CU-Sustainable tourism planning and development

["One significant trend and approach that may be able to address some of the urgent issues that World Heritage Sites face is sustainable tourism. A great deal of interest has been shown on the international and national levels as a result of the successful creation of the sustainable tourism strategy in collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders. The effectiveness of the strategy's implementation and evaluation will determine the final outcomes. Suomenlinna's sustainable tourism approach has been highlighted as a best practice instance inThe Nordic World Heritage Conference was held in Reykjavik in 2016, and there was a workshop on \\\"Heritage and Sustainable Development\\\" at European Heritage Days in Helsinki in 2017. The technique was chosen by World Heritage Europe Today 2016 as an illustration of best practices from site managers' regular work. Other Nordic World Heritage Sites have embraced sustainable tourism strategies as an excellent example. 5.3 SUMMARY It is a variation on the idea of sustainable development, which aims to have little negative impact on the environment and local culture while fostering economic growth, job creation, and ecosystem preservation. It is sensitive to cultural and ecological issues. Ecotourism initiative development can be organized around the idea of sustainable development. It frequently sees achieving sustainable tourism development as requiring striking a balance between social, economic, and environmental objectives. Its goal is to mitigate the dangers brought on by unrestricted tourism. Sustainable tourism views the link between tourists, the tourism sector, and host regions and their environments and populations as a triangle.The triangle was dominated by the tourist sector, and in this setting, sustainable tourism strives to resolve conflicts between the triangle's three stakeholders and maintain equilibrium over time. Additionally, it seeks to reduce societal and environmental harm, enhance visitor happiness, and promote long-term regional economic prosperity. It is a means of striking a balance between the necessity for environmental conservation and the growing potential of tourism. Tourism is viewed as a tool for revitalizing the rural economy and a method to value conservation. However, the rural ecosystem is a highly delicate one since it is susceptible to damage from quick changes of any kind, and tourism is a strong force for change. This is a significant issue because rural areas serve as vital economic centers as well as custodians of cultural and natural heritage in many nations. As a result, \\\"rurality\\\" serves as a distinctive marketing factor for vacations in the countryside. Tourists seek out beautiful, untouched landscapes as well as isolation, calm, and quiet. Growth in tourism would eventually erode rurality and cause adverse effects on the environment, cultures, and economy.But if it were practiced, the idea of sustainable tourism would be a potent weapon against the unfavorable effects of travel. Aspects of rural tourism that must be sustained include the culture and character of the host communities, the terrain and habitats, the rural economy, and the tourism sector.","5.4 KEYWORDS \uf0b7 Local (or host) community: A social group of any size whose members reside in or near a protected area. The group shares a government and may have a common cultural and historic heritage. \uf0b7 Visitor : For protected areas (PAs), a visitor is a person who visits the lands and waters of the PA for purposes mandated for the area. A visitor is not paid to be in the PA and does not live permanently in the PA. The purposes mandated for the area typically are recreational, educational or cultural. \uf0b7 Tourist: Any visitor whose trip to a protected area includes an overnight stay. \uf0b7 Visitor use: Any use made of the protected area by a visitor during his\/her stay. \uf0b7 Tourism: The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment (here, the protected area) for not more than one consecutive year. \uf0b7 Sustainable tourism: Tourism to a protected area that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and local (host) communities. \uf0b7 UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 5.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What is the acronym of UNESCO? 2. What is Sustainable tourism? 3. Define Tourism. 4. Who is a Tourist? 5. Define Visitor. 6. Define local community. 7. What is Visitor use? 8. What is National Tourism Sustainability Strategy? 5.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short questions 1. What is Environmental sustainability?","2. What is Sustainable Socio-Cultural Practices? 3. What is Financial Stability? 4. What is National Tourism Sustainability Strategy? 5. What is tourism? 6. What are the three fundamental guidelines of sustainable tourism? 7. Explain the Suomenlinna sustainable tourism strategy. Long Questions 1. Explain the relationship between Tourism and Sustainable Development. 2. What factors make Tourism a double edged sword? 3. Explain sustainable tourism globally. 4. Explain about Indian tourism. 5. Explain Sustainable tourism with respect to India. 6. Explain National Strategy and roadmap for Sustainable Tourism. 7. Explain India\u2019s natural heritage. 8. Explain Ecotourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. All plants and living creatures in a particular areas consider in relation to their physical environment is known as a. Eco system b. Ecology c. Biomes d. Environment 2. Which is the highest reforesting country in the world? a. China b. India c. Vietnam d. USA 3. The world acclaimed tourism major listed, leading eco- tourism destination is ______ a. Gavi b. Kumarakam c. Thenmala d. Goa 4. Which is the largest tourist attraction in the world?","a. Times square b. Magic kingdom c. Niagara falls d. Disneyland Paris 5. Sustainable tourism must be practiced by a. The tour operator only b. The local community only c. Tourist only d. Both the tourist and tour operator Answers: 1-a, 2- a, 3- a, 4- a, 5- d. 5.7 REFERENCES \uf0b7 Ankomah, P.K. and R.T. Larson, 2004. Education Tourism: A Strategy to Strategy to Sustainable Tourism Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved April 30, 2009. \uf0b7 Airey, D. (2004). From here to uncertainty. Critical Issues in Tourism Education (pp. 9- 15). Buckinghamshire, UK: ATHE Publication. \uf0b7 Halloway, J. C. (1995). Towards a core curriculum for tourism: A discussion paper. London: The National Liaison Group for Higher Education in Tourism. \uf0b7 Okech, R. N. (2008). Challenges facing indigenous people: Focus on Ecotourism. Report presented at the world social forum, Maseno. \uf0b7 Taylor, P., & Richard, C. (1985). An introduction to curriculum studies. Windsor: NFERNelson. \uf0b7 WTO (2010).Basics of recreation and tourism facilities, planning. Enugu: Academic Publishing Co. Tourism and poverty alleviation: Recommendation for action Spain. \uf0b7 Ajake, A.O. & Amalu, T.E. (2012a). The relevance of tourism on the economic development of Cross River state, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. Website: \uf0b7 https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dr-Anukrati- Sharma\/publication\/306017352_Educational_Tourism_Strategy_for_Sustainable_Touris m_Development_with_reference_of_Hadauti_and_Shekhawati_Regions_of_Rajasthan_I ndia\/links\/57aadaaf08ae7a6420bf112d\/Educational-Tourism-Strategy-for-Sustainable- Tourism-Development-with-reference-of-Hadauti-and-Shekhawati-Regions-of- Rajasthan-India.pdf","\uf0b7 https:\/\/www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/ecotourism\/sustainable-tourism\/sustainable-tourism- concept-principles-and-strategies-ecotourism\/69054 \uf0b7 https:\/\/mcqmate.com\/topic\/870\/eco-tourism-set-4 \uf0b7 https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=summary+on+sustainable+tourism+strategy&oq=sum mary+on+sustainable+tourism+strategy&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160j33i22i29i30l2.2217 5j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 UNIT \u2013 6 : CHALLENGESOF SUSTAINABLE TOURISMDEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Internal and External 6.3 Economic impacts 6.4 Socio- cultural and physical Impact 6.5 Social and Economic sustainability of tourist regions","6.6 Summary 6.7 Keywords 6.8 Learning Activity 6.9 Unit End Questions 6.10 References 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter we will be learning \uf0b7 Various challenges of sustainable tourism \uf0b7 The internal and external impacts of sustainable tourism \uf0b7 The socio-cultural and physical impacts of sustainable tourism \uf0b7 The social and economic sustainability of tourist regions. \uf0b7 How Sustainable Development is Relevant to 21st Century Growth. \uf0b7 Challenges of future sustainable tourism development in the Mediterranean in light of the new circumstances. \uf0b7 How Overfishing Affects Whole Underwater Ecosystems. \uf0b7 Heritage and tourism in the context of sustainable development. 6.1 INTRODUCTION Since the late 1980s, the study of sustainable tourism has gained popularity. The discussion of sustainable tourism, however, is fragmented, inconsistent, and frequently misguided with incorrect presumptions and arguments. This essay provides a quick assessment of some of the flaws in the literature on sustainable tourism. It focuses on six topics in particular: the role of tourism demand, the nature of tourism resources, the necessity of intra-generational equity, the role of tourism in promoting sociocultural progress, the measurement of sustainability, and types of sustainable development. These topics are frequently ignored but must be covered in research. Finally, it is suggested that a systems perspective and an interdisciplinary approach are essential for elevating research on sustainable tourism to a higher scientific level. In order to achieve economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice goals, the idea of sustainable tourism aims to harmonize and reconcile challenges of intergenerational equity. It acknowledges the need for equity between local people and groups, as well as between hosts and visitors (Mbaiwa, 2005). It is anticipated that putting the idea of sustainable tourism into practice will contribute to the sustainability of the environment, social and cultural resources, and overall socio-economic development. The idea is becoming more and more popular since it is commonly believed that current consumption patterns, which view available resources as limitless, need to be changed. The economic and ecological","aspects of sustainable development have received a lot of attention, particularly at the national level ,but the analysis of the effects of sustainable tourism on particular local communities and the industry's impact on the quality of life and on socio-ecological aspects of communities that are directly impacted by the tourism industry, particularly in developing countries, has received little attention. Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the Mediterranean: The Mediterranean region has been most affected by the two biggest global events of the past ten years: the 2008 financial crisis and the 2010 Arab Spring. The Mediterranean is the region that has been exposed to turbulent events the most over the past ten years, according to data that includes the global decline in oil prices in 2014, the European migrant crisis of 2015, and the fact that the Middle East continues to be the world's primary crisis flashpoint. The nations that have seen the least economic development are likewise found in the Mediterranean, and many of them, particularly those that are EU Members States, have yet to fully recover from the crisis. Greece, war-torn Syria, and war-torn Libya have had the largest economic reductions since 2008, while other Mediterranean nations like Spain, Italy, Croatia, or Cyprus rank well among those experiencing varied economic problems. No Arab Mediterranean nation was unscathed by the Arab Spring, and Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, and Libya\u2014which have all descended into still-raging civil wars\u2014all still suffer from its repercussions today. Despite having a democratic government, both Egypt and Tunisia have seen terrorist attacks, and in both nations, orthodox Islamic movements appear to be gaining ground. While Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian territories have been in a state of persistent instability for decades despite their nominal economic progress, neighboring wars and terrorist attacks have also had a severe influence on Turkey's economy. Since 2016, there has been indications of rising racial conflict throughout south-eastern Europe, including the generally tranquil nations of Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. One of the most significant businesses in the Mediterranean, tourism has been significantly impacted by these volatile events, particularly in nations where it is the primary economic activity, such as Malta, Cyprus, Croatia, Montenegro, and Greece. From an ecological, sociological, and economic perspective, this has repercussions for the viability of tourism. Since the events of the past years make it extremely difficult to anticipate the future, it would be interesting to find out how these changes can effect the sustainability of tourism development in the near future. The following analysis additionally considered the years between 2000 and 2009 because several crucial processes for tourism sustainability shifted directions in the wake of the financial crisis that began in 2008. Three significant years were chosen in order to simplify the analysis: The most recent year was 2016, with the proviso that the tourist data utilized were from","2015 due to the lack of more current data, and the years studied were 2000, the start of the new millennium; 2009, the year that marked the beginning of a new chaotic time; and 2016. Key features of Demographic and Economic trends in the Mediterranean in the new Millennium: Western European Mediterranean EU Member States, particularly Spain, France, and Italy: These nations have, for the most part, seen modest but steady economic growth based on very low or negative population growth, which is the result of higher economic development and immigration, primarily from other EU Member States and non-EU Mediterranean countries The conversion of vacation homes into permanent residences by senior citizens from rich European nations, principally Germany and the United Kingdom, is a major factor in some countries' slightly greater population growth, particularly in Spain. Countries in the Eastern European Mediterranean region: Most of these nations have experienced population declines as a result of improved living standards and the consequent decrease in the average number of children per family. Another factor is emigration, mostly to wealthy EU nations, caused by a shortage of good jobs. