CU-Sustainable tourism planning and development

production, the use of new technologies, and management solutions), which may but are not required to be accompanied by quantitative changes. It manifests in three main ways: changes in income (revenues of local citizens, local government officials, and local business owners); changes in the economy's structure; and changes in the level and quality of living, including changes in preservation status and environmental quality. In addition, the long-term perspectives and effects of specific projects and investments on the local economy and local community, particularly their impact on quality and level of life of the local population, are taken into account. These factors include the quality of the natural and cultural environment, the quality of work environments, embeddedness in the local economic and cultural context, and long-term perspectives. According to a more recent and comprehensive view of development as a socioeconomic process, changes occurring at any spatial scale should primarily be viewed with respect to their impact on the satisfaction of local needs, shifting from the focus on basic needs of the local community to higher rank needs. They may concern the standard of the housing stock, social infrastructure, including educational, recreational, and cultural opportunities in a particular area, the caliber of cultural and educational institutions, the management of space and the surrounding natural environment, and the nature and intensity of social connections and relationships among individuals (social capital), which contribute to the creation of a \"inviting environment\" and are not solely dependent on economic development (Grosse, 2002; Blakely, Leigh, 2010). According to Pike et al. (2007: 1263), \"the establishment of conditions and institutions that encourage the realization of the potential of the capacities and faculties of the human mind in persons, communities, and (...) places\" is one of the contemporary understandings of development. According to Throsby (2001: 72), there has been \"a reorientation of development thought from a homogeneous commodity-centered paradigm of development towards a pluralistic human- centered one\" in recent years. The most recent definition of sustainable development is even more inclusive as it promotes resource management that is prudent and responsible in order to maintain the economic and social well-being of the present without jeopardizing the use of those resources by future generations (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Its primary objective is \"to strike a balance between the economic, environmental, and social necessities\" while taking into account the need for intergenerational equity, maintaining diversity (ecologic, cultural, and social), and the fact that some resources are nonrenewable. The last mentioned, most complex and multifaceted understanding of development necessitates consideration of not only narrow economic but also social, cultural, ecological, and political aspects of changes, exogenous and endogenous factors causing them, as well as unique considerations to the given spatial scale and geographical context. If cultural heritage is to be viewed as a contemporary development asset, then a shift to a more complex understanding of development as socioeconomic and sustainable development should be followed by an expansion of the number and complexity of potential spheres of heritage impact on development and the inclusion of the widest range of values in its assessment. As a

result, there are numerous major potential areas where cultural heritage can influence development processes at various spatial dimensions. First, there are direct economic effects of cultural heritage related to the creation of income and jobs as a result of activities related to heritage preservation, conservation, and interpretation or the provision of heritage services and operation of cultural institutions (museums, libraries, archives, and centers for heritage interpretation). Additionally, there seem to be indirect and induced effects on revenue, upkeep, and the development of jobs in a particular town or region (multiplier effects), including implications on the real estate market and the tourism sector's

income. Second, the long-term effects of heritage are related to its potential to support the knowledge economy, be used as a teaching tool, inspire high-quality original products and services in the cultural sector, creative industries, and tourism, as well as to foster creativity and the development of cultural capital. Thirdly, the issue of standard and quality of life may have a big impact on heritage because it frequently plays crucial cultural and recreational roles for the neighborhood. It should also be considered for its impact on regional identity, sense of pride and belonging, cross- and intra-generational communication, and social ties (social capital). It might be utilized in plans and initiatives to combat social exclusion or in projects associated with the social economy idea. Urban regeneration techniques frequently include heritage as a key component, either as a source of inspiration, the setting for the processes, or as a defining feature. It influences how a particular locality is perceived by locals, potential new residents, investors, as well as tourists and short-term visitors. It may have an effect on the ecological system of a particular area, either positively encouraging a more sustainable use of space and preventing urban sprawl through \"recycling\" of historic, already urbanized areas or negatively increasing traffic or being linked to low energy efficiency of historic buildings and out-of-date heating systems harmful to the environment (Murzyn-Kupisz, 2010a). Therefore, the influence of heritage on development could be of an economic, social, cultural, or environmental nature. If heritage resources are not properly acknowledged or are used in an unsustainable manner, it could be potentially good but neutral or even detrimental in practice (Ashworth, 2006). Heritage and tourism in the context of sustainable development: When examining the connections between cultural heritage, tourism, and sustainable development, it seems necessary to first note that, despite the fact that one of the most obvious and frequently discussed contemporary functions of heritage is its various tourism uses, tourism is not always positively linked to the aforementioned areas of cultural heritage's impact on socioeconomic development. As a result, while it may be a justification for heritage-related activities, it is merely one of the alternatives and roles of historic locations and sites and neither the only nor essential one (Wall, 2009). Even while they may not draw a sizable number of tourists from around the world or the country, some heritage kinds still serve a wide range of diverse modern purposes for the neighborhood, having both positive economic and non- economic consequences. The sustainability of many heritage projects may actually increase if the trap of catering restoration and interpretation of heritage sites and heritage services primarily towards the needs of tourists is avoided, especially if there is enough local (regional) demand for heritage and leisure services. Tourists may or may not come depending on the economic and political situation and tourism fashions at a given time. Additionally, in some circumstances, the growth of the tourism industry may cause the positive effects of local history on aspects of local development that are unrelated to tourism, such as quality of life, to wane and worsen. In fact, if the costs of tourism-related heritage consumption are carefully examined, they may in certain places outweigh the benefits to the local economy or the level of historic environment

preservation . The issue of a given undertaking's beneficiaries, i.e., institutions, people, and social groups, should therefore be taken into consideration while calculating the costs and revenues of a heritage-related project. For instance, placing too much focus on turning history into a tourist attraction may result in the establishment of profits and advantages for specific local socioeconomic groups, such as those citizens who have the financial wherewithal to invest in tourism-related ventures. While tourism has the potential to destroy the traditional roles and non-economic functions heritage plays in local community life (such as local celebrations and historic urban interiors as spaces of encounter, creating and recreating social links), for other members of the local community, the actual benefits from tourist traffic may be very small. Due to increased rental and operating costs, heritage-focused activities geared primarily toward tourists may also result in the restriction or even eviction of non-tourist oriented activities from the area. It is also important to consider if at least some of the revenue generated by tourism is used to fund ongoing efforts at heritage preservation and restoration, as well as any potential hazards that tourism may pose to the preservation of the natural environment and cultural heritage. According to Girard and Nijkamp, there is a love-hate connection between modern tourism and cultural heritage. People from many origins are drawn to it, and it also promotes socioeconomic growth locally and strengthens a sense of national identity and pride. Large tourist flows, on the other hand, may conflict with the environmentally friendly development of localities and may harm social cohesiveness at a local level. Butler provides the following definition of sustainable tourism development that is pertinent to this discussion: Tourism that is created and maintained in a region (community, environment) in a way and on a scale that ensures its viability for an endless time and doesn't harm or change the environment (both human and physical) in which it exists to the point where it prevents the successful creation and well-being of other processes and activities. The degree to which the local (regional) community participates in the provision of tourism services as well as the use of heritage for other purposes is a factor in determining the long-term positive impact of heritage-oriented activities on development at a given spatial scale. The capacity of a given area to generate goods and services used in connection with heritage-oriented activities as well as the connections and dependencies between various heritage-related activities in a specific area are also of utmost importance . In terms of heritage, a tourist multiplier impact occurs when visitors to heritage sites and institutions spend money on a variety of ancillary supporting tourism services in addition to the specific heritage sites (direct economic effects). Spending like this at retail stores on items like souvenirs, food and drinks, books, and photo articles as well as on services like lodging, catering,

guiding, transportation, recreation, and sports results in both indirect and induced tourist multiplier effects . The degree to which suppliers and employees of heritage institutions and tourism businesses are hired locally (retaining versus leaking multiplier effects) and supplied locally determines the strength of heritage multiplier effects, including tourism multiplier. Additionally, optimistic assessments of the economic benefits of tourism frequently overlook the significant costs associated with using cultural resources (e.g., increased maintenance costs due to the deterioration of historic sites brought on by increased visitor numbers, increased costs associated with the overuse of local infrastructure by tourists), as well as the opportunity costs associated with forgoing other nontourism-related investments and projects. The size and makeup of the major tourist market segments have a significant impact on the economic implications as well. The multiplier effects of a tourism historical attraction depend on the percentage of visitors that stay in the area overnight, thus tourists are preferred to day- trippers . The quality of sightseeing and the degradation of historic places are more closely related to increased tourist numbers than to higher tourism revenues. This could deter travelers who are concerned with things like crowded, loudness, and the general standard of historical experiences from visiting . Therefore, a given site may not be truly lucrative in the long run if its strategy is to use low prices to draw in as many short-term, mass visitors as possible. On the other hand, it might be more beneficial to focus on cultural tourists who tend to be \"price insensitive.\" Compared to mass tourists, they are more likely to travel further, stay in hotels, and spend more money (The President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, 2005). Therefore, multiplier effects depend on the nature of the goods and services offered by tourist and historic enterprises, the kinds of entrepreneurs (firms) offering them, and the degree of their local (regional) integration. For instance, all types of souvenir sales will have some positive multiplier effects on the local economy, but those brought about by the sales of locally created goods would often be higher overall. In the current European context, choosing the profile of a souvenir shop means deciding between selling fewer unique, higher value-added items, which benefits the shop and the more broadly understood local producers but is risky in terms of finding wealthy enough, appreciative customers, or many low value-added items. Locally made souvenirs, especially hand-made ones, are typically of better quality but are more expensive than ones imported from outside of Europe. The degree and nature of local people interaction are strongly correlated with the type of tourism services given, according to Hampton (2005). In contrast to \"conventional\" tourism, \"new\" tourism is implemented on a much smaller scale, using local resources (capital, labor, and culinary traditions), allowing for the generation of much greater net profits for the local economy while also posing less of a threat to the area's natural environment and cultural environment (less pollution, traffic, noise, and repair needs). From the standpoint of sustainable development, recognizing the potential of heritage as a development resource also calls for consideration of place-specific immaterial heritage, such as

local cultural traditions, labor culture, religious beliefs, traditional craft, and production activities. To effectively benefit the local community and its social and economic well-being, all heritage tourism activities and initiatives must be integrated into the regional economic, social, and cultural framework. Given that not every initiative will result in culturally integrated effects, i.e., outcomes that address the goals and needs of the local (regional) community, Eversole (2006) distinguishes three types of usage of heritage to develop tourism, different with respect to the level of \"cultural integration\" with a given locality or site: \"The Weaving - Integrated Use of Heritage\" is Type 1. Development strategies are developed and put into action by people who have an excellent awareness of the cultural individuality and distinctiveness of a location, including intangible treasures like local artisan skills. The local community has the choice to participate in tourism-related heritage activities, and the goals of employing heritage go beyond simply generating cash to include the maintenance and improvement of distinctive local skills and talents as an integral element of local cultural practices. Type 2: Isolated Use of Heritage in Big Things and Staged Stories. Tourists are encouraged to visit a specific region's heritage feature. It is a genuine aspect of the culture of a particular location, but if removed from its larger context, it can lose its cultural significance in modern society. Its promotion is unrelated to other facets of regional culture like local abilities, needs, or community involvement, and it no longer has any symbolic importance for the local populace. This results in the creation of \"staged authenticity\" spaces for the benefit of the visitors, and even though the local community takes some pride in them, they do not identify with them. Additionally, the aims and effects are typically limited, for example, non-tourist potential sources of income are not taken into consideration. \"The Imaginary Region - Inventing Heritage\" is type 3. Such tactics prioritize creation over discovery of local (regional) heritage in order to meet requirements and expectations that are externally established, without any local engagement or consideration of local skills and needs. The degree of local community involvement, their willingness to host visitors or offer them services, and their level of acceptance of using their heritage as both a source of pride for their community and a tourist destination all play a role in the economic benefits of heritage tourism in the local context (Ballesteros and Ramirez, 2007). The amount and kind of multiplier effects are influenced by the local community's attitude toward history, awareness of its value and economic potential, as well as its willingness to use it, as well as agricultural, craft and business abilities and internal financial resources.For instance, the local community may benefit to some extent from job opportunities in the hospitality sector created by heritage, but the majority of the profits will go to externally based producers and owners of hospitality establishments if it lacks the knowledge and financial resources required to start heritage-oriented tourist businesses. Therefore, in order to be sustainable, a tourism strategy should take into account the quality of life of locals, improve the quality of the tourism experience in order to encourage repeat visits

