts of Eco- Tourism.  Describe environmental awareness on eco destinations.  State the direct financial benefits for the local community that leads to conservation of nature.  Explore local culture and tradition.  State the human rights and democratic movement. 3.1 CHARACTERISTIC OF ECOTOURISM These are the following characters of ecotourism. 1. Ecotourism focus on sustainable practice of tourism. 2. Ecotourism enlighten tourist by creating experience to the tourist in the local habitat with the host community 3. Ecotourism imparts nature education to different target groups such as children, teachers, bureaucrats, media persons, rural people and others 4. Ecotourism influences all the stakeholders in the policy-making decisions at different level. 5. Ecotourism provides park or sanctuary additional facilities to generate preservation and responsiveness among the tourist by discovering one with nature and their relationship. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6. Ecotourism strengthens the local community and the destination by providing infrastructure to do several ecotourism activity and programmes 7. Ecotourism Creates employment opportunities for local community to the needs and desire also uplift their economic status 8. Ecotourism generates sufficient revenue to the host community so that they can run the show and provide activity of eco-tourism. 9. Ecotourism Involve local community in 3Rs – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle the generate revenue from doing the best practices for improvement of resources. 10. Ecotourism is a form of tourism that involves visiting natural areas in the remote wilderness or urban environments. Honey (1999) expanded on the TIES definition by describing the seven characteristics of ecotourism. 1. Involves travel to natural destinations 2. Minimizes Negative impact 3. Builds environmental awareness 4. Provides direct financial benefits for conservation 5. Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people 6. Respects local culture Fig 3.1 Sustainability 11 3.2 IMPORTANCE OF ECO TOURISM 1. Minimization of the negative impacts on natural and cultural rich areas. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Creating and Involving Interest to the travellers on the importance of biodiversity conservation 3. Promotion of responsible tourism by involving local authorities and people to meet local needs and for conservation benefits 4. Generation of direct revenues for conservation and management of natural and protected areas 5. Maximization of economic benefits for the host, by doing local business and participating as a community, 6. Development of infrastructure in harmony with the environment that can minimize the use of fossil fuels and can help conserve local plants and wildlife by blending with natural and cultural environment 7. Contribution to the conservation of biodiversity 8. Acting on sustainable ways of maintaining the wellbeing of local people. 9. Responsible action on the part of tourist and the tourism industry. 10. Requirement of the lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources. 11. Encouragement to small groups with small less investment 12. local participation, ownership and business opportunities particularly for rural people 13. Conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity through protection of ecosystem 14. Promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity by providing jobs to local populations 15. Protection of unspoiled natural resources with minimal impact on the environment being a primary concern. 16. Reduction of waste and reuse 17. Preservation of local culture, flora and fauna 18. Economic benefit from ecotourism often more than mass tourism 3.3 SUMMARY  Eco tourism not only Involves travel to natural destinations and helps to safe guard nature but it’s also in build with immense characteristics and importance. This chapter focuses on the component of the Eco tourism such as Economical, Environmental and social wellbeing of the people and the destination. All the positive impacts of eco- tourism and need for minimizing negative impacts are discussed. 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Ecotourism generates sufficient revenue to the host community so that they can run the show and provide activity of eco-tourism.  Ecotourism is a form of tourism that involves visiting natural areas in the remote wilderness or urban environments.  Eco Tourism consists of aesthetic landscape sites, such as beaches, lakes, riversides, and mountains in build with several species’ rich ecosystems. Those are now threatened with deprivation a those ecologically fragile areas such as alpine regions, rain forests, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds. In the European Alps, tourism exceeds 150 million visitors per days.  Many hard-core wildlife tourists spend longer duration to follow the trails of animals and understand their behaviours. Many wildlife enthusiasts and activists participate in the tiger, elephant, crocodile and rhinoceros census with the wildlife officials in the protected areas in India  Thematic Attraction Apart from creating opportunities for nature walk, trekking, wildlife viewing, photographing, etc., thematic attraction for the children in the interpretation centre or in the amusement park in the manipulation zone of the protected areas. Thematic attractions include the erected objects made of stone, cement, bricks, etc. to present the relationship of organisms in different ecosystem. 3.4 KEYWORDS  Renaissance - the revival of European art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.  GDP - Gross Domestic Product  Host Community - People who welcome the tourist  TIES - International Eco Tourism Society  Stakeholders - A stakeholder is a party that has an interest in a company and can either affect or be affected by the business. The primary stakeholders in a typical corporation are its investors, employees, customers, and suppliers.  3Rs - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 3.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Importance of Ecotourism. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are basic characteristics of Eco tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Bring out the need for promoting of Eco tourism destination. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List out any four characteristics of Eco Tourism. 2. What are the components of Eco Tourism? 3. Name some important features of eco-tourism destination. 4. List out some eco-tourism activities that generate income to the local community. 5. Why should we sustain eco-tourism? Long Questions 1. List out the fundamental characteristics of ecotourism? 