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404 English Language and Lab UNIT 4 PHONETICS Learning Objective After studying this unit, you will be able to: z Familiarise the student with sounds through phonetics. Classification of Speech Sounds The English alphabet has 26 letters, made up of consonants and vowels. There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and the rest are all consonants. In English, pronunciation of words centers upon syllables. A syllable is a unit of pronunciation, which has one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word. For example, there are two syllables in wa/ter and three in in/fer/no. The speech sounds are called Phonemes. The scientific study of speech sounds is known as Phonetics. A phoneme may be defined as the smallest language unit that is able to distinguish meaning. The word /water/ has two syllables, but four phonemes: w/a/t/er; /inferno/ has three syllables, but seven phonemes: i/n/f/e/r/n/o. Do not think that each letter has a corresponding phoneme, as in these two examples. A word like /tough/ has one syllable: tough and two phonemes: t/ough. In Standard British English, there are 44 Phonemes (Speech Sounds) which are further divided into two categories, i.e., Vowel Speech Sounds and Consonant Speech Sounds. The Vowel Speech Sounds are simply called Vowel Sound and Consonant Speech Sounds are called Consonant Sound. z Vowels are the part of speech that is created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larynx and the mouth. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Phonetics 405 z When the mouth is obstructed during speech production — most often by the tongue or teeth — the resulting sound is a consonant. Vowel Sounds The proper vowels are a, e, i, o and u. Standard spoken English has approximately 20 distinct vowel sounds, although regional dialectal variations account for more. Each of the vowels can be pronounced more than one way, but the two most common variations are long pronunciation and short pronunciation. These variations are often represented by typographical signs: a curved symbol above a vowel represents short pronunciation: ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, while long pronunciation has by a horizontal line above the vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū. Vowels that have long pronunciations are most often modified by a secondary vowel that is generally silent. In words such as “late” or “tune,” the letter “e” is added to modify the main vowel sound, while in words such as “goat” or “beat,” the modifying vowel is the letter “a,” and in words such as “night”, “knight”, “flight” and “right” the long vowel “i” is modified by the letters “gh.” Vowel Short Pronunciation Long Pronunciation a e “My hat sat on the mat.” “He ate the date on my plate.” i (hăt, săt, măt) (āte, dāte, plāte) o u “She let her pet get wet.” “His feet beat a neat retreat.” (lĕt, pĕt, gĕt, wĕt) (fēet, bēat, nēat, rētrēat) “Spit out that pit and I quit!” “The site of the bite from the mite was red.” (spĭt, pĭt, quĭt) (sīte, bīte, mīte) “That spot on the pot's got rot.” “I wrote the quote on the note.” (spŏt, pŏt, gŏt, rŏt) (wrōte, quōte, nōte) “He cut the nut with a knife from his hut.” “The mute on his lute was acute.” (nut, cut, hut) (lūte, mūte, acūte) Exercise - 1: Vowel Sound Matching For every word given under, find a word with a matching vowel. Sheet Pit Line Two Foot Clown Path CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

406 English Language and Lab (fix, book, clean,my, soon , south, guard) Exercise - 2: Match the Words with Vowel Sounds [i:], [i], [e], [æ], [a:], [o:], [o], [u:], [yu:], [u], [yu], [ər], [ə] (hit – see – not – red – cat – car – more – rule – use – fury – book – sir – but) Exercise - 3: Practice Pronunciation of Vowel Sounds Vowel Sounds Say These Words Write Some More Words [i:] as in SEE be – me – he – she – we – eve Write Some More Words [i:] before final [r] here – mere – sphere – atmosphere [i] as in HIT it – fit – bit – gift – drift – kiss – miss [e] as in RED red – bed – berry – central – lesson – bread [e] before final [r] care – dare – pear – tear – there – where [æ] as in CAT bad – lad – patch – cash – task – dancer [a:] as in CAR car – charm – farmer – argue – parking [o:] as in MORE core – sport – horse – borrow –launch – laundry [o] as in NOT hot – bottom – forgotten – lobby – proverb Exercise - 4: Practice Pronunciation of Vowel Sounds Vowel Sounds Say These Words [u:] as in RULE rumour – luminous – boost jewel – leukemia [yu:] as in USE useful university – utility – humour – confuse – [u] as in BOOK beautiful childhood – butcher – pudding – woman –tour [yu] as in FURY curious – purity – bureaucrat – urology – [ər] as in SIR European [ə] as in BUT were – herb – nervous – certain – merge – percent – lecture bud – must – blush – thumb – punish – jungle – suggest – consultant CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Phonetics 407 Exercise - 5: Vowel Sounds Quiz 1. The phoneme /i:/ is in the words ‘deep’, ‘three’ and ‘fleece’. Which word in the list does not include the /i:/ sound? (a) Athlete (b) Beetle (c) Business (d) Thief 2. The phoneme /i:/ is in the words ‘proceed’, ‘reason’ and ‘scream’. Which word in the list does not include the/i:/ sound? (a) Vaccine (b) Witness (c) Conceive (d) Leader 3. The phoneme /i:/ is in the words ‘immediately’, ‘secret’ and ‘degree’. Which word does not include the /i:/ sound? (a) Increase (b) Peak (c) Believe (d) Competition 4. The phoneme /ɪ/ is in the words ‘typical’, ‘liquid’ and ‘since’. Which word in the list does not include the /ɪ/ sound? (a) Build (b) Sink (c) Sheet (d) Ship CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