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and Kosovo are three underdeveloped nations that are not yet part of the EU and have not begun the admission process. However, other nations, notably the three most developed EU Member States in the region\u2014Greece, Slovenia, and Croatia\u2014have all experienced population declines or just modest population increase. Asian and African countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea: These mainly moderately developed nations have generally experienced strong population growth driven by high birth rates, with Lebanon and Jordan recording the highest overall growth due to the influx of refugees from nearby war-torn regions. Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia are three nations that have had strong economic growth in the new millennium but also significant emigration to Europe. These nations have experienced somewhat slower growth. Due to population flight brought on by war, Libya and Syria, while having extremely high birth rates, have experienced negative population increase. The demographic processes and the economic processes are not correlated. This is due to the fact that almost all of the developed European Mediterranean nations, including Israel, were severely affected by the 2008 financial crisis and that many of them are still struggling. At the same time, all moderately developed nations have seen significant economic growth, particularly those in Asia and the African Mediterranean region, with the exception of Syria and Libya due to their wars. However, moderately developed Eastern European Mediterranean countries, which have seen negative population growth and emigration, can also experience large economic development, though this growth was significantly slower between 2009 and 2016 than it had been after 2000. Many countries in South Eastern Europe had rapid economic growth after 2000,","which was partially attributed to the security situation improving after the end of the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia in 1995 and the NATO intervention in Serbia in 1999. TABLE 1 Populations of Mediterranean Countries in 2000, 2009 and 2016 Country Area in Population Population Population Population Change Change Change sq km in 000 in 000 in 000 per sq km % % % 2016 2000 2009 2016 2000- 2009- 2000- 2009 2016 2016 Albania 28,748 3,490 3,640 3,039 105.7 4.3 -16.5 -12.9 Algeria 2,381,741 31,194 34,178 40,264 16.9 9.6 17.8 29.1 Bosnia and 51,197 3,836 4,613 3,862 75.4 20.3 -16.3 0.7 Herzegovina Croatia 56,594 4,282 4,489 4,314 76.2 4.8 -3.9 0.7 Cyprus 9,251 758 797 1,206 130.4 5.1 51.3 59.1 Egypt 1,001,449 68,360 83,083 94,667 94.5 21.5 13.9 38.5 France 551,695 59,330 62,151 62,814 113.9 4.8 1.1 5.9 Greece 131,957 10,602 10,737 10,773 81.6 1.3 0.3 1.6 Israel1 20,770 5,664 7,047 8,175 393.6 24.4 16.0 44.3 Italy 301,338 57,634 58,126 62,008 205.8 0.9 6.7 7.6 Jordan 89,342 4,999 6,343 8,185 91.6 26.9 29.0 63.7 Lebanon 10,452 3,578 4,017 6,238 596.8 12.3 55.3 74.3 Libya2 1,759,540 5,115 6,310 6,542 3.7 23.4 3.7 27.9 Macedonia 25,713 2,041 2,067 2,100 81.7 1.3 1.6 2.9","Malta 316 392 405 415 1,313.3 3.3 2.5 5.9 672 645 Montenegro3 13,812 680 34,859 33,656 46.7 -1.2 -4.0 -5.1 Morocco 446,550 30,122 4,200 4,837 75.4 15.7 -3.5 11.7 Palestinian 6,242 3,330 10,708 10,834 774.9 26.1 15.2 45.3 territories4 7,379 7,144 2,006 1,978 Portugal 92,212 10,048 40,525 48,564 117.5 6.6 1.2 7.8 20,178 17,185 92.2 Serbia5 77,474 7,498 10,486 11,135 97.6 -1.6 -3.2 -4.7 76,806 80,275 96.1 Slovenia 20,273 1,928 92.8 4.0 -1.4 2.6 68.1 Spain 505,370 39,997 102.4 1.3 19.8 21.4 Syria 185,180 16,306 23.7 -14.8 5.4 Tunisia 163,610 9,593 9.3 6.2 16.1 Turkey 783,562 65,667 17.0 4.5 22.2 TOTAL 8,714,388 446,444 497,831 530,855 60.9 11.5 6.6 18.9 TABLE 1: Including the population of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. 2 Population data are for the year 2015 instead of 2016. 3 For the year 2000, population data were taken from the 2003 census. 4 Including Israeli settlers in the West Bank. 5 For the year 2000, population date were taken from the 2002 census. Despite the need to treat data on per capita GDP growth with caution due to variations in currency exchange rates, it is interesting to note that Turkey and all other Arab Mediterranean nations, with the exception of Syria and Libya, experienced the highest growth between 2000 and 2009 and 2009 and 2016, respectively. The fastest-growing countries were Algeria, Jordan, Egypt, and Turkey, whereas Tunisia's growth was significantly slower due partly to the country's economy being far more dependent on tourism. Recent data show that just three countries\u2014 Algeria, Turkey, and Malta\u2014recorded real GDP growth rates that were continuously higher than 3% over the course of the last three years, with Malta being an exception because of the recent expansion of its banking and IT industries.","Country GDP per GDP per GDP per Change Change Change capita in $ capita in $ capita in $ % % % Albania Algeria 2000 2009 2016 2000- 2009- 2000- Bosnia and 2009 2016 2016 Herzegovina Croatia 3,000 7,800 11,900 160.0 52.6 296.7 Cyprus Egypt 5,500 7,200 15,000 30.9 108.3 172.7 France Greece 1,700 6,600 11,000 288.2 66.7 547.1 Israel Italy 5,800 17,700 22,400 205.2 26.6 286.2 Jordan 14,000 21,300 34,400 52.1 61.5 145.7 Lebanon 3,600 6,000 12,100 66.7 101.7 236.1 Libya 24,400 33,000 42,400 35.2 28.5 73.8 Macedonia 17,200 31,500 26,800 83.1 -14.9 55.8 Malta 18,900 29,000 34,800 53.4 20.0 84.1 Montenegro1 22,100 30,300 36,300 37.1 19.8 64.3 3,500 5,200 11,100 48.6 113.5 217.1 5,000 13,300 18,500 166.0 39.1 270.0 8,900 13,600 14,200 52.8 4.4 59.6 4,400 9,300 14,500 111.4 55.9 229.5 14,300 24,700 37,900 72.7 53.4 165.0 2,300 10,000 17,000 334.8 70.0 639.1","Morocco 3,500 4,700 8,400 34.3 78.7 140.0 Palestinian 1,300 2,900 4,300 123.1 48.3 230.8 territories2 Portugal 15,800 22,800 28,500 44.3 25.0 80.4 Serbia1 2,300 10,700 14,200 365.2 32.7 517.4 Slovenia 12,000 28,000 32,000 133.3 14.3 166.7 Spain 18,000 29,800 36,500 65.6 22.5 102.8 Syria3 3,100 4,700 2,900 51.6 -38.3 -6.5 Tunisia 6,500 9,300 11,700 43.1 25.8 80.0 Turkey 6,800 11,600 21,100 70.6 81.9 210.3 TABLE 2 GDP per Capita in Mediterranean Countries in 2000, 2009 and 2016 For the year 2000, data for GDP per capita refer to the whole state of Serbia and Montenegro. 2 GDP per capita data are for the year 2014 instead of 2015. 3 GDP per capita data are for the year 2015 instead of 2016. Tourism Development processes in the Mediterranean and Consequences for Sustainability: The facts on tourism development point to three groups of nations that are comparable to one another in terms of demographic and economic dynamics. However, there are many differences and major differences in the patterns, mostly because of political and security factors. The nations can once again be classified into three categories in accordance with three distinctive tendencies in the growth of tourism based on the information on the number of foreign tourists and tourism revenue displayed in Tables 3 and 4: While still much larger than the economic growth in these nations, tourism growth in the western European Mediterranean, which comprises the three nations with the strongest tourism industries (Spain, France, and Italy), has been mild over the past six years. The tourism industries in all three nations, as well as in neighboring Portugal, were severely impacted by the 2008 financial crisis, as seen by the relatively low number of foreign visitors who registered in 2009 compared to 2000. Revenue from tourism increased more rapidly than other industries between 2000 and","2009, but declined from 2009 to 2015. This can be linked to a variety of factors, including the decline in pricing for tourism services brought on by the crisis as well as fluctuations in currency exchange rates with the euro. Cyprus, Israel, and to a lesser extent Malta\u2014the only Mediterranean nation in the EU to have entirely recovered from the crisis\u2014all exhibit somewhat comparable trends. Another intriguing fact is that, in comparison to Italy and France, which were less severely affected by the financial crisis, Spain, the country in the western Mediterranean region that was most affected, has substantially stronger absolute and relative tourism growth. The tourism industry in the eastern Mediterranean region of Europe has also experienced a proportionately significant rise, particularly in nations like Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia that began at extremely low levels in earlier decades. Other south-eastern European nations had significant increases in tourism as well, including Turkey and three EU members: Greece, Croatia, and Slovenia. The country of Albania saw the most astounding rise, with a twelve-fold increase in foreign visitors since the turn of the millennium, making it a legitimate travel destination. In fact, when tourist numbers are considered, it beats nations like Cyprus and Israel that it previously lagged well behind in. Both Turkey, a nation that has had tremendous demographic expansion since 2000, and those nations that have undergone quick population losses and significant emigration have experienced strong tourism growth. Additionally, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Croatia\u2014all of which were severely impacted by the 2008 financial crisis\u2014have favorable tourism growth rates in tandem with expanding overall economies. The number of tourists to Arab nations in the African and Asian Mediterranean, with the exception of Morocco, significantly decreased after seeing strong rise in the 2000s. This is particularly true in Egypt and Tunisia, the top tourist destinations in the African Mediterranean, where traveler numbers decreased by more than 20% between 2009 and 2016, as well as in Syria and Libya, where travel has all but vanished as a result of the civil wars. Other Arab nations, like Jordan and Lebanon, who have somewhat developed tourism businesses, as well as Algeria, which has only recently began to open up to tourism, all show a fall in tourism. Given that these nations, with the exception of Syria and Libya, are experiencing rapid population and economic growth, it is obvious that the Arab Spring is mostly to blame for this fall. In this regard, it is important to keep in mind that Morocco, despite having the highest rate of tourism growth among the Arab Mediterranean nations, is following unfavorable economic and demographic trends, not only when compared to Algeria, where tourism has never played a significant role, but also when compared to Egypt, where the tourism industry is having serious issues. TABLE 3 Number of Tourists in Mediterranean Countries in 2000, 2009 and 2015","Country Tourists Tourists Tourists Change Change Change Concentration in in in % % % of tourism thousands thousands thousands near the Mediterranean coast 2000 2009 2015 2000- 2009- 2000- 2009 2015 2015 Albania 317 1,792 3,784 465.3 111.2 very high (over 1,093.7 90%) Algeria 866 1,912 1,710 120.8 -10.6 97.5 undeveloped tourism industry Bosnia and 171 311 678 81.9 118.0 296.5 low (5-25%) Herzegovina Croatia 5,831 8,694 very high (over 12,683 49.1 45.9 117.5 90%) Cyprus 2,686 2,141 2,659 very high (over -20.3 24.2 -1.0 90%) Egypt 5,116 11,914 9,139 132.9 -23.3 78.6 low (5-25%) France 77,190 76,764 84,452 -0.6 10.0 9.4 low (5-25%) Greece very high (over 13,096 14,915 23,599 13.9 58.2 80.2 90%) Israel 2,417 2,321 2,799 -4.0 20.6 15.8 high (60-80%) Italy 41,181 43,239 50,732 5.0 17.3 23.2 high (60-80%) Jordan 1,427 3,789 3,761 165.5 -0.7 163.6 not on the Mediterranean Lebanon 742 1,844 1,518 148.5 -17.7 104.6 very high (over","Libya1* 174 34 \u2026 -80.5 \u2026 \u2026 90%) Macedonia 224 259 486 15.6 87.6 117.0 undeveloped 1,182 1,791 -2.8 51.5 47.3 tourism Malta 1,216 1,044 1,560 \u2026 49.4 \u2026 industry 8,341 10,177 96.7 22.0 140.0 Montenegro2 \u2026 396 432 20.0 9.1 30.9 not on the Mediterranean Morocco 4,240 6,439 9,957 -46.8 54.6 -17.7 645 1,132 \u2026 75.5 373.6 very high (over Palestinian 330 1,824 2,707 67.3 48.4 148.3 90%) territories 52,178 68,215 8.9 30.7 42.4 6,092 \u2026 330.2 \u2026 \u2026 very high (over Portugal 12,097 90%) 6,901 5,359 36.4 -22.3 6.0 Serbia2 239 25,506 39,478 166.1 54.8 311.8 low (5-25%) Slovenia 1,090 Spain 47,898 undeveloped tourism Syria 1,416 industry Tunisia 5,058 not on the Turkey 9,586 Mediterranean not on the Mediterranean low (5-25%) high (60-80%) undeveloped tourism industry very high (over 90%) high (60-80%)","TOTAL 234,608 280,477 338,808 19.6 20.8 44.4 high (60-80%) Data for the number of tourists are for the year 2008 instead of 2009. 2 For the year 2000, data for the number of tourists refer to the whole state of Serbia and Montenegro. Sources: UNWTO, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (Data 1999-2003, 2006-2010 and 2011- 2015), 2005, 2012 and 2017 editions, UNWTO, Madrid; and internal data from the Institute for Tourism Zagreb. TABLE 4 Tourism Receipts in Mediterranean Countries in 2000, 2009 and 2015 Country Touris Tourism Touri Chan Chan Chan Expendit Receipts m receipts sm ge % ge % ge % ure per receip in mill. $ recei per inhabita ts in pts in tourist nt mill. $ mill. 2015 $ 2015 $ $ 2000 2009 2015 2000-2009 2009- 2000- 2015 2015 Albania 398 2,012 1,614 405.5 -19.8 305.5 427 531 Algeria 96 381 357 296.9 -6.3 271.9 209 9 Bosnia 178 772 713 333.7 -7.6 300.6 1,052 185 and Herzegov ina Croatia 2,871 9,224 9,018 221.3 -2.2 214.1 711 2,090 Cyprus 2,134 2,459 2,489 15.2 1.2 16.6 936 2,064 Egypt 4,657 11,757 6,897 152.5 -41.3 48.1 755 73 France 30,981 58,543 54,003 89.0 -7.8 74.3 639 860 Greece 9,262 14,796 15,662 59.7 5.9 69.1 664 1,454","Israel 4,571 4,332 6,061 -5.2 39.9 32.6 2,165 741 -5.1 38.7 785 642 Italy 28,706 41,938 39,805 46.1 44.0 434.4 1,329 611 -1.0 855.1 4,669 1,136 Jordan 935 3,471 4,997 271.2 \u2026\u2026 \u2026 \u2026 Lebanon 742 7,157 7,087 864.6 99 \u2026 2.1 Libya1 97 Macedoni 232 270 163.6 16.4 206.8 556 129 a 88 Malta 754 1,116 1,367 48.0 22.5 81.3 763 3,294 34.3 \u2026 607 1,468 Monteneg \u2026 705 947 \u2026 ro2 Morocco 2,284 7,980 7,534 249.4 -5.6 229.9 740 224 Palestinia 226 410 478 81.4 16.6 111.5 1,106 99 n territories Portugal 6,027 12,315 15,721 104.3 27.7 160.8 1,579 1,451 1,322 \u2026 185 Serbia2 30 989 33.7 4,306.7 1,168 1,363 1,163 Slovenia 1,016 2,735 2,697 169.2 -1.4 165.5 996 \u2026 168 Spain 33,833 59,539 56,484 76.0 -5.1 66.9 828 441 Syria 1,082 3,781 \u2026 249.4 \u2026\u2026 \u2026 Tunisia 1,977 3,526 1,869 78.4 -47.0 -5.5 349 Turkey 7,636 24,601 35,413 222.2 43.9 363.8 897","140,58 272,80 95.5 -0.8 94.1 805 TOTAL 1 274,870 5 514 Data for the number of tourism receipt are for the year 2008 instead of 2009. 