and convert day visitors into resident tourists, and preserve the physical integrity of the built environment, which serves as a cultural draw. To completely define the relationship and breadth of impact of history and tourism on local development, a number of additional elements must be taken into account. In order to predict the economic benefits of a given heritage project related to tourism, it is important to consider the site's location (for example, Krakow or Wroclaw are much more accessible than Zamo in the Polish context), size (for example, the site's surface area, the size of the museum collection, the size of the settlement where it is located), and \"brand\" strength. Although the latter may provide equally significant non-economic benefits, a well-known museum situated in a significant historic metropolis or a location inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List often has a better potential to generate multiplier effects than a tiny local museum (Frey, 1998). Generally speaking, there are more economic effects leaks the smaller a certain settlement is. The desired multiplier effects (both indirect and induced) of heritage may be much smaller than in a larger multifunctional urban center due to the impossibility of supplying all of the necessary goods, services, and employees locally in a small site (a village or small town) with a high number of tourists compared to its population size (a typical tourist honeypot) . Additionally, in certain bigger communities, heritage-related activities unrelated to tourism may have greater multiplier benefits in terms of employment and income. Additionally, multiplier effects are mostly reliant on the size of the investment or the capability of connecting many smaller sites to produce a more complex tourism offer, such as a tourism trail or a historic itinerary . While individual stops along such a route might not have much of an impact, if they are considered and promoted together, they might persuade travelers to remain longer or draw in more people. The seasonality of visitor traffic and revenue from tourism could also be an issue for the neighborhood. Conversely, compared to other locations frequented by mass tourists, cultural tourist sites, especially those not close to the seaside, are characterized by less seasonality in the average tourism traffic. However, the reduction in seasonality at flagship sites and locations is less pronounced than at lesser-known or less spectacular heritage sites, highlighting the strategic importance of sites and locations of \"local\" or \"regional\" tourist interest if tourism policy is to be aimed at reducing seasonality. However, in tourist-heavy areas, some seasonality might even be favored by locals who wish to have a chance to \"take a break\" from tourism traffic at least for a portion of the year. Additionally, different issues occur and particular forms of public participation are needed based on the specificity, quality, and quantity of a particular tourism destination's heritage as well as its stage of development. The 2004–2006 ESPON3 project 1.3.3, The Role and Spatial Effects of Cultural Historic and Identity, offered a typology of heritage sites and necessary tourism and heritage development strategies, differentiating four main types of heritage tourism policy alternatives (Figure below). The authorities should concentrate on increasing tourist demand through more intensive marketing and promotion activities targeted at the desired segments of the tourism market in towns (regions) with a high supply of heritage and positive attitudes of the

local community toward tourism development but few tourist visits. The demand for tourism should be distributed (for example, from the city center to lesser-known historic quarters and sites) and modified by creating and promoting alternative heritage attractions in areas where very high tourist demand puts the heritage and natural environment at risk due to excess traffic and visitor pressure. Limiting visitor access to historic sites is another option in this situation for easing the load from tourists (e.g., introducing shorter opening hours, more strict conditions of access, charging higher admission prices). In turn, activities aimed at the creation of new cultural assets would be required in locations with low potential tourist demand and a relatively low supply of heritage resources that may be of interest to tourists (for example, construction of new, exceptionally well designed, outstanding quarters or buildings, development of new, unique cultural events). Fig 6.4 Different heritage tourism policies required in different tourism demand and heritage supply contexts Sustainable approaches to heritage tourism: recent examples from Poland: Two local initiatives that were carried out in the Polish Maopolska region are examples of an innovative, multifaceted approach to the connections between history, tourism, and development. For instance, a flagship historical project of the Renaissance castle restoration into a

multipurpose cultural and tourism complex has been implemented in the town of Niepoomice east of Krakow over the past 20 years. It serves as the hub for regional cultural events, a museum, a recreational area, a center for hospitality and marketing, and the most crucial part of the town's identity all at once. The local authorities recognized the multidimensionality of potential uses and impacts of such heritage project and linked several public aims such as improving the quality of life in the community, enhancing the community's image, and giving people a reason to travel to or stay in the municipality. As a result, the project's success and socioeconomic sustainability—the castle remains an important local heritage venue while earning money for its upkeep from tourism and leisure services—resulted . Conversely, in the municipality of Lanckorona west of Krakow, a lot of emphasis has been placed on the promotion of locally made goods and handicrafts, creation of a local souvenir shop selling such goods, and creation of cultural events in which both the local community and the tourists can participate, with the former tactic being used to ensure that promotion of the small historic town as an ideal cultural, romantic, and eco-tourism destination brings benefits to the local community. Additionally, the majority of heritage tourism-focused projects in Lanckorona that are funded by public resources (such as municipal, regional, and EU funds) aim to include the social groups that are most at risk of being shut out of the job market in a small town in a rural area, concentrating particularly on women and young people. For instance, a social economy company was founded in Lanckorona in 2004 as a result of involvement in the co- funded \"Social Economy on the Amber Trail\" EU initiative project run by the European Social Fund. Horizons. Inspiration, Tourism, Consulting is a social enterprise operating a neighborhood café, offering catering, tour organization, guiding, and other tourism services, with a particular focus on the presentation of the town and its picturesque surroundings. Horizons. Inspiration, Tourism, Consulting is based in one of the municipally owned historic houses in the town square. One of the first towns in Poland to apply the concept of the eco-museum as a way to include the local population in the preservation of the area's natural and cultural heritage is Lanckorona (Zarba, 2008). The local governments of the two towns are taking the lead in promoting sustainable tourism in the aforementioned two situations as a component of local development initiatives. Activities of other parties, such as private investors or higher level state officials, may have a similar, broader socioeconomic influence. As an illustration, consider the recent success of the so-called \"Valley of Palaces and Gardens\" in the Lower Silesia region, in the southwest of Poland, close to Jelenia Góra. Numerous renovation initiatives in the region's ancient palace and garden complexes that result in their conversion for hotel and catering use not only benefit specific investors but also support regional growth in various ways. These include preserving the region's history and landscape, promoting the region and enhancing its favorable reputation through both individual actions and building a network of collaboration within the framework of an NGO, fostering local identity, luring visitors to other attractions and lodging facilities, offering jobs, and creating multiplier effects, to name a few (Murzyn-Kupisz, 2012). In other

places, regional or national funding for cultural institutions may play a significant role. For instance, the local cultural center \"Borderland of Arts, Cultures and Nations\" has been active for 20 years and is supported by the Borderland Foundation. It is co-financed by the regional authorities of the Podlaskie region, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, and the city of Sejny in the Podlaskie region of northeastern Poland. The center's creative cultural initiatives have made a significant amount of the municipality's cultural and heritage tourism potential known to various actors, increasing tourism to the area and helping to promote it as a multicultural heritage tourism destination while also improving the quality of life for locals and creating significant social and cultural capital. 6.6 SUMMARY The most obvious way to use history for local (regional) development is through tourism, but it is not the only, inevitable, or most sustainable one. Public authorities should not view heritage tourism as the only promising use of historic sites and landscapes, nor as the sole economic activity that generates profits for the local economy; instead, a much more comprehensive approach to heritage as a resource for modern development is required. Public authorities, particularly local authorities, should be aware of the variety of responsibilities that are waiting for them in terms of sustainable heritage management as they are important institutional actors . They range from playing \"the rules of the game\" and thereby \"trend setting\" by implementing carefully planned public projects and efficient, sustainable management of publicly owned heritage institutions and sites to setting the \"rules of the game\" by developing and enforcing heritage-related laws and regulations, including spatial planning documents. They could also include adding more motivating \"rules of the game,\" encouraging certain actions by other participants by providing incentives for the development of particular, \"desired\" heritage tourism activities and services, appropriate heritage restoration, and engaging heritage presentation activities (such as tax breaks and allowances, grants, awards, prizes, partnerships, establishment of networking and promotion The strength and scope of the economic and noneconomic effects of heritage tourism on the local milieu are dependent on many of the previously mentioned factors, first and foremost the characteristics of the locality itself (for example, its heritage resources, population size, needs, skills, and attitudes of the local community), and on the type of tourism promoted in a given area. Additionally, the way in which the effects of heritage tourism are evaluated can vary depending on whether they are viewed from a strictly quantitative perspective and judged primarily by the number of visitors, or whether they are carefully examined, taking into account the types of visitors, the nature of their consumption, and the local costs associated with tourists' presence. A particular heritage initiative's degree of \"cultural integration,\" or alignment with the

distinctiveness of the local built heritage, local way of life, regional and local customs, abilities, resources, and demands of many stakeholders, notably the local population, is also significant. It is important to take into account both the potential benefits of tourism as well as its costs (including opportunity costs), while also taking into account the stage at which tourism traffic is developing. The economic impact of historic tourism—such as its direct impact and the magnitude of its tourist multipliers—as well as its social significance and sustainability—can all be improved by aiming for outcomes that are pertinent to a variety of stakeholders and metrics of successful development. International organizations have also pushed for a cautious approach to using tourism as a development opportunity, as seen by the language of the Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism (1997) and The Malta Declaration on Cultural Tourism of Europa Nostra. In a similar vein, Throsby (2009) offers three \"golden principles\" that should be adhered to (presumably by public authorities) in order to guarantee sustainability with regard to projects involving heritage and tourism. First, it's important to \"get the values right.\" Prior to beginning any endeavor, a thorough review of the values that a specific heritage tourism project or endeavor provides is required, encompassing both economic and cultural benefits as well as potential positive externalities. The ability to approach a heritage tourism project holistically, taking into account various aspects of sustainability such as the project's ability to function and provide a range of benefits in the long term, intergenerational and intragenerational equity, respecting the diversity inherent in heritage, maintaining the balance in natural and cultural ecosystems, and recognizing and appreciating cultural diversity are all crucial. Last but not least, decision-makers should \"get the analytical methods right,\" that is, be able to assess the effects of heritage tourism projects from a multidisciplinary perspective, taking into account different values, outcomes, both positive and negative effects, engagement of the local population, impact on local uniqueness and identity, and the state of preservation of the natural and cultural environment. Ex ante and ex post analyses, which take into account both the short- and long-term repercussions of such projects, are both required. Local and regional authorities should be aware of the aforementioned requirements before seeing heritage-driven tourism as the solution to all local development issues. By taking them into account, they will be able to ensure that desired economic, social, and cultural outcomes— particularly advantages for the local community and an improvement in the state of repair of historic sites—occur. They will also be able to encourage the development of a high-quality tourism product based on locally recognized heritage resources. 6.7 KEYWORDS  CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility  EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment  SEA: Strategic Environmental Assessment

 SME: Small and Medium Enterprise  TBL:Triple Bottom Line  WWF : Worldwide Fund for Nature  UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.  WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development 6.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What is the acronym of UNESCO? 2. What is tourism? 3. What is sustainable tourism? 4. What does WCED stand for? 5. What are the three reasons to aim to sustainability? 6. Draw the conceptual model guiding data. 7. How many people on the planet still struggle to achieve their most basic requirements? 8. According to sources cited by Weather.com, ___________ tons of plastic are dumped into our oceans annually. 9. Give examples of sustainable economic progress. 10. _______ commonly referred to as urban farming, is the practice of growing food on private or public land that is less than five acres in size. 11. ________ was developed to integrate agricultural output with lawn space, lower carbon emissions, and enhance the practicality of consuming wholesome, affordable food. 12. What is funding? 6.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short questions 1. What is Micro farming? 2. What is fleet farming? 3. What is fish farming? 4. How does overfishing affects whole underwater Ecosystems?

