CU-Sustainable tourism planning and development

Fig 11.2 Basic Stage In tourism planning Let's examine what this model represents. This model, in particular, demonstrates that planning begins much earlier than the choice of the development strategy, which is the main objective of many older tourism plans. Acerenza starts the process by evaluating what has already been accomplished. Consequently, this means a critical evaluation of the many effects, both good and bad, of earlier tourist development as well as a study of the political relevance of tourism. The second stage receives this information. According to Acerenza, this step is crucial and was frequently skipped or given little consideration in prior schemes. The situation of tourism must be assessed from a variety of angles. For tourism to be more useful in achieving broader development goals, it must be viewed in terms of national, social, and economic priorities. This information could be used to evaluate the central government's degree of support for tourism and the execution of any tourist plans. A comparison of tourism to other industries is necessary for this evaluation. When tourism is evaluated from these various angles, it should be possible to identify opportunities and challenges that will indicate whether or not a new tourism policy is required (stage 3), as well as whether the current development strategy (stage 4) or action programs (stage 5) need to be modified. According to Acerenza, a tourism policy is \"the complex of tourism-related decisions that, when linked harmoniously with the national policy for development, determines the sector's orientation and the measures to be taken.\" As a result, he believes that broad principles for tourism policy should be provided by three key components: visitor satisfaction, environmental preservation, and fair compensation for investors and developers.

The attention switches to the ways of developing the resources that are now available to accomplish the objectives defined in the tourism policy with stage 4, or the determination of the development strategy. Here, matching supply and demand is the initial step, followed by an analysis of the marketplaces and tourist resources. The competition for products, the identification of markets, and the economic, social, and technological resources required for their development must all be taken into consideration. Then, alternative growth plans can be evaluated in light of the earlier established goals and objectives. The transition to the operational phase is complete in stage 5, where precise action plans are established in the five key areas of institutional organization, development, marketing and promotion, manpower development, and financing. Last but not least, Acerenza proposes a feedback loop from this stage to the initial ones in which the analysis of earlier development is fed the outcomes of the action programs. 11.4 SUMMARY In conclusion, Indian tourism has enormous potential for creating jobs and bringing in significant amounts of foreign currency, in addition to boosting the nation's overall economic and social development. By adding heritage hotels to the hotel industry and encouraging paying guest accommodations, much has been accomplished in terms of increasing air seat capacity, improving trains and railway connectivity to significant tourist destinations, four-laning major roads connecting significant tourist centers, and increasing the availability of lodging. But there is still a lot to be done. Since tourism is a multifaceted activity and primarily a service industry, it would be necessary for all branches of the Central and State governments, the private sector, and nonprofit organizations to actively collaborate in the effort to achieve sustainable growth in the tourism sector if India is to compete on a global scale. The nodal agency for the development of national policies and initiatives connected to tourism is the Ministry of Tourism, which is overseen by the \"Union Minister for Tourism.\" Additionally, it organizes all efforts made by the federal government, state governments, and the private sector to advance and promote tourism. The secretary (tourist), who also serves as the Directorate General

(DG) tourism, is the ministry's administrative leader. There are 20 offices for the Directorate General of Tourism in India and 13 abroad. The ministry's activity is divided into ten sections, each of which is led by an officer with the rank of Director or Deputy Secretary. Public sector undertakings (PSU) planning and coordination, publicity, international cooperation, IT and events, market research, overseas marketing, hotels and restaurants, travel and trade, integrated finance, e-governance, official language, human resource development, domestic tourism, and parliamentary vigilance, administration, and public grievances divisions are among them. 11.5 KEYWORDS  Public sector undertakings (PSU)  Directorate General (DG)  Full-Fledged Money Changer (FFMC)  National Institute of Water Sports (NIWS)  India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (ITDC)  Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering (IISM)  Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM)  National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT) 11.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain the National Tourism Policy 1982. 2. What is Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM)? 3. Explain National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (1984). 4. Explain Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd.(TFCI) . 5. Explain the National Action Plan 1992 . 6. Explain the New Tourism Policy (2002). 7. What is Incredible India Campaign? 11.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is domestic travel, Inbound travel. 2. What are the facts about tourism 2014? 3. What are the Economic impacts of tourism?

4. What are the objectives of Ministry of Tourism? 5. What are the functions of Ministry of tourism? 6. Explain India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (ITDC)? 7. Explain Atithi Devo Bhava campaign. Long Questions 1. What is domestic travel, Inbound travel. 2. What are the facts about tourism 2014? 3. What are the Economic impacts of tourism? 4. What are the objectives of Ministry of Tourism? 5. What are the functions of Ministry of tourism? 6. Explain India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (ITDC)? 7. What are the approaches of tourism planning? 8. Explain the steps in analyzing tourism planning. 9. What are the Basic stages in tourism planning. Explain with a diagram. 10. Explain all the campaigns and initiatives of tourism. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1) Internal tourism includes a) Domestic & Inbound tourism b) Inbound tourism c) Domestic tourism d) Outbound tourism 2) National tourism includes a) Domestic tourism b) Outbound tourism c) Domestic & Outbound tourism d) None of these. 3) Visitors spending at least three hours away from home outside their usual environment for leisure but not staying away overnight is known as

a) Leisure day visitor b) Twisty c) Same day visitor d) None of these. 4) The process of grouping people within a market according to similar needs, characteristics, or behavior is known as a) Tourism marketing b) Segmentation c) Targeting d) None of these 5) When a visitor travels in his country of residence, he is a------------visitor a) Domestic b) International c) Inbound d) Out bound Answers: 1-A, 2- C, 3-C , 4- B, 5-A 11.8 UNIT REFERENCES  Plog, S. (2001). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(3), 13-24.  Rickly-Boyd, J. M. (2012). Authenticity & aura: a Benjaminian approach to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 269-289.  Romeril, M. (1985). Tourism and the Environment - Towards a Symbolic Relationship. International Journal of Environmental Studies , 25 (4), 215-218.  Sabo, H. M. (2012). Ecotourism in Rodna Mountains National Park. Research Journal ofAgricultural Science, 44(2), 226-232.  Simmons, D. (1994). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism management, 15(2), 98-108. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5