2 For the year 2000, data for the number of tourism receipt refer to the whole state of Serbia and Montenegro. Sources: UNWTO, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (Data 1999-2003, 2006-2010 and 2011- 2015), 2005, 2012 and 2017 editions, UNWTO, Madrid. It is obvious from the aforementioned disparities that the north-eastern region of the Mediterranean experienced the greatest growth in tourism from 2000 to 2015 overall. The large increase in tourism in the eastern Mediterranean region of Europe is partially attributable to tourists who were diverted from Egypt and Tunisia, but it is also a result of improved security following the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Compared to Western Europe, particularly France and Germany, which have seen terrorist attacks and issues with sizable immigrant populations from Islamic countries in Africa and Asia, most south-eastern European nations have recently generally become safer. The relatively affordable prices, which have become a crucial feature in light of the economic crisis in the EU, the primary tourist market for the entire Mediterranean region, are another essential draw factor for travel to south-eastern Europe. Turbulent events have had a strong impact on tourism, one of the most important industries throughout the Mediterranean, especially in those countries in which it is the main economic activity. Although there are many unique characteristics of individual nations and regions within them, the effects of these trends on the long-term viability of tourist development in the Mediterranean vary for each of the three categories of Mediterranean countries. Special consideration should be given in this context to nations on the Mediterranean coast that are predominantly focused on beach tourism, including the majority of the eastern European Mediterranean, as shown in Table 4. This is particularly true in Greece, Croatia, Albania, Cyprus, Montenegro, and, to a lesser extent, Turkey. In contrast, only Malta and Tunisia, as well as to a lesser extent, Spain, Italy, and Israel, have a significant concentration of tourists on their shores. However, nations with very short coastlines, like Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as those whose tourism is not primarily concentrated on the Mediterranean coast, like Egypt or France, can also experience issues with tourism concentration in coastal areas. The rise in airline passengers, as indicated in Table 5, is a significant sign of the increasing pressure on the Mediterranean's ecosystem. The eastern European Mediterranean region, particularly Croatia and Montenegro, has experienced the fastest growth during the past ten years. A notable rise in air travelers was also observed in Morocco, as well as in a few Asian and African Mediterranean nations, like Egypt, Lebanon, and Algeria, which did not see a major rise","in tourism overall. It's also important to consider the expansion of low-cost airlines and the rehabilitation of airports like the one in Alexandria, Egypt. There were variations in particular places, notwithstanding the fact that the development in air traffic in the western Mediterranean was somewhat weaker. The southern Adriatic coast of Italy, which has historically had less developed tourism, saw the highest growth, while the two major French tourist destinations of Provence and Occitanie, as well as the Balearic Islands, Spain's region with the highest concentration of tourists, saw the lowest growth in air traffic. TABLE 5 Number of Passengers at Airports Located Less than 100 Kilometres from the Mediterranean Coast State \/ region Total Total Total Change Change Change (airports with 100,000 number of number of number of %%% or more passengers in passengers passengers passengers brackets) 2000 2009 2015 2000- 2009- 2000- 2009 2015 2015 Spain \u2013 Andalusia and Melilla (Malaga, Almeria, Jerez de la 11,767,528 14,975,390 19,592,293 27.3 30.8 66.5 Frontera, Granada- Jaen, Melilla) Spain \u2013 Valencia and Murcia (Valencia, 8,411,957 15,519,140 19,241,029 84.5 24.0 128.7 Alicante, Murcia) Spain \u2013 Balearic 26,650,293 28,209,526 36,848,862 5.9 30.6 38.3 Islands (Palma de Mallorca, Ibiza, Menorca) Spain \u2013 Catalonia \/ Barcelona (Barcelona, 21,167,650 34,415,267 46,637,067 62.6 35.5 120.3 Girona, Reus) France \u2013 Occitanie 2,733,337 2,372,118 2,715,706 -13.2 14.5 -0.6 (Montpellier,","Perpignan, Carcassonne, B\u00e9ziers, N\u00eemes) France \u2013 Provence- 16,556,441 17,697,756 21,453,936 6.9 21.2 29.6 Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur 2,503,239 3,349,413 13.1 33.8 51.4 (Nice, Marseilles, 6,963,966 8,910,999 82.0 28.0 132.9 Toulon) 38,565,915 47,140,468 42.2 22.2 73.8 7,451,333 10,059,392 36.4 35.0 84.1 France \u2013 Corsica 2,212,419 (Ajaccio, Bastia, Figari, 11,699,011 15,551,570 58.2 32.9 110.3 Calvi) 6,534,526 7,587,521 60.6 16.1 86.5 4,325,771 7,224,523 118.5 67.0 264.8 Italy \u2013 Tuscany, 3,825,663 Liguria and Piedmont (Pisa, Florence, Genoa, Cuneo) Italy \u2013 Lazio \/ Rome 27,117,643 (Rome Fiumicino, Rome Ciampino) Italy \u2013 Campania and 5,463,046 Calabria (Naples, Lamezia Terme, Reggio Calabria, Crotone) Italy \u2013 Sicily (Catania, 7,393,302 Palermo, Trapani, Comiso, Lampedusa, Pantelleria) Italy \u2013 Sardinia 4,068,064 (Cagliari, Olbia, Alghero) Italy \u2013 Puglia and 1,980,157 Abruzzo (Bari, Brindisi, Pescara)","Italy \u2013 Emilia- 3,959,391 6,114,379 8,403,320 54.4 37.4 112.2 Romagna and Marche 4,991,715 9,180,923 12,986,554 83.9 (Bologna, Rimini, 41.5 160.2 Forli, Ancona) 74.1 69.1 87.9 397.9 Italy \u2013 Veneto and 88.9 166.4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 43.2 154.4 (Venice, Treviso, 52.3 42.4 Trieste) 24.4 69.7 Malta (Malta) 3,004,714 2,918,664 5,080,071 -2.9 43.9 51.8 Croatia (Split, 1,079,987 2,861,663 5,377,124 165.0 41.2 50.9 Dubrovnik, Zadar, Pula, Rijeka) Montenegro (Tivat, 696,678 982,532 1,855,836 41.0 Podgorica) Albania (Tirana)1 785,000 1,394,688 1,997,044 77.7 3,498,000 5,328,404 -6.5 Greece \u2013 Ionian Islands 3,742,000 16,383,589 20,377,368 36.4 and Epirus (Corfu, Zakynthos, Kefallinia, Preveza, Ioannina)2 Greece \u2013 Attica and the 12,010,448 Peloponnese (Athens, Patras, Kalamata) 2 Greece \u2013 Crete 6,492,726 6,847,840 9,854,160 5.5 (Heraklion, Chania)2 7,213,175 7,708,111 10,886,116 6.9 Greece \u2013 Aegean Islands (Rhodes, Kos, Santorini, Mykonos, Mytilene, Samos, Karpathos, Chios, Lemnos)2","Greece \u2013 Macedonia, 4,409,027 4,985,195 6,868,791 13.1 37.8 55.8 Thrace and Thessaly 5,610,050 12,349,941 20,695,048 120.1 (Thessaloniki, 8,405,474 21,512,170 26,708,664 155.9 67.6 268.9 Skiathos, Kavala, Alexandroupolis)2 24.2 217.8 37.1 59.9 Turkey \u2013 Aegean 45.4 207.4 (Izmir, Dalaman, 61.1 72.8 Bodrum, Balikesir, 84.2 958.4 \u00c7anakkale) 3.8 21.5 42.9 119.4 Turkey \u2013 83.9 282.8 Mediterranean 33.8 88.3 (Antalya, Alanya, Adana, Hatay) Cyprus (Larnaca, 7,764,915 9,053,235 12,414,729 16.6 Ercan, Paphos)1 Lebanon (Beirut) 2,343,387 4,952,899 7,203,781 111.4 Israel (Tel Aviv Ben 10,849,076 11,638,477 18,750,730 7.3 Gurion, Tel Aviv Sde Dov, Haifa) Egypt * (Alexandria, 263,491 1,514,017 2,788,710 474.6 Borg El-Arab) Tunisia (Tunis, 9,435,103 11,046,316 11,465,757 17.1 Enfidha, Djerba, Monastir) Algeria (Algiers, Oran, 3,775,701 5,795,623 8,282,702 53.5 Bejaia)1 Morocco (Tangier, 531,628 1,106,880 2,035,163 108.2 Nador, Oujda) TOTAL MEDITERRANEAN 236,711,186 333,078,100 445,672,851 40.7","Data for the number of passengers are for the year 2015 instead of 2016. 2 Some data for the number of passengers are for the years 2002 and 2004 instead of 2000 Sources: Airports Council International, www.aci.aero\/; internal data from the Institute for Tourism Zagreb and national statistics. According to these trends, since 2000, the environmental sustainability has declined most in the eastern European Mediterranean countries and much less in those with more developed tourism industries, such as Spain, France, and Italy, even though these three nations have more tourism infrastructure along their coastlines than do the majority of the eastern European Mediterranean nations. Unfortunately, there hasn't been enough consideration given to the environmental effects of the tourism industry's explosive growth in Turkey, Greece, Croatia, Montenegro, and, particularly, Albania. In order to avoid repeating the numerous mistakes made by western European Mediterranean countries in the past, these countries have been subjected to very intense and, for the most part, unplanned development of tourism infrastructure and secondary residences along a significant portion of their coastlines for the past twenty years. Special importance should be given to countries primarily oriented towards beach tourism on the Mediterranean coast. There has been a fall in tourism's environmental sustainability as a result of the common belief that it has an enormously good influence on the sociocultural and economic realms, the other two main pillars of sustainability. This is particularly true in Albania, Montenegro, and Turkey, all of which are currently experiencing periods of very rapid economic and demographic growth in coastal areas as a result of tourism, with commensurate declines in those places' populations and economies. Despite the comparatively modest earnings compared to wealthy European countries and the seasonal nature of the profession, tourism occupations are nevertheless seen as more attractive in these countries than most other sorts of jobs. This has also been the case recently in comparatively more developed nations like Greece and Croatia, where the economic crisis resulted in job losses and a sharp decline in incomes in nearly all fundamental job categories outside from tourism. In the African portion of the Mediterranean, where many tourism jobs were lost as a result of the Arab Spring and doubt has been cast on the continued profitability of existing tourist businesses due to the drastic price cuts implemented to stay in business, it is to be expected that sensitivity to the negative effects of tourism would be even less pronounced. Challenges of future sustainable tourism development in the Mediterranean in light of the new circumstances: Despite the fact that tourism in the Mediterranean is still growing in the new millennium, particularly in the eastern European portion, this expansion is much slower than it is in other parts of the world. For instance, between 2000 and 2015, the number of international visitors to the Mediterranean increased by 44%, a rate comparable to that of Western Europe, North","America, and the Caribbean. The countries where intensive development in the past jeopardized sustainability experienced the lowest growth rates. At the same time, tourism more than doubled in regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, the Far East, Southeast Asia, and Central America. However, it should be remembered that many destinations undertook sizable projects with questionable environmental sustainability and that these projects received only moderate opposition because of the positive economic effects of tourism. Excessive development of tourist infrastructure has not been stopped, despite widespread awareness of the numerous negative consequences of this form of development, primarily, low utilization and occupation of large and valuable tracts of coastline. Significant opposition to the growth of tourism in the Mediterranean region generally occurred in discrete hotspots, which were typically composed of incredibly alluring urban districts. This was particularly true for cities like Barcelona in Spain, Venice in Italy, Dubrovnik in Croatia, and Rhodes in Greece that were frequently visited by cruise ships. There is growing opposition to the construction of vacation homes and second homes along the seaside, which is considered as a particularly aggressive manner of damaging the environment that has previously been far too frequently disregarded. On the Mediterranean coast of Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Egypt, and other nations, however, excessive development of tourist infrastructure and apartments, such as on the Costa del Sol or in the Balearic Islands in Spain or on the Adriatic coast of Italy, continues, frequently in even worse forms due to unplanned expansion and subpar buildings. Unfortunately, despite widespread knowledge of the numerous negative effects of this type of development, including underuse and occupation of valuable coastal areas and the fact that excessive development of such infrastructure and an overestimation of its value were among the initial factors contributing to the economic crisis in Mediterranean EU Member States, this has not been stopped. The above leads to the conclusion that while these processes will persist, they will be partially mitigated by growing environmental consciousness and even greater knowledge of their detrimental consequences on the economy. Additionally, it should be anticipated that the European Mediterranean would have slower tourism growth than other parts of the world due to general demographic and economic trends. Finally, there is a risk that the political climate could deteriorate due to rising ethnic tensions, particularly in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia, as well as the current issues in Turkey brought on by the effects of the wars in the neighboring countries of Syria and Iraq. This risk is particularly present in the eastern European Mediterranean region, which has seen the fastest growth in tourism to date. This does not imply that these nations, like all others in the Mediterranean, should disregard the bad effects of tourism, particularly overdevelopment in coastal areas, which serve as the main sources of travel throughout the region.","6.2 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES Comparing internal and external impacts of sustainable innovation: An exploratory study Although the discipline of impact assessment is seeing growth in the area of sustainable business impact, theory built on comparisons of the internal and external effects of environmental and social innovation would be helpful for entrepreneurship in particular. This exploratory study closes this gap by reviewing a collection of sustainable innovation case studies. When comparing different types of innovations, it was discovered that there were notable variations between