5. What is economic sustainability in tourism? 6. What are the economic benefits of sustainable tourism? 7. Define Environmental Pollution. 8. How is the demand for sustainable tourism increasing? Long Questions 1. What are the challenges of sustainable Tourism Development? 2. What are the key features of Demographic and Economic trends in the Mediterranean in the new Millennium? 3. Explain the Tourism Development processes in the Mediterranean. 4. Explain the consequences of sustainability in Mediterranean countries. 5. What are the challenges of future sustainable tourism development in the Mediterranean in light of the new circumstances? 6. What is the difference between internal and external challenges in sustainability tourism 7. How Sustainable Development is Relevant to 21st Century Growth? 8. Explain Sustainability and entrepreneurship strategy. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Tourism is a _________ phenomenon. a. Local b. Global c. National d. Regional 2. Mass tourism started in ___________. a. Late 20th century b. 21st century c. 19th century d. 15th century 3. Tourism is a _____________ and __________ movement to other place

a. Temporary, short-term b. Temporary, long-term c. Permanent, short-term d. Permanent, long-term 4. Who is not a tourist? a. A job seeker in another country b. Visitor from some other location for temporary visit c. Visiting friends or relatives d. For sightseeing 5. Which is not the purpose of tourism? a. Employment b. Education c. Business d. Sight-seeing Answers: 1-b, 2- a, 3- a, 4- a , 5- a. 6.10 REFERENCES  CIA. The World Factbook 2001. www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download- 2001/index.html  CIA. The World Factbook 2010. www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download- 2010  CIA. The World Factbook 2017. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

 City Population. Population Statistics for Countries, Administrative Areas, Cities and Agglomerations. www.citypopulation.de/  UNWTO. Compendium of Tourism Statistics, Data 1999-2003, 2005 Edition. Madrid: UNWTO, 2005.  UNWTO. Compendium of Tourism Statistics, Data 2006-2010, 2012 Edition. Madrid: UNWTO, 2012.  UNWTO. Compendium of Tourism Statistics, Data 2011-2015, 2017 Edition. Madrid: UNWTO, 2017.  Andrews, K. (1980). The concept of corporate strategy. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin. Website:  https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview  https://shora.tabriz.ir/Uploads/83/cms/user/File/657/E_Book/Tourism/The%20Encyclope dia%20of%20Ecotourism.pdf#page=409  https://www.studocu.com/row/document/canadian-university-of-dubai/principles-of- management/mcqs-ijnbieq-vevbniuen/14014789

UNIT – 7 :PERSPECTIVE ON MASS AND ALTERNATIVE TOURISM - I STRUCTURE 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Community tourism 7.3 Rural tourism and village tourism 7.4 Urban tourism, eco-tourism, nature tourism, volunteer tourism 7.5 Summary 7.6 Keywords 7.7 Learning Activity 7.8 Unit End Questions 7.9 References 7.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter we will learn,  Community tourism and its benefits.  Some examples on community based tourism  The negative impacts of community based tourism  Various tips to develop community based tourism.  Rural tourism, Urban tourism, Nature tourism, volunteer tourism.  The types of rural tourism and its activities  The benefits of rural tourism and its challenges  Characteristics of rural tourism and its development.  Eco tourism and its types. 7.1 INTRODUCTION The movement of individuals to nations or locations outside of their typical surroundings for personal, business-related, or professional reasons constitutes tourism, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). We refer to these persons as guests. In general, if a visitor's journey does not involve an overnight stay, they are categorized as (same-)day visitors, and if it does, they are categorized as tourists. They may be traveling for business, pleasure, or personal reasons as opposed to being employed by a resident company in the country or location they are visiting.

If attending meetings, conferences, congresses, trade shows, and exhibits is a trip's primary objective, it is frequently broken into two further categories: \"other business and professional reasons\" and \"other business and professional purposes.\" types of travel. Domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outward tourism are the three main types of tourism. Activities that a visitor engages in both inside and outside of their native country are referred to as domestic tourism (e.g. a Brit visiting other parts of Britain). The actions of a visitor from outside their own nation are referred to as inbound tourism (e.g. a Spaniard visiting Britain). The term \"outbound tourism\" describes a resident visitor's travels outside of their home nation (e.g. a Brit visiting an overseas country). Around 200,000 enterprises, some of them extremely large—such as major hotel groups and airlines—as well as small and medium-sized businesses, industry associations, and bodies, make up the tourism industry in Britain, which is predominantly a private sector sector. Domestic tourism accounts for the majority of a company's revenue (often at least 80%, particularly outside of London), with demand peaked throughout the summer and school breaks. Managing the needs of tourists from abroad calls for specialized knowledge, cultural awareness, and financial investment. Most UK statistics distinguish between overnight tourists and day visitors in terms of spending and volume. The data and research studies published by VisitBritain concentrate on foreign visitors to the country. Contact the tourism organizations for England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and London for information on domestic statistics (i.e. information on citizens of Britain who go to another part of Britain). 7.2 COMMUNITY TOURISM By definition, a community is made up of people who have some sort of shared duty and the power to elect representatives to make decisions. Community-based tourism refers to travel where locals (typically from rural, economically disadvantaged areas) welcome visitors to stay overnight in their communities.The locals manage their land, run their own businesses, supply services and produce, and work. At least a portion of the money made from tourism is set aside for community-wide improvement initiatives.Community-based tourism promotes and respects traditional cultures, customs, and wisdom while allowing visitors to learn about the local species and environments. Through tourism, the locals will become more aware of the economic and social importance put on their natural and cultural heritage, which will encourage local conservation efforts. The tourist accommodations and amenities will meet the needs of Western guests, even if they are anticipating basic country lodging. The community will be required to have daily access to email as well as constant phone access (which may be necessary for medical care) (which will be required by operators to confirm bookings).

The community may decide to collaborate with a commercial sector partner to offer resources, customers, marketing, lodging for tourists, or other expertise. This partner may or may not own a portion of the tourism business, pending agreement to the goals of promoting community development and conservation, and to planning the tourism development in conjunction with the community. The Chalalán Ecolodge in the Bolivian Amazon, a collaborative project of the rainforest community of San José de Uchupiamonas and Conservation International (CI) in Bolivia, is an illustration of a successful community project. The ecolodge, a much-needed economic alternative to logging, was established in 1995 by a creative group of San José locals. It offers employment opportunities through nature-based tourism. At the inception of the Chalalán project, CI wanted to build a successful ecolodge that was entirely run and staffed by locals. To do this, CI trained the locals in a variety of skills, such as marketing, management, housekeeping, food preparation, and tour-guiding. The community acquired complete ownership of the lodge from CI in February 2001. Today, the employment and management of the ecolodge provide regular direct economic advantages to 74 families. Through Responsible Travel, Chalalán Ecolodge is already being successfully promoted. A sustainable tourism strategy that enables visitors to forge deep links with local people is community-based tourism (CBT). tourism where visitors are welcomed into local residences. Actual local culture, diversity, customs, and beliefs are encountered. CBT seeks to directly assist local communities financially while allowing visitors to experience local culture. Participating communities in community-based tourism are robust, adaptable, and eager to share their culture with visitors. Be mindful that the CBT market is a highly delicate one. To ensure that it actually benefits the local community, it is crucial that it be established and run properly. It's a booming niche sector since more and more tourists are seeking out real adventures that assist the community. Benefits of Community Based tourism: The distinctive characteristic of community-based tourism is that local communities host and oversee the tourism experiences. There are several prospects in this specialty tourism experience, which is very promising. Travelers are becoming more and more curious about discovering methods to interact authentically with local communities and local cultures. The main advantages of CBT include, among others, that it:  conserves the community's culture for future generations  aids in fostering local employment  Financially directly helps communities and is quite simple to establish with the correct network.  creates and strengthens strong, resilient communities

 adds value to your company through special encounters  provides tourists with the opportunity to explore the diversity and customs of local cultures  encourages visitors to engage meaningfully and actively with local communities  encourages greater sensitivity to and understanding of many cultures and customs  takes your clients and visitors into remote locations off the usual path  encourages the growth of responsible tourism Community Based tourism Examples: Although each site and its people are unique, the fundamental idea behind community- based tourism is generally consistent. In other words, the activities can be used and improved in practically all locations. Additionally, it's crucial to avoid staged events and incorporate interactivity.  preparing and sampling local fare  visit a neighborhood market  traverse the village by foot  Working in the coffee field and learning about it  with locals when sailing or fishing  bicycle tour of the community  Crafting by hand or painting  Older people's storytelling  Farmstay or homestay Potential Negative impacts of community-based tourism: Community-based tourism is a particularly delicate market, as was already mentioned. This indicates that it may present difficulties and bad effects if not planned for, handled, and managed properly. Tour operators are becoming more and more interested in community-based tourism. While creating fresh tourism experiences for its visitors, they aim to both help and involve local communities. Therefore, it is crucial to describe not just the advantages and the procedures involved in developing community-based tourism, but also any potential drawbacks and difficulties. Participation of the community is the fundamental issue with community-based tourism. And it's very challenging to develop a successful community-based tourism experience without community involvement. Participation in the community is affected by:

1. Elitism and leadership conflict: Communities with a (visible) hierarchy have challenges with elitism and leadership conflict. Elite members of the communities take on leadership as they believe only these members are fit to rule. Conflict over resource ownership is frequently the result, frequently at the expense of the entire community. one where community-based tourism is managed and profited from by a small, powerful local elite. 2. Greed and corruption: Gluttony and corruption can present a significant problem for extremely poor populations. Particularly when (some) locals feel they don't gain enough, they'll strive to find alternative ways to make money. For instance, utilizing official authority for one's own gain. As a result, it fosters a culture of begging where visitors are treated like walking ATMs. All parties concerned are put in awkward circumstances because of this. 3. Capacity issues within the community: A community-based tourist experience requires a lot of time and effort to manage. Not all locals are aware of the effort needed to host visitors in their homes. Locals may feel overrun and unsatisfied with the tourism idea when there are too many tourists there. Additionally, it raises concerns about how well travelers will be able to engage in community-based tourism. 4. Language issues: Many residents of remote areas are unable to communicate with tourists in English. They are unable to contribute when they lack communication skills. They also have a tendency to be miffed if they are unable to partake in tourism. Additionally, they won't be able to interact with tourists in a genuine way, talk about their everyday lives, or share experiences. 5. Lack of funding and skills: Managing a fledgling business is analogous to managing a community-based tourism experience. To organize and manage the experience initially, you would require start-up funds, resources, skills, and knowledge. It is challenging to achieve long-term success without this. Although funding from stakeholders may be available, they will still need to be able to support themselves over the long term. Tips to develop Community- Based tourism: There are additional important considerations to keep in mind and pay great attention to while creating community-based tourism in accordance with the processes indicated above. CBT is a delicate sort of tourism, as was previously said. Above all, it's crucial that the experience is enjoyable for both the local population and the visitor.