408 English Language and Lab 5. The phoneme /ɪ/ is in the words ‘British’, ‘English’ and ‘slim’. Which word does not include the /ɪ/ sound? (a) Biscuit (b) Beat (c) Winner (d) Finish 6. The phoneme /ʊ/ is in the words ‘bull’, ‘cushion’ and ‘wood’. Which word does not include the /ʊ/ sound? (a) Button (b) Push (c) Woman (d) Took 7. The phoneme /ʊ/ is in the words ‘bush’, ‘crook’ and ‘football’. Which word does not include the /ʊ/ sound? (a) Look (b) Soup (c) Sugar (d) Hook 8. The phoneme /u:/ is in the words ‘shampoo’, ‘soon’ and ‘blue’. Which word does not include the /u:/ sound? (a) Root (b) Tooth (c) Suite (d) Who 9. The phoneme /u:/ is in the words ‘boot’, ‘moon’ and ‘Peru’. Which word does not include the /u:/ sound? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Phonetics 409 (a) Two (b) Include (c) Food (d) Found 10. The phoneme [yu] is in the words ‘curious’, ‘purity’ and ‘bureaucrat’. Which word does not include the /yu/ sound? (a) Nephew (b) Feudalism (c) Cook (d) Youthful Consonant Sounds B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X (sometimes Y) and Z. “Y” is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel. For example, in the word ‘yellow’, y is a consonant. But in the word ‘happy’, y is a vowel. A consonant letter usually represents one consonant sound. Some consonant letters, for example, c, g and s can represent two different consonant sounds. Letters Sounds Examples b c [b] baby, best, buy, bring, blind, absent, about, number, labor, robber, tub d f [s] center, cellar, cigarette, cinema, agency, notice; [k] cake, come, cucumber, clean, cry, scratch, act, panic g [d] day, dear, die, door, duty, admire, hidden, lady, kind, ride, ended h [f] fast, female, five, forest, fund, fry, flight, often, deaf, cuff [g] game, gap, get, go, gun, great, global, giggle, ago, begin, dog, egg; [j] general, gin, giant, agent, suggest, Egypt, energy, huge, manage; [zh] mirage, garage, beige, rouge [h] hair, help, history, home, hotel, hunt, behind, inherit; [-] hour, honor, honest, heir, vehicle, Sarah CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

410 English Language and Lab j [j] jam, Jane, jet, jelly, Jim, jingle, joke, John, June, just k l [k] Kate, kind, kill, kilogram, sky, blanket, break, take, look m n [l] late, let, live, alone, close, slim, please, old, nicely, table, file, all p q (qu) [m] make, men, mind, mother, must, my, common, summer, name, form, team r s [n] napkin, never, night, no, nuclear, funny, student, kindness, ton, sun t v [p] paper, person, pick, pour, public, repair, apple, keep, top, crisp w [kw] quality, question, quite, quote, equal, require; x [k] unique, technique, antique, grotesque z [r] rain, red, rise, brief, grow, scream, truck, arrive, hurry, turn, more, car [s] send, simple, song, system, street, lost, kiss, release; [z] cause, present, reason, realism, advise, always, is, was [t] task, tell, time, tone, tune, hotel, attentive, student, boat, rest [v] vast, vein, vivid, voice, even, review, invest, give, move, active [w] wall, war, way, west, wind, word, would, swear, swim, twenty, twist [ks] exercise, exchange, expect, ex-wife, axis, fix, relax; [gz] exam, exact, executive, exert, exist, exit, exult; [z] Xenon, Xerox, xenophobia, xylophone [z] zero, zoo, horizon, puzzle, crazy, organize, quiz, jazz; [ts] pizza, Mozart, Nazi, waltz The Letter Y The letter Y can function as a vowel or as a consonant. As a vowel, Y has the vowel sounds [i] and [ai]. As a consonant, Y has the consonant sound [y] (i.e., a semivowel sound), usually at the beginning of the word and only in the syllable before a vowel. [i]: baby, hurry, lyrics, mystery. [ai]: by, try, rely, nylon, type. [y]: yacht, yard, year, yes, yet, yield, you, young, Yukon. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Phonetics 411 The Letter W The letter W represents the vowel sound [u:] in the diphthongs [au] and [ou]: now, how, owl, brown; low, own, bowl, etc. Exercise - 6: Consonant Sound Matching For every word given under, find a word with a matching consonant and write it in the blank space below it. pin trend scare vast city zoo preacher (lunch, sign, idealism, trip, skin, groove, step) Exercise - 7: Matching Words with Consonant sounds Write the words below the corresponding consonant sound. Write the word below the consonant sound. [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] (go, feel, pen, be, Kate, very, thin, this, so, zoo, ten, do) [l] [r] [w] [y] [sh] [zh] [h] [ch] [j] [m] [n] [ŋ] (he, show, beige just, cheese, me we, yes;, no, sing, live, red) Exercise - 8: Practice Pronunciation of Consonant Sounds S. No. Consonant Sounds Say These Words Write Some More Words 1 [p] as in PEN peel – poor – spend – span – happy – creepy 2 [b] as in BE beat – beer – block – broad – 3 [t] as in TEN brother – brain 4 [d] as in DO tell – task – torn – taught – potato 5 [k] as in KATE deep – down – drip – dress – 6 [sk] as in SCAN heading – managed – ended keen – click – class – cruise – crush – scream scale – scare – score – school CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