them, with product-focused innovations favoring the environment and service or new business usage innovations favoring society. Significant differences were also discovered when comparing external impacts, with benefits for underserved people or improvements in markets favoring social innovations as would be predicted, while a decrease in waste or an increase in clean energy preferred environmental innovations. Although both sorts of innovations were determined to have increased sales and revenue when compared to the internal consequences, there was still a sizable disparity between the two. Future research hypotheses are offered here. Recently, more people have become interested in sustainability, especially corporate executives, small- and medium-sized business managers, and other practitioners. Researchers now have the chance to explore an area of business that has a lot of potential influence because of the growing interest from practitioners. However, this also brings up the issue of how to gauge the success of sustainable business endeavors (Pope et al. 2004). What is absent are the guiding ideas required to comprehend both how sustainable innovation affects society or the environment, as well as how these innovations assist Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and aid managers in making strategic decisions. Through a thorough analysis of 141 case studies of sustainable innovations, this study aims to develop these early theories of effect assessment. Comparisons between two types of innovations, environmental and social, are then made within three thematic areas: the forms of innovations, the external influence on society or the environment, and most crucially, the internal impact on the business, using thematic analysis to discover trends. Due to the fact that research on sustainability practice has only included single case studies, results are restricted to those particular circumstances and a general understanding of sustainable implications cannot be provided. Without comparing it to other environmental and social companies, an environmental company that has cut costs, for instance, may offer an excellent illustration of a sustainable business, but we cannot determine whether this is typical of environmental companies or particular to this one instance. This comparison can provide managers with practical notions of sustainable effect and serve as a starting point for more field study.","This study, which highlights case studies that show social or environmental benefits that have subsequently led to business gains, adopts a broad perspective on sustainability as a result. However, no hypotheses are put forth because the purpose of this study is entirely exploratory\u2014 to illustrate what is being done in practice. An study of the findings leads to the development of theories. It is crucial to make clear the contrast between environmental and social sustainability because environmental issues are emphasized in literature on sustainability. Understanding the distinctions between environmental and social sustainability is essential when examining sustainability impact assessment since it establishes the context for the assessment and comparison. This study starts by comparing what is being done in each area of sustainability in order to address this. This will guide the study's second part, which will identify and evaluate each practice's effects in order to better comprehend the results of those activities. Sustainability and entrepreneurship strategy: Prior to discussing sustainability and entrepreneurial strategy, it is crucial to comprehend the increased importance that these topics have for SME's. To do this, we must first define sustainability. Early definitions of sustainability frequently focused only on environmental preservation, while societal issues were more frequently connected to corporate social responsibility (CSR) a concept that the more widely accepted and up-to-date model of sustainability (TBL). The TBL model of sustainability gives the economy, society, and the environment equal weight when making strategic decisions. Sustainability creates two areas of interest that are unique to entrepreneurs because it allows businesses to operate in a way that satisfies the economic needs of all stakeholders. The primary advantage to the firm is the first. Economic success is essential since it secures the business's long-term success. When sustainability and\/or CSR are included into a firm's strategy, they must support both basic business operations and help the organization achieve its objective. To do this, it must contribute to value creation, which Burke and Logsdon deem to be the most important goal of every firm and its process for making strategic decisions (1996). Five dimensions are identified along which this should occur. The first of these is centrality, which refers to how closely a CSR program aligns with the goals and missions of the organization. It gives guidance and enables business owners to determine whether a particular action or choice is consistent with the company's purpose, goals, or particular objectives. The second factor, specificity, examines the extent to which a company may integrate and reap the rewards of CSR. This dimension places more emphasis on the competitive advantage a CSR project creates or captures (Santos, 2012) than on producing a shared benefit that the entire sector can benefit from .In order to pinpoint the benefits that SME's can and are internalizing, the comparison with internal impacts tries to investigate this dimension. The third component,","proactivity, measures how well CSR initiatives are foreseen in light of political, technological, or economic changes (Andrews, 1980; Cooper & Schendel, 1976). Companies will be able to adopt CSR initiatives that will better position the company to take advantage of changes in the business environment if they are aware of them early on. It is anticipated that the guiding theories created from this study's findings will help firms be more proactive. The fourth component, voluntarism, is concerned with the range of discretionary decision- making that a corporation has access to in the absence of any externally imposed regulations or compliance obligations (Burke & Logsdon, 1996). This indicates that SME's are able to engage in CSR activities voluntarily and are able to oversee the activity's execution to ensure that it adheres to their objectives. There is also a connection to proactivity because in order to be proactive, businesses must also be able to foresee potential rules and manage their own capacity to carry out future plans. Visibility, the last dimension, is reasonably self-explanatory. It is a company's capacity to win respect from all stakeholders, either for itself or the CSR program it has put in place. Burke & Logsdon (1996) assert that CSR operations tend to have less negative publicity than other corporate activities could, which might support a company's strategic aims relating to goodwill, brand identification, and staff attractiveness. The influence on stakeholders who are not shareholders is the second area of focus (Freeman & Phillips, 2002; Jackson & Nelson, 2004). Like any other business project, strategic CSR initiatives will have long-term investment qualities that produce the largest overall payoffs in terms of collective benefits to the organization and its stakeholders (Burke & Logsdon, 1996). Here, when establishing strategic plans for these investment qualities, considerations for the environment and society are taken into account. In that it helps with resource acquisition, opportunity recognition, and market building, this closely relates to entrepreneurial strategy. Entrepreneurial Strategy is significantly impacted by the limited resources that entrepreneurs must start with because resource restrictions are a defining characteristic of entrepreneurship. Therefore, entrepreneurs discover ways to overcome the shortage of resources early on through a variety of strategies, such as looking for partnerships to obtain financial capital or obtaining financial resources from third parties. Entrepreneurial endeavors must stand out and possess great potential to boost their prospects. Entrepreneurs would tremendously benefit from having guiding theories that were based on a collection of cases revealing effective tactics in terms of both time and decision-making. Additionally, the development of markets and the identification of opportunities are necessary for entrepreneurial strategy. Understanding how to develop markets is essential for businesses due to their nature. To expand into new markets, this frequently entails engaging with larger societal themes. Understanding how that looks is crucial for SME's looking to establish markets","or expand into existing ones as sustainable innovation directly influences this strategic decision- making by providing new markets. This also relates to opportunity recognition because it may be easier to recognize opportunities in the context of other firms if you can see how they have already been taken advantage of. For entrepreneurs to take advantage of the most lucrative opportunities, effective entrepreneurial strategies necessitate better-informed decision-making to adjust to frequently ambiguous market conditions. Companies must concurrently build sustainable value, also known as shareholder and stakeholder value, in order to accomplish the aforementioned. Because it takes advantage of contemporary market realities, sustainable value is quickly becoming a necessity in business operations. Businesses that include shareholder value and stakeholder value into their strategy might benefit from this by acquiring a competitive edge in a market where both values have evolved to the point of becoming inseparable. Since the market has internalized societal needs, concentrating solely on shareholder value, which is typically associated with the goal of business, will no longer give any competitive advantage. Stakeholder value must be incorporated with shareholder value in entrepreneurial strategy as it is increasingly becoming a driving force for economic progress (Laszlo & Zhexembayeva, 2011). Therefore, managers can gain from knowing what has worked in the past and what rewards they might expect. Sustainable impact assessment: Despite being used for more than 40 years, environmental impact assessment has only lately been updated to incorporate the ideas of sustainability and sustainable development. Even with this new trend, sustainable impact assessment still primarily considers how a project will affect society (Morgan, 2012), human health, and\/or the environment. However, there is another crucial aspect of sustainability that needs more in-depth investigation: how the project will affect the The majority of discussions on internal business impacts are on the conceptual level in terms of economic indicators that should be focused on rather than delving into the actual observed impacts, even though some large companies mention how they have benefited from sustainable initiatives in their annual reports. At a minimum, assessments of sustainable impacts must provide equal attention to and clearly articulate the social, environmental, and economic elements. Impact evaluation is generally understood, but sustainability impact assessment needs some clarification. The goal of sustainability assessment, according to Verheem (2002), is to make sure that \\\"plans and activities make an optimal contribution to sustainable development\\\" . Using the phrase \\\"a tool that can help decision-makers and policy-makers decide what measures they should take and should not take in an effort to make society more sustainable,\\\" Devuyst (2001) offers a clearer description of sustainability assessment. These definitions are an excellent place to start, although they are not entirely clear about what the assessment process comprises. The","aforementioned only serves as a broad illustration of what sustainability evaluation should entail; nonetheless, for something this broad, greater clarity in terms of intended objectives is required. Two different sustainability analyses that have been modified from recent environmental assessments are presented by Pope et al. (2004). An environmental impact assessment is the first (EIA). EIA is an evaluation that compares results to a baseline. This is similar to an accounting base-line metric that mainly relies on the TBL model. For each of the three pillars, goals are established that serve as benchmarks with which the assessment can be compared. The three pillars of sustainability\u2014the environment, society, and economy\u2014can all have opposing interests, hence Pope et al. (2004) argue that the EIA is a restricted method of assessing sustainability. By doing so, one ignores the interdependence between the three goals and instead views them as separate objectives, sometimes having to decide which of the three to optimize. They discuss a Strategic Environmental Assessment as the second category (SEA). In SEA, assessments are measured against predetermined aspired objectives, which is more of an objective-led approach to assessment. The distinction is that SEA \\\"promotes the adoption of a principles-based approach\\\" in which criteria are developed from sustainability principles (Pope et al., 2004: 610). Interconnections between the pillars are highlighted rather than trade-offs by keeping sustainability principles in the evaluation rather than fixed goals. Through this perspective on sustainability assessment, ideas can be built to help entrepreneurs make strategic decisions and researchers test and improve their findings. The links and relationships between environmental, social, and economic repercussions were explored through the analysis of stories of sustainable business ideas. What are the differences between social innovation and environmental innovation, and more significantly, what are the differences in the impacts connected with these types of innovation, both internally and externally? These are the questions put out to guide the theory development. By providing an answer to these concerns, we can strengthen the theoretical underpinnings of the area of sustainability assessment and further our understanding of how sustainable innovation affects society. The suggested conceptual model is presented in Figure 6.1 below.","Fig 6.1Conceptual model guiding analysis Data: A single social innovation and a single environmental innovation cannot be compared since the results will be too contextual to allow for the drawing of meaningful conclusions. This study intends to evaluate several situations rather