Website:  https://tourismnotes.com/eco-tourism/  https://www.studocu.com/row/document/university-of-the-punjab/multiple- handicaps/multiple-choice-questions/10253109  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization

UNIT – 12 : TOURISM PLANNING INDIA STRUCTURE 12.0 Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Tourism planning in India 12.3 An outline of L.K. Jha Committee-1963 12.4 Summary 12.5 Keywords 12.6 Learning Activity 12.7 Unit End Questions 12.8 References 12.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After finishing this unit, you ought to be able to:  Understand the meaning and concept of parliamentary committee  Recognize the distinction between an ad hoc and standing committee.  Committee L K Jha's recommendations  Corporation for the Development of Indian Tourism (ITDC) 12.1 INTRODUCTION The practice of people visiting and residing in locations outside of their normal surroundings for up to 12 consecutive months for leisure, business, or other reasons is referred to as tourism.Two primary powers create tourism.Supply and Demand. Diverse traveler interests and skills are in high demand.All necessary program and physical improvements to assist tourists. Planning is a multifaceted activity that aims towards integration.It encompasses anthropological, psychological, social, economic, political, and technological elements. The process of implementing a thorough tourist system and deploying the development goals is referred to as tourism planning. Plans for tourism can be frameworks that may include legal components like zoning in some locations and contain a set of legal norms in others. The process of implementing a thorough tourist system and deploying the development goals is referred to as tourism planning. Plans for tourism can be frameworks that may include legal components like zoning in some locations and contain a set of legal norms in others. A tourist

attraction or scenic site's long-term development is often balanced, guided, and protected with the goal of achieving healthy development. Tourism planning serves as a framework, thus it needs to be urgent, strategic, creative, and adaptable. Planning concepts are increasingly emphasizing environmental issues as a result of what appears to be the overall expansion of the tourism sector having progressively detrimental environmental effects. 12.2 TOURISM PLANNING IN INDIA After the Planning Commission of India acknowledged tourism as an industry in June 1982, the Government of India did not begin to plan for the country's tourist industry until November 1982. The National Committee on Tourism was established by the Indian Planning Commission in July 1986 to develop plans for this industry. The government's efforts to develop a planned tourist industry in India significantly increased foreign travel to the country. The National Action Plan for Tourism was unveiled in May 1992. These historic goals for India's tourist planning included: To strengthen the local tourism sector's economyin order to socially and economically promote the tourism areasto protect the national heritage and the environmentto promote international travel. India's proportion of global tourism needs to increaseto enhance the number of employment opportunities in this industry. The seventh five-year plan for India saw a rise in tourism planning (1985-1989). The following are some of the policies that the seventh plan for tourism planning in India advocates:  To actively promote domestic travel  The development of more beach resorts was emphasized.  To host conferences, meetings, treks, and winter sports so that international guests have a variety of possibilities The seventh five-year plan's policies helped India's tourist planning. The ninth five year plan (1992-1997) recommended that the private sector boost its involvement in the sector to further encourage tourist planning in India. The following are some of the policies that the eighth plan for tourism planning in India advocates:  to expand tourism destinations  to promote wildlife tourism, coastal resorts, and winter sports  restoring national heritage project  To provide budget-friendly lodging in tourist areas

The government and Department of Tourist must continue to work to guarantee that Indian tourism planning propels the nation's tourism industry to higher heights on a sustainable basis. Tourism planning in India has grown by leaps and bounds in recent years. After the Planning Commission of India acknowledged tourism as an industry in June 1982, the Government of India released its first tourism policy in November 1982. The National Committee on Tourism was established by the Indian Planning Commission in July 1986 to develop plans for this industry.The National Action Plan for Tourism was unveiled in May 1992. The goals of this historic plan for tourism planning in India included:  improving the economy category domestic tourism  developing the tourist industry as socially and economically  preserving the environment and the national heritage  encouraging international tourism  improving India's share in world tourism  Increasing opportunities for employment in this sector. 12.3 AN OUTLINE OF L.K. JHA COMMITTEE -1963 A separate department was established in the Ministry of Transport on March 1st, 1958, to handle all issues relating to tourism. The Director General was in charge of this new department when it first began operations. Four Directors, each in charge of Administration, Publicity, Travel Relations, and Planning & Development, assisted him. There was also one Deputy Director General. The tourism industry was expanding quickly. But the number of tourists visiting India fell from 1, 39,804 in 1961 to 1, 34, 036 in 1961–1962. (in 1962). As a result, the government appointed an Ad hoc committee on tourism in March 1963, which was known as the L. K. Jha committee and was presided over by L. K. Jha. Meaning of the Parliamentary committees: The Indian parliament is active in a variety of projects that advance the nation's welfare and different regions. Whatever worries, issues, difficulties, or matters fall under the purview of the parliament. The legislative committees have carried out a large amount of their work. The composition of these committees is largely the same whether it is the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. The rules or regulations made pursuant to Article 118(1) of the Constitution and the guidelines (directions) issued by Rule 389 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha control (regulate) their work, terms of office, tasks (objectives), or methods (route) for carrying out the work assigned to them. The Ad hoc Bodies and the Standing