1. Connect with the local community:The most important aspect of your experience is the neighborhood. Connect with them, earn their trust, and consider travel together. What distinguishes their culture from others', and what are they prepared to impart? How much do they really want to alter their lives? Make sure to work together, delegate to them, and give them a say in the entire process. 2. Train locals in tourism: Local communities may find it difficult to interact with visitors from other cultures. It's crucial to teach localities how to interact with tourists. How to welcome them, what information to provide with them, etc. Always employ community guides because they are familiar with the ins and outs of the area. Additionally, this guarantees that the earnings stay local. 3. Create independency: The development of community-based tourism is not done for the benefit of tour companies. Local communities want to develop their standard of living and secure their future. Create a cooperative ownership system. The degree to which the tourism experience is successful depends on the sense of community ownership. Let them manage their own tourism industry and reap the rewards. 4. Include interactive elements: In the age of the experience economy, tourists need engaging, instructive, imaginative, and visually appealing activities. Instead of just watching and visiting, they seek for activities in which they may take part. Give them a truly one-of-a-kind experience by including them in the local culture and letting them try, taste, and do things. 5. Think about the language: Travelers seek out interactions in their encounters. Language is crucial for community-based tourism because of this. How will your visitors get in touch with the host? The ideal answer is to hire an English-speaking tour guide who can interact enthusiastically with both the host and the tourists. 6. Decide on the duration: When participating in a community-based tourism experience, most tourists leave their comfort zone. Therefore, it's crucial that the traveler's encounters aren't too lengthy and uncomfortable. When you first begin using CBT, concentrate on (half-day) events. Travelers may ease into it in this way, and it is also simpler for them to grow. 7. Ensure safety: They rely on the guide to keep them safe as they approach an unfamiliar territory. It's crucial that the guide has emergency training and understands how to discuss safety risks to tourists. Thus, the local community's sanitation and hygiene are also of utmost importance. Particularly for culinary experiences and during COVID-19.

7.3 RURAL TOURISM AND VILLAGE TOURISM Rural Tourism: A person moving from their usual place of residence to a rural location for a minimum of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for leisure and pleasure is referred to as engaging in rural tourism. All tourist operations in a rural location are referred to as rural tourism. Rural tourism is by no means a well-defined concept and is open to several interpretations. Fleischer and Pizam connect rural tourism with the \"country vacation,\" during which a visitor spends the majority of his or her vacation time enjoying outdoor activities on a farm, ranch, country house, or nearby. According to the OECD, the ideal criterion for defining a rural region is \"at the local level, a population density of 150 inhabitants per square kilometer.\" At the regional level, geographic units are divided into the following three categories based on the percentage of their population that lives in rural areas: mostly rural regions (50%), significantly rural regions (15– 50%), and predominantly urbanized regions (15%). The following qualities were used by the Council of Europe to define the term \"rural area\": a length of rural or coastal farmland, small towns, and villages where the following activities predominate:  Forestry, aquaculture, fisheries, and agriculture.  Country inhabitants' economic and cultural activities.  nature preserves or outdoor recreation locations outside of cities.  other uses, including housing. According to Dernoi, \"non-urban region where human (land-related economic) activity is going on, particularly agriculture: a permanent human presence appears a qualifying criterion\" is how one would conceptualize rural tourism. According to the OECD, rural tourism should:  situated in a rural setting.  Functionally rural, founded on the unique characteristics of the rural world, including small-scale businesses, open space, contact with the outdoors, heritage, traditional societies, and traditional behaviors.  Small scale in rural areas, both in terms of structures and settlements.  Traditional in nature, slowly and naturally expanding, and interacting with neighborhood families.  Sustainable in the sense that its growth should support the preservation of a region's unique rural character and in the sense that its resource use should be sustainable.

 Considering the complicated structure of the rural environment, economy, and history, there are many diverse types. Types and forms of Rural tourism: Rural tourism can be defined as any type of tourism that promotes rural life, art, culture, and tradition in rural areas while also providing economic and social benefits to the neighborhood and fostering local-to-tourist interaction for a more rewarding travel experience. Agritourism, farm tourism, rural tourism, soft tourism, alternative tourism, eco-tourism, and many more categories are used to characterize tourism activities in rural areas. The definitions of these terms vary from nation to country, and even within a single country. The European Community (EC) has used the term \"rural tourism\" to describe all tourism-related activity in a rural area.  Although the term \"agritourism\" is frequently used to refer to all tourism-related activities in rural areas, it actually refers to tourism services that are \"directly connected with the agrarian environment, agrarian products, or agrarian stays,\" such as camping or lodging on farms, educational excursions, meals, leisure activities, and the sale of farm products or handicrafts.  Farm tourism is specifically tied to farms and is most frequently associated with travel that includes lodging on farms and visiting farms as destinations.  Tourism in the Wilderness and Forests: Travelers discover the rural area's natural beauty and wilderness. It may be considered independent from ideas of rural tourism, or it may be tacitly integrated. Tourists go to places where plants and animals live in their natural habitats through wilderness and forest tourism. Most of what it covers is non- consumptive contact with wildlife and the natural world, such watching and photographing animals in their natural settings. Wildlife photography, safaris, bird watching, trekking, and hiking are just a few of the tourism activities that fall under the category of wilderness and forest tourism.  Tourism in rural or natural settings is referred to as \"green tourism.\" When compared to traditional, mass tourism, it is more frequently used to characterize tourism types that are thought to be more environmentally beneficial. Green tourism is a significant component of rural tourism in rural areas. In order to build a symbiotic relationship with the physical and social environment on which it depends and implicitly strives to realize sustainability principles, green tourism is portrayed as a method of tourism growth.  Ecotourism is a type of nature tourism (traveling to undeveloped, natural places) that focuses on actively promoting environmental preservation, providing tangible benefits to local communities and cultures, and giving visitors a fulfilling, educational experience. An assortment of environmentally friendly tourism operations are referred to as ecotourism. Rural Tourism Activities:

According to various estimates, 10 to 20% of all tourism activity occurs in rural areas, and a Eurobarometer poll revealed that 23% of European tourists annually chose the countryside or rural areas as their vacation destination. In rural locations, a variety of cultural and outdoor activities take place. The management of the rural environment for recreational purposes has a long history, and the symbiotic link between the two has had significant effects on both the environment and activities.The countryside offers a wide variety of tourist attractions and recreational opportunities. These activities can be grouped according to their nature. The following are examples of various rural tourism activities:  Touring  Cultural pursuits  Activities relating to water  Activities related to health  aerial exercises  passive pursuits  Physical activity  Hallmark occasions  activities related to business The term \"tour\" refers to a variety of tourist activities, including hiking, horseback riding, motorized touring, small-town/village touring, cycling, adventure vacations, and wilderness holidays.In rural areas, there are many tourism-related cultural activities. Cultural activities associated with rural tourism include archaeology, restoration of historic sites, rural history research, museums, classes in handicrafts, and workshops for creative expression.Some examples of water-related activities in rural tourism include fishing, swimming, river tourism, canoeing, kayaking, windsurfing, and sailing.Rural locations offer a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities. Potholing, rock climbing, orienteering, tennis, golf, light downhill skiing, and hunting are a few examples.The most popular rural tourist activities are fitness training, assault courses, spas, and health resorts. Many tourists visit rural areas solely to engage in tourism-related activities that would improve their health. Other well-known passive activities of rural tourism include relaxing vacations in a rural location, nature research outside, including bird watching and photography, and scenery enjoyment. Importance and Benefits of Rural Tourism: Rural tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry that benefits the community in rural areas greatly. Tourists that visit rural areas contribute in a variety of ways to the local economy. Rural development and host community living standards are both improved by rural tourism. The following are some of the relevance and advantages of rural tourism:

 provide employment and a source of new, alternative, or supplemental income in rural communities.  Infrastructure construction in rural areas is sparked by rural tourism.  aid in reducing social power and gender  Encourage a community-wide effort  revitalize the regional culture.  Instill a sense of local identity, pride, and self-worth.  support for environmental protection and conservation  Raise the standard of living in the neighborhood.  aids in the renovation and reuse of abandoned buildings.  Give places that could otherwise undergo depopulation the chance to maintain their population.  allow for the repopulation of places. A growing segment of tourism is rural tourism. It extends beyond simple farm stays and out-of- town excursions. It goes beyond that. Through the protection and conservation of natural resources, rural tourism benefits the host community as well as the surrounding natural environment. Rural tourism Issues and Challenges: The main problems and difficulties in rural tourism are the need to protect the environment and natural resources, the need for education, the need for tourists and locals to have a proper understanding of each other, and the need to create a democratic movement that enables people at all levels to take part in the development of the tourism industry. The following are some significant problems and difficulties that rural tourism faces:  Economic Spillovers.  localized pricing increases  alter the local labor market.  demand patterns that are seasonal.  Create fake local \"culture\" or alter it to give the appearance of authenticity.  destroy the native culture  Wildlife in rural areas is losing its natural habitat.  pollution via emissions, littering, and other sources.  Congestion. A successful strategy for having a beneficial impact on rural areas is to use the cooperative structure in rural tourism. If local residents have an equal say in administration and development, they can monitor and mitigate the detrimental effects of rural tourism on their own society.

Characteristics of Rural Tourism: The idea of rural tourism is admirable. It is a different form of sustainable tourism that makes use of local resources, has little to no negative effects, and generates growing benefits for rural areas in terms of rural productivity, employment, improved wealth distribution, preservation of the rural environment and culture, local people's involvement, and an appropriate method of modernizing traditional beliefs and values. The following are some characteristics and elements of rural tourism:  Seasonality  Fragmentation  necessary external market  Between the internal and exterior markets, cooperation is required  women's role  economic function: providing farmers and other rural business owners with supplemental revenue. Rural tourism can assist preserve the local culture, support the local performing arts, and stop rural migration. Rural tourism could draw visitors by giving them a wonderful sight of the village atmosphere and local cuisine. Rural tourism Development : Development of rural tourism involves more than just a planned approach. It can be viewed as a dynamic, ongoing socially created and negotiated process using an actor-oriented perspective since it involves numerous social players who are constantly reshaping and transforming it to suit their perceptions, needs, values, and agendas. The 1990s saw an increase in interest in rural tourist growth, and a growing body of literature has helped us appreciate it as a dynamic phenomena. According to Long and Lane, rural tourism has entered its second stage of development, the first of which was marked by an increase in participation, the creation of products and businesses, and partnerships. Long and Lane claim that rural tourism is transitioning into a more complicated phase of expansion, differentiation, consolidation, and knowledge in their analysis of the development of rural tourism, at least in Europe and North America. Given the unanswered questions surrounding its position in policy, integration in practice, and dynamic function within the restructuring countryside and larger tourism development processes, its second phase was projected to be more complex and is likely to be. The necessity for sustainable forms of development is acknowledged since tourism is still being developed in rural regions to offset the economic decline in the primary production sectors. The idea of sustainable tourism development has gained virtually universal support as a desired and suitable approach to, and objective of, tourism development since the early 1990s. It is crucial that the potential contribution of tourism to rural economic growth is not diminished by the over-