than just one in order to deepen our understanding of sustainable impact evaluation and enable the development of theory. By offering a deeper, more comprehensive insight and explanation that goes beyond the specifics of a single situation, the dangers of \\\"radical particularism\\\" can be avoided (Firestone & Herriott, 1983).To do this, a collection of case studies is examined in order to comprehend the phenomena of sustainable effect evaluation as opposed to merely a specific impact. In order to approach generalizabilityand determine the application of the findings in real-world contexts, a \\\"cross-case analysis\\\" is carried out. Additionally, cross-case analysis is used to clarify and further our understanding of sustainable impact evaluation, which can only be done with a number of cases . Multiple cases may aid in understanding the circumstances under which a finding occurs and how those circumstances may relate, which may subsequently lead to theory, according to Glaser and Strauss (1970).Case studies were gathered over a 4-year period from an existing database of inventions for the benefit of business, society, and\/or the environment (World Inquiry Innovation Bank). Case studies specifically highlight companies that have used business innovations that have benefited both the firm and the environment or society. The latter two are typical in the business sphere, whereas the first one\u2014the commercial benefit\u2014expressly leaves out charitable giving. This is done in order to draw attention to companies that generate business benefits by offering benefits to others.The database contains more than 3000 tales that were submitted, 141 of which were accepted for publication and served as the basis for this study's data set. Stories have to show","both a corporate gain and an environmental or social benefit. The low acceptance rate is primarily caused by stories that omit this detail. Interviews with significant figures from the organizations who directly affect sustainable innovation are the source of the stories (i.e. business owners, sustainability managers, etc.). Most contributions are submitted as part of class\/program assignments from various colleges that provide sustainability courses, although open submissions are also accepted. Submissions are based directly on interviews. Grades are not based on whether or not stories are accepted and published on the website; instead, students are required to submit stories in accordance with the specified instructions. A standard interview process is offered, though, to ensure that the same set of questions is used in all interviews and that responses are documented appropriately. The submission of stories takes the form of an online form, with instructions depending on the specific subject areas addressed in the interview protocol.An editorial board evaluates the tales to make sure the requirements for profiling are met in order to maintain consistency of contributions beyond just a common methodology. Members of the board are graduate students, along with a faculty advisor. Before joining, each member receives a membership handbook outlining duties and instruction on the method for selecting stories to assure quality. Once the tales have been decided upon, a board member is tasked with editing the initial submission's language and spelling as well as condensing and summarizing the essential points within each topic. By excluding unnecessary information, such as the interviewee's history or industry information that is outside the purview of the particular organization, summaries are intended to highlight important concepts. As the summarizing method is intended to clarify information, it does not limit or prejudice the data and actually aided in the theme analysis. Before being posted online, a tenured academic member conducts a final assessment of the accepted stories. The two-tiered review process promotes consistency and uniformity among published stories.When combining case studies, there is a conflict between the distinctive features of each example and the more prevalent phenomena that is the subject of the investigation (Silverstein, 1988). This study aims to investigate the latter, but in order to get past the uniqueness of each instance, a thematic analysis is carried out to encourage cross-case comparisons along broad themes discovered among the cases. As a result, numerous, distinctive cases of sustainable innovation can be used to construct generalizable theories of sustainable effect. This provides a methodical approach to observing sustainable phenomena (Boyatzis, 1998). Before delving into the stories, it was important to make a distinction between what is regarded as a social innovation and what is regarded as an environmental innovation. The distinction was drawn in accordance with the innovation's main goal. It was regarded as an environmental innovation if its goal was to protect the environment. It was regarded as a social innovation if its goal was to help society or individuals. This may sound self-explanatory, but a number of instances required this straightforward approach to identifying the type of innovation because some examples involved both.","For instance, one case featured a business that developed a novel strategy for offering investment opportunities in green businesses. The investment company makes money from investments much like any other investment company, but by giving people the chance to invest in environmental businesses, it is aiming at a particular market and also attempting to fund other businesses that support the environment. But because the idea itself is intended to help people looking for alternative investments, it is classified as a social innovation. Since the innovation itself has no discernible impact on the environment, its main goal is to benefit humans rather than the environment. An alternative tale recounts a dry cleaner that only employs cleaning agents that are good for the environment. The drycleaner, which uses a lot of cleaning products in its operations, looked for cost-effective, ecologically friendly cleaning solutions that can be flushed down the toilet with little to no effect on the water supply. Because the main objective of this innovation is to lessen the negative impacts of synthetic solvents on the water supply, it is regarded as an environmental innovation. Although the company's main line of business is the service it offers to consumers, this is not where the innovation's main focus lies. A list of themes that, for the sake of this study, are simply patterns observed in the stories that characterize and arrange observations had to be constructed as a code in order to conduct the thematic analysis (Boyatzis, 1998). In all, 141 stories were published, 59 of which focused on environmental advances and the remaining 82 on social innovations. Five scenarios, one from each of the two categories of stories, were chosen at random to produce the code. A code was constructed along three clusters: Form of Innovation, External Benefit, and Internal Benefit using the inductive, data-driven methodology (Boyatzis, 1998). The code was improved through open coding as all the stories were being examined. The definition of each topic is included in Table 1 along with the code, which is arranged by cluster. Reading over each story to find the crucial details connected to the three clusters was the coding process. For instance, the excerpt from a story about a shoe firm that donates a pair of shoes to a needy child for each pair of shoes sold by the company is included below. The phrases used in the coding of this narrative are denoted by items in bold. The company's unwavering dedication to helping children all over the world and its distinctive shoe design combine to create a powerful effect that harnesses the power of commerce to serve society. The group matches every pair of shoes bought with a donation of a pair to a child in need, a practice they call \\\"shoe drops.\\\" This narrative was classified as an example of a social innovation because the first bold phrase, \\\"uses the force of business for generating societal value,\\\" indicates that the innovation's goal is to help society. The second bold sentence, \\\"they match every pair of shoes purchased with a contribution of a pair to a child in need,\\\" gives away the innovation's shape, which in this case is a novel business strategy. There was no coding for the topic \\\"New Product\\\" because there was no indication of creating a new type of shoe or that the shoes themselves offered the advantage. Instead, the company's standard function\u2014selling shoes\u2014was employed in a novel way to","provide the benefit, which is why it was classified as a \\\"New Use of Business.\\\" The following extracts were used to code the affects both internally and externally. Over 100,000 pairs of shoes have been donated to kids in Argentina and 50,000 pairs have been provided to kids in South Africa since TOMS was launched in May 2006. 200,000 pairs of shoes are anticipated to be distributed to youngsters in need worldwide in 2008. The business expanded quickly because to the online shoe sales. Even while the profit margins are still smaller than those of a regular shoe manufacturer, the organization's raison d'\u00eatre has attracted attention, which has fueled its steadily growing customer base. The first bolded sentence in this paragraph, \\\"it has given over 100,000 pairs of shoes to children in Argentina and 50,000 pairs in South Africa,\\\" denotes an external impact coded as a \\\"Benefit to the Local Population,\\\" as it specifically mentions a benefit and names the populations to which it was given. In this case, neither a health benefit nor an improvement in the market were highlighted because these locations were only cited as the ones the corporation was targeting for the advantage it was offering. The second bolded statement, \\\"Selling the shoes online helped the company grow swiftly,\\\" denotes an effect on internal \\\"Increased Revenue\/Sales.\\\" Given the mention of selling the shoes and rapid development, it is clear that there has been a rise in revenue and\/or sales. Because the submissions were obtained straight from the interviews and the summaries did not tamper with the information as required by the standards, coding was possible with the final summarized stories. As previously noted, information eliminated during the summarizing process does not directly relate to the three clusters or to the goal of this study, therefore no pertinent information is missed in the coding of the final, published stories. Only data that is pertinent to the innovation's nature and its effects on society and the environment are presented. There was no inter-rater reliability test because only one person created and utilized the Codes. Following the completion of all the coding, a simple frequency count was performed to compare the two categories of innovations\u2014environmental and social\u2014and determine which themes appeared more frequently for each invention within each cluster. To determine if the two types of innovations within each cluster were independent, a chi-squared test was utilized. This wasn't done to support the conclusions; it was done just for the purpose of verification. The goal of this study is to identify patterns among sustainable innovations in terms of their external and internal impacts, which are more important than their forms, in order to develop theories for managers looking to launch a new business or expand an existing one, as well as for researchers looking to advance the study of sustainable innovations. More crucially, by examining a collection of case studies assessing variances between social and environmental innovations, it seeks to close a gap in the literature by offering empirical evidence for theory development as well as a platform for better strategy development for SME's. Several inferences about the differences between the","forms of innovations, the external repercussions, and the internal implications of both types of innovations may be taken from this analysis. There was a definite distinction between social and environmental innovations when considering the types of inventions. More often than social innovations, environmental innovations offered new items or enhanced a production process to produce the same product in a better way. For instance, a manufacturer of household goods created a cleaning agent that, when added to water, is less hazardous to the environment. However, to a lesser extent than offering new products or improving a production process, environmental innovations also tended to find a new way to use existing products. This suggests that managers looking to launch product-oriented ventures should consider environmental businesses, and vice versa. However, compared to environmental breakthroughs, social innovations were more likely to provide new services or find new applications for the enterprises linked with them. For instance, a retail corporation set up a supply network so that regional artisans could sell their goods on the world market. Without this innovative service, the frequently underprivileged craftspeople would never have access to larger marketplaces, and poverty-stricken neighborhoods would not have received much-needed income. Additionally, stakeholders were more likely to get education from social innovations than from environmental ones. For instance, a healthcare company educated neighborhood hospitals on better practices, which finally resulted in lower malpractice rates. The formation of new relationships between organizations also promoted social advances over environmental ones. This leads to the conclusion that social innovations are typically more service oriented than environmental innovations, and environmental innovations are typically more product oriented. This means that while making strategic decisions, product-focused entrepreneurs may wish to concentrate on environmental sustainability, but service-focused entrepreneurs should concentrate on social sustainability. When comparing the different types of innovations and the external effects connected to them, it is evident that social innovations tend to benefit populations more than environmental innovations while environmental innovations tend to benefit the environment more than social innovations. Even though these conclusions are clear, it is crucial to comprehend the precise manner in which each sort of innovation improves the environment or society. More often than social innovations, environmental innovations lead to a decrease in waste. More so than social innovations, they also