towns.Thesecommunitiesarelikelyhavingatraditional,participatoryoragriculturaleconomicsyst eminwhichwork, goods andservices, use and exchange of resources fit in long-established patterns that are shapedby tradition. Standards of living, economic behaviours and relationships are static and thus predictable,without much financial or occupational mobility or change. Usually, community interests come beforethe individual. Production and distribution of goods is conducted by combined public participation tosome extent, with the expectation of sharing the proceeds in return for their labour and efforts. This is apotential advantage for implementation of CBT since community participation is a requirement forsuccessful CBT implementation. However, once the tourism development is underway, locals mayencounter obstacles in transitioning from agrarian to service production, bypassing the change processing production and consumption through industrialization. Therefore, it is crucial to keep tourism development simple by basing CBT on the existing knowledgesystems,thetraditionalway – of- lifeandpractices,existingcommunitycapital,skills,culturalandenvironmentalassets,andattractio nssoasnottooverwhelmthelocals.TypicalCBTdestinationsinvolvenon-Westernized cultures and environments were the local life style, folklore and culture, materials andclothing, dance and music, food and drink, and the natural surroundings become the CBT products.Displays common types of CBT products as attractions and activities for visitors. These products, whichare often simple and traditional, constitute an attraction for ideal CBT consumers. These local elementsarenovel,different,exotic,pleasantand,especiallywhenbundledwiththegenuineenthusia sm,warmth, and hospitality of the hosts, creating a unique social space for cross-cultural expression andexchange. However, sometimes locals may perceive aspects of their way of life as weakness, backward,runpleasantratherthanattractive.Itmaytakewell- before structuredandtargetedcapacitybuildingtoempowerthe community by increasing their awareness about cultural identity, pride, self-confidence, and sense ofcontrol, besides providing the new skills and ability todealwith outsiders. 11.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM A common similarity between many CBT applications in many countries is the assumption that tourism is adopted because it generates revenue, creates employment, and promotes private sector growth as well as infrastructural development (WTO, 1997). However, several CBT programs failed due to lack of some critical factors such as tangible benefits and employment creation, benefits from the land, management, marketing and entrepreneurial skills, community involvement and participation, sense of ownership of the project amongst the community members, and the lack of local financial resources orheavyrelianceonforeigndonors.Sinceeachcasehasuniquedestinationcharacteristicsandstakeh oldersinvolved, there are no rigid CBT models that can be applied indiscriminately to all 177 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
communities. However, CBT relies on some principles for best probability of success and sustainability. 11.3 MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF CBT 1. High extent and level of planning, planning active rather than reactive. 2. System of production and consumption (the economic system) adapted to local conditions. 3. High degree of local participation and control (inclusive of marginal groups) in all stages starting from the planning stage. 4. Responsiveness to the priorities of the communities. 5. Power structure in the population (if positive and conducive to productivity) to be put to use for all. 6. Educational system is critical to train and educate locals and re-construct the power structure and increase knowledge and formal competence; 7. Equity in distribution of income and wealth, avoiding losers and winners (winners usually outsiders, exploiters). 8. Private market forces may over look equity, thus public authorities to structure government. 9. Intervention (policy framework reforms) to stimulate more desirable outcomes. 10. Tourism as a complementing industry rather than the only industry, implying heavy dependence. 11. On tourism and potential crippling on the economy when tourism is halted. 178 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
11.4 BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM CBT has been supported by different international organizations due to its objectives of community empowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and cultural resources, and a high-quality visitor experience by integrating all stakeholders in tourism planning and development processes aiming creation of resources for the community itself (SNV-Netherlands Development Organization, 2001; World Bank, 2013). Besides protecting local cultures from the sweeping influence of globalization, CBT contributes to locals’ wellbeing, by developing infrastructure (transportation, water, electricity and telecommunication networks ) and superstructure (legal and institutional structure of health, safety, security, civil rights, environmental, heritage and cultural preservation) to ensure basic human needs for not only touristic enjoyment but also locals (Asker et al,2010; Goodwin & Santilli, 2009; Thailand CBT Institute, 2013). It provides, expands and improves sources of lively hood and opportunities to earn income, which is often times used for basic living material, education, health care and clothes, and building houses (SNV, 2001). The CBT participatory development process empowers local community members by building the skills, knowledge and confidence needed to take control over their land and resources, to tap their potential and to direct tourism development in their communities. CBT stimulates increased community cooperation and participation, providing new roles and improved voice for unskilled youth, women, elderly, indigenous, marginalized, nonelite, poor and disadvantaged minority groups. All-inclusive community participation in tourism planning results in shared decision-making, equitable distribution of resources, consensus over community’s direction, sharing of local knowledge about local assets and issues. When CBT is conducted effectively, the results are supposed to be minimal costs and maximum benefits of tourism. If effective and successful, CBT may lead to healthy economic development, cultural and environmental awareness, cross-cultural understanding and peace, sustainable destination development, successful destination. 11.5 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CBT Increasedlocalincome:revenuesandemployment Povertyalleviation Economicrecovery Improvedinfrastructure Harmonywithotherexistingsustainableeconomicactivities Developmentoflinkages amongsectors Provisionandcreationof marketsfor existingproductsandservices 179 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Contributiontobalanceddevelopment:providingeconomicdiversity,eliminating Economicdependencyonafewsectors,improving geographicdistributionofemploymentandincomegenerationopportunities. Increasedflowof resources towards local Environmental development initiatives. 11.6 SOCIO-CULTURALBENEFITSOFCBT Enhanced human capital- provision of training and education for locals to improve skills andcapacity relevant to planning, production, business development and management of business-relatedtourism services Enhanced social capital- support on community institutions, improved capacity of, linkagesbetween, and involvement of public, non-governmental, private, local, civil society and non-governmentalorganizations in tourism development Good governancebyinvolvementofparticipatoryplanningatalllevels Communitydevelopment-enhanced community dentity,senseofpride,socialcohesion,community empowerment and social equity through the participation of local people in theplanning process, development and management as well as monitoring, reduced emigration andattractingimmigration Increasedlocalqualityoflife- improvedlocalhealthbydevelopmentofasanitationandsewagesystem, public facilities and infrastructure, such as roads, water system, electricity network andtelecommunications. Preserving and promoting the local culture - historical heritage and natural resources with thehelp of increased willingness of community members conserve natural, cultural and heritageresources because the generation of income from the enterprise is directly linked to the existenceof CBT Improved inter and intra-cultural relations and links through cultural exchange and dialoguebetweenlocal community members and tourists. 11.7 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF CBT Sustainableuse and developmentofsensitivenaturalcapitalenvironments Conservationoflocalnaturalresources Useof awiderangeof resources rather han depending on oneintensively Encouragingnon-consumptiveusesofnaturalresources Increasedenvironmental awarenessatthenationalandlocallevels 180 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Improvedunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentand Human 11.8 SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Figure 11.2 Birds at wet lands Besides the benefits mentioned above, the most important benefit of CBT is the change in locals’outlook on life and themselves. CBT may open up the horizons of the future for the community, givinghope and therefore willingness for locals to get involved, produce and take control of their lives. CBTmay encourage the local population to seek change of an otherwise undesirable life condition. It mayprovide and sustain the motivation to overcome potential obstacles to productivity such as laziness andlearned helplessness, eventually resulting in belief in themselves, improved self-confidence, and self-respect among locals. Most CBT projects are subsidized by local or international donors. Whether thesubsidycontinues,localsshouldstayactiveinproductionatleastuntilitbecomesasecondnaturefo rthenew generations. The resultant change in locals’ outlook on life may prove to be a gift that keeps givingas it might impact both their current economic efforts and future as well. This may result in, by way ofdemonstration of production focus, a change in the horizons. This potential benefit, in essence, may urgesupporting CBT projects at all costs - for the greater good of the society, particularly for equity, andtowardcohesionand peace. The benefit of CBT regarding the change in locals' outlook on life in less developed places may actuallybe a critical factor in achieving UN’s Millennium Development Goals, namely combating poverty andhunger, illiteracy, gender discrimination, HIV/AIDS, and achieving health for children and mothers,environmental sustainability and global partnership. It is clear that the target groups of these objectivesarealso themost likely target groups oflocals in CBT development. 11.9 SUMMARY 181 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