specificity of sustainable tourism principles because the development of rural tourism has been driven by the need for economic growth and diversification. 7.4 URBAN TOURISM , ECO- TOURISM, NATURE TOURISM, VOLUNTEER TOURISM Urban Tourism: Urban tourism is the practice of travelers taking in city sights (like buildings, monuments, and parks) and cultural attractions (like museums, eateries, and plays). Leisure time activities and migrant populations—two aspects of the city that much of previous urban theory has shied away from addressing—must be taken seriously when studying urban tourism. However, a lot of changes over the past few decades have made urban scholarship give more attention to tourism. The entertainment industry now plays a larger part in the economies of many cities as industrial manufacturing deserts dense metropolitan centers. For some, consumerism and leisure translate into income and employment for others. Elites in the public and corporate sectors of the city now place a high priority on attracting and accommodating visitors. Surprisingly, the city's huge but transient visitor population has a significant impact on regional politics, financial decisions, and the built environment. The term \"tourist\" typically conjures negative associations, which taint both popular and academic representations. The leisure activity of tourism actually includes a wide range of consumer activities and orientations toward the city, in contrast to crude clichés of the tourist which depict a plodding brute clueless to everything except the most evident and pre packaged attractions of the urban scene. In addition, the division between \"work or pleasure\" obscures the fact that many visits serve several purposes, with business travelers also going shopping, visiting museums, and dining out. Susan Fainstein and Dennis Judd favor using the term \"visitor\" instead of \"tourist,\" and they define tourism as a specific type of activity that visitors engage in. Even long-term residents sometimes use their own cities \"like if tourists,\" taking use of their amazing, exotic, and diverse services. This is especially true today. Cities have historically been favored travel destinations and residential areas. Visitors to the old city included pilgrims, traders, political envoys, and adventurers, some of whom wrote about the strange sights they saw. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the permanent populations of major cities in Europe and the United States grew quickly as a result of the industrial revolution. Large cities continued to be centers of spectacle and a wide range of amusements during the industrial era. The elites of Chicago, a model industrial city, for instance, were not content with the city's reputation as just a hog butcher; they actively sought to improve the Columbian exposition of 1892 and draw tourists. However, the sociological study of the city, which is based on the enormous urban boom that coincided with the industrial revolution, has historically dealt with tourism only incidentally, if at all. However, a lot has changed during the last fifty years. In the older cities of the US and other developed countries, industry has been declining steadily. Improved transportation and communication technologies have made travel much more convenient and widely available, and the aesthetic and experiential dimensions of

consumption have arguably become much more important to the global economy. The economies of rapidly expanding communities like Las Vegas and Orlando are essentially based on travel and spending. The active construction of spectacle and consumption opportunities is now a key aspect of the political economy for both ancient and new cities. Tourism can no longer be considered a secondary issue for urban philosophy in this situation. In order to examine the city as a location of spectacle and consumption, newly popular post modernist ideas grabbed the lead in the 1980s. Thinkers like Umberto Eco, Jean Baudrillard, and Mark Gottdeiner pay close attention to tourist attractions like Disneyland and the Las Vegas Strip because they are focusing on the symbolic elements of the material landscape. There is a lot of attention paid to the areas and activities of visitors as a result of the postmodern trend to stress the temporary and the ephemeral in social life. This makes it understandable why Frederic Jameson named the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles as the \"signature place of postmodernism in the city.\" Despite its influence, many sociologists are unsatisfied with these techniques' predominately semiotic methodology. Las Vegas and Disneyland are nevertheless useful role models for the study of the post-industrial metropolis as a consumer good. Many theories put forth the idea that cities are being built more and more like theme parks to draw tourists. These theories, which have been dubbed the \"Disneyfication\" or \"theme park\" models of urban tourism (Sorkin 1992; Hannigan 1998; Bryman 2004), emphasize the tendency of major cities to homogenize, as tourist destinations tend to resemble one another quite a bit. They concentrate on bringing large-scale developments into historically run-down locations, like sports stadiums, convention centers, and shopping malls. The Inner Harbor in Baltimore and Navy Pier in Chicago are two examples of this kind of rehabilitation in the US. These areas for consumption are frequently relatively isolated from the rest of the city and residents' regular activities. Judd (1999) notes the creation of \"tourist bubbles,\" or areas where visitor activity is highly controlled and unpleasant parts are purposefully excluded. These strategies typically underestimate how unevenly successful Disneyfied tourist entertainment is, and during the 1990s, themed entertainment establishments like Planet Hollywood and the Rainforest Cafe frequently failed. The \"inauthenticity\" of themed places is criticized by critics like Michael Sorkin (1992), although it is becoming more and more obvious that tourists frequently seek out what they believe to be authentic attractions within a city. These attractions originate from particular facets of regional character rather than the homogeneity of the metropolitan landscape that Disneyfication envisions. Numerous cities pair expansive theme parks with more \"indigenous\" cultural attractions. According to Grazian (2003), travelers look for authenticity in entertainments like country music in Nashville or the blues in Memphis and Chicago. Local venues plan their strategies to meet these demands, resulting in what MacCannell (1999) refers to as \"manufactured authenticity.\" In Chicago, obligatory attractions like Navy Pier, the Sears Tower Observation Deck, and the exquisite shopping of the Miracle Mile are frequently visited by tourists who also engage in other forms of consumption. These tourists also search for the \"real\" Chicago in smoky Blues clubs that are \"off the beaten path.\"

Indeed, both the richness and the breadth of urban culture contribute to cities' visitor appeal. Breadth denotes the variety of attractions that central city areas are ideally positioned to provide, such as professional sports, museums of all kinds, high, middlebrow, and lowbrow theater, musical concerts, and an extraordinarily broad selection of food and retail options. Depth is the cumulative quality of a city's identity, the resonance that surrounds certain elements of the built environment, and the local culture (Suttles, 1984). These include well-known structures like the Empire State Building, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Eiffel Tower. Tourists might perceive Greenwich Village's streets and Yankee Stadium's ghosts of famous bohemians from earlier generations as being charmingly haunted. As a result, while certain well-known tourist locations, like Orlando and Las Vegas, are made up nearly completely of manufactured amusements and relish the lack of depth, many others are prized for having a place identity that is derived from different and varied histories. On a more basic but no less significant level, cities have the necessary infrastructure to accommodate huge numbers of visitors. This infrastructure was built through a combination of public and private investment. These facilities include conference centers, airports, and a sizable number of hotels. Conventions are effective at drawing crowds, and in these situations, corporate expense accounts support dining out and other forms of entertainment. Urban boosters are vying for large conferences as well as other high-profile, tourist-drawing events like the Olympics or the Super Bowl in the twenty-first century, just as Chicago competed to host the Columbian Exposition near the end of the nineteenth century. New tourist attractions, according to proponents of the area, multiply the tax base and assist long-term inhabitants. Actual outcomes have been inconsistent. Large cities' entertainment economies imply a sizable workforce, but the service employment that are produced are frequently far less promising than the manufacturing positions that they replace. These jobs include cleaning workers, culinary staff, ticket takers, and other jobs that are largely unorganized. The most economically disadvantaged urban areas, such as downtown Detroit and Gary, have recently turned to casino gambling as a tourist attraction approach. However, this tactic seems to have particularly questionable impacts on the local quality of life for the poor. In the upcoming years, theoretical and policy assessments are likely to focus heavily on the costs and advantages of tourism-related businesses. Security has been a crucial consideration in the management of city visitors in the wake of the World Trade Center incident in 2001, and it will be closely examined. The interaction between cities and their visitors has long been neglected, but it is now a central focus in modern urban thought. Eco-tourism: Ecotourism has been heralded as a solution all over the world: a means of financing scientific research and conservation, safeguarding delicate and pristine ecosystems, helping rural communities, advancing development in underdeveloped nations, enhancing ecological and cultural sensitivity, instilling environmental awareness and social conscience in the travel

industry, satisfying and educating the discerning traveler, and, some claim, fostering world peace. Ecotourism is a type of travel that aims to have as little of an impact on the environment as possible, is environmentally responsible, and avoids the drawbacks of many large-scale travel ventures made in previously undeveloped areas. The term \"ecotourism\" has unclear roots, however Hetzer (1965), who proposed four \"pillars\" or principles of responsible tourism—minimizing negative environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing the advantages for locals, and maximizing tourist satisfaction—seems to have coined it. The most distinctive quality of ecological tourism was thought to be the first of these. Miller's (1978) work on national park planning for Eco development in Latin America and documentation created by Environment Canada in regard to a set of road-based \"ecotours\" they established from the mid-1979s through the early 1980s are two more early examples of ecotourism. In the 1970s and 1980s, the environmental movement served as the \"womb\" in which ecotourism grew. The demand for alternative nature-based experiences has increased as a result of growing environmental concerns and developing discontent with mass tourism. At the same time, less developed nations started to understand how nature-based tourism offers a way to make money abroad while also using resources less destructively than alternatives like forestry and agriculture. By the middle of the 1980s, a number of these nations had recognized ecotourism as a strategy for attaining both development and conservation objectives. Ceballos Lascurain is largely credited with providing the first official description of ecotourism in 1987.  \"Traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural places with the specific intention of studying, admiring, and enjoying the environment and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existent cultural manifestation (both past and current) found in these areas,\" claims Ceballos-Lascurain.  According to the Ecotourism Society, ecotourism is \"ethical travel to natural regions that improves the well-being of local people.\"  Ecotourism is defined as \"nature-based tourism that combines education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be environmentally sustainable,\" by the Ecotourism Association of Australia.  According to this definition, \"natural environment\" encompasses cultural elements, and \"ecological sustainability\" entails a fair return to the neighborhood and the long-term preservation of the resource.  Ecotourism, in the words of Tickell, is \"travel for the enjoyment of the world's extraordinary diversity of natural life and human culture without destroying either.\" Ecotourism is environmentally friendly travel that promotes respect for and awareness of the environment and other cultures.

Types of Eco-tourism: According to Fennell, ecotourism falls under the more general classification of tourist kinds, which can be further broken down into the following categories:  Alternative Tourism  Mass Tourism We considered mass tourism to be the more conventional style of tourism development where maximization of profits and short-term, free-market principles rule. Initially, governments and regions were encouraged to expand their tourism industries because they were viewed as desirable and generally \"clean\" industries. This was especially true in terms of gains from earnings in foreign currency, employment, and the construction of infrastructure like transportation networks. These days, it is more common to demonize or deride traditional mass tourism as a monstrosity with little positive impact on the destination area, its inhabitants, or its natural resource base. This is not to say that \"mass tourism\" hasn't led to issues; it certainly has. It has become necessary to find an alternate strategy for tourist development that decreases the negative effects of the mass tourism strategy, and quite rightly so. As a result, the \"alternative tourism\" viewpoint has gained popularity. Although this alternative strategy has been referred to as a \"competing paradigm\" to mass tourism, it may also be seen as an addition to the travel industry. This means that there cannot be \"alternative tourism.\" As a result, the conversation shifts back to a semantic argument; perhaps it is best to acknowledge that alternative tourism is a logical result of our growing understanding of the positive and negative aspects of tourism development. Fennell declares: The term \"alternative tourism\" refers to a broad range of tourism practices (such as suitable, eco, soft, responsible, people-to-people, and green tourism) that all claim to provide a more responsible alternative to traditional mass tourism in particular sorts of destinations. Weaver correctly notes that there are numerous criticisms of alternative tourism as well. It is evident that alternative tourism is not inherently less destructive or better than its alternatives just because it emerged as a response to the unfavorable effects of mass tourism. Nature of Eco-Tourism: Between 2008 and 2017, tourism is predicted to increase by 4.3% annually in real terms. The tourism industry's fastest-growing segment is ecotourism, or nature-based travel, which is expanding three times as quickly as the sector as a whole. There can be no doubt about the growing trends in environmental awareness coupled with the historically popular trend of travel as for, of escape to nature, driven by the pressures of urban living encourage people to seek solitude with nature, increasing the number of visitors to national parks and other protected areas.