increase the production of renewable energy. This means that businesses looking to enter the energy sector will find more opportunities there. In contrast to environmental innovations, social innovations typically benefit local communities, lessen illness or improve the health of a group outside the corporation, or give access to markets to groups that could not previously do so. Even though some environmental improvements do produce clean energy, the waste reduction is significantly higher, indicating that environmental innovations typically minimize negative effects more than they produce externally beneficial","contributions. Contrarily, while certain social improvements do help to prevent sickness, more often than not, they seem to have a beneficial external impact rather than lessen unfavorable outcomes. The results on internal benefits are a little bit ambiguous, which is attributable to a study limitation. Although the results of a chi-square test indicate a significant difference between the internal benefits of environmental and social innovations, both categories of innovations exhibit a high percentage of increased revenue and\/or sales as their primary business benefits, necessitating further refinement to better understand the internal benefits to organizations, as discussed in the section on future research. However, another way to look at this is to say that it makes little difference whether entrepreneurs select environmental or social innovations because both are likely to generate more money. This means that the entrepreneur's experience and the secondary business benefits, where some obvious contrasts may be made, should be taken into consideration when deciding which one to choose. More often than social improvements, environmental advances result in lower costs. Compared to environmental advances, social innovations are more likely to get public acclaim or awards. They also give employees additional knowledge, albeit the impact is not as noticeable. These results demonstrate that, in addition to raising income and sales for both types of innovations, environmental innovations benefit SME's more directly than social ones, whereas social innovations benefit SME's less directly but potentially more visibly and directly than environmental ones. This implies that SME's seeking cost-effective results may want to investigate environmental innovations, but those seeking to improve their reputation may want to investigate social innovations. This judgment might be modified if the \\\"increasing revenue\/sales\\\" subject is further developed. These comparisons produced data that offer a fundamental theory for additional research. Three main conclusions were discovered for each type of sustainability, in conclusion. Environmental innovations typically focus more on products, lessen unfavorable external effects, and generate real internal benefits, the latter of which is linked to greater profitability. Social innovations typically focus on providing a service, have positive external effects, and have elusive internal benefits, the latter of which is also linked to greater profitability.","6.3 ECONOMIC IMPACTS How Sustainable Development is Relevant to 21st Century Growth: More quickly than ever, technology is progressing society, but many other regions of the world are struggling to keep up with the pace of change. Many economies around the world still struggle to boost their GDP and support the most vulnerable parts of their society. The World Bank estimates that 10% of the world's population earns less than $1.90 in U.S. dollars, down from about 36% in 1990. However, this 10% still includes nearly 736 million people who live in extreme poverty. 3.4 billion people on the planet still struggle to achieve their most basic requirements. Lower- middle income nations and upper-middle income nations both have daily living expenses of less than $3.20 and $5.50, respectively. The scenario is comparable to, but worse than, that of the environment, where other facets of our civilization flourish while our environment falters and struggles as a result of stress. According to sources cited by Weather.com, 9 million tons of plastic are dumped into our oceans annually, the rate of sea level rise has tripled in the past ten years, and extreme weather events are expensive and cause significant damage. According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization, the percentage of world forests has decreased from 31.6 to 30.6 percent. The figures have decreased recently, indicating that sustainability activities have improved. Economic growth can, of course, thrive without protecting the environment or elevating the underclass. The entire project is lacking. The assignment is a C. Communication, support, and encouragement for one another to achieve are all benefits of teamwork. Success for one is success for all. The value of the project is diminished when one employee puts herself first and neglects the others. One project would be connected to each name. In truth, society is not a one- man operation. Major economic problems might arise in other regions of the world when there is a shortage in one area. Millions might die from Ebola extremely quickly in a nation with subpar healthcare, which would reduce employment, increase healthcare costs, and discourage people from venturing outside due to psychological worry. We will lose important food sources, tourism, and sources of money for nations all over the world if our crops and the oceans are not preserved. The shortage of resources necessary to maintain present 21st-century lifestyles is another significant problem that sustainability faces. The Earth can only hold so much mass manufacturing and production can produce. The National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy commissioned the paper \\\"Frontiers of Material Research: A Decadal Survey,\\\" which criticizes the lack of resources that are required for the escalating level of competition and economic growth.","Digital manufacturing, quantum information science, and computer science and engineering are a few of the fields with particularly pressing problems. The papers provide compelling evidence that the future of material science will be significantly impacted by the sustainability of the planet's environment. The research would focus on energy-efficient production, proper raw material selection, recyclable materials, and sustainable manufacturing. For interdisciplinary research and the advancement of material science, they want to join institutions from the public sector, private sector, and academia. Examples of Sustainable, Economic Progress: In every aspect of society, sustainability has been breaking down barriers. Companies and organizations all around the world are making significant strides toward establishing a society that operates and prospers with sustainability by focusing on these five fundamental elements: food, energy, water, waste, and ecosystem. Micro farming in urban and suburban areas for food 1. Micro farming, commonly referred to as urban farming, is the practice of growing food on private or public land that is less than five acres in size. Sustainability organizations promote micro farming as a way to cut carbon emissions, boost local economic development, enhance public health, and increase food security. It can be used in a number of settings, from suburban backyards to urban lots, and it can produce a range of commodities, including nuts, vegetables, and fruits. Numerous studies demonstrate that organic, small-scale farming is a low pesticide-high crop yield approach that is superior to genetically modified (GE), mass-produced food in terms of yield per seed. There are other research that support pro-pesticide agriculture and dispute these studies. However, using the least amount of herbicide and pesticide is strongly advised from a sustainable perspective because main crops grown in the United States, such maize and soy, are developing herbicide resistance at a rate of between 85% and 93 %. Pesticides have both short-term and long-term negative effects on one's health. The toxicity varies depending on the kind of pesticide employed. They may have negative effects on the skin, hormones, neurological system, or even be cancerous. Although they should ideally be absorbed by the flora, pesticides escape into groundwater and surface water as a result of irrigation, waterfalls, and rising herbicide resistance. Local Organizations: Fleet Farming In Orlando, Florida, a non-profit organization called Fleet Farming installs farmlettes, edible landscapes, and fleet education all around the city. It is accredited by the United Nations and associated with IDEAS For Us. A typical American meal travels 1500 kilometers to get to the dinner table, according to numerous surveys. 800 million gallons of gasoline from lawn mowers","are used to maintain 40 million acres of lawn space, and this accounts for 30 to 60 percent of the freshwater used in typical cities. Fleet Farming was developed to integrate agricultural output with lawn space, lower carbon emissions, and enhance the practicality of consuming wholesome, affordable food. A initiative called Fleet Farmlettes builds model urban farms so that people may learn about local farmers markets and sustainable food production. The Farmlette Hosts, SNAP Certified Farmer's Markets, and local vendors are all supported by it. A company called Edible Landscapes builds and maintains low-maintenance growth systems including food forests and raised garden beds. 2. Energy: Solar Energy for Low Income Families The California Solar Initiative (CSI), which offers the Single-family Affordable Solar Homes (SASH) Program and Multi-family Affordable Solar Homes (MASH) Program, is open to low- income households in California. More specifically, SASH is a program that the California Public Utilities Commission funds with ratepayer money and that is managed by Grid Alternatives. The purpose of SASH is to provide eligible low-income families with fixed, upfront capacity- based rebates and incentives for solar power systems if their income is 80% or less than the local median family income. Because it becomes increasingly accessible, the portable solar power system has been hailed as having great potential in the long run. These are some of the best and most well-known examples of economic development. The fastest-growing form of renewable energy in the world is solar. One reward offers $3 for each watt. With incentives, SASH intends to cut down on electricity use, energy bills, and solar energy costs while also offering job training and jobs in the field. Funding: The program was established in 2009 by CA Assembly Bill 2723, which mandated that at least 10% of the 2.2 billion dollars allocated for the California Solar Initiative be set aside for initiatives supporting low-income households in Investor Owned Utility (IOU) service zones. By adding $108 million in financing, the Assembly Bill 217 (Bradford, 2013) extended the SASH and MASH programs. The CPUC then decided to renew the program in a regulatory decision that was made in January 2015. The program is now scheduled to continue until further notice in 2021. According to energysage.com, Americans spend over $1,335 year on power, and over the previous ten years, electricity expenses have climbed by an average of 2.2 percent. The cost of energy is fixed by solar panels. Additionally, the gridded energy business will give credit for energy consumed during the night when the solar panels are not functioning if enough energy is drawn from them. This credit can even be carried over to the next month.","Since the program's introduction, CSI has published a progress report detailing its development in three of California's supported territories as of July 2018. Around 7,703 PV systems have been constructed and linked, $119 million has been provided in incentives, and 25 MW of solar capacity has been represented. There have been 7,802 referrals to the Energy Savings Assistance (ESA) program for house owners. 3. Water: Machines that Create Water from Air The technology that turns air into water has been advancing to the hottest regions in the United States, from the dry heat of Arizona to the humid heat of South Florida. Even countries like Thailand, Dubai, Israel, and South Africa have access to the technology. Well-known tech entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, and other investors from around the world have supported the effort. To address the global water crisis, businesses like Zero Mass Water, Generation Water, Atmospheric Water Solutions, Smart Oasis, and Water-gen have been expanding and expanding globally. Freshwater makes up 2.5% of the world's total water, but only a far smaller portion of that is suitable for human use. World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2015 indicates that 2.1 billion people, or 29% of the world's population, lack direct access to clean water. Half of the world's population is predicted to lack access to enough clean water by 2025. This kind of technology could improve accessibility and lessen the pollution caused by plastic in the world's waterways. Impactful businesses include Zero Mass Water. Around the world, variations of this technology have been developed. While some run on solar power, others need access to electricity. Twin rooftop solar panels are used by the Phoenix, Arizona-based business Zero Mass Water. By using a fan and hygroscopic absorption to trap air, the technique filters out dust and other contaminants. Minerals are then added to create water that is reminiscent of spring water. Zero Mass Water has explicitly received $1 billion in funding from Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, and other investors. It installs for $2,000 per panel (usually 2 panels) and produces 2 to 5 liters of water per day. The equipment has been placed in 18 different nations, including mansions in California and orphans in Lebanon. Working particularly well with Australia and South Africa. 