CBT has been supported by different international organizations due to its objectives of communityempowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and culturalresources, and a high-quality visitor experience by integrating all stakeholders in tourism planning anddevelopmentprocessesaimingcreationofresourcesforthecommunityitself(SNV- NetherlandsDevelopmentOrganization,2001;WorldBank,2013). CBT stimulates increased community cooperationandparticipation,providingnewrolesandimprovedvoiceforunskilledyout h,women, elderly,indigenous, marginalized, nonelite, poor and disadvantaged minority groups. If effective and successful, CBT may lead to healthy economic development, cultural andenvironmental awareness, cross-cultural understanding and peace, sustainable destination development,successfuldestination. 11.10 KEYWORDS Agrarian -relating tocultivated land orthecultivation ofland Exotic-originatinginorcharacteristicof adistantforeigncountry. Cross culture- Cross-cultural may refer to cross-cultural studies, a comparative tendency in various fields of cultural analysis cross-cultural communication, a field of study that looks at how people from differing Immigration -The process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your own; the number of people who do this. 11.11LEARNING ACTIVITY 3. WhatarethecomponentsofCommunitybased Tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Howtopromotecommunity-basedtourism. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11.12UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 182 Short Questions 1. Listoutthemajorcharacteristicsof community-basedTourism. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
2. Define-CommunityBasedTourism. 3. Whydo weneed to preserveand promote thelocal culture? 4. BenefitsofCommunityBasedTourism. 5. Howcanwesustain throughcommunity-basedtourism? Long Questions 1. State the economic benefits of community-based tourism 2. Discuss the environmental benefits of community-based tourism 3. What are the socio-cultural benefits dosing the locals get from community-based tourism? 4. Explain in detail how does community-based Tourism evolve. 5. Explicate principles of Community based Tourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. ThefirstandforemostprincipleofCommunity-BasedTourismistheparticipationofall ______________ a. stakeholders b. locals c. tourists d. government 2. Thelocal peopleareinvolved in forthedevelopment oftourismin theirarea. a. Tourismactivity b. decision-makingprocess c. conservationactivity d. None of these 3. ApotentialchallengeinCommunity-BasedTourismdevelopmentistheexisting structure. cultural a. environmental b. None of these c. Social 183 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4. Community – basedtourismsources oflivelihoodandopportunitiestoearnincome. a. increased b. standard c. moderate d. stable 5. mayleadtohealthyeco-friendlyeconomicdevelopment a. Communitybasedtourism b. Businesstourism c. Educationaltourism d. Masstourism Answers 1-a, 2-b, 3- d, 4-a, 5-a 11.13REFERENCES Reference’s book Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- A Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsible-tourism– International Case Studies in Tourism. Planning, PolicyandDevelopment. New York, John Wiley, pp.296-312. Aronsson,L.(2000).TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNewYork:Cont inuum. Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, China,EnvironmentsJournal, 33 (1): 41-59. Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann,Oxford. Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106. Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change(EssexUK: Longman)211-232. Cohen.E.1974.Who isatourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55. 184 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and keyconsideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual CaribbeanConference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and SeaEncounters.” Havana, Cuba.HouseJ. (1997) McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability: A StructuralApproachto Sustainable. Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK:RuffordFoundation. Websites Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community-basedtourism:A success http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf. IstitutoOikos.(2013). http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp. REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST-ENGpdf 185 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT 12: COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN INDIA-I STRUCTURE 12.0 Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction - Community Based Tourism in India 12.2 Development of Community Based Tourism in India 12.3 Centrality of Community Participation, 12.4 Sustainability through Community Based Tourism 12.5 Summary 12.6 Keyword 12.7 Learning Activity 12.8 Unit End Questions 12.9 References 12.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: Describe aboutCommunityBasedTourismdevelopmentinIndia. FamiliarizewithcommunityparticipationandsustainabilitythroughCommunitybasedTou rism. Explore e-community-basedtourismdestinationinIndia. Explain development of Tourism and community-based tourism in India List the categories of Tourism 12.1 INTRODUCTION - COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN INDIA Community Based Tourism in developing countries “tends to inevitably be located in rural areas” (Equation, 2008). India opened for tourism a little late compared to global trends and is discovering and opening more and more destinations in remote and small areas. Rural Tourism is essentially an activity which takes place in the countryside. It is multifaceted and may entail farm/agricultural tourism, culturaltourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, community-based tourism and eco-tourism. As against conventional tourism, rural tourism has certain typical characteristics: It is experience-oriented; the locations are less populated, it is predominantly in natural environments, and it is based on the preservationof culture, heritage and traditions. Many rural tourism initiatives are being conceived within the framework of Community Based Tourism, which combines aspects of community development, poverty alleviation, cultural heritage and conservation. 186 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Tourism Policy of 2002 of Government of India considered the dynamics of rural and community-basedtourism and introduced the concept of rural tourism to show case the rural life of Indian countryside to visitors. The scheme of Rural Tourism was started by the Ministry of Tourism in 2002-03 with the objective of highlighting rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations and in villages which have core competence in art, craft, handloom, textiles and natural environment. The intention was to benefit the local community economically and socially as well as to enable interaction between tourists and localpopulation for a mutually enriching experience. The promotion of village tourism was also aimed towards generating revenue for rural communities through tourist visits, which may stop exodus from rural to urban areas. Since then, the push of spreading tourism in rural areas has come from multiple directions ranging from initiatives be the central and state tourism ministries and departments, forest departments, private tourism industry players and evennationalized banks-all willing to invest and loan. Amidst this, there are also communities who have come together who wish to benefit from tourism, to be independent and build on their own resources. With many of these initiatives, have come many models focusing on various aspects. In India, tourism is viewed and promoted as a „development paradigm‟ and a major engine for growth. However, „development‟ more often than not gets equated with economics, overlooking environmental, social, cultural and institutional dimensions. One of the outcomes of National Tourism Policy 2002 was the Endogenous Tourism Project (EPT), an innovative response the agenda of developing rural tourism. The ETP is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Tourism (MoT) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiated in 2003. This project spreads across 36 villages in India and focuses on the rural tourism experience, with thematic priorities that include human development, gender equality, strengthening decentralization, urban and rural livelihoods, energy and environment and vulnerability reduction (Explore Rural India, 2005). Another outcome of National Tourism Policy 2002 was Mountain Shepherds Initiative. In 2006, the Mountain Shepherds Initiative (MSI), a community owned and operated ecotourism venture,was formerly inaugurated in the vicinity of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in the mountain state of Uttrakhand. The initiative was born of social struggles with Chipko (early 1970s), Jhapto Cheeno (late 1990s) movements and more recent efforts by the Nanda Devi Campaign to reclaim people‟s land and forest rights. Bhotiya community of the Niti Valley has been at the forefront of bringing justice, inclusion, and respect for natural and cultural heritage into the tourism debate. Two seminal events have shaped thelives of the Bhotiya of Nity Valley-the 1962 Indo China border conflict and the 1982 closure of the NandaDevi National Park and later creation of the Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. With the launchof the Mountain Shepherds Initiative, the Nanda Devi Campaign is attempting the monumental task of establishing a community owned operation in keeping with its aspirations for a future without human exploitation and environmental degradation. 187 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