Committees are the two major categories into which all of these legislative committees might be placed. They differ from one another in terms of their nature, words, and functions. The Lok Sabha, which is chosen by the people, and the Rajya Sabha are the two houses of the Indian parliament (elected by state legislatures or state assemblies). They perform a number of duties, including enacting laws and policies, regulating the council of ministers and the prime minister, passing the budget (i.e., the economic plan), changing the Constitution, and voicing and resolving public complaints. While the Rajya Sabha additionally has the right to modify the Constitution and unique authority to transfer state subjects from the state list to the union list, the Lok Sabha only has the authority to introduce money bills and pass motions of no confidence. The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha's (parliament) duties are extensive and important. As a result, the time needed for all of the functions is drastically insufficient. As a result, many concerns are dealt with by legislative committees. They are controlled (regulated) by a set of rules created by these houses, and their terms, appointments, processes, and duties are more or less comparable. Permanent committees: A permanent body or committee, such as one of the legislature, a society, etc. Usually these committee are formed for a longer period of time or duration , the main purpose of these committee are to take certain decision and form various policies for the attainment of different objectives set by them. These committees are long-lasting, or permanent in character, and established by the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha in accordance with the rules in order to permit legislation in a variety of fields or topic sectors. The permanent committees vote on bill modifications and thoroughly assess the statutes or laws passed by the legislators. These committees are the legislative or judicial bodies that assess the policies by carefully examining the necessary essential elements, having expert hearings, and examining substantial proofs (i.e. evidences). and after that, amending laws, regulations, or statutes as necessary. The measures that have been approved or allowed by these standing committees finally make their way to the Lok Sabha or Rajya. A permanent body or committee, such as one of the legislature, a society, etc. The task entrusted to the standing committees is ongoing, therefore they are formed annually or sometimes. Committees on Estimates, Public Accounts, and Public Undertakings are a few of its well-known illustrations. These were established on April 8th, 1993. The Business Advisory Committee, Rules Committee, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, House Committee, Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances, Joint Committee on Offices of Profit, The Library Committee, and Ethics Committee are a few additional standing committees. Ad hoc Committee:

Ad hoc committees are created for a specific task or purpose and are disbanded or withdrawn if the assignment is successfully completed, the objectives are met, or both. Ad hoc committees make up the majority of committees other than standing committees. The committee's sole function is to carry out or accomplish the objectives for a certain assignment, and after it has been completed, the committee is disbanded. In other words, an ad hoc committee is a committee established by the government or other organizations for a specific task or purpose. The main responsibility or function of the committee is to develop some objectives or targets and put them into practice on the ground in order to reach or achieve the desired goals or objectives. This committee is disbanded or removed after the successful completion of the task or work or achievement of the objectives, and most of the committees other than sta Joint committees on bills, committees for the railway convention, and area-specific committees like the L.K. Jha Committees are a few instances of their work. There are two different kinds of ad hoc committees. The first kind is one that is established by the houses to look into and report on certain (specific) issues, like stock market fraud, the Bofors contract, and the creation of five-year plans. The joint or select committees, on the other hand, are tasked with deliberating (considering) and informing (reporting) on certain bills. The Business Advisory Committee, the Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions, Select Committees on Bills, the Committee on Petitions, the Estimates Committee, etc. are a few examples of these committees. Conclusion: The structure of the legislative committees is extensive, and they have a suggestive (recommendatory) function. Although they are not required (necessary), having the prime minister chair these committees has a significant impact on their acceptance and effectiveness. These committees' primary goals are to provide experience, training, and an understanding of democratic dynamics to the youthful members of parliament. Ad hoc or departmental groups that focus on certain problems that can improve direction and efficiency help keep the administration in operation. Recommendations of L K Jha committee: L K Jha served as the head of the L K Jha committee, which was established in March 1963 to investigate the reasons for the decline in the number of tourists visiting India. Several actions were consequently taken. Additional tourist offices have opened abroad in an effort to raise awareness of India as a tourist destination on a global scale. This will enable India to conduct effective marketing and promotion efforts and draw more and more visitors from abroad, which will help boost the number of domestic visitors. The issuance of landing permits on arrival to visitors arriving without a visa for more than 72 hours or visas on arrival, which would simplify the visa application process for visitors from other countries and entice more and more people to visit India.

Setting up of three government corporations to develop hotels, transportation and entertainment facilities: Hotel: More hotels and other lodging facilities should be constructed in order to deliver world class facilities to both national and international guests. Additionally, there should be a greater emphasis on promoting foreign hotel chains in India. Transportation: A separate corporation or body should be established to develop and improve the nation's current transportation, such as its airways, roads, railways, and waterways, which also help connect the nation's various tourist circuits and would also aid in the sector's improvement and accessibility. Entertainment facilities: The committee recommended creating a separate corporation to oversee the creation and upgrading of entertainment facilities like as shopping centers, movie theaters, nature parks, kid-friendly water parks, sound and light displays at various landmarks, etc. Need to build 5500 additional hotel rooms within the next 5 years: The L K Jha committee recommended building more accommodation infrastructure, including hotels of various categories, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5-star deluxe hotels, motels, cottages, home stays, and lodging units such as Bed and Breakfast, etc., in order to meet the demand of international tourists of all categories and to address the issue of low occupancy by providing tourists with the option to select their accommodations in accordance with the needs that already exist. Official approval of restaurants, shops, and guides: In order to meet the demand of various tourists traveling from abroad to various parts of the country, the government should grant or allow official approvals for starting up restaurants, cafes, and other food units, souvenir shops, and guide licenses should be made easy and simple. This would give the tourist enough options at various tourist destinations throughout the country. To meet demand and adhere to international standards, more support should be provided to foreign restaurant chains, language tutors, and other international brands. Provision of shopping and entertainment facilities: The L K Jha Committee also included measures for the establishment and improvement of shopping centers, malls, and other entertainment venues like amusement parks, casinos, theaters, pubs, and pubs. Considering how to meet the demand from leisure travelers The committee made some provisions in order to retain enough shopping and entertainment options.

Improvements of facilities at airports: To maintain a top-notch level, consideration should be given to upgrading a variety of amenities at various airports across the nation, such as restaurants, cafés, decent restrooms, lobby spaces, small shops, and waiting places. Provision of adequate connectivity by Indian airlines: The focus was on raising the professional standards of Indian airlines, which would aid in enhancing accessibility inside the nation and connectivity with other areas of the world, as well as organize a safe travel experience for tourists traveling to or from India. Integrated development of few selected tourist Centre: The committee proposed the establishment of tourist centers at all major tourist destinations to assist in offering services and information to tourists about various tourist attractions and things to do at various tourist attractions. In addition, tourists would receive accurate information and high-quality services. Increase tourist publicity: There is a need for tourist publicity both at the national and international levels. Proper steps should be taken in marketing and promotion of India as a year-round destination at a global level, tourism products such as heritage, culture and customs, geographical features, cuisine, dance forms, music, and so on should be showcased through various tools such as print media, social media, TV commercials, and by organizing various events, which could help to cater more number of both domestic and international tourists. Training of immigration and customer staff: Proper facilities for training immigration and customer service personnel should be encouraged in order to establish world-class immigration and customer service facilities in the country. Stoppage of leakage of foreign exchange: There should be a check on the leakage of foreign exchange revenues from international tourists; a committee should be constituted to monitor the leakage and put a stop to these practices. Establishment of a standing committee of main departments of the governments dealing with tourism for reviewing adequacies: A standing committee for all major government ministries dealing with tourism should be formed, with the responsibility of assessing various problems and deficiencies in the tourism industry.