4. Waste: recycling for money One of the most economical and creative methods to acquire goods or reduce costs is through recycling. Reusing trash or outdated objects that would typically be thrown away is the practice. Upcycling, downcycling, E-cycling, and precycling are a few examples of recycling types. When recycling, the seller sells an old item at a lower price than its original value via a platform like a","website, mobile app, recycling facility, apparel store, pawn shop, furniture store, or even a garage sale. In this manner, the customer can get the item they want at a reasonable price. Some people opt to donate their used goods rather than demand payment in return. Almost anything can be recycled. Gardens could benefit from using compost made from food and waste. Shoes, clothes, automobiles, cellphones, comforters, toys, teeth, and nails. Communities that are waste-free: Kamikatsu, Japan: In 2003, the little community of Kamikatsu, Japan, witnes sed the harm that greenhouse gases and poisons from the garbage incinerators were doing to their food supply. They started a stringent zero -waste program as a result, and about 80% of their waste has been recycled, reused, or composted, with the remaining 20% ending up in landfills. Residents participate actively in the process by categorizing their rubbish into 34 different groups. The program has allowed the village to cut its waste incineration expenditures by one-third. Germany's Neustadt a der Weinstrasse: After 30 years of enhancing its waste management system, the town now recycles 70% of its trash. The town, which has a population of about 50,000, tries to change its society through financial inducement and instruction. Non-recyclable waste is subject to a fee based on the size of the bins, whilst recyclable waste is free. The pickup price for a 60-liter trash bin is 6.60 euros. Depending on the pick-up date, a 240 liter bin costs between 24 and 48 euros. Paper and cardboard, glass, and plastics, foils, cans, and Styrofoam make up the recycling. The remainder is taken to the recycling facility, including batteries, toys, wood, tin, etc. Savings from organizing waste range from 270 euros to 17 euros. Since 2005, landfill usage has been discontinued nationwide in Germany. 5. Ecology: Fish Farming as a Sustainable Solution The practice of raising fish in a net or other small area is known as fish farming. As an alternative to ocean fishing, which has become more and more popular as overfishing becomes an increasingly global problem, In order to meet the need of the people, overfishing has affected 80% of wild fish. Ocean overfishing has had major negative repercussions. Due to its many drawbacks, fish farming is also recognized as a contentious alternative. Cod, salmon, and other commonly farmed fish are carnivores that eat other fish. In order to feed their own fish farms, fish farmers must really keep fishing in the seas. Feeding the fish pellets is an alternative to doing more fishing. The bodies of fish are not adapted to ingesting these big carbohydrates found in fish pellets. Fish farms reduce the health advantages of eating fish since the fish do not eat their natural diet. These farms are full of antibiotics and pesticides since diseases are more prone to spread there. Additionally, farmed fish can escape into foreign seas and contaminate local waters with their feces.","How Overfishing Affects Whole Underwater Ecosystems: Research from the University of Georgia was led by associate professor Craig Layman and PhD student Jacob Allgeier. It takes place in the Bahamas and demonstrates the value of fishing in light of what it contributes to underwater ecosystems. Fish serve as a protein supply for larger predators and other fish. Seagrass and algae are fertilized by fish waste (nitrogen and phosphorus), which is then absorbed as the main food source for organisms in tropical coastal habitats. Algae and seagrass need the correct amounts of phosphate and nitrogen in these environments to grow and prosper. In the UG study, it was noted how the growth of tropical ecosystems was influenced by fish and reefs of various sizes. According to the findings, fish at larger reefs produced more nutrients through waste excretion, and because of this excess, the nutrients moved outward by about 3 meters from the larger reefs. Seagrass and algae spread as a result of this. The principal food source for ecosystems is being disrupted by the nutrient excretion ratio due to the imbalance in fish species brought on by overfishing. The ocean's existing ability to flourish may very well be being destroyed by the absence of fish. Fish farming has advanced as a progressive, profitable alternative thanks to improved fishing practices that now more closely adhere to sustainability standards. Both traditional and modern fish farming methods are sourced through Fix.com. The recirculating system is one example of a closed, inland process that has little effect on nearby bodies of water. Since the fish grow quickly, less space is required for this system than for a typical fish farm. The wastewater is filtered and used again, and the waste is processed and turned into high-quality fertilizer. A different method of raising fish uses complete water columns in 3D farming, which enhances the ecology by removing contaminants and functioning as a natural filter. This method decreases the need for pesticide and water treatment upkeep while farming kelp, scallops, muscles, and oysters. Natural seaweed serves as nutrient-rich food. Fish farming in open pens still has issues, but it has advanced significantly since its inception. To limit the overuse of antibiotics, fish are given vaccines, and they are fed fish meal made from plants. In order to promote environmental healing, the pens are also moved to various locations within the body of water. In order for fish to thrive, researchers and fish farmers are also reviving a herbivore diet. Fish farming companies have recently pushed for indoor farming (recirculated system) to lessen water pollution and the harm it poses to wild fish in places like Norway. The idea of sustainability has been embraced by all nations on the planet. Modern technology advancements adhere to strict rules that support sustainability due to the advantages they provide for a society as a whole in terms of economic, social, and environmental benefits. 6.4 SOCIO- CULTURAL AND PHYSICAL IMPACTS Exploring Socio-cultural Impacts on Local Communities:","A group of people who share a common identity, such as a shared geographic region, social status, or ethnic heritage, is referred to as a \\\"host community\\\" in this context. They might also have a shared passion, such a worry about the extinction of local wildlife and plants. Although some tourism theories contend that the sustainability of a community in a remote place tends to diminish as tourism intensifies, the host community offers support services for tourism and may participate in its administration. The acceptance and support of the host community are essential for the tourism industry's long-term viability, according to Murphy (1985). Therefore, it is crucial to preserve the sustainability of the destination's natural and cultural settings in order to ensure that ecotourism can be sustained. Destinations for tourism frequently include a variety of distinct components, including landscapes, fauna, particular activities, etc. Those in the host community who are frequently exposed to them are the ones who know and understand them best. Communities and Socio-cultural Impact: Private business owners, however, hardly ever inquire about the community's goals for the region. Additionally, they have not typically participated in the planning process. Planners frequently make decisions about the area's anticipated effects without fully comprehending the nuances or purposes of the host community or the region's tourism resources. As a result, the tourism sector that develops does not meet community requirements or make the most use of available resources, placing unwarranted social strain on the host community. It is obvious that a procedure is required to ensure that the community's firsthand knowledge, experience, and understanding serve as the foundation for the management of socio-cultural impacts so that these communities can continue to grow and improve through ecotourism. Sociocultural planning assessments are one method that makes this possible since the community is directly involved, which influences the process and results. The pursuit of ecotourism poses a number of difficulties for host communities, and like all types of development, it is not without risks and rewards. Notably, Boo (1990) and Valentine (1987) expressed their worry about the income leakage that takes place when resources must be imported. However, according to Boo (1990), ecotourists in particular are more likely than other market categories to value regional tradition, traditions, and cuisine. As a result, it is thought to be crucial that the community participate in the creation of ecotourist initiatives since they stand to gain from taking into account elements related to each group's way of life. To assess and manage the socio-cultural effects of ecotourism initiatives, it is necessary to understand the general tourist literature, which contains the majority of the material on socio- cultural impacts. Although the effects are essentially the same, the emphasis is different. As is","typical for tourism destination locations, tourism can cause a rise in local living expenses (see McNeely and Thorsell, 1989). This is an illustration of how resources can progressively become inaccessible to the local population. Some locals find it challenging to stay in the neighborhood as a result of inflationary pressures driving up the cost of consumer items and real estate (Cater, 1987). This further demonstrates how following socio-cultural effects can be significantly influenced by economic effects. The disparity between more and less developed locations may grow due to the different consumption habits of tourists and locals (Cater, 1987; Cater and Lowman, 1994). Additionally, local residents can think that the areas are being developed only for foreign interests (McNeely and Thorsell, 1989). The introduction of different entry fees for tourists and citizens is one approach to solving this issue. This would apply to privately held websites, but it might cause issues with publicly owned ones. Some host municipalities have already put this idea into practice by charging admission to nearby entertainment venues or protected areas. The bigger issue is whether or not the attractions themselves keep the admission money. For instance, Boo (1990) has demonstrated how park funds in Costa Rica are transferred to other sources like hospitals. According to Prasad (1987, p. 10), socio-cultural impacts are \\\"influences that come to bear upon the host society as a result of tourist encounter.\\\" The community may profit from these effects or incur costs. Benefits from ecotourists' interactions with the host culture may result in the field of ecotourism. A better understanding between the individual ecotourist and individual community members may be facilitated by the lengthier length of stay. In turn, this might improve the visitor's comprehension of the host society. According to Travis (1982), this interaction may also help the host community's standing and visibility in the ecotourist's society. This contact can be advantageous to sophisticated industrial cultures because they need to investigate less resource- intensive living options. The potential worldwide benefits will manifest less obvious, but no less valuable and extensive. One potential outcome, as Cater (1987) indicates, would be the development of a deeper understanding between nationalities. The following anecdote, told by an ecotourist, demonstrates the impact that a host culture can have on a guest culture: I think the biggest impact was what I was talking about earlier, and the way that the experience affected me. I think my tolerance level and my acceptance levels, aren\u2019t as black and white any more. It doesn\u2019t necessarily have to be about environmental things, just generally. You may not agree with the way someone lives or someone else\u2019s value system, but you\u2019ve got no right to sit there and judge it, or try and change it unless you really see some benefit in re-educating people to another way of thinking. It doesn\u2019t matter that they have a totally different system to the way we do things, just enjoy the differences (Amy \u2013 ecotourist). Change is inevitable because of the dynamic nature of culture, according to Cater (1987). Tourism, on the other hand, hastens these changes, particularly in the host culture, thanks to the","direct interactions between host and visitor. Butler (1990) contends that long-term development happens as ecotourism permeates sites more deeply, having an impact on the host culture as a result. Despite the best intentions of visitors, long-term personal relationships can occasionally be unduly invasive and hence damaging in and of themselves. However, if the agricultural economic foundation (or other rural areas with a single economic base) does not change, young people may be driven to leave the area in search of employment, which has a number of negative effects of its own. Creating Supportive Communities: In theory, ecotourism guarantees a welcoming host community by giving the community itself control. This could be accomplished by assuring the highest level of local involvement (Paul, 1987; \\\"Initiating Action\\\"). Then, community attitudes can be observed to ensure that local citizens' perspectives are taken into account (Bjorklund and Philbrick in Mathieson and Wall, 1982). A variety of official and informal methods, such as questionnaires, group discussions, and casual talks, can be used for monitoring. Regular gatherings with community interest groups can also be conducted, allowing residents to express their concerns about the effects of ecotourism while also discussing management plans that will aid in mitigating these effects. It is possible to create a plan for community management that, in theory, would result in a more integrated style of management. The community must be included at every step of the tourism development process, from project design to implementation, through channels of consultation, to guarantee that impacts may be managed. 