The campaign hopes to implement its guiding philosophy inall aspects of tourism planning, especially in making mountain tourism accessible to all, regardless of age,income, or ability. As a model, its success will have important bearing of the fate of the Himalayas and its people. As compared to the ETP, the model followed by MSI is a slow process, one that is not bound by time, which has paced itself out slowly thereby allowing the community to accept and be reintroducedto tourism on their terms. As per rural tourism scheme, total 107 villages across the country were implemented including ETP and MSI and the results have been mixed, but the success stories indicate that wherever successful; host communities‟ involvement was an important factor (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2010 & 2012). Along with national government, various state governments are very keen to promote Community Based Tourism in form rural tourism and homestays. Few are ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttrakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Karnataka, Kerala and Rajasthan etc. They are getting help from local NGOs, national banks and some international NGOs. 12.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN INDIA India has been a late entrant on the global tourism scene, but its tourism is prismatic where different forms of tourism are simultaneously promoted. On the one hand the focus is on the mass as the share of international tourists in India is very small at 0.64 per cent (2012) and on another rural, sustainableand eco-tourism are on the agenda of India government. The international tourists’ arrivals in the countryin 2012 were 6.58 million that generated US$ 17.74 billion foreign exchange earnings. The growth of international tourist arrivals in India is pegged at 7.5 million in 2013 revenues are expected to go up to INR 2958 billion by 2023 growing at 9.6 per cent per annum. The direct contribution of Tourism and Travel to GDP was INR 2,178.1bn (2.0 per cent of total GDP) in 2013 and is forecast to rise by 7.5 per cent in 2014 and to rise by 6.4 per cent pa, from 2014-2024, to INR 4,346bn (2.1per cent of total GDP) in 2024. The total contribution of Tourism and Travel to GDP was INR 6, 31.6bn (6.2 per cent) in 2013 and is forecast to rise by 7.3 per cent in 2014, and to rise by 7.0 per cent pa to INR 13,983.0bn (6.8 per cent of GDP) in 2014. This growth can mainly be attributed to the rising income levels and changing lifestyles, diverse tourism offerings and policy and infrastructural support by the government such as simplification of VISA procedures, tax holidays for hotels, the Incredible India campaign and sanction of 100 per cent foreign investment under the automatic route in the Hotel and Tourism related industry. But there is still a lot more desired to make country really competitive of now India ranks 11th the Asia pacificregion and 65th globally out of 140 economies ranked on travel and tourism Competitiveness Index 2013 (World Economic Forum, 2013). The key drivers and trends of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism. 188 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Table 12.1 Categories of Tourism The lands cape for tourism in the country is unlimited and its potential is immense. It is a significant contributor to employment. In 2013, the total contribution of Travel and Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly supported by the industry was 7.7 per cent of total (35,438,500 jobs) employment (World Travel and Tourism Council, WTTC, India 2014). It is a backbone for allied sectors, like hospitality, civil aviation and transport. The tourists’ resources of the country are bountiful defined only by its vast geographicaldiversityand5000yearsofdated history.Therearehistoricalmonuments, beaches, placesofreligiousinterests, hill resorts etc. that attracts tourists. Every region is identified with its handicrafts, fairs, folkdances, music and its people. Tourism traditionally has been an integral part of Indian tradition andculture. In the olden days, travel was primarily for pilgrimage to holy places and people also travelled toparticipatein fairs and festivals in different parts of thecountry. The lands cape for tourism in the country is unlimited and its potential is immense. It is a significant contributor to employment. In 2013, the total contribution of Travel and Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly supported by the industry was 7.7 per cent of total (35,438,500 jobs) employment (World Travel and Tourism Council, WTTC, India 2014). It is a backbone for allied sectors, like hospitality, civil aviation and transport. The tourists’ resources of the country are bountiful defined only by its vast geographical diversity and 5000 years of dated history. There are historical monuments, beaches, places of religious interests, hill resorts etc. that attracts tourists. Every region is identified with its handicrafts, fairs, folkdances, music and its people. Tourism traditionally has been an integral part of Indian tradition and culture. In the olden days, travel 189 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
was primarily for pilgrimage to holy places and people also travelled to participate in fairs and festivals in different parts of the country. In such a background developed a cultural tradition where “Atithi Devo Bhava” (the Guest is God) and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the World is one Family) become bywords of Indian social behaviour. From ancient time, the rulers in different parts of India built luxurious palaces, enchanting gardens, marvellous temples, grand forts, tombs and memorials that today remain as testimony to the rich cultural heritage ofthis land, and as examples of exquisite craftsmanship The beauty of India’s cultural heritage and the richness of nature’s endowments, make India a tourist’s paradise. The words of the famous Orientalist, Max Mueller aptly sum up the strength of India: “If we were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow – in some partsa veritable paradise on the earth-I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts... I should point to India”. The potential of this vast and beautiful land is identified through Tourism Policy, 2002 of Government of India. It considered the dynamics of rural and community- based tourism and introduced the concept of rural tourism to show casethe rural life of Indian countryside to visitors. Since then, the scheme has been implemented in 107 villages across the country and the results have been mixed, but the success stories indicate that whereversuccessful; host communities‟ involvement was an important factor (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India). 12.3 CENTRALITY OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Community centrality is a growing requirement of social science. The field's research practices areincreasingly expected to conform to prescribed relationships with the people studied. Expectations aboutcommunity centrality influence scholarly activities. These expectations can pressure social scientists toadhere to models of community involvement that are immediate and that include community-based co-investigators, advisory boards, and liaisons. In this context, disregarding community centrality can beinterpreted as failure. This paper considers evolving norms about the centrality of community in socialscience. It problematizes community inclusion and discusses concerns about the impact of communitycentrality on incremental theory development, academic integrity, freedom of speech, and the value ofliberalversuscommunitarianknowledge.Throughtheapplicationofaconstructivistapproach,t hispaperarguesthatsocialscienceinwhichcommunityisomittedorontheperipheryisnotfailedscie nce,becausenotallsocialsciencerequiresacommunitybasetomakeagenuineandvaluablecontrib ution.Theutilityofcommunitycentralityisnotnecessarilyuniversalacrossallsocialsciencepursui ts.Thepracticesof knowing within social science disciplines may be difficult to transfer to a community. These practices ofknowingrequiredegreesofspecialization andinterest thatnotall communitiesmay wantor have. 190 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