2. Give a detailed view on the evolution, meaning and characteristics of eco-tourism 3. Explain the advantages for promoting ecotourism. 4. Ecotourism is the tool for sustainable development - Justify. 5. Explain how economic component of ecotourism improvises the wellbeing of people. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. ______________establishes friendly communication between stakeholders and local a. green tourism b. community c. community based tourism d. ecotourism 2. According to__________ Ecotourism is a nature tourism that contributes to conservation, through generating funds for protected areas, creating employment opportunities for local communities and offering environmental education.’ a. Richardson 14 b. Boo CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Butler d. Godwin 3. __________reduce threats to biodiversity. a. Ecotourism b. Sustainable tourism c. Rural tourism d. Responsible tourism 4. The United Nations’ ____________ conference highlighted eco-development. a. first b. second c. third d. last 5. Ecotourism focus on __________ of tourism. a. development b. sustainable practice c. exploring d. financial benefits 6. Honey (1999) expanded on the TIES definition by describing the___________ characteristics of ecotourism. a. 7 b. 8 c. 5 d. 6 7. Eco tourism involves generation of ________ revenues for conservation and management of natural and protected areas. 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. indirect b. direct c. gross d. net 8. _____________ encourages to small groups with small less investment. a. sustainable tourism b. responsible tourism c. green tourism d. eco-tourism 9. Economic benefit from ecotourism is often more than ______________. a. Mass tourism b. business tourism c. educational tourism d. rural tourism 10. Ecotourism creates ____________ opportunities for local community to the needs and desire also uplifts their economic status. a. development b. both c. employment d. None of these Answers 16 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-b, 8- d, 9-a, 10-c 3.7 REFERENCES Textbook references  Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM,  Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference books  Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- a Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies in Tourism.  Planning, Policyand Development. NewYork,John Wiley, pp.296-312.  Aronsson,L.(2000).TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNewYork:Cont inuum.  Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59.  Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.  Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106.  Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232.  Cohen.E.1974.Who is tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55.  Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and key consideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual Caribbean Conference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and Sea Encounters.” Havana, Cuba. House.(1997)  McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: AStructuralApproach to Sustainable.  Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.  Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill  Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos  Hidalgo  WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK: RuffordFoundation. Website  Goodwin, H., andSantilli,R. (2009). Community-based tourism: A success  http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf. 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 IstitutoOikos. (2013).  http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp.  REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch, 2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. UNIT 4: ECOTOURISM MARKETS STRUCTURE 4.0. Learning Objectives 4.1. Ecotourism markets and behaviour of the tourist 4.2. Tourist’s motivation 4.3. Type of Motivation and Attitude 4.4. Eco Tourism Attitude and motivators 4.5. Tourist Market Segmentation 4.6. Socio-demographic criteria 4.7. Summary 4.8. Keyword 4.9. Learning activity 4.10. Unit end questions 4.11. References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe about existing market and behaviour of the tourist  Analyse the demand and several criteria of the tourist for formulating tour plan.  State the need for motivation towards promoting Ecotourism.  List the various types of Eco tourism  Explore the socio-economic status of the eco tourist places 4.1 ECOTOURISM MARKETS AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE TOURIST 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 4.1 Eco Tourism Market Common Markets Active Market Customized Market Characteristics Active participant who are core Older professionals Expecting adventure lovers. more comfort and safety. Nature-based or Adventure travellers go for day trips away Young-mid aged professionals Tourist wish to travel for any from regular tourist destinations Usually book in advance place. Mainly domestic. People might go in group or International, overnight solo. Prefer to go in bike or jeep, off- roader, all-terrain vehicle bookings at the earlier stage. Domestic and International tours are arranged. To explore the Unexplored Motivations from large and Enjoy nature with abundant Interaction with environment small group scenic beauty. Challenge and and local community education achievement. and learning of culture and Activity such as Relax, fun, tradition of Aboriginal groups enjoyment Nature-based tour No high expectations Quality accommodation with 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

are planned and experienced. Clear arranged pre-trip host group and food with local information is provided products made by host groups. Convenient transportation, no Spontaneous social interaction brochure is provided is made and Individuals are Details associated with information flexible to their needs. scheduled/ organized tour at premium price Satisfaction Determinants Accomplishment more Desire to learn about environment, local history, See/experience explore as significant and better known the culture and practices sense of special experience Maximum advertised and relax, fun, enjoy attractions. enjoyment with available time. Hassel-free day with pickup and Escape from daily routines Enhanced by environmental drop-off. knowledge. Learn how to contribute to ecologically sustainability Table 4.1 Ecotourism Markers and Different behaviour of Buyers of Ecotourism Packages Source: David B.Weaver (ed.), the Encyclopaedia of Ecotourism, CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Figure 4.2 Global Eco-Tourism Markets 20 4.2 TOURIST’S MOTIVATION CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Human’s motivation is an interesting and vital. Researchers have defined motivation in different ways and expressed in different forms. In general, the term “motivation” means urge of doing certain things or behaviour of a person that depends on which they are attracted. 