In 1965, a high-level coordination group was formed to implement the Jha Committee's recommendations in the sector. To address the issues that arose, three different corporations were established in India: TCI (Tourism Corporation Limited):Tourism Corporation Limited was established to oversee the various tourism activities taking place in the country. Their role and responsibility was to establish certain standards, rules, and regulations for tourism-related activities in the country, as well as to address any problems that arose in the industry. Hotel Corporation of India Limited (HCIL): The Hotel Corporation of India Limited was established to oversee the country's hospitality sector. Their responsibility was to establish certain standards and a set of rules and regulations that must be maintained or followed by each hotel in the country, as well as to investigate any malpractices in the hospitality industry. India Tourism Transport Undertaking Limited: India Tourism Transport Undertaking Limited was established to meet the demand for transportation in the country (airways, roadways, railways, and waterways), and their role was to establish certain rules and guidelines that must be followed by all, as well as to maintain certain standards and try to overcome various malpractices. These three corporations did not appear to be performing well and failed to maintain standards due to some difficulties and inadequate coordination amongst them and were recently consolidated into one corporation with effect from October 1st, 1966. The new company was known as India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (Kotler & Makens, 1999) Tourism Development Corporation of India Ltd.: ITDC was founded in October 1966 and has been a driving force in the country's progressive development, promotion, and expansion of tourism. The Corporation's broad objectives are as follows: to build, take over, and operate existing hotels; and to advertise hotels, Beach Resorts, Travellers Lodges/Restaurants. To provide transportation, entertainment, shopping, and traditional services; to produce, distribute, tourist publicity material; to render consultancy-cum-managerial services in India and abroad; to operate as Full-Fledged Money Changers (FFMC), restricted money changers, and so on; and to provide innovating, dependable, and value for money solutions to the needs of the tourism development and engineering industries, including consultancy and project impetus. The Corporation's authorized capital is Rs 75 crores, and its paid-up capital as of 31.3.2005 was Rs 67.52 crores. The Corporation's paid-up equity capital of 89.9748% is owned in the name of the President of India. In addition to providing transportation, the Corporation operates hotels and restaurants in several locations for tourists. Furthermore, the Corporation is involved in the development, distribution, and sale of tourism advertising literature, as well as providing tourists with entertainment and

duty-free shopping facilities. The Corporation has expanded into new markets and innovative services such as Full-Fledged Money Changer (FFMC) services, engineering-related consultation services, and so on. The Corporation's Ashok Institute of Hospitality & Tourism Management provides training and instruction in the fields of tourism and hospitality. ITDC was founded in October 1966 and has been a driving force in the country's progressive development, promotion, and expansion of tourism. The Corporation's broad objectives are as follows: to build, take over, and operate existing hotels; and to advertise hotels, Beach Resorts, Travellers Lodges/Restaurants. To provide transportation, entertainment, shopping, and traditional services; to produce, distribute, tourist publicity material; to render consultancy-cum-managerial services in India and abroad; to operate as Full-Fledged Money Changers (FFMC), restricted money changers, and so on; and to provide innovating, dependable, and value for money solutions to the needs of the tourism development and engineering industries, including consultancy and project impetus. The Corporation's authorized capital is Rs 75 crores, and its paid-up capital as of 31.3.2005 was Rs 67.52 crores. The Corporation's paid-up equity capital of 89.9748% is owned in the name of the President of India. In addition to providing transportation, the Corporation operates hotels and restaurants in several locations for tourists. Furthermore, the Corporation is involved in the development, distribution, and sale of tourism advertising literature, as well as providing tourists with entertainment and duty-free shopping facilities. The Corporation has expanded into new markets and innovative services such as Full-Fledged Money Changer (FFMC) services, engineering-related consultation services, and so on. The Corporation's Ashok Institute of Hospitality & Tourism Management provides training and instruction in the fields of tourism and hospitality. ITDC currently operates eight Ashok Group of Hotels, six Joint Venture Hotels, two Restaurants (including one Airport Restaurant), 12 Transport Units, and one Tourist Unit. 12.4 SUMMARY Tourism planning is critical to the development of tourism. It assists us in planning tourism at all levels in a coordinated and proper manner. The critical aspects of tourism planning are reviewing the current situation in terms of available resources (capital, material, and human); setting objectives; evaluating the various plans; selecting the most appropriate plan in tandem with local community support and approach; and achieving the desired results. Though the kind and manner of planning differ from country to country, ranging from developed to least developed.