12.4 SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM Figure 12.1 community involvement in Tourism Sustainability through Community Based Tourism Donald Getz and Tazim B. Jamal (1994): This article advances the proposition that sustainable tourism can be achieved through recognition that the public and private sector, the host communities and the natural environment and interdependent stakeholders in a complex tourism „domain‟, where no single individual, agency or group can resolve strategic tourism issues by acting alone. For same the mountain community of Canmore, Alberta (Canada) was presented. The investigative study on tourism planning in Canmore and the Corridor has been compiled from an examination of existing literature, planning documents, newsletters and other written sources, as well as through interviews with various public and private stakeholders. Data analysis of the interview was performed qualitatively, with statements being sorted into categories as they emerged; sub-categories evolved under four broad areas: issues, mechanisms, cooperation and collaboration. The case study was based on a theoretical framework of collaboration „theory‟, which then shaped the research questions, research method plus data collection and analysis. The paper commences with a discussion of the shortfalls of traditional tourism planning processes and models, followed by an overview of collaboration. „theory‟. Examples are given which illustrate collaborative approaches in several mountain resort areas. The exploratory case study of tourism development and planning issues in the mountain community of Canmore, Alberta (Canada) is their presented, leading to a discussion and conclusion regarding the theoretical and practical applications of collaboration toward achieving Sustainable Tourism. Bernardo Trejos and Lan-Hung Nora Chiang (2009): This paper reports on the contribution of tourism to the wellbeing of rural residents through the development of economic linkages engaged by community-based tourism (CBT) in rural Costa Rica. In a qualitative case study of local economic linkages surrounding one such 191 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
project in Chira Island, economic linkages were assessed at two levels: discourse and practice. The findings indicate that CBT does not involve the collective property of the community, but rather, the collective property of a group of community members organized in a formal association. As a result, a discourse on local economic linkages has been promoted by CBT support organizations in which hopes of wider benefits are placed on small linkages to services and products provided by local community members. However, a field survey suggested that the economic linkages generated by CBT in the community were sporadic and polyvalent and, furthermore, that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by scale and seasonality, resulting in leakages out of the community. These findings caution practitioners that CBT may only have small-scale positive impacts on the local economy. David Matarrita-Cascante, Mark Anthony Brennan and A.E. Luloff (2010): This study examines local social interactional elements necessary for the achievement of sustainable tourism practices. Such practices are attainable when certain attitudinal, organizational and/or behavioural conditions are present within a community. Using a case study methodology, this article examines the interactional elements by which residents of La Fortuna, Costa Rica, engaged in sustainable tourism practices. The study was based on the theoretical notion of the community fields. It used key informant interviews and participant observation. The study shows how economic, social and environmentally sustainable practices were made possible through community agency, the construction of local relationships that increase the adaptive capacity of people within a common locality. Key factors found to enable community agency are strong intra and extra-community interactions, open communication, participation, distributive justice and tolerance. David Peaty (2010): This paper describes four projects (Ladakh Homestays, Spiti Homestays, Sikkim Himalayan Homestays and Village Ways, Uttarakhand) in the Indian Himalaya aimed at protecting the environment and alleviation poverty. Each focuses on tourism in rural communities, but there are significant differences in the design, implementation and impact of these projects. The Himalayan region has for long been a popular destination for climbers, trekkers and culture tourists, and tourism represents an important source of income for the impoverished region. However, little of this income reaches the remote communities in which poverty is most severe.Recently, a number of initiatives have been introduced to address this issue. Among these,community homestays and lodges are attracting attention. The project shares three goals:conservation, poverty alleviation and cultural preservation. The link between the three HimalayanHomestays projects (Ladakh, Spiti and Sikkim) is at present somewhat tenuous, despite theircommon goals. Greater cooperation and coordination might yield considerable benefits. Forexample, they could share their marketing, using overseas agents with a responsible travel reputationto market their products; they could adopt a similar pricing system (adjusted to allow for differencesin access and local costs) and system of payments to service providers. Language problems appear tobe a major obstacle. The tourist is often dependent on the guide for interpretation, but the guide is notalways available. It might therefore be useful to produce bilingual information and explanation sheetsdealing with 192 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
meals, customs, the use of the toilet, how to get boiled and filtered water for drinking,where to wash hands before meals, and so on. This study looks at four different models ofcommunity-based ecotourism with similar goals. The variables include the type of accommodation(homestays or community lodges), the system of payment (directly to individuals or through VillageTourism Committees), the method of marketing (using a single operator or not) and the initiator ofthe project (NPO, commercial or the community itself). Despite the differences, the results aresomewhat similar: all provide significant monetary and non-monetary benefits to the community, allhave a relatively low environmental impact, and all manage to preserve local culture to some degree.Bhaswati Bhattacharya and ChandrimaGanguly (2011): The focus of this paper is to analyze theprospects of community inclusive tourism practices in achieving sustainability of the indigenoussections of the society, which in turn has a positive linkage with the socio-economic development ofLava, Lataguri, Tinchuley and Manas (West Bengal, Sikkim and Assam) these regions. The purposeof this study is to determine the practices associated with community inclusive tourism in rural andvillage areas and how far these are successful in achieving environmental sustainability and generating economic benefits of the region. The other more important issue to be addressed is to findout the pattern of community or self- help group involvement in decision-making processesregarding the conflict resolution, operation and improvements of the region. The methodology usedwas qualitative in nature, including approaches like group discussions interviews, and observations.Primary and secondary sources were used to collect data. Haralambos and Holborn (1995, 828) defineprimary sources as „data collected by researchers themselves during the course of their work‟, andsecondary sources as those consisting of „data that already exists‟. Interviews with key stakeholdersof Help Tourism were conducted to ensure that the aims of the research are met. Interview scheduleare used for conducting the verbal interaction and elicit the required information. The interviewschedule was prepared on the basis of the opinion of industry experts. The success of the communityinclusive projects of Lava, Lataguri, Tinchuley, Manas, proves that community empowerment throughtourism initiatives is a practical and powerful way of sustaining economic and environmental\\ wellbeing of the fringe societies near National parks. Nevertheless, management ownership needs to besupported by financial ownership which the projects like Dibang, Neora or Chilapata are yet toachieve. The training and constant monitoring of the members of Self- Help group becomescrucial.Government intervention in this regard would help in strengthening the effectiveness of the process.Abang Alan Mohamad, May-Cjhiun Lo, Peter Songan and Alvin W. Yeo (2012): The study in thepaper involved looking at validating and dimensionality of the four-tourism impact namely,economics, and environment, social and cultural impact as perceived by local communities. Data wasgathered through a survey using a structured questionnaire and administered to the communitymembers residing at Bario. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed by the authors. Of the 12questionnaires distributed, only 66 (55%) were returned. The study has adopted Sharma & Dyer(2009) 193 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
and Ap (1992) method to measure the four impact of tourism studies known as economic,environment, social and cultural impact because of the conceptual consistency underlying thedefinitions that were used in its development and also because it has been proven to have adequatepsychometric properties. A series of test such as factor analysis, correlation, and reliability analysiswere conducted to confirm that the instrument is valid (content, construct, convergent, discriminateand nomological) as well as reliable. Implications regarding the value of conducting validity andreliability test for practitioners and researchers are discussed. This study endeavours to test thedimensions of tourism scales that ate important for rural tourism development, based on localcommunities‟ perspectives. From the study, all four dimensions of tourism scales, namelyenvironment, social, cultural and economics are capable of explaining sufficient variation in theconstruct being measured in Malaysia context. This research also revealed that there are similaritiesand differences concerning the dimensionality of tourism scales construct between western context and eastern context. This study has chosen local communities of Bario as respondents for this study and it emphasizes the importance of communities‟ attitude for the development of rural tourism industry. Past research on rural tourism had mainly centred on developed countries such as Europe or North America, and not many on the Asian continent (Chaudhry & Tewari, 2010). Ultimately, local Bario community and the industry players in particular will benefit from this study as this will amplify which are the areas in the community concerns that need improvements. 12.5 SUMMARY Community based tourism is a tourism generally practised in a rural area where thevernaculartradition of the local community is exhibiting their culture, tradition in the form of dance, music,handicraftand cuisines. WeknowthatIndiaisrichinitscultureandheritagethereforeDevelopmentofCommunit yBasedTourisminIndianotonlybenefitsthegovernmentandlocalcommunityalsobeco mesasaUniqueselling proposition. Theexploratorycasestudyoftourismdevelopmentandplanningissuesinthemountainc ommunityof Canmore, Alberta (Canada) is their presented, leading to a discussion and conclusion regarding thetheoretical and practical applications of collaboration toward achieving Sustainable Tourism. In this chapter the centrality of Community participation and various sustainable Communitybasetourism models of Indiaarediscussed. 12.6 KEYWORDS Exodus-amass departureof people. 194 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