'A process which tries to reconcile economic growth with the larger interests of local people and the potential impact of development on their ecological, social, and cultural environment' is what consultation in this context entails (WWF, 1992, p. 25). This can be accomplished using techniques like participatory rural appraisal (PRA), which is one example. PRA is a term used to describe a growing family of participatory techniques and methods that prioritize local knowledge and empower local people to create their own appraisal, analysis, and plans, according to the World Bank Participation Sourcebook (1998). To encourage information exchange, analysis, and action among stakeholders, it employs group animation and activities. This definition is widened by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS, 1996), which adds that PRA is something that enables communities to track and assess the outcomes of these activities. In addition, PRA is described by Mukherjee (1993) as a method for gathering various types of data, identifying and mobilizing targeted groups, encouraging their engagement, and establishing doors for meant groups to take part in decision-making, project design, execution, and monitoring. It entails a set of guiding principles, a dialogue process, and a selection of techniques","for enlisting community involvement in expressing their opinions on any topic, including ecotourism. By empowering students to conduct their own analyses in order to apply this learning, PRA starts and maintains a participatory process. Communities can profit in many ways from ecotourism in their area, including job creation and infrastructure improvements. The host community may develop a favorable attitude as a result, especially among the companies that stand to gain financially. Ecotourism seeks to benefit both the host community and the visitor by promoting cultural attractions. Both the ecotourist and community representatives will have an impact on the interactive aspect of ecotourism, which refers to interactions between the ecotourist, the environment, and the host community. There are possibilities to examine how this engagement has influenced the socio-cultural values of the community, even though it may not always be extensive or friendly. Too frequently, cultural sites are commodified to the point that they are overtly commercial in nature, meeting the requirements of the tourists but losing any value and meaning for the local and\/or indigenous community. The goal of sustaining the welfare of the local population, as underlined in the definition of ecotourism, is continued by this preservation of cultural integrity. In order to re-educate and re- establish a pride in, and sometimes even a knowledge of, ancient skills and values amongst their younger generations, a group of Aboriginal people in central Australia regarded \\\"involvement in tourism as a feasible means of doing so\\\" (Burchett, 1992, p. 6). Thus, it is clear that both tourists and the local populace here stand to gain from the growth of cultural attractions. Making sure that the proceeds from such initiatives go back into the local community is another goal of ecotourism (O'Neill, 1991). For instance, in the case of indigenous communities generally, if they stand to gain from such activities and are involved in the management process, they will support ecotourism and be more willing to take part in conservation programs. Although it is frequently crucial for ecotourism that traditional values are upheld, Wallace (1992) contends that indigenous people shouldn't be forced to continue their customs merely for the benefit of visitors. It is crucial that tourism should not stifle cultural change because civilizations are constantly evolving and true cultural change and interchange are an integral part of the ecotourism experience. Wallace says that ecotourism is a \\\"valuable instrument for locally controlled rural development and wildland protection\\\" in keeping with the notion of preserving the well-being of the locals (1992, p. 6). The indigenous people's attitudes on using protected places, such as ending slash-and-burn agriculture, may shift as a result of this development. Local communities should be consulted throughout the entire process of developing the tourism industry, but their involvement in the industry cannot be restricted to just job possibilities. The","communities of South Pentecost in Vanuatu and Aboriginal tourism in Australia's Northern Territory are two places where participation rates are noticeably high. The Pentecost Land Dive, which takes place every year in April or May in South Pentecost, is a custom of the local villages. The local chiefs of the villages founded \\\"The South Pentecost Tourism Council\\\" to oversee the festival with its \\\"main obligation to safeguard the cultural integrity of the event\\\" in response to growing detrimental cultural influences brought on by tourism (Sofield, 1991, p. 59). This entails preserving traditions associated with tourist visits, prohibiting event videography, and capping the number of tourists who can attend the performance. This gives the visitor an authentic cultural experience while simultaneously preserving the ritual's cultural relevance to the villagers and giving them some degree of control over the tourism industry. Similar to this, the increase in tourists in Australia's Northern Territory prompted indigenous people to engage in tourism in an effort to restrict access to their territories (Burchett, 1992). North Western Arnhem Land's Umorrduk region serves as an illustration of this. The local aboriginal tribe permits a tour company of native descent to lead safari tours to specific locations designated by the aboriginal population. The aboriginal people's control measures, such as entry permits and the ban on photographing at some sacred places, ensure that the number of tourists is kept to a minimum and the aboriginal people's cultural integrity is upheld. This kind of activity \\\"confirms the privileged nature of the ability to enter this territory and of the capacity of the traditional owners to maintain ultimate control over who enters, where they travel, and what information they obtain regarding traditional concerns\\\" (Burchett, 1992, p. 12). This avoids having a detrimental cultural impact on the local and\/or indigenous community while also benefiting both visitors and hosts from the tourism experience. As a result, a crucial component of ensuring the local population's welfare is their involvement in the tourism industry. As previously mentioned, the expansion of employment opportunities and cash production for the host region are two of the economic advantages of tourism for nearby regions. The unequal distribution of benefits to a segment of the population, combined with certain people's flourishing employment, living standards, and consumption levels, can, nevertheless, lead to societal tensions and antagonism. The host community would profit from hiring more local workers at all levels of the company, but more crucially, local communities would gain more economically from enterprises with less foreign control and more local ownership or vested interests. This is assuming, however, that the latter are not limited to the current local elite. The management of the environment must be done in accordance with recognised standards, with the interests and preferences of all groups being respected, in order to create a sociocultural environment that is supportive of the goals of ecotourism. All local interest groups should be given the chance to \\\"have their say\\\" early in any policy, management, or planning process if approaches are used that are based on the philosophical values inherent to ecotourism. With the help of the community, it will be possible to reap the benefits of tourism without making locals,","business owners, park administrators, or environmental organizations feel as though their needs have been disregarded, which might otherwise result in a negative attitude toward ecotourism. At the risk of stating the obvious, the majority of ecotourism experiences\u2014as well as a large number of experiences desired by regular tourists\u2014require that the natural environment remain in its untouched (by people) state. Many ecotourists are sensitive to changes in an area's character and aesthetic appeal brought on by development, as well as changes in the water and air quality, loss of flora, extinction of wildlife, and soil erosion. Long-term tourist demand will be significantly reduced by environmental deterioration because the natural features that support ecotourism will be viewed as less desirable, less authentic, and less capable of offering gratifying environmentally oriented experiences. The most crucial element in the preservation of a community's nature-based tourist attractions is the community's attitude toward tourism, as this will have a significantly bigger impact on the visitor's experience. 6.5 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURIST REGIONS Economic sustainability in tourism: Economic sustainability is concerned with the long-term viability of economic operations, justice and equity in benefit distribution, job and income- earning opportunities, and poverty alleviation, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO; 2004). The Economic benefits of sustainable tourism: Sustainable tourism has advantages for the economy in addition to the environment and local populations. Let's find out why choosing eco-friendly housing is so crucial in today's world. Sustainable tourism is crucial for the future of the planet. 2017 has been designated the International Year of Sustainable Tourism by the UN. Let's investigate the advantages of sustainable tourism, which include not only social and environmental advantages but also economic ones. According to figures from the EU, tourism is the third economic activity in Europe, contributing 80% of GDP and 12% of new jobs. One in almost six individuals travels around the world each year, and that number is rising. According to the prediction, there will be twice as many tourists in 2030\u20141.8 million\u2014than there were today. We are wondering what the environmental, economic, and social implications will be at a time when we are grappling with basic issues about the viability of our development paradigm.","Fig 6.2 Growth forecast of the number of tourist in the world between 2014 and 2030. Source taken from UNWTO Tourism and Environmental Pollution: On the one hand, tourism is one of the largest economic sectors in the world, providing the least developed nations with a significant growth opportunity. On the other side, one of the main contributors to pollution and carbon dioxide generation is tourism. For instance, according to EU data, tourism is one of the primary drivers of carbon dioxide emissions in Europe, and lodging is responsible for nearly 20% of those emissions (hotels, etc). We are experimenting with alternative tourism and lodging methods that are environmentally safe and beneficial to locations and local economies as a result of the growing awareness of the issue of the environmental limits of the tourist development.","Fig 6.3 Contribution of various tourism sub sectors to CO2 emissions(%) How is the demand for sustainable tourism increasing? \\\"Going green is more than simply a fad. It's an attitude. Hotel Sales and Marketing Association International (HSMAI) Foundation Executive Director Fran Brasseux Sustainability is become a way of life rather than just a fashion fad. Environmental and climatic concerns are being more widely recognized, and it is becoming more and more clear how much each of us can do to help find solutions by changing the way we live. More individuals are selecting vegetarian cuisine, taking the bus, and making ethical purchases. According to a survey conducted a few years ago, 66% of consumers worldwide prefer to purchase goods and services from ethical organizations, and 46% are willing to pay more for goods and services from socially conscious enterprises (Nielsen Wire, 2012). The Observatory SANA-ICE 2016 \\\"All Bio's Numbers\\\" data show a rise in Italian purchases of biologicals. Up to 7 out of 10 Italian families say they buy organic items at least once a year. How are the demand for friendly accommodation increasing? People who travel frequently are more conscious of environmental issues and try to make a difference by staying in eco-friendly accommodations.","According to a Travelzoo poll conducted several years ago, more than 90% of American travelers surveyed prefer an eco-friendly hotel for the same price and amenities as a traditional hotel (Travelzoo 2010). The \\\"eco-aware\\\" clients travel more frequently than typical customers, according to the CMIGreen Traveler Study Report. In 2009, 75.6 percent of people traveled at least twice, while 22% traveled five to eight times. In the same research from 2010, responsible travelers were questioned about how the global economic crisis affected their trip plans. 54% of respondents said they had recently taken a green trip. The 43% of people surveyed are willing to spend up to 5% extra on their subsequent trip to lessen their environmental impact. According to World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) poll, between 10% and 15% of tourists seek out the odd and the distinctive. This sort of tourism is expanding more faster than other typical client segments. People who are \\\"highly educated, mature, wealthy, experienced travelers, environmentally conscious, and sensitive to social issues and traditional culture, system, and costumes of travel locations\\\" are classified as these modern tourists (UNTWO, Responsible Travel). Three good reasons to aim to Sustainability. As we have seen, more people are seeking out sustainable travel. As a result, many tourist activities are adopting ethical environmental and social practices and selecting brands and certifications that are environmentally friendly. It is not only important but also advantageous to invest in sustainability. Making eco-friendly decisions in a hotel is beneficial for at least three reasons: For the visitors who are more interested in this subject, it has created added value. Costs and consumptions (including those of energy, water, and garbage in general) have decreased, as have CO2 emissions. Networking is made possible by viral environmental awareness. Being able to innovate our business is a good energy. Cultural, economic and social sustainability of heritage tourism: Applied development paradigms and the ongoing evolution of development conceptions have an impact on perceptions of the potential, significance, and limitations of using particular development resources. Furthermore, depending on the time period, cultural context, and the ethical and theoretical viewpoints taken into account, they are not axiologically neutral but rather rather subjective and relative . The more limited, traditionally predominate term \\\"economic growth\\\" refers to the consistent quantitative growth represented in rising output of products and services, rising income, and rising employment in a particular region. The broader definition of economic development refers to a long process of qualitative as well as quantitative changes in the economy (such as an increase in the variety of goods and services offered in a particular location, their distinctiveness and quality, changes in employment structure, management, and"]