However, tourism planning must have a solid base, which requires extensive research and analysis at the grass roots level. Furthermore, the plans must be amended on a regular basis based on the study results and predicted future trends, while maintaining the core structure. However, there may be a variety of obstacles that impede the tourism planning process. They can range from institutional to logistical, technical, cultural, and technical, and are spread throughout a seeming never-ending continuum. To attain the desired objectives, the grey areas or loop holes in tourism planning must also be filled. Unwanted expenses, heavy rush, sanitary conditions, infrastructure, arrangements, transportation facility, safety and security, service, accommodation, guidance, beggars, corruption, pollution, health care, local language, and many other things impede tourism planning. Tourism planning has advanced significantly in India's tourism development process. However, there is still need for improvement in marketing, transportation, lodging, infrastructure, research, law, institutional framework, and quality standards. The L K Jha committee focuses on the development of several sectors such as transportation, lodging, and entertainment facilities in order to match the expectations of international tourists visiting India. The emphasis was on general development of lodging, transportation, entertainment facilities, airports, and so on. The LK Jha committee also made recommendations for promoting India as a year-round destination in the international market. They also advised or suggested the formation of three corporations for the growth of the tourism industry, namely (Tourism Corporation Limited, Hotel Corporation of India Limited, Hotel Corporation of India Limited). Later on, there were various issues and a lack of collaboration between these three corporations. These organizations did not appear to be functioning properly and failed to meet criteria. And, as of October 1, 1966, these were merged into a single corporation. The new company was known as India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. Since its inception, ITDC has played an important role in the development of hotels and resorts, providing transportation, entertainment, shopping, and traditional services, as well as consulting and management services in India and overseas. It has also played an important part in tourism marketing and promotion. 12.5 KEYWORDS  Development- The process of economic and social transformation that ison complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.

 Infrastructure- Basic and usually permanent framework which supports asuperstructure and is supported by a substructure.  Social impact- The effect of an activity on the social fabric of the communityand well- being of the individuals and families.  Environment- The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism,including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions fordevelopment and growth as well as of danger and damage.  Investment- Money committed or property acquired for future income.  Access- Point at which entry to a facility, contact with a circuit, orcommunication with a system is obtained  Planning- A basic management function involving formulation of one ormore detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands withthe available resources.  Population- All elements, individuals, or units that meet the selection criteriafor a group to be studied, and from which a representative sample is taken fordetailed examination. The total of all populations is called a universe 12.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain official approval of restaurants, shops, and guides. 2. Explain provision of shopping and entertainment facilities . 3. What are the Improvements of facilities at airports? 4. What is the provision of adequate connectivity by Indian airlines? 5. Explain Integrated development of few selected tourist Centre. 6. What is Increase tourist publicity with respect to L K Jha committee. 12.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is TCI? 2. What do you mean by HCIL? 3. When was ITDC found? 4. What is FFMC? 5. What is population? 6. What do you mean by planning?

7. Define Environment. Long Questions 1. What are the policies that the seventh plan for tourism planning in India? 2. What are the goals of historic plan for tourism in India? 3. What is the meaning of Parliamentary committees? 4. What are permanent committees? 5. What are Ad hoc committees? 6. What is the Recommendations of L K Jha committee? 7. What are the three government corporations to develop hotels, transportation and entertainment facilities? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of these refers to a desired future state that an organization attempts to realize? a. Plan b. Vision statement c. Goal d. Mission statement 2. Top Management works on a. Goals, plans b. Planning c. Organizing d. Behaviour 3. Strategic plan is also called as a. Long term plan b. Short term plan c. Mid term plan d. None of these 4. First step in Planning process is

a. Set an objective b. Evaluate alternatives c. Determine strength d. Determine weakness 5. Plan which is firstly discussed in business plan is mostly a. marketing plan b. Business plan c. financial plan d. production plan Answers: 1- a, 2- a, 3- a, 4- a, 5- a 12.8 REFERENCES  Kumar Misra Suddhendu Narayan and Sadual Sapan, Basics of Tourism Management, Excel Books.  Nath Dhar Prem, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publications, New Delhi.  Prasad VV Vara, Travel & Tourism Management, Sundari VBT Publications.  Problems encountered by tourists by Madhavi Chockalingam, A. Auroubindo Ganesh  Sinha R.K., Tourism Strategies, Planning and Development, Common Wealth Publishers.  Tourism Management 20 (1999) 183— 185 by Dimitrios Buhalis  Tourism Planning by Ramakrishna Kongalla, Assistant Professor at Assistant Professor, IITTM, Gwalior. Website  http://www.angelfire.com/ks/andriotis  http://www.ukessays.com  http://www.usbr.gov/lc/yuma/environmental_docs/Coachella/coachellachap3.pdf  https://www.monroecollege.edu/uploadedFiles/_Site_Assets/PDF/Natioanl %20and%20Regional%20Tourism.pdf

UNIT – 13 : PUBLIC PRIVATE LINKAGES FOR TOURISM PLANNING - I STRUCTURE 13.0Learning Objectives 13.1Introduction 13.2The role of government 13.3Public and private sector in information of tourism policy 13.4Summary 13.5Keywords 13.6Learning Activity 13.7 Unit End Questions 13.8 References 13.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES These patterns are noted in this chapter, which also looks at the main elements of state intervention:  Areas where the state can act.  Definitions of the state's function.  Fundamental state functions.  Responsibilities of the destination authorities.  Government travel regulations.  Intergovernmental organizations from around the world.  International trade associations with a consultative function.  Regional and international organizations. 13.1 INTRODUCTION Governments have been significantly more involved in destination management and development in recent years than they were previously, paying more attention to the determinants of competitive advantage. Governments officially recognized tourism as a major avenue for job creation, economic growth, and development at the G20 conference in Los Cabos,