EPT-Endogenous TourismProject MoT-Ministry ofTourism Vulnerability– The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. 12.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Definecommunity-basedTourism ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Namesomecommunity-basedTourismactivity ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List out Community based Tourism destinations of India 2. Write about Raan of Kutch. 3. Why do we need to promote Community based tourism? 4. How does sustainability relate to Community based tourism? 5. Write about Madhubani art. Long Questions: 1. Elucidate the need for community-based tourism globally. 2. Community based tourism is a tool for poverty alleviation – Justify. 3. Write about community-based Tourist villages in India. 4. What are the measures taken to promote community-based tourism? 5. How does community-based tourism develop in India B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Thescheme of _ was startedby the Ministry ofTourismin 2002-03 a. Ecotourism b. Ruraltourism 195 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
c. Greentourism d. Responsibletourism 2. Thepromotionof was also aimed towardsgeneratingrevenueforruralcommunities a. Ruraltourism b. ecotourism c. villagetourism d. sustainabletourism 3. In India,tourismisviewedanda developmentparadigm‟ a. promoted b. marketed c. consumed d. developed 4. One of the outcomes of National Tourism Policy 2002 was the Endogenous Tourism Project, an innovative response the agenda of developing . a. Ruraltourism b. community-basedtourism c. eco-tourism d. greentourism 5. The Endogenous Tourism Project is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Tourism and United Nations Development Programme initiated in . a. 2003 b. 2002 c. 2000 d. 2006 196 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-a, 12.9 REFERENCES Textbook references Premila Swamy D., D., Sanjay N Shende, D., Reddy, D. M. (2021). Environmental Protection: Critical Perspectives in Science and Literature. Germany: tradition. Living on the Edge: Benefit-Sharing from Protected Area Tourism. (2021). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM, Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI. Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference books Cohen.E.1974.Who is a tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55. Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106. Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232. WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK:RuffordFoundation. Websites http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/docs/eco_tourism_white_paper.pdf https://www.keralatourism.org/tourism-policy-2012-english.pdf https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/policy-and-guidelines Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community – basedtourism:Asuccess http://www.andaman discoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf. IstitutoOikos.(2013). http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp. 197 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. https://abhimanuias.com/blogs/Important-Issues-DetailedArticle/8047/Ecotourism- Policy--2017-Environment-Himachal-Pradesh-States-civil-services-By-abhimanu 198 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT 13: COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN INDIA STRUCTURE 13.0 Learning Objectives 13.1 Introduction –CBT Destinations 13.2 Community Potential 13.3 Community Tourism In Kutch 13.4 Market Potential Of Cbt 13.5 Community Based Tourist Villages In Spiti Valley 13.6 Community Based Tourism In Bishnoi Village Of Jodhpur 13.7 Summary 13.8 Keyword 13.9 Learning Activity 13.10 Unit End Questions 13.11 References 13.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: List the CBT destinations in India. Understand the community potential for tourism in india Explain development of Tourism and community-based tourism in villages. List the activities of CBT. 13.1 INTRODUCTION –CBT DESTINATIONS Tourism is a complex international industry linked symbiotically with numerous other industries and organizations. By opening itself to tourism, the community invites the whole world in. In the past, rural communities watched the world change passively. Their only real connection to the outside was through the sale of agricultural products, the mass media, leaving the community to work as hired labor or studying in the city. These transient relationships only occurred between seller and buyer, employer and employee: they brought little direct impact to the community because the site of interaction was outside the community. However, tourism, especially CBT, is different. Production and sale take place inside the community. Connections and interactions are not merely two-way but a complex network. People and systems from the outside connect with people and organizations inside 199 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
the community in so many ways that the overall situation can become difficult to control. Negative impacts of tourism 'in our back-yard' can affect every part of the community. The community must be strong, prepared, capable, and prepared to focus on the common good, if it is to benefit from tourism. Therefore, you must choose a destination carefully by studying 4 important factors: 1. Community potential 2. Market potential of CBT 3. Government policy and the role of local government in supporting CBT 4. Project personnel and funding 13.2 COMMUNITY POTENTIAL To choose an appropriate destination community you must have enough information to understand the local situation. Once you choose a destination, this information will help you prepare before entering the field. Assess the following aspects: ë Distinctive Community Characteristics Observe or ask, \"What do people say about this community? What is it known for?\" ë Natural and cultural attractions Examine the potential of natural and cultural features as tourist attractions. Is there really enough tour to draw enough tourists? The sensitivity of the natural environment and the culture is a crucial factor. ë Community Organization Study the formal and informal role of each group in the community, the effectiveness of their work, the division of labor and the confidence and faith of the local people in their leaders. ë Internal conflicts Study the characteristics of community conflict. Are conflicts within the community resolved? Or, do the local people split into factions that cannot work together? ë Production and Resources Do local occupations rely on natural resources within the community? Does the community use natural resources sustainably? Is the community self- reliant? Or, do they require outside economic assistance? ë Formidable Problems If the community situation is sensitive or the local people experience problems that force them to leave the area (e.g., flooding, forest fires, or state projects such as a dam, power plant, or waste treatment plant), you should not attempt to develop CBT. 13.3 MARKET POTENTIAL OF CBT 200 Tourist Interests and Motivations CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
You need to study tourists' travel interests and motivations in order to design appropriate CBT activities and combine them into a program. Hall states that human motivations to travel fall into 5 categories (1998): 1. Physical: for recreation and health. 2. Cultural: to learn about different cultures and customs 3. Social: to visit friends and relatives, for business, seminars, or meetings and to experience other people and cultures 4. Spiritual: pilgrimages and sacred journeys 5. Seeking escape from everyday life. The tourist industry has responded to the disparate needs of tourists with a variety of tourism options. As outsiders, tourists are sometimes referred to as visitors, sometimes as guests. If they have no connection or attachment to the destination, there is little motivation to consider whether their actions or tourism itself affect the community or the environment. However, the trend towards increasing environmental awareness, responsible tourism and use of the Internet has changed the way tourists travel. Whereas in the past most tourists relied on tour companies, an increasing number are travelling independently or choosing tour companies that take responsibility for their effect on the environment and the local people. 13.4 COMMUNITY TOURISM IN KUTCH The Kutch region of Gujarat is sometimes described as Indiawild west. This immense stretch of largely barren and harsh desert landscape apparently spans more than 40,000 square kilometres, and s one of the country's largest districts. Its name, Kutch (or Kachchh), refers to the fact that it alternates between wet (submerged during the monsoon season) and dry. Much of Kutch consists of seasonal wetlands known as the Great Rann of Kutch (famous for its salt desert) and smaller Little Rann of Kutch (famous for its Wild Ass Sanctuary). The Great Rann, located in the far north, borders Pakistan and occupies a part of the Thar Desert which also extends into Rajasthan. Hence, Kutch is comprised of many migrant communities from not only Pakistan (Sindh) and the Marwar region of Rajasthan but also further afield, including Persia (Iran). Many villagers earn an income from arts that have been passed down from generation to generation, making this one of the main attractions for tourists. Yet, it’s the simplicity and quietness of life there that’s really striking and meaningful. Kutch is an amazing place to visit remote villages, learn from them, and get another perspective on life. It’s inspiring and humbling. The Living and Learning Design Center near Bhuj is a remarkably curated museum that offers incredible insight into the lives and artisanship of the women from communities in the Kutch region. It’s a must- visit for anyone who’s interested in textiles and culture. Many of the famous arts, such as bandhani tie die and ajrakh block printing, originate from Pakistan. Migrants brought these arts with them when they came to Kutch more than 350 years ago. The Muslim Khatri community specializes in both these arts. 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