The aspects of nature-based tourism are numerous. This gives us a step to help identify nature- based tourism from ecotourism and a number of levels at which to differentiate the link between certain tourism activities and nature: Not all forms of travel to natural places are necessarily ecotourism.  those pursuits or experiences that depend on the natural world.  those pursuits or encounters made better by nature.  activities or encounters where the natural environment is merely incidental. There are various categories of nature-based tourism, and each one makes use of a combination of these factors. For instance, bird watching can offer a relaxing and enjoyable vacation centered on a general love of wildlife and the environment. Because of this, it would be challenging to carry out the activity without the natural environment. Camping is a similar activity/experience that is frequently enhanced by nature. The majority of individuals would want to camp in a natural area as opposed to by a busy road. Nature is therefore a crucial component of these encounters but not their primary driving force. Principles and guidelines of Eco-tourism: People who want to interact with the environment and, to varied degrees, increase their knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of it are drawn to ecotourism. The concepts and recommendations for ecotourism are provided by the Ecotourism Society. These include the following: Before leaving, educate visitors on how to reduce their negative influence when they visit cultures and environments that are delicate.  Prepare the traveler for each interaction with native people, animals, and plants.  Reduce the environmental impact of visitors via providing literature, providing information, setting an example, and taking corrective action.  By providing literature, briefings, setting an example, and taking corrective action, you can reduce the influence that tourists have on local cultures.  Maintain small enough groups with competent leadership to guarantee little group impact on the destination. Avoid places that are poorly maintained and frequently visited.  In order to avoid having an impact on the environment and local cultures, make sure management, employees, and contract workers are aware of and engaged with all areas of corporate policy.  Give managers, staff, and contact personnel access to training programs that will improve their capacity to interact with and manage customers in delicate environmental and cultural contexts.  Participate in the preservation of the area being explored.  Ensure local employment that is competitive in all facets of business operations.

 Offer eco-friendly accommodations that respect the surrounding area, don't deplete local resources, offer plenty of opportunities for learning about the environment, and foster respectful interactions with the community.  focuses on how one's own interactions with natural surroundings have influenced their understanding and appreciation. Characteristics of Eco-tourism: Travel to vulnerable, pristine, and frequently protected areas on an ecotourist basis aims to be minimal impact and (typically) small scale. It promotes respect for many cultures and for human rights while also assisting in traveler education, funding environmental protection, and political and economic empowerment of local communities. The following are some crucial aspects of ecotourism: 1) Involves going to the destination naturally. These locations are frequently inaccessible regions, whether they are populated or unpopulated, and are frequently subject to environmental protection measures at the national, international, communal, or private travel levels. 2) Reduce the impact. Tourism is destructive. By employing recycled or widely available local building materials, renewable energy sources, trash recycling and safe disposal of garbage, and environmentally and culturally sensitive architectural design, ecotourism aims to reduce the negative effects of hotels, paths, and other infrastructure. 3) Increases environmental consciousness. Education is a key component of ecotourism, for both visitors and locals. Travelers should receive reading materials about the nation, environment, and locals well in advance of the tour's start, as well as information about the industry's code of conduct. Projects promoting ecotourism should also impart knowledge to local residents, students, and the general public in the host nation. 4) Offers immediate financial advantages for conservation. Various techniques, such as park admission fees, tour operator, hotel, airline, and airport taxes, as well as ecotourism assist raise money for environmental conservation, research, and education. likewise, unpaid contributions. 5) Gives locals financial advantages and gives them authority. According to ecotourism, public enjoyment of national parks and other conservation areas is necessary for their survival. The local community must be involved with and profit financially from the conservation area and its visitor amenities, as well as gain other practical benefits (potable water, roads, health clinics, etc.). 6) Honors regional customs. In addition to being \"greener,\" ecotourism is also less invasive to local cultures and exploitative than traditional tourism. In contrast to mass tourism, which frequently results in prostitution, illegal markets, and drug use, ecotourism makes an effort to respect local cultures and the local community.

7) Backs democratic and human rights movements. Tourism promotes \"international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,\" according to the World Tourism Organization, which is funded by the United Nations. But traditional mass tourism does not often reflect such feelings. Ecotourism thus promotes both human rights and the establishment of world peace. Functions of Eco-tourism: Ecotourism is rooted in nature, educates travelers about the environment, and is run sustainably. Ross and Wall (1999) list the following five primary purposes of ecotourism: 1. Preservation of the environment 2. Financial generation; 3. Education; 4. High-quality tourist 5. Local involvement Economic effects of Eco-tourism: An essential factor in maintaining interest in and support for the phenomenon is the jobs that ecotourism creates. These employment, which represent concrete economic benefits from natural regions, frequently exist in locations that are largely undeveloped by conventional development initiatives. Numerous studies have evaluated the positive effects of ecotourism on local employment; unsurprisingly, the level of benefits varies greatly as a result of variations in the caliber of the attractions, accessibility, and other factors. The following are some significant economic benefits of ecotourism:  Financial Effects (taxes, fees, expenditures) Government revenue from ecotourism comes from a variety of sources, including corporate and other general taxes as well as industry-specific sources like the payment of occupation and departure fees.  lowered availability of the resource Nature-based ecotourism that also teaches visitors about the environment is managed sustainably.  Inflation

Due to the growth of tourism, many destinations have seen an increase in the cost of products, services, and land; this cost is absorbed by the locals who make these purchases.  income distribution's effects The growth of the tourism industry can either worsen existing wealth disparities within destination towns or create new financial elites.  income sharing Residents in some ecotourism hotspots gain from revenue-sharing programs that either offer monetary rewards or, more frequently, money for neighborhood initiatives like wells or schools. Environmental Effects of Ecotourism: Depending on what ecotourism is, different effects result. The main concern is that ecotourism should deliberately take actions to reduce effects through the selection of activities, gear, location and timing, group size, education and training, and operational environmental management. Currently, there is a sizable body of literature on impacts like trampling, which is simple to measure experimentally. The ecological relevance of consequences like noise disturbance, water- and soil-borne diseases, and disruption of plant and animal population dynamics and genetics, on the other hand, is likely to be much bigger. The following are some significant negative effects of ecotourism on the environment:  clearing or crushing of plants.  soil alteration.  the introduction of diseases and weeds.  human waste pollutes the water.  noise pollution from machinery, automobiles, and voices, as well as generator exhaust.  Observable effects  Wildlife disturbance caused by all of the aforementioned factors as well as food scraps, litter, etc. Eco-tourist: The term \"ecotourists\" refers to people who desire environmentally friendly recreational possibilities where nature rather than mankind predominates. This new segment of tourism customers is demanding various activities, experiences, and tourism techniques from the industry. They are releasing themselves from the restrictions of conventional tourism in quest of wisdom and experience. They are not interested in relaxing by hotel pools or having a jam-packed itinerary of sightseeing. They enjoy exploring remote areas, national parks, and tropical woods, as well as seeing wildlife including birds, mammals, trees, and wildflowers. They want to learn

about different ways of living, meet individuals who share their interests, and see how their travel spending helps the environment and the community. The general characteristics of ecotourists include better than average salaries, the majority of whom hold university degrees, and a preponderance of women over men. Ecotourists are seasoned visitors who are more likely to have a college or university degree and to be in a better income bracket, according to the International Ecotourism Society. Ecotourists anticipate learning new things and being more enlightened on their trip. For the bulk of these tourists, personal growth on an emotional, spiritual, and intellectual level seems to be what they seek from ecotourism travel. Nature Tourism: Responsible travel to natural regions is known as \"nature tourism,\" which helps to protect the environment and enhance locals' quality of life. It is tourism that is centered on a location's natural assets. Birdwatching, photography, stargazing, camping, hiking, fishing, and visiting parks are a few examples. Diverse natural and cultural resources appeal to these experiential travelers. They desire authenticity and a fully realized environmental, cultural, or historical experience. From the perspective of conservation, nature-based tourism offers local communities and landowners incentives to preserve wildlife habitats, which are essential to the sector. It encourages conservation by elevating the importance of surviving natural regions. Communities have an added motivation to maintain their remaining natural spaces for animals and wildlife enthusiasts as nature tourism becomes more significant to the local economy. By supplying information and support to private landowners, communities, businesses, and local community leaders who want to integrate nature-based tourism into their operations and communities, Texas' efforts in the field of nature-based tourism will continue to be directed toward achieving habitat conservation. We want to create and support a developing sector that contains enormous potential for long-term economic growth and environment preservation through empowering local people. Volunteer Tourism: In contemporary culture, volunteer tourism has grown in popularity, and it appears that this tendency is continuing as it makes more appearances in literary discourses. What is it, though, and how does it integrate into the larger tourism sector? In this article, I'll give a thorough definition of volunteer tourism, define the phrase, and explain why volunteers, tourists, and academics have all taken a particular interest in this type of tourism. Volunteering is an essential component of society, and as travel has become more accessible, volunteers have started to show up in the travel and tourism sector. A person engages in volunteer tourism when they travel to a country that is mostly regarded as \"undeveloped\" or \"developing\" in order to help others who are

in need. And when we refer to \"those in need,\" a word that is frequently used in volunteering, we mean people who live in extreme poverty, lack access to quality healthcare and education, and frequently have poor building infrastructure. Oftentimes in scholarly discussions, words like \"voluntourism,\" \"volunteer travel,\" and \"volunteerism\" will be used. Each phrase basically refers to the same idea: combining \"volunteering\" and \"tourism.\" Volunteer travel falls under the category of niche tourism since it is a particular type of travel that is specifically created to fulfill the demands of a certain market segment. Tourists are seeking \"strange\" and \"new\" experiences more than ever before, and niche tourism is growing in popularity. In fact, some academics contend that once-minor portions of the business, such volunteer tourism, have expanded to the point that they should no longer be categorized as \"niche.\" Some people propose dividing the niche market into macro (meaning large) and micro (meaning small) niches. If this is a topic that interests you, I suggest you look at Marina Novelli's key text on niche tourism, which goes into great detail about this interesting argument. What are you the types of Volunteer Tourism you can do? People are encouraged to travel for a good cause by volunteer tourism. A socially responsible action could be to support this cause. It entails assessing your abilities, motivation, and availability to work on any particular environmental or social issues. Volunteer tourism encompasses helping the poor, the environment, animal conservation, and more. There are many different kinds of volunteer travel that one might engage in. Discovering volunteer tourism locations is a novel approach to travel that renews us while also helping a cause. Given the harm that human activity has done to nature and wildlife, animal conservation has grown to be a crucial practice. Giving back to the local wildlife and creatures in need while traveling is a wonderful experience. The act of duty behind volunteer travel is focused on educating people about endangered animals and protecting mother earth from depletion. It was planned by animal enthusiasts and natural conservatives. Reduced waste production is the goal of the practice of waste minimalism. Volunteers for this cause typically concentrate on the 3Rs and encourage others to recycle, reuse, and reserve. You may set an example while you're on the road by using reusable bags, eco-friendly toiletries, and public transportation, among other things. Nature conservation: It promotes social, socioeconomic, and ethical issues as well as the preservation of flora and animals. The adolescents who live in the hills like volunteering in biodiversity and other natural resource management projects.