412 English Language and Lab 7 [ks] as in FIX relax – maximum – axis – excellent 8 [ksk] as in EXCLAIM exclude – excuse – excursion 9 [kw] as in QUESTION quite – quick – queen – quality 10 [g] as in GO give – glimpse – glide – global – glow – hungry 11 [gw] as in LANGUAGE linguist – Guatemala 12 [gz] as in EXIST exert – exam – exact – exhibit 13 [f] as in FEEL feel – phone – photo – office – deaf 14 [v] as in VERY Verb – vivid ––vague – event – level – review 15 [θ] as in THIN theme – thief – theater – thermometer – Thursday 16 [ð] as in THIS these – mother – further – although – rhythm Exercise - 9: Practice Pronunciation of Consonant Sounds S. No. Consonant Sounds Say These Words Write Some More Words 1 [s] as in SO seem – city – associate – waste – swim 2 [sk] as in SCALE scare – escape – scatter – score – 3 [ks] as in skin 4 [z] as in ZOO accent – access – accept – except 5 [gz] as in Exhibit 6 [sh] as in SHOW zebra – zero – zip-music – capitalism 7 [zh] as in BEIGE exist – exert – exam 8 [h] as in HE sheep – champagne – special – 9 [ch] as in CHEESE financial – politician – delicious 10 [j] as in JUST casual – vision – explosion – measure – mirage heat – history – hundred – whole – behind – inhibit cheer – chin – check – China – choke – touch – search jeep –– jail – giant – surgeon – joke – suggest – fidget 11 [m] as in ME middle – – mark – moon – mute – mother – most – climb – comb CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Phonetics 413 12 [n] as in NO knee – never – nutrition – knife – sneeze 13 [ŋ] as in SING singer – hang – strong – tongue – cooking 14 [ŋ] + [g] as in FINGER anger – linger – younger – strongest – congress 15 [ŋ] + [k] as in BANK frank – ankle – drink – drunk – uncle 16 [l] as in LIVE lead – blood – glide – glow – split – splash – silly 17 [r] as in RED read – stripe – crow – arrogant – 18 [w] as in WE reference – curb wheel – wind – west – warm – wool – swift 19 [kw] as in QUESTION quite – quick – queen – quality 20 [gw] as in LANGUAGE Guatemala – Gwen 21 [y] as in YES yesterday – yellow – yawn – York Exercise - 10: Third Person “s” – Pronunciation 1. Walks (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” 2. Knows (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” 3. Teaches (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

414 English Language and Lab 4. Passes (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” 5. Says (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” 6. Hurts (a) Sounds like “talks” “s” (b) Sounds like “goes” “z” (c) Sounds like “watches” “iz” 123456 (a) (b) (c) (c) (b) (a) Answers 1. Clean, fix, my, soon, book, south, guard 2. See – hit – red – cat – car – more – not – rule – use – book – fury – sir – but 4. Business, witness, competition, sheet, beat, button, soup, suite, found, cook 6. Trip, step, skin, groove, sign, idealism, lunch 7. (a) pen, be, ten, do, Kate, go, feel, very, thin, this, so, zoo (b) show, beige, he, cheese, just, me, no, sing, live, red, we, yes CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

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