In addition, arts such as embroidery, weaving, pottery, lacquer work, leather work, mud and mirror work, and rogan art (a type of painting on fabric) are prevalent in the region. Bhujodi (a village of weavers, about 10 kilometers east Bhuj) and Ajrakhpur (a village of block printers, 15 kilometers east of Bhuj) are the most frequented villages. Nirona, around 50 kilometers northeast of Bhuj, can be visited as a short detour on the way to the Great Rann of Kutch and is home to bell makers, rogan art, and lacquer work artists. Also on the way to the Great Rann, block printing and pottery is done in Khavda village. And, not far away, Gandhinugam village (populated by the Meghwal community) features colorfully painted traditional mud huts. It’s situated at Ludiya. Babu is one of the last three remaining mashru weavers in the Kutch region. Mashru weaving is a complex type of weaving, using both silk and cotton. The inside of the woven cloth is cotton, while theoutside is silk. Apparently, it originates from Persia, where Muslim communities believed that silk should not touch a person’s skin. 13.5 COMMUNITY BASED TOURIST VILLAGES IN SPITI VALLEY Kibber -- once the world's highest village with a motorable road and electricity, it's located notfar from Kaza at 14,200 feet (4,270 meters) above sea level. It's popular with travellers and has afewlaid-back guest houses. Komic -- Asia's highest village with Spiti's highest monastery at an altitude of 15,049 feet(4,587meters) abovesealevel. Langza -- known for its fossils, is a small village with a huge and colourful statue of LordBuddhapresidingoverit.Ithas analtitudeof14,500feet (4,400meters)abovesealevel. Demul -- is a lively and alluring village, with a captivating vista at 14,300 feet (4,360 meters)about sea level. It's an excellent place to spend a day or two at a homestay. It's also becomingSpiti'smodel sustainablevillage,with solarpowerandwaste management. Lhalung -- located at a height of 12,000 feet (3,660 meters) above sea level, is rich in diversefloraincluding Seabuckthorntrees. Dhankar -- is a large and remarkable village that was once the capital of Spiti. Located 12,760feet (3,890 meters) about sea level, the village is an unforgettable sight as it balances precariously on the edge of the cliff face. Attractions include the Dhankhar monastery, ruined fort, lake, and awe-inspiring views. (Foreigners require a permit for this area, obtainable in Kaza). Hikkim --has the world’s highest post office. Giu— hasa500year-oldmummy. One of the most fascinating things that you can do in Spiti is to stay in one of the villages with a local family. The rustic homestays are all very similar in terms of facilities, although each village differs in its nature, and cost around 3,000 rupees per night including meals. Be 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
prepared to use traditional composting toilets, which are not much more than a hole in the ground.And to experience local cuisine, often consisting of momos (vegetable dumplings), thukpaandthenthuk(hearty noodle soups) 13.6 COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN BISHNOI VILLAGE OF JODHPUR Bishnoi village, about 40 minutes south of Jodhpur, provides an authentic experience of rural Rajasthan. The fascinating Bishnoi people revere nature and live-in harmony with it, so much so that they bury their dead (instead of burn them like other Hindus) to preserve trees as wood is used in cremation. ChhotaramPrajapats. Homestay has become quite renowned since it was established in 2009. There, youget to stay in traditional yet contemporary dwellings (with western style facilities) with a family of weavers. Outstanding Rajasthani hospitality is provided, along with delicious home- cooked food. Activities include folk dances, camel safaris, village trekking, attending an opium ceremony, and jeep safaris to Bishnoi village. Gunehar village in the Kangra Valley of Himachal Pradesh interesting. German-Indian art impresario Frank Schlichtmann founded a project there to transform the nondescript village into a thriving art hub. The village now has an art gallery, an ecological boutique guesthouse in a restored 70-year-old house, a camping site in the fields, and fusion restaurant. Innovative art events are held as well. The villagers are mostly Gaddis and Bara Bhangalis, who are semi-nomadic sheep herders. 13.7 SUMMARY Community based tourism is a tourism generally practised in a rural area where thevernaculartradition of the local community is exhibiting their culture, tradition in the form of dance, music, handicraftand cuisines. WeknowthatIndiaisrichinitscultureandheritagethereforeDevelopmentofCommunit yBasedTourisminIndianotonlybenefitsthegovernmentandlocalcommunityalsobeco mesasaUniqueselling proposition. Theexploratorycasestudyoftourismdevelopmentandplanningissuesinthemountainc ommunityof Canmore, Alberta (Canada) is their presented, leading to a discussion and conclusion regarding thetheoretical and practical applications of collaboration toward achieving Sustainable Tourism. In this chapter the centrality of Community participation and various sustainable Communitybasetourism models of Indiaarediscussed. 13.8 KEYWORDS 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Recreation- Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The \"need to do something for recreation\" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement. Culture- Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals. Customs- Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Pilgrimages- A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. Incredible-Impossible to believe/ Extreamely good. 13.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define CBT destinations. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. List the activities involved in CBT? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List out Community based Tourism destinations of India 2. Write about Raan of Kutch. 3. Write about Madhubani art. 4. What are the tourist’s inetersts and motivation for CBT? 5. List the CBT in Spiti Valley? Long Questions: 1. Elucidate the need for community-based tourism globally. 2. Write about community-based Tourist villages in India. 3. Explain the CBT activities in Bisnoi village in Jodhpur? 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4. What are the handicrafts activities of CBT in Kutch? 5. What are the factors to be considered for choosing a destination? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. EndogenousTourismProject spreads across numberof villages inIndia a. 36 b. 35 c. 32 d. 38 2. In2006,theMountainShepherdsInitiative,a communityownedandoperated venture,wasformerly inauguratedin thevicinityoftheNanda Devi BiosphereReserve a. Rural tourism b. ecotourism c. wildlife tourism d. sustainable tourism 3. The link between the Himalayan Homestays projects is at present somewhat tenuous, despite their common goals. a. 4 b. 5 c. 2 d. 3 4. The tourists are often dependent on the for interpretation of the tourist destination. a. guide b. locals c. tour operators d. maps 5. In 2013, the total contribution of Travel and Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly supported by the industry was of total employment a. 7.70% b. 7.00% c. 7.50% d. 7.20% 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Answers 1-a,2-b,3- d, 4-a, 5-a 13.11 REFERENCES Textbook references Premila Swamy D., D., Sanjay N Shende, D., Reddy, D. M. (2021). Environmental Protection: Critical Perspectives in Science and Literature. Germany: tradition. Living on the Edge: Benefit-Sharing from Protected Area Tourism. (2021). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM, Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI. Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Reference books Cohen.E.1974.Who is a tourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55. Saxena R, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill Transforming B2B Marketing to Meet the Needs of the Modern Buyer, by Carlos Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106. Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232. WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopment.UK:RuffordFoundation. Websites http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/docs/eco_tourism_white_paper.pdf https://www.keralatourism.org/tourism-policy-2012-english.pdf https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/policy-and-guidelines Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community – basedtourism:Asuccess http://www.andaman discoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf. IstitutoOikos.