Volunteer Tourism can be subdivided into more types: Philanthropy: advancing the welfare of society by donating money to charitable causes. It is a concept of selflessness that is characterized by giving to others without expecting anything in return. Understanding and responding to community needs through service learning. It is a method of community service that emphasizes education. Community service: Directly addressing the needs of the general population. This includes giving the hungry and housebound individuals food and shelter, gathering data on the public's requirements for their welfare and benefit. Encouraging students to pursue careers in education or training while bringing out their skills to a notable extent for global development. While volunteer travel is not the same as charity, it does focus on removing the pain that lies at the root of issues with society and the environment. Sincere service starts with a manner of life. There is so much poverty everywhere that doing even a small amount for society both personally and collectively would make a huge difference in the lives of those who lack access to basic necessities. There are many locations that offer opportunities for the committed and enthusiastic people eager to work for the wellbeing of others if you want to volunteer overseas. Distinct volunteer projects are specialized in various nations. Perhaps you are drawn to a certain place by nature if you have certain abilities or a certain amount of willingness. Since the beginning, people and nations have supported volunteer tourism because it focuses on travel undertaken for the benefit of and by the people themselves. Volunteer Tourism is definitely beneficial for people in two ways:  It satisfies the wanderlust that enjoys discovering new places inside of you.  Additionally, it benefits society and advances it. Negative impacts of Volunteer Tourism: The hardest issue a newcomer or intern in the field may have is selecting a volunteer tourism destination or planning a trip there. One bad choice can cause you to regret it for the rest of your life. Before doing any such journey for a cause, they should exercise extreme caution and ask them the following questions. Only then may they proceed with the decision if they receive satisfactory responses to each of their questions. Traveling without the right training can endanger your life; as a result, be aware of this and choose thoughtful, well-planned volunteer travel. Are you familiar with the location's specifics? Before beginning a certain journey, one should be prepared with regional knowledge, potential problems, and travel solutions. If you don't do this, your trip for good cause can end up being one where you travel to lose money.

The overall message is that volunteer tourism is still uncharted territory, so approach it passionately but wisely. Plan your next vacation as a volunteer tourist and experience the joy and peace that come from promptly helping those who are in need. 7.5 SUMMARY Community-based tourism is the best kind of travel when it's done well. It is in an ideal position to improve the quality of life for local populations, to tell their stories, and to provide tourists with distinctive experiences. When creating CBT experiences, keep in mind the difficulties and growth advice to create success stories. Never lose sight of your goals, concentrate on developing win-win scenarios, and make a commitment to good tourism for local areas and tourists. Activities related to rural tourism are conducted in non-urban (rural) areas that exhibit the following traits: I low population density; ii) a landscape and land use dominated by agriculture and forestry; and iii) a traditional social structure and lifestyle. Volunteering abroad while on vacation is known as voluntourism. In a manner, it is comparable to \"eco-tourism\" because the goal of enhancing lives is still present. However, unlike eco-tourism, volunteerism focuses more on helping others than the environment. Ecotourism, to put it simply, is travel that emphasizes respect for the local culture and environment. As eco-tourists, our objective is to travel in a way that respects both the environment and the local population. You should not only respect their home, but also work to make it better whenever you can. Spending time away from home in search of leisure, relaxation, and pleasure while utilizing the commercial provision of services is known as tourism. Urban tourism is \"a sort of tourism activity that takes place in an urban setting with its intrinsic qualities typified by non-agricultural based economies such as administration, manufacturing, trade, and services and by being nodal sites of transport,\" according to UNWTO. 7.6 KEYWORDS  OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development  UNWTO: World Tourism Organization United Nations  Accommodation: a room, group of rooms, or building in which someone may live or stay.  Accessibility: Accessibility can be viewed as the \"ability to access\" and benefit from some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people with disabilities, or enabling access through the use of assistive technology; however, research and development in accessibility brings benefits to everyone.

 Activities: the condition in which things are happening or being done.  Amenities: a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.  Attractions: the action or power of evoking interest in or liking for someone or something. 7.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define community tourism. 2. Define Eco- tourist. 3. Define rural tourism 4. Define urban tourism 5. Define nature tourism. 6. Define volunteer tourism. 7. What is agritourism? 7.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is Farm tourism? 2. What is green tourism 3. What is Ecotourism? 4. Define Accessibility. 5. Define attraction. 6. Define Activities. 7. What does OECD stand for? 8. What does UNWTO mean? Long Questions 1. What are the benefits of community based tourism? 2. What are the impacts of community based tourism? 3. What are the benefits of rural tourism? 4. What are the tips to develop community based tourism? 5. What are the types of rural tourism? 6. What are the characteristics of rural tourism? 7. Explain the types of Eco- tourism? 8. What are the characteristics of Eco- tourism? 9. What are the functions of Eco-tourism? 10. What are the types of volunteer tourism?

B. Multiple Choice Questions. 1. Natural Environment based tourism is known as a. Pilgrimage tourism b. Agro tourism c. Eco Tourism d. Farming 2. Which year is known as INTERNATIONAL YEAR of Eco tourism? a. 2002 b. 2014 c. 2003 d. 2040 3. Which is the birth place of Eco tourism? a. Galapagos Islands b. Nagaland c. Kenya d. Uganda 4. Which one of the following is not correctly stated? a. Eco tourism is government led and private sector controlled. b. Eco tourism is an important form of sustainable tourism. c. Eco tourism is an important form of nature based tourism. d. Eco tourism is community oriented and driven. 5. Which one of the following is correctly stated? a. Carrying capacity is estimated by taking into tourist foot falls. b. Carrying capacity is measured on the basis of expectation of visitors. c. Carrying capacity is measured on the basis of the perception of the visitors. d. Carrying capacity is carried out on the basis of facilities and amenities. Answers: 1- C, 2- a, 3- a, 4- a, 5- a 7.9 REFERENCES  Baudrillard, J. (1989) America. Verso, New York.  Bryman, A. (2004) The Disneyization of Society. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

 Eco, U. (1986) Travels in Hyperreality. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York  Catlin, J., Jones, R. and Jones, T. (2011) Revisiting Duffus and Dearden’s wildlife tourism framework. Biological Conservation. 144(5) p. 1537-1544.  Doxey, G, V, (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants; Methodology and research inferences.  Evans, N., Campbell., B & Stonehouse, G. (2003). Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.  Gupta, A. (1995). A stakeholder analysis approach for interorganizational systems. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 95(6), 3 - 7. Website:  https://www.smartvidya.co.in/2020/10/mcqs-on-tourism-and-tourism- management_31.html  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289194467_Community_tourism  https://www.studocu.com/row/document/canadian-university-of-dubai/principles-of- management/mcqs-ijnbieq-vevbniuen/14014789  https://anintroductiontotourism.weebly.com/reference-list.html

UNIT – 8 :PERSPECTIVE ON MASS AND ALTERNATIVE TOURISM - II STRUCTURE 8.0 Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cultural tourism and its forms 8.3 Conflicts and synergies between promotion and conservation of destinations 8.4 Summary 8.5 Keywords 8.6 Learning Activity 8.7 Unit End Questions 8.8 References 8.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter we will learn,  Cultural tourism and its forms  Local government entities, including tourism offices, promotion agency, and destination management organizations  Local, public, and private tourism operators providing transportation, lodging, food, space, attractions, events, and others that improve the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of tourism destinations. Public, semi-public, and civil society administrators and professionals responsible for the development, promotion, and organization of tourism.  Academics who instruct courses in resource management, planning, and tourism; consultants who specialize in these fields; and managers of protected areas.  Positive and negative impacts of Cultural tourism  Environmental conservation of tourist places  The working of cultural tourism. 8.1 INTRODUCTION Religious locations, temples, and churches are examples of cultural tourism destinations. Cultural tourism experiences also include architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary pursuits, festivals and events, historic or heritage sites, monuments and landmarks, museums and exhibitions, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Urban travel includes visiting historic or large cities as well as their cultural attractions, such theaters.

Cultural tourism, according to its proponents, allows tourists to widen their own horizons while offering the local population the chance to profit financially from their cultural legacy and thereby to value and preserve it. Negative aspects of cultural tourism exist as well. Local residents may have unfavorable effects such as instability in the local economy, a rise in living expenses, an increase in pollution, or environmental issues. The local economy may become unstable as a result of the rapid population growth. The local populace also encounters new lifestyles, which have the potential to upend their social structure. The global popularity of this type of tourism is also rising, and a recent OECD report has emphasized the contribution that cultural tourism can make to regional development in various parts of the world. The migration of people to cultural attractions outside of their usual location with the goal of learning new things and having new experiences in order to meet their cultural requirements is also referred to as \"cultural tourism.\" The nature of demand for cultural tourism has recently changed as people's appetite for cultural \"experiences\" in particular has increased. Additionally, it appears that cultural and heritage tourism experiences may be a crucial element of truly memorable travel experiences. 8.2 CULTURAL TOURISM A tourist's primary objective in engaging in cultural tourism is to learn about, explore, experience, and consume both tangible and intangible cultural attractions and products in a travel location. These products/attractions are related to a collection of unique material, intellectual, spiritual, and emotional characteristics of a society that includes the arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries, and the living cultures with their way of life, value systems, beliefs, and traditions. Particular attention should be given to preserving monuments, worship sites, archaeological and historic sites, as well as upgrading museums, which must be widely open and accessible to tourism visits. Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the artistic, archaeological, and cultural heritage, which they should protect and pass on to future generations. A type of tourism activity in which the visitor's primary motivation is to learn about, discover, experience, and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination is referred to as cultural tourism in the definition adopted by the UNWTO General Assembly at its 22nd session (2017). These attractions/products relate to a collection of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual, and emotional characteristics of a society that includes literature, music, the creative industries, living cultures with their customs, value systems, and beliefs, as well as arts and architecture, history, and cultural heritage, culinary heritage. The UNWTO helps its members by supporting the improvement of their product development, strategies, and policy frameworks for cultural tourism. It also offers suggestions for the tourism

industry in implementing governance models and regulations that are advantageous to all parties while promoting and maintaining cultural components. Inclusive Recovery of Cultural Tourism: The UNWTO Inclusive Recovery Guide - Sociocultural Impacts of COVID-19, Cultural Tourism was introduced in February 2021 by UNWTO. The UNWTO invited UNESCO to contribute to this second set of recommendations about the COVID-19's sociocultural effects. In order to analyze the pandemic's effects and offer solutions for cultural tourism to once again thrive, the publication draws on the knowledge of the two UN organizations. These proposals are based on the ideas of shared responsibility and greater inclusiveness. The guidelines' release coincides with the UN program known as the International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development 2021, which seeks to acknowledge the benefits that culture, creativity, and even cultural tourism may have on furthering the SDGs. Nothing defines and distinguishes a nation like its culture. The finest guides to learning about a country are without a doubt experiencing its art, participating in its traditions, tasting its food, and taking a stroll through its history. And precisely this is the purpose of cultural tourism. Would you wish to visit places like Barcelona, London, Paris, or Amsterdam? Cultural tourism essentially seeks one goal: understanding, in the broadest sense of the word, as opposed to sun and beach tourist, where rest is the main draw. exploring a place's food, learning about its culture, learning about its history, art, and people, and experiencing firsthand a different way of looking at the world. Tourism and education have always been connected in some way, but since the 1970s, when UNESCO established the Convention on the Conservation and Promotion of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, cultural tourism has grown significantly all over the world, but mainly in Europe. In actuality, there are currently 1,121 sites listed as World Heritage Sites, the majority of which are dispersed over three nations: China, Spain, and Italy, with two of those sites being located on the Old Continent. The best method to travel and experience a new culture is through cultural tourism. In the 1970s, UNESCO developed the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Cultural tourism essentially seeks one goal: understanding, in the broadest sense of the word, as opposed to sun and beach tourist, where rest is the main draw. exploring a place's food, learning about its culture, learning about its history, art, and people, and experiencing firsthand a different way of looking at the world. HOW DOES CULTURAL TOURISM WORK? BENEFITS AND IMPACTS: Tourism and education have always been connected in some way, but since the 1970s, when UNESCO established the Convention on the Conservation and Promotion of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, cultural tourism has grown significantly all over the world, but mainly in