4.2.1 Nature of Motivation  Motivations help to understand human’s behaviour as it plays important role in the decision-making process.  Motivation is an internal force that stimulates people into the action which enable to fulfil their needs or desires.  Human behaviour is totally depending on motivation and sometimes can be controlled through motivation.  Motivation is also considered as “push factor”, which activates human’s behaviour and defines its direction.  Motivation describes depends on internal psychological factors such as needs, wants, and goals. 4.2.2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Figure 4.3 Maslow’s hierarchy needs  Biological needs 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Safety and security needs  Relationship development and extension need,  Special interest and self-development need and  Fulfilment or self-actualization needs. 4.3 TYPE OF MOTIVATION AND ATTITUDE Figure 4.4 Types of Motivations in Tourism  Physical motivation is the need for accomplishing certain actions or relaxation. The attitude of the tourist is focused on achieving their desired target. E.g., visiting an Eco tourism destination  Personal motivation helps to build the personal need, desires or wishes, including visiting relatives and friends. Buying any products and the attitude of the tourist helps to concentrate on their goals. It generates a positive environment and purpose of living. E.g., building Eco friendly house 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Personal development motivation helps one to increase knowledge, ability and skills on their desired sector. The Attitude of the tourist focuses on building interest towards their desired area that further helps them to lead a successful life E.g., Being responsible tourist  Emotion motivation is based on emotional connection with certain place or people, this Attitude of tourist drive people to travel to unexplored destination. (e.g., makes one to become a blogger).  Social motivation includes personal goals to interactions with other people, building up communication with different class peoples irrespective of class, greed, social status, caste, race and community. The Attitude of the tourist focuses on building new friends and developing their network with varied people across the world. E.g. – Solo traveller, Volume Tourist  Status and prestige motive include the desire to obtain something exclusive or premium; - they get motivated towards upcoming trend. Attitude of the tourist drives one to experience premium destination. e.g. – International travel staying in premium rated accommodation.  Cultural motivation is an interest to discover new cultures. E.g., Aboriginal tourism 4.4 ECO TOURISM ATTITUDE AND MOTIVATORS Figure 4.5 an Eco Tourist This type of motivation focuses to participate in the ecotourism and behave in a responsible way throughout the tour Eco tourists motivates to participate in ecotourism has been found 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

through the tourists’ attitude and interest to self-motives, which can influence and attract person to travel. Eco tourism is considered to be a best choice of tourism as it does not affect nature. It was found that travellers participate in ecotourism because they like to spend time with nature and wish to participate in adventure activity that makes them physically fit. To describe tourism motivation tourist are motivated to get unique experience. Tourist’s motivation is considered as internal factor. Motivation generally consists of push (internal) and pulls (external) factors. The internal factors refer to push them from inside to travel as desire for relaxation, experience something new, focusing on one’s interests or doing what that makes them happy. While external relate to destination associated with the amenities and activities that attracts them as a magnet e.g., cultural attractiveness of Kerala. Thus, push factor helps a person to decide to travel, and pull factors are those helps the person to decide when to travel and how to travel. Tourists’ motivation has been studied during the long period; satisfaction of the tourist is considered to be vital to withstand in market. The beginning of Eco tourist motivation is taken from general tourist motivation. Exact study started and to be conducted in1990s. Eco tourists’ motivation concentrated on bio-centric attitudes, certain new terms were used such as “appreciating pristine natural areas”, “deep commitment to conservation and environmental issues”, and “a desire to have deep interaction with nature” (Pereira et al 2012). Environmental beliefs or attitudes are thought to be main driver for consumer preferences.  Desire to learn more about the nature and environment  Wishing to explore new places to get to know about the local customs and culture  Willingness to participate in tourism activity that do not harm the environment  Willingness to explore and experience new culture associated with environment and local community  Passion towards learning something new. 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 4.6Eco tourists’ attitude towards motives based on ecotourism principles 1. Strongly disagree 2. Not worried about 3. Important aspects and wish to participate 4. Strongly desire to participate in ecotours 5. Core reason to participate in ecotours.  Willingness to meet people with similar interests  Willingness to spend time with nature  Willingness to be strong and active throughout the tour  Willingness to participate in adventure activity  Willingness / ability to organize a customized ecotour for one’s self. 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 4.7Eco tourists’ attitude to the personal motives to participate in ecotours 1. Strongly disagree. 2. Not worried about. 3. Important aspects and wish to participate 4. Strongly desire to participate in ecotours. 5. Core reason to participate in ecotours. 4.5 TOURIST MARKET SEGMENTATION Segmentation means grouping the tourist on different categories. Segmentation considered to be an important aspect of marketing. Market segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into different subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics”. Fig 4.8 Tourist Market Segmentation 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)