(2013). 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp. REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. https://abhimanuias.com/blogs/Important-Issues-DetailedArticle/8047/Ecotourism- Policy--2017-Environment-Himachal-Pradesh-States-civil-services-By-abhimanu 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT14: PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 14.0 Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction - Problems & Prospects of Community Based Tourism 14.2 Barriers to Community Based Tourism, Evaluation 14.3 Threat and Opportunities of Community Based Tourism 14.4 Summary 14.5 Keyword 14.6 Learning Activity 14.7 Unit End Questions 14.8 References 14.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: Describe the problemand prospectsofcommunity-basedtourism. Measurestepsto overcome thebarriers ofcommunity based AnalyseStrengthweaknessopportunityandThreatin formulatingcommunitybasedTourism. List the barriers in CBT 14.1INTRODUCTION - PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF CBT CBT has been reinforced by different international organizations due to its aims of communityempowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and cultural resources, and a high-quality tourist experience by integrating all stakeholders in tourism planning and development processes targeting creation of resources for the community itself. Besides protecting local cultures from the widespread impact of globalization, CBT contributes to locals’ wellbeing, by developing infrastructure (transportation, water, and electricity and telecommunication networks) and superstructure (legal and institutional structure of health, safety, security, civil rights, environmental, heritage and cultural preservation) to ensure basic human needs for not only touristic enjoyment but also natives. It provides, increases and improves sources of livelihood and opportunities to earn income, which is often times used for basic living material, education, healthcare and clothes, and building houses. The CBT participatory development process 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
empowers local community members by building the skills, knowledge and confidence needed to take control over their land and resources, to tap their potential and to direct tourism development in their communities. CBT stimulates increased community cooperation and participation, providing new roles and improved voice for unskilled youth, women and elderly, indigenous, marginalized, non-elite, poor and disadvantaged minority groups. All- inclusive community participation in tourism planning results in shared decision-making, equitable distribution of resources, consensus over community’s direction, sharing of local knowledge about local assets and issues. Ideally speaking, when CBT is conducted effectively, the results are supposed to be minimal costs and maximum benefits of tourism. If effective and successful, CBT may lead to healthy economic development, cultural and environmental awareness, cross-cultural understanding and peace, sustainable destination development, successful destination Community Based Tourism Finding the Equilibrium branding through concerted efforts, high morale, national pride and team spirit besides high living standards and quality of life for locals, boost in human capital with a focus on non-elite groups, boost in social capital, namely social bonds, community spirit, social energy, extended friendships, community life, social resources, informal and formal community networks, and good neighbourliness. Besides these, the most important role of CBT is the change in locals’ outlook on life and themselves. CBT may open up the horizons of the future for the community, giving hope and therefore a willingness for locals to get involved, produce and take control of their lives. CBT may encourage the local population to seek change of an otherwise undesirable life condition. It may provide and sustain the motivation to overcome potential obstacles to productivity such as laziness and learned helplessness, eventually resulting in belief in themselves, improved self-confidence, and self-respect among locals. Most CBT projects are subsidized by local or international donors. Whether the subsidy continues, locals should stay active in production at least until it becomes a second nature for the new generations. The resultant change in locals’ outlook on life may prove to be a gift that keeps giving, as it might impact both their current economic efforts and future as well. This may result in, by way of demonstration of production focus, a change in the horizons. This potential benefit, in essence, may urge supporting CBT projects at all costs- for the greater good of the society, particularly for equity, and toward cohesion and peace. The benefit of CBT regarding the change in locals' outlook on life in less developed places may actually be a critical factor in achieving UN’s Millennium Development Goals, namely combating poverty and hunger, illiteracy, gender discrimination, HIV/AIDS, and achieving health for children and mothers, environmental sustainability and global partnership. It is clear that the target groups of these objectives are also the most likely target groups of locals in CBT development. 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Figure 14.1 CBT DevelopmentProcess,Stakeholders,ActorsandRoles The first and foremost principle of CBT is the participation of all stakeholders intheplanninganddevelopment process. In order for CBT to be successful, a communal sense of ownership is necessary because communities can only be active participants in tourism projects if they have a sense of ownership. As described in Figure each stakeholder has a significant role in the CBT development process. The government and the donor organizations are the major initiators, facilitators, and leaders. Governments provide the supportive policy framework for. 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Governmentsprovidethesupportivepolicyframeworkforcommunityinvolvementandparticipatio ninCBTvisioning,planning, development, managing and sharing of the benefits and costs. The civil society (educationalinstitutions, NGOs, trade associations, organizations, journalists) are also instrumental in increasingawareness,offeringawards,providingtrainingandinformationconductingresearch,brin gingthe,andassistinglocalsinvoicingtheirissuesandopinions.Citizenparticipationisthemost critical for the planning process to be effective, equitableand legitimate as long as those whoparticipateare representativeofthewholecommunityandarecapableoflookingaftercollectiveinterests.Ideally,co mmunityparticipationallowscitizenstoshapetheirlocaleconomiesby influencing thetypeofbusiness, industry, and employment opportunities in their own backyards. Unless local residents areempowered and participate fully in decision-making and ownership of tourism developments, tourismwillnotreflecttheirvaluesandconsequentlywillnotgeneratesustainableoutcomes.Althoug hmostCBTprojects are initiated and even carried out by national or international organizations, NGOs, or donoragencies, the success level depends on some key factors of locals’ involvement in participatory planninganddevelopment of tourism development as listed in detail below: Strategic networking and partnerships among local communities, government, NGOs, academics andprivatebusinesses to buildthe knowledge, skills, andself- confidenceof community members. A share division of tourism, a holistic approach to development with realistic expectations of what, where and how among the local community (to avoid disappointed expectations and disillusioned communities from the collapsed, failed, struggling or poor performance of a CBT project). All-inclusive participation and equity in planning, decision-making, management, ownership, and distribution of benefits and costs. Strong collaboration, communication links and dialogue between all stakeholders. Active community involvement in building and strengthening appropriate community institutions (e.g.trusts,CBT associations) to takefull control of management by the locals. Community contribution (e.g. time, labour, locally available materials) for increased community sense of ownership and responsibility Locals’ discipline to follow the rules, agenda as and follow through actions. Good local governance with a cohesive community with the ability to work together, free of conflicts, jealousies, power issues, traditional divisions, or tensions. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Priorities, important values, and expectations of the communities forward the focus of development. Transparency and equity in decisions to avoid dominance of a small group of elites. 14.2 BARRIERS OF CBT A potential challenge in CBT development is the existing social structure. Often, in the CBT planning phase, the local structure is conceptualized as a homogenous and therefore inherently harmonious group. However, in reality, communities are, regardless of size or geographical concentration, usually heterogeneous, with in-group variations based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, religion, language, dialect or simply based on family ties. While certain areas of social disparity may already be present in the community (norms about gender roles); some may arise during the implementation stage of CBT development (unequal distribution of costs or benefits). Social variations and disparity could be the cause of pre-existing conflicts that might prevent cohesion and cooperation among the community; or they could cause social inequalities that could compromise the democratic participation in decision making and management of tourism activities, and they could also adversely affect the desired level of ownership by the community. Therefore, existing ownership inequalities as well as the conflicting claims to land, natural and cultural resources are issues to be addressed for the effectiveness of CBT initiatives 14.3 EVALUATION, THREAT AND OPPORTUNITIES OF COMMUNITY BASEDTOURISM Figure 10.2 Community based tourism with Tribes Evaluation, Threat and Opportunities of Community Based Tourism introduced electronic 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