Mexico, in 2013. (UNWTO, 2013). There are two basic reasons why governments become involved in tourism development. For starters, only governments can create a competitive climate for the tourism business (Devine & De-vine, 2011). Their policies frequently address a variety of objectives, ranging from economic and environmental to social and educational, which can improve the country's draw factor as a destination (Bull, 1995; Devine & Devine, 2011; Tang & Jang, 2009). Furthermore, only governments have the legal authority to provide the essential security, political stability, legislation, and financial framework to promote tourism development (Ritchie & Crouch, 2003; Tang & Jang, 2009). Second, tourism is embodied by free rides, and its success is heavily reliant on the success of other industries (Croes, 2011; Michael, 2001). A hotel, for example, may not reap all of the benefits of cleaning beaches; yet, having a clean beach is critical to the hotel's profitability and success. As a result, providing public goods (clean beaches) is critical for delivering value to tourists and may affect destination selection (Croes, 2011). Because the private sector frequently lacks such abilities and capabilities, a government's ability to identify these externalities is critical for a destination's ability to maximize the advantage obtained from tourism. As a result, government intervention is required to enable effective destination expansion by providing a competitive environment (Bull, 1995; Croes, 2011; Michael, 2001; Croes & Kubickova, 2013). The problem of government involvement in tourist development is determining the proper level of involvement in order to successfully control individual and commercial activity. As shown in the writings of free-market enthusiasts (Hume, 1886; Hayek, 1988; Friedman, 1962), pragmatic voices of government's role (Coase, 1960), and Marxist proponents, such discussion has been contentious in literature (Lenin, 1916; Marx & Engels, 1848; Trotsky, Hansen, Novack, Burnham, & Eastman, 1973). For example, Adam Smith believed that the major duty of government was to defend the community from external threats, to provide services that the market cannot deliver, and to enforce law and order (Michael, 2001). When a government crosses these lines, it jeopardizes the freedom given, potentially leading to market failure. The issue then changes from the need for governments to act to when it is justified and legitimate for a government to intervene, which services to provide, and to what amount (Bartik, 1990; de Haan & Strum, 2000; Michael, 2001; Wolf, 1997; Zerbe & McCurdy, 1999). As a result, the purpose of this research is to better comprehend such linkages. The relationship between government engagement (as expressed by the freedom allowed) and

tourism competitiveness is being investigated in particular. As of today, this has not been addressed in tourism literature, and there is very little debate about it. Governments of poor countries have been significantly more involved in destination management and development in recent years than they were previously. However, determining an appropriate level of involvement is a dilemma for many administrations. Using a panel data analysis, this study explores the influence of government in tourism competitiveness in the Central American region. The findings show that the government plays an essential role in tourism. The statistics show that a new idea concerning tourism and emerging countries may emerge. Furthermore, such discovery only serves to highlight the issue of free riders in tourism as well as the role of the \"shadow\" economy in the Central American region. The necessity of government while seeking increased tourist competitiveness (Wint, 1998). Previous government study focused primarily on its influence on sustainability, community, tourism arrivals, and poverty reduction. Other research looked at the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth, but they didn't look at destination competitiveness. As a result, understanding the relationship between government, the level of freedom it gives, and tourism competitiveness is critical, particularly for countries that rely significantly on tourism as a primary economic driver. This study's theoretical notion is based on Dwyer and Kim's (2003) definition of tourist competitiveness and Sen's argument about the role of freedom. Sen (1987, 1999) contends that freedom creates opportunity for people to realize their goals. Dwyer and Kim's (2003) definition incorporates the concept of freedom into tourist competitiveness and emphasizes that freedom is required to attain competitiveness. According to their definition, \"increased competitiveness translates into new jobs and better living conditions... the ultimate goal of competitiveness is to sustain and raise a nation's real income... under free and fair market conditions\". Under free and fair market conditions, tourist competitiveness is seen as a prerequisite for destination development. As a result, freedom of choice becomes crucial to economic evaluation, influencing a destination's competitiveness level. 13.2 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT A significant and intricate element of tourism is the role of the government, which involves many political beliefs and policies. The central government has just recently begun to engage in state intervention in the market. State involvement rose as tourism became a widespread

phenomenon, peaking in the years 1939–1945, just following World War II. The transition to a market-oriented economy in the 1980s boom years marked the beginning of a gradual disengagement. The degree to which national governments have ceded authority to intergovernmental organizations affects the significance of various international organizations. In the European Union (EU), numerous tasks related to taxation, regional and infrastructural development, and policy issues pertaining to transportation, social policy, and environmental control now fall under the purview of the administration in Brussels. The majority of the actions performed by international entities are consultative or technical in nature. Outside of the EU, there have been few intergovernmental initiatives that have spurred travel-related action, but there has been a gradual shift in favor of movement liberalization. Strategy: Regardless of the structure or level of devolution of the state's participation, it is crucial that the public authority, whether it be the national or local government, agree on a broad plan. To offer a cohesive picture of the destination's future shape as a tourism area, both at the national and local level, this should be supported by an outline plan or guidelines. This might apply at the local level if the regional destination is actually a recognized tourist destination, like England's Lake District or the Norfolk Broads. In providing advice on the strategy, providing opportunities for consultation and collaboration with a dispersed private sector, and developing a destination marketing strategy based on the identification of the appropriate markets and their needs and desires, the state tourism agency, tourist board, or government department will have a crucial role to play. This results in a product-market fit, which identifies the goods and services needed to draw in the desired visitor volume. This job is crucial. The market will decide the conclusion, and it is the marketers' crucial duty to make sure that product creation takes into account the necessary visitor flow. The main responsibilities of a Ministry of Tourism or other government-controlled organizations can be summed up as follows, according to periodic surveys of the government involvement conducted by the WTO, the OECD, and individual countries:  planning, statistics, and research.  Marketing.

 creation of tourism-related resources.  Regulations, notably those governing trade.  education and training.  Facilitation/liberalization. Local and regional tourist organizations: The regional or local authority plays a similar, and in many respects more extensive and significant, role at the local level as does the national government. In fact, public sector involvement in the tourism industry in the early years of mass travel, which was encouraged by the expansion of the railway network, was limited to localities. National tourism groups were nonexistent. The creation of municipal tourism administrations to fulfill the duties of the host destination was fostered by the emergence of large resorts, which were pioneered in Britain at the major beach locations. International organizations: Numerous international organizations, both governmental and nongovernmental, have interests in tourism. The interest and political will of the national government to intervene in the tourism industry are reflected in government bodies. The focus placed on tourism is typically low in industrialized nations. The number of organizations with some concern or responsibility is significant due to the diversity of tourism activity, but coordination and frequently cooperation are lacking at the national level. Additionally, industrial and operating sector consultation is frequently insufficient because the sector's voice is weak. The major sector industry groups invariably make the case for their own industry, often in the context of modes of transportation in a market environment. Therefore, even when cooperation at the operating level is successful, the communal tourist approach is challenging to organize and maintain. World Tourism Organization: The World Tourism Organization (WTO), an intergovernmental organization acknowledged by the UN as an official agency with a consultative status, has assumed the initiative in articulating the viewpoint of all member nations on matters pertaining to tourism. Like its predecessor organization, the International Union of Official Travel Organizations, it has created practical technical programs in statistics, research, the sharing of knowledge, and technical assistance, especially for developing nations. Through its system of affiliate membership, the WTO has