Europe. In actuality, there are currently 1,121 sites that have been designated as World Heritage Sites, the majority of which are dispersed over three nations: Italy , China and Spain , two of which are located on the Old Continent. \"One of the factors fueling the expansion of tourism is culture.\" Zurab Pololikashvili, the Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), made this statement just over a year ago at the third conference on cultural tourism, which was put on by the UNWTO and UNESCO. It is supported by a figure that shows that almost 37% of all tourism is cultural worldwide. Benefits: They are numerous. Those that are intangible, such as the preservation of artistic and cultural heritage, local prosperity for unconventional tourist locations, and the creation of connections between other cultures. And there are the more obvious ones, including the effect on the economy and jobs. The money spent by tourists on cultural experiences has a very good impact on the economy and the creation of jobs in fields like tourism, trade, and culture. TYPES OF CULTURAL TOURISM: Cultural tourism encompasses essentially any activity associated with or peculiar to a nation, region, city, or town, including art, cinema, language, sport, religion, architecture, gastronomy, nature, and all forms of folklore. However, there are other forms of cultural tourism that are significantly less common and, in some cases, quite alternative. Here are a few instances: The practice of \"tombstone tourism\" is less morbid than you might imagine. For their history and beauty, cemeteries like those in Paris and London or the Recoleta in Buenos Aires are some of the tourist destinations that receive the most visits. In fact, 2,000 people a day, mostly tourists, visit the Argentinian cemetery, according to Architectural Digest. Fans of the Lord of the Rings saga, which was adapted for the big screen by Peter Jackson from J.R. Visits to the locations where the movie sequences were filmed are among the activities, most of which were shot in New Zealand. A comparable trip is available at locations where the Game of Thrones television series was filmed, including Dubrovnik, Croatia; Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Reykjavik, Iceland. War tourism takes you to places where famous battles took place; UFO tourism takes you to places where UFO sightings have been reported; ghost tourism takes you to allegedly haunted forests and homes; and so on.

THE 10 CITIES WITH THE GREATEST TOURIST HERITAGE: The ten cities with the broadest cultural offerings are, in accordance with TotallyMoney External link, opens in new window., which compiles data on the quantity of theaters, museums, art galleries, concert halls, etc. and compares it with population estimates, foreign visitors, and the money they spend. 1. Amsterdam has 43 Michelin-starred restaurants, 96 theatres, 81 museums, 54 art galleries, and 2 World Heritage Sites. 2. Dublin has 5 Michelin-starred restaurants, 127 theaters, 57 museums, 32 art galleries, and 6 music venues. 3. Prague has 3 Michelin-starred restaurants, 4 concert halls, 110 museums, 201 art galleries, 129 theaters, and 1 World Heritage Site. 4. There are 72 theaters, 18 museums, 27 art galleries, 1 music hall, and 1 world heritage site in Miami. 5. Paris has 100 Michelin Guide restaurants, 6 music venues, 147 museums, 69 art galleries, 245 theaters, and 6 museums. 6. Barcelona has 25 Michelin-starred restaurants, 80 theaters, 95 museums, 46 art galleries, 1 World Heritage Site, and 3 symphony venues. 7. Milán has 17 Michelin-starred restaurants, 4 music halls, 76 museums, 42 art galleries, 43 theaters, and 76 museums. 8. Rome has 18 Michelin-starred restaurants, 93 theatres, 151 museums, 42 art galleries, 5 World Heritage Sites, and 3 music venues. 9. Vienna features 55 theaters, 103 museums, 14 art galleries, 2 World Heritage Sites, 7 concert halls, and 9 restaurants that have earned a Michelin star. 10. There are 67 Michelin-starred restaurants in London, as well as 878 theaters, 186 museums, 125 art galleries, 4 World Heritage Sites, and 17 symphony halls. Importance of Cultural Tourism: The importance of cultural tourism cannot be understated. The social influence it has is arguably the most important factor. Cultural tourism may strengthen identities, improve understanding between cultures, and assist preserve a region's history and culture. Travel for cultural purposes can benefit the economy. The economy of the region benefits from visitors who come to a place to learn more about a culture or who visit cultural tourism attractions during their vacation, including museums or plays.

Attractions must have workers, which opens up job opportunities. Tertiary businesses like restaurants, taxi services, and motels may also profit. Additionally, choices like homestays for people looking for a rich cultural encounter can be advantageous economically for the locals who host the visitors. Social Impacts of tourism: To operate the tourism business sustainably, it is essential to comprehend the social effects of tourism. Tourism has beneficial social effects that show how both tourists and the local community gain from it. Tourism has detrimental societal effects as well. Simply expressed, the social effects of tourism are; The impacts of interactions with the tourism industry and direct and indirect relationships with tourists on host communities This is also frequently described as having sociocultural effects. At its essence, tourism is an engaging service. Thus, interaction between hosts and guests is unavoidable. Significant social and socio-cultural effects may result from this. These societal effects may be viewed as advantages or disadvantages (good or bad) Positive impacts of Cultural Tourism: Tourism has various social advantages that show it has favorable social effects. The preservation of local culture and heritage, building up of communities, the delivery of social services, the commercialization of culture and art, the revitalization of customs and art forms, and the preservation of heritage are a few examples of these. The local culture is what draws visitors most frequently. Beijing attracts travelers who want to learn more about the Chinese dynasties. To sample real Thai cuisine, tourists travel to Thailand. To name a few, tourists visit Brazil to attend the Rio Carnival. Many places will take precautions to maintain and preserve the local culture. This frequently aids in the preservation and sustainable management of natural resources, the preservation of regional history, and a revival of indigenous cultures, cultural arts, and traditional crafts. This is fantastic in one sense! Globalization is restricted, and cultures are conserved and safeguarded. Revitalization of art and culture: Some places will support the revitalization of regional arts and cultures. This could take the form of museum exhibits, the ambiance created by eateries and retail establishments, or the entertainment options available, for instance .This might support customs that have possibly faded into obscurity.

Preservation of Heritage: Many tourists will travel there specifically to witness the native culture. Many locations will make every effort to preserve their legacy because of this. If necessary, this can entail imposing limitations or reducing the number of visitors. This is frequently used as an illustration of thoughtful tourism planning and sustainable tourism management. Negative impacts of Cultural Tourism: Social Change: Fundamentally, social change refers to modifications to how society functions or behaves. Unwanted alterations are unfortunately brought about by tourism in many different ways. There are several instances of local communities changing as a result of tourism throughout the world. Maybe they've changed the way they dress or the way they communicate. Perhaps the tourism sector led them to booze, or they went to crime out of resentment towards wealthy visitors. These are only a few instances of how tourism has detrimental social effects.Globalization and the Destruction of Preservation and Heritage:The process by which the world is becoming more interconnected is known as globalization. We are becoming less unique and more aware of our \"global existence,\" which makes us more similar than before.The connection between visitors and hosts, who frequently have varied geographic and cultural origins, makes globalization inevitable in the tourism sector. This connection encourages us to resemble one another more. Standardisation and Commercialisation:Similarly, by gratifying tourists' needs for well- known amenities and experiences, places run the risk of being standardized. While the environment, lodging, food, and beverages, etc., must satisfy tourists' demand for the novel and unfamiliar, they must also not be overly novel or unusual because few visitors are genuinely looking for entirely novel things.In a new setting, tourists frequently opt for recognizable amenities like well-known fast-food restaurants and hotel companies. Tourists prefer some things to be uniform (the bathroom, their breakfast, their drinks, the spoken language, etc.), yet other things to be unique (dinner options, music, weather, tourist attractions etc). Loss of Authenticity : The loss of authenticity brought on by tourism typically has similar effects as globalization. Essentially, authenticity refers to something that is original or unaltered. It is not counterfeit or a replica in any form. When Western cultural norms and customs shift, they contend, a tourist destination loses its authenticity. But is this not natural, I would counter? Is culture supposed to change with each generation or should it remain the same? Look at groups like the Maasai Tribe in Africa or the long-neck tribe in Thailand. These two cultures are examples of those that have been preserved for the sole benefit of tourists. For the sake of tourism, they don't seem to have altered how they dress, how they speak, or how they behave since previous generations.

Culture clashes:Cultural clashes can occur as a result of differences in cultures, ethnic and religious groups, values, lifestyles, languages, and degrees of prosperity since tourism entails the movement of people to various geographic regions. When locals start to develop anti-tourist views, the attitude of locals toward the expansion of tourism may go through stages of euphoria, when tourists are warmly welcomed, apathy, irritation, and maybe animosity. Tourist-host relationships: The basic cultural distinctions between the hosts and the visitors might potentially exacerbate cultural conflicts. Economic disparity between residents and visitors who are spending more than they typically do at home is likely to exist. This can make the hosts resentful of the visitors, especially when they see them utilizing luxurious equipment like pricey jewelry or cameras that they are aware they cannot afford.Additionally, tourists frequently disrespect regional customs and moral standards out of ignorance or carelessness.There are several instances of tourists offending the locals, frequently unintentionally. You should never turn your back on a Buddha, did you know that? Or show a Thai person the bottom of your feet? or exhibit public displays of romantic passion in the Middle East? 8.3 CULTURAL CONFLICTS A cultural conflict is an aversion, animosity, or struggle between communities that adhere to various lifestyles and ideas, leading to opposing objectives and actions. The idea comes from anthropological theories of multicultural relations and sociological conflict theories. Rapid changes in the local cultures of \"exotic\" regions are frequently brought on by the intensive development of tourism as part of globalization trends. Conflicts resulting from conflicting worldviews determined by various systems of cultural values and beliefs are made worse by the negative effects of modernity. Cultural disputes are frequently sparked by the socioeconomic circumstances present in specific groups, including axio-normative situations. There must be direct contact between at least two different cultures for a conflict to arise. This frequently happens on the host-guest axis in the tourism industry and may result from visitors' expectations of the offered product. They might be brought on by cultural differences among visitors themselves (Reisinger and Turner 2003), or they might be connected to intercultural connections in historical and geopolitical contexts (Stein 2008). Additionally, prejudice, culture shock, and stereotypes are significant elements that might cause conflict (Hottola 2004). It might be challenging to pinpoint the origins of a dispute because it may be brought on not so much by opposing goals as by the sheer perception of a conflict. A mediator may be crucial to the resolution of a problem because they are an impartial third party who the parties to the issue respect and trust. Negotiations, the avoidance of conflicts, and the pursuit of a settlement through communication would result from this. The majority of