commerce for Community Based Tourism (e-CBT) are introduced in three Asian rural communities in order to reveal its potential for community development. ECBT targets an important and growing market segment in the developing world, consisting an individual traveller for whom travel is an essential component of their lifestyle and who seek new and authentic experiences that are not directed towards a mass market. What this examination illustrates is that although existing theory does reflect actual practice,there are several aspects of „reality‟ that the sanitized literature on communitybased tourism planning do not adequately reflect. Importantly, the role of the practitioner or researcher in influencing the process and the power structures at play within a community- based planning method must be fully considered. The study made use of both primary and secondary sources. Primary data collection techniques used included formal interviews with key stakeholders, the administering of questionnaire (structured and unstructured) and focus group discussion. Interviews were used to increase the response rate, ensure respondents understand the question asked and to ensure that the researcher obtained the information needed. The secondary sources used included journals, published books, unpublished reports and newsletters, government policies documents as well as internet. Community Based ventures, if properly run and managed, can promote the conservation of natural resources and increase local benefits through participation in tourism activities. the key importance of local tour guides in CBT, especially when cultural tourism products are being developed. Because of the communicative power of tourism, representations of cultural heritage have direct and potentially significant influences on the peoples and communities, who are being presented, represented and misrepresented. Any CBT program wishing to achieve sustainable success needs tour guides who are well trained and, if possible, local. If guides belong to the community in which the tourism activities are taking place, their insider positionality at least gives them the advantage of knowing what the cultural sensibilities are.This helps to avoid some of the problems discussed above. Professional training is needed, not only to improve guiding and hospitality skills, but also to make guides aware of complex ethical dilemmas, suchas disjuncture’s between local conceptions of community and the ways in which those communities are imagined by visiting tourists 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Figure10.3AnExampleof CBTDestinationandSWOTAnalysis 14.4 SUMMARY CommunitybasedTourismbecomesasuccessfulwithamicableinvolvementofm localcommunityand with the friendly relationship with the tourist. There are several steps taken by the Government toproactively improvise the growth of local community. Several schemes and policies of government areimplementedfor their wellbeing. Tourist satisfaction and well-planned CBT model can be achieving cooperative stakeholders’involvement. Several NGO plays major role in bringing Community based Tourism destination tolimelight. In this chapter Problems & Prospects of Community Based Tourism, Barriers to Community BasedTourism,Evaluation, Threat and OpportunitiesofCommunity Based Tourism. 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
14.5 KEYWORDS Subsidy- asumofmoneygrantedbythestateorapublicbodytohelpanindustryorbusinesskeepthe priceofacommodity or servicelow. ECBT- Electroniccommunity-basedtourism MSI-MountainShepherds Initiative Practitioner-apersonactively engagedinanart, discipline,or profession,especially medicine. NGO-Non-GovernmentOrganisation 14.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What do you mean by prospects of Community based tourism? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write about problem increasing in community-based tourism destination ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 14.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Write a short note the barriers of community-based tourism 2. List out two threats in community-based tourism 3. Point out two basic opportunities created through community-based tourism 4. What are the roles of NGO in promoting community based Tourism? 5. What is the strength of CBT? Long Questions 1. List out the key factors of the local’s involvement in community-based tourism 2. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders in community-based tourism 3. Provide SWOT analyses of Community based tourism 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4. Elucidate the barriers of community-based tourism 5. Write about Pros and Cons of community-based tourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. AnyCBTprogramwishing toachievesustainablesuccessneeds whoarewelltrained. a. Tourguides b. locals c. touroperators d. None of these 2. ThebenefitofCommunity – BasedTourismregardingthechangeinlocals'outlookonlifein_______ placesmayactuallybeacritical factor. a. Lessdeveloped b. developed c. underdeveloped d. developing 3. Stimulatesincreasedcommunitycooperationandparticipation,providingnewrolesandimp rovedvoice. a. Community-basedtourism b. Eco-tourism c. Ruraltourism d. Sustainabletourism 4. All-inclusivecommunityparticipationin resultsinshareddecision- making,equitabledistributionofresources,consensusover community’s direction, etc. a. Tourismplanning b. Communityplanning c. both d. None of these 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
5. Effectiveandsuccessful,Community-BasedTourismmayleadtohealthy_ Development. a. economic b. socio-cultural c. environmental d. sustainable 6. IntheCommunity-BasedTourismphase,thelocalstructureisconceptualizedasahomogenous a. Planning b. organising c. marketing d. developing 7. Variationsanddisparitycouldbethecauseofpre- existingconflictsthatmightpreventcohesionand cooperationamong thecommunity. a. social b. economical c. cultural d. environmental 8. IssuestobeaddressedfortheeffectivenessofCommunity-BasedTourisminitiatives. a. Existingownershipinequalities b. Conflicting claimstoland c. Naturalandculturalresources. d. All of these 9. Thelocaltourguidesgainimportanceincommunity-basedtourismwhen productsarebeing developed. a. Culturaltourism b. Ruraltourism c. Sustainabletourism 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
d. Responsibletourism 10. Unless areempoweredandparticipatefullyindecision- makingandownershipoftourismdevelopments, tourism will not reflect theirvalues. a. Localresidents b. tourists c. visitors d. government Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-a, 6-a, 7-b, 8- d, 9-a, 10-a 14.8 REFERENCES Textbook references Weaver, D. (2001), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ECOTOURISM, Ecotourism. (2009). United States: CABI. Wearing, S., Neil, J. (2013). Ecotourism. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. PremilaSwamy D., D., Sanjay N. Shende, D., Reddy, D. M. (2021). Environmental Protection: Critical Perspectives in Science and Literature. Germany: tradition. Living on the Edge: Benefit-Sharing from Protected Area Tourism. (2021). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Reference Books Addison, L. (1996). An approach to community-based tourism planning in the Baffin Region, Canada’s Far North- A Retrospective. In Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (Eds). Practicingresponsibletourism– International Case Studies inTourism. Planning,PolicyandDevelopment. New York,John Wiley, pp.296-312. Aronsson,L. (2000).TheDevelopmentofSustainableTourism.LondonandNewYork:Continuum. Wang, Y. and Wall, G. (2005). Sharing the benefits of tourism: a case study in Hainan, Wiley, pp., 33 (1): 41-59. Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Byczek, C. (2011). Blessings for all? Community-based ecotourism in Bali between global,national,andlocalinterests– 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Acasestudy.ASEAS:ÖsterreichischeZeitschriftFürSüdostasienwissenschaften,4(1): 81-106. Butler, R. 1998. „Rural recreation and tourism‟ B. Liberty (Ed) The Geography of Rural Change (EssexUK: Longman)211-232. Cohen.E.1974.Who isatourist'?Aconceptualclarification. Social.Rev.22(4):527-55. Cooper, Gillian. 2004. Community based tourism experiences in the Caribbean: Lessons and keyconsideration. Paper presented at the Caribbean Tourism Organization Sixth Annual CaribbeanConference on Sustainable Tourism Development: “Keeping the right balance – Land and SeaEncounters.” Havana, Cuba.HouseJ. (1997) McIntosh, Robert W., Charles R. Goeldner and J. R. Ritchie. Tourism Principles, Practices,Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.Re-defining Sustainability:A StructuralApproachto Sustainable. Rural Tourism: Evaluation cum impact study, 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. WWFInternational.2001.GuidelinesforCommunity- BasedEcotourismDevelopmentUK:RuffordFoundation. Websites Goodwin, H., andSantilli, R. (2009). Community-basedtourism:Asuccess http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/pressharold-goodwin.pdf. IstitutoOikos(2013). http://www.communitybasedtourism.info/en/who-we-are/who-we-are.asp. REST. (2003). Community Based Tourism: The sustainability challenge. Retrieved 2ndMarch,2004,fromhttp://www.iadb.org/int/ipn/English/support-files/REST- ENGpdf. 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
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