recently worked to strengthen its ties with business and non-governmental partners, which should aid in the supply of useful guidance and serve as a foundation for cooperative action. Non-governmental international organizations: Trade sectors and professional organizations found it necessary to organize both at the global and regional levels of international trade as the work of the intergovernmental bodies grew. This was done first to respond to or react to government interventions and, where possible, to seek a more positive relationship in cooperative and collective tasks. It became increasingly important to consult at the proper levels, but government organizations didn't always embrace this necessity. International alliances or groups have been founded by several industry areas, including:  Alliance International du Tourisme (AIT).  International Air Transport Association (IATA).  International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).  International Hotel Association (IHA).  International Road Transport Union (IRU).  International Union of Railways (UIL).  Universal Federation of Travel Agents Associations (UFTAA). International regional organizations: There are regional organizations concerned with their regional needs at both the UN and geographical regional levels. Such regional activity and cooperation can be quite beneficial in promoting tourism as long as communication is kept open. This is unquestionably the case in Europe, which is regarded as a tourist region with a wide range of shared interests on a global scale. Examples include the United Nations European Economic Commission and the Council of Europe with Cultural Activities. The latter group, which encompasses both East and West Europe, has been active in a variety of areas, including transportation authorities to:  Together with community and industry stakeholders (including significant foreign tour operators or industry associations, as appropriate), develop holistic and all-encompassing tourism development strategies that have reasonable expectations for the social, cultural, and environmental benefits that can be gained from tourism.  To promote and stimulate the sustainable development of tourism locations, provide favorable investment frameworks.  Ensure that trade associations report on their efforts to increase tourism that is sustainable (e.g. industry associations are asking their members to sign up to guidelines and charters but few are enforcing this as a criteria for membership)  Establish corporate social reporting laws.

 Create forums for sharing best practices so that different industries (hotels, tour operators, airlines, and cruise lines) can benefit from one another.  Instead than focusing only on the financial gains, make sure sustainable tourism practices are viewed as a core value in larger development plans and policies.  Enact legislation or offer rewards to companies that implement internationally recognized certification programs or standards domestically. Literature Review: The role of government For decades, there has been a heated argument about whether it is appropriate for the government to meddle in private matters, which public services to give, and how to control the activities of businesses/individuals (Datta-Chaudhuri, 1990; Michael, 2001; Zerbe & McCurdy, 1999). According to Zerbe and McCurty (1999), \"full-scale government involvement should be undertaken only if it can be demonstrated that a less-intrusive generic policy cannot be used or that an effective contract for private output cannot be constructed to deal with market failure\". If the government fails to solve the market failure, the consequences might be far-reaching. As observed in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, such government inactivity can result in poverty, despondency, and loss of life (Sobel & Leeson, 2006). Government intervention is especially vital when there are huge net gains or when everyone benefits, maximizing social welfare (Hall, 2006; Wolf, 1988). When the pursuit of the private sector reduces public welfare, some scholars argue that government regulation becomes the critical remedy, either by restricting or regulating certain behaviors in order to correct such market failure (Ace-moglu & Verdier, 2000; Karnani, 2011; Wint, 1998). This viewpoint is shared by Devin and Devin (2011), who argue that if tourism planning, promotion, and management were \"left entirely to the private sector, this could result in unbalanced development of infrastructure and market expansion, with the risk of growing congestion and increased pressure on environmental resources\". Others, on the other hand, feel that governments frequently lack the competence to interfere in societal benefits, let alone put policies and processes in place to address such failures (Hall, 2006). If the government fails to address market failure, the consequences can be far-reaching, leading to poverty and depression (Stiglitz, 2012). Even if the scholarly literature on the question of government involvement frequently yields inconclusive findings (Datta-Chaudhuri, 1990), one thing is certain: markets will fail for a variety of reasons. When this happens, governments and the private sector will work together to determine the best combination of activities to correct the failing. If the government fails (and is unable to fix the problem), it might have a severe

influence on the entire economy, competitiveness, and freedom granted. As a result, the level of freedom is used as a measure of government engagement in this study. The Role of Freedom: According to Sen (1999), freedom is vital because it allows people to attain their goals and live the lives they want, regardless of the method or processes in place. For example, improved education of the entire population promotes not only citizens' freedom but also economic freedom in that destination. Educated citizens can develop their capabilities and intentionally choose the life they choose, thereby expanding their freedom. Furthermore, residents may have a bigger income available to them, indirectly improving their economic independence (Knopf, 1999). As a result, freedom of choice becomes fundamental to economic evaluation and living standards. If one loses the power to act or pick an alternative as a result of a loss of freedom, it can lead to social and economic unfreedom and is directly related to economic poverty (Croes, 2010; Pattanaik & Xu, 1990; Sen, 1987; Sen, 1999). As Sen (1999) points out, a lack of freedom can deprive people of the ability to satisfy hunger, be suitably clothed, or enjoy clean water. In some cases, a lack of freedom (unfreedom) might be linked to a lack of social care or education, resulting in poverty. He Sen (1999) identifies five instrumental freedoms that contribute to a person's ability to live freely, determining their overall freedom and, as a result, the level of competition in the destination. He specifically highlights the following freedoms: political, economic, social opportunity, transparency guarantees, and protective security, each of which contributes to a person's whole potential while complementing and reinforcing one another. Economic Freedom:In general, economists agree that economic freedom is one of the fundamental foundations of a country's institutional framework and plays an important role in improving an individual's well-being within a society (Stroup, 2007). It is defined as \"opportunities that individuals have to use economic resources for the sake of consumption, production, or exchange\" (Sen, 1999). Economic freedom is defined as the freedom to pick and supply resources while fostering competition and securing property rights, resulting in economic progress and societal well-being (Berggren, 2003; de Haan & Sturm, 2000; Jenkins & Henry, 1982; Stroup, 2007; Tang & Jang, 2009; World Bank, 2012). As a result, institutions that give extremely high and steady economic freedom have the capacity to allow the economy to function and flourish (Berggren, 2003), influencing private enterprises and inhabitants' well-being. The conclusion that economic freedom is a positive and important macroeconomic predictor of

economic growth should come as no surprise (Aixalá & Fabro, 2009; de Haan & Sturm, 2000; Nelson & Singh, 1998; Sen, 1999; Scully, 2002). With faster economic growth, governments are able to collect more taxes/fees and, as a result, invest in their education system and healthcare, offering a better quality of life and, as a result, impacting the competitive level of that destination. In general, countries that achieved a higher level of economic freedom experienced greater wealth and growth, and so displayed greater competitiveness (Stroup, 2007). A number of empirical investigations have found that economic freedom may play an essential role in explaining cross-country disparities (Dawson, 2003; de Haan & Siermann, 1998; de Haan & Strum, 2000; Doucouliagos & Ulubasoglu, 2006). Previous research looked at the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. Scully and Slottje (1991), Nelson and Singh (1998), and Scully (2002) discovered a positive link between the two, which is also corroborated by Sen. (1999). In general, those countries that attained higher levels of economic freedom and wealth and growth, and so shown a higher level of competitiveness (Stroup, 2007). As a result, the significance of government (as reflected by the level of economic freedom) in establishing tourism competitiveness cannot be overstated, guiding the following hypothesis: H1: The extent of government engagement influences the tourism competitiveness of a destination. H2: The extent of government involvement is affected by the destination's tourism competitiveness. 13.3 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN INFORMATION OF TOURISM POLICY A business is an entity that sells a product or service to a consumer in order to profit from the transaction. Travel and tourism business organizations are founded to make a profit and improve the organizations' personal wealth in exchange for their products and services. Aside from diverse sorts of company activity, there are also several types of business organization, each with its own set of legal characteristics. In the travel and tourist industry, there are two types of organizations: private and public. Private limited companies, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, sole proprietorships, and franchises are examples of the private sector. It works in the inbound, outbound, and domestic

tourist industries. However, the public sector comprises government-controlled organizations, municipal government-controlled organizations, and membership groups. As previously said, there are two basic types of organizations in the travel and tourism business that must be explained. They are as follows:  The private sector  Public Sector Private Sector: Private enterprises and organizations provide goods and services to consumers in order to profit the owners and shareholders of the private enterprise. According to Christine King (2005), \"private sector enterprises are held by individuals, either as sole traders, partnerships, or limited companies.\" Their primary goal is to earn a profit in order to pay the owners or shareholders who have invested their money in the company. The majority of organizations in the travel and tourism business are privately owned and controlled. Marriott International, Inc. is one such example. Marriott International, Inc was founded in 1927 as an international hospitality firm. They operate, franchise, own, and build Marriott brand hotels and resorts all over the world. They are a private limited business that operates in the private sector. A private limited company's shares are not traded on a stock exchange and can only be sold if the other shareholders agree. The capital of such a corporation is donated solely by the proprietors, and shares are not available to the general public. A private limited company's shares are not traded on a stock exchange. Furthermore, stockholders may be unable to sell their shares unless the other shareholders agree. The maximum number of stockholders permitted is 50. As a result, more capital can be raised, but expansion may be constrained. Public Sector: The word \"public sector\" refers to services offered to the general public that are paid for with tax dollars, such as public schools, the police, libraries, garbage collection, and recreational and tourist destinations. Public sector travel and tourism organizations play a significant role in aiding in the promotion of destinations and offering a variety of services to promote the growth of the tourism industry, including grants for the establishment of new businesses and consultation on marketing, finance, IT, etc. Public sector organizations, unlike the private sector, are more focused on achieving broader social and economic goals, such as enhancing tourist amenities for both tourists and locals, than on maximizing profits.

There are numerous public sector travel and tourism organizations in the UK. Through the efforts of government ministries, National Tourist Boards, and other organizations. Activities carried out by Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) and Regional Tourist Boards are referred to as regional (RTBs) Local: Via local government entities, such as local councils. All of the policies for the growth of tourism are set by the central government and the devolved UK governments, who rely on national and regional tourist boards to assist in providing high- quality goods and services and tourist attractions. The boards accomplish this by collaborating with corporations, regional development agencies (RDAs), and local governments. The federal government, devolved administrations, local governments, and the European Union all provide funding to public sector travel and tourist organizations (EU). The public sector refers to businesses that are managed by the government. The production, ownership, sale, provision, delivery, and distribution of products and services by and for the government or its residents fall within the purview of the public sector, which is a division of the state. Public sectors play a crucial role in the travel and tourism industries by increasing business environment awareness of publicity. Additionally, it supports the development of tourism by promoting places and offering a variety of services. Air India is one illustration from the public sector. A public limited company, Air India Ltd. was established in 1956 and is governed by the Companies Act. The largest and most established airline in India is Air India. They claim to be Asia's sixteenth-largest airline. It is a component of the now-known Air India Ltd., a company controlled by the Indian government. The management and board of directors of the company develop and carry out its policies. The advantage of a public listing on the stock exchange is that a sizable financial base for the business can be provided by a sizable number of shareholders. For reasons of safety, they store the majority of their money in accounts at the State Bank of India (SBI). It can raise money and capital by selling its shares to the general public because it is a public limited business. An open limited business may have five owners or more. Owners of the

company are its shareholders. Its board of directors is chosen by shareholders, and this board oversees the operation of the business. \"Public sector organizations receive their finances from local or central government and typically try to offer service,\" claims Dale (2005). The government provides financial and legal support to Air India. They are able to obtain loans from 19 banks at lower interest rates thanks to government assistance and support. In addition to these, the government offers subsidies to help them run their businesses and pay their debts and loans. The Indian government provided Air India with a second bailout package in April 2012, totaling Rs300 billion ($5.8 billion) in subsidies. Public limited companies are required to have a minimum share capital and two directors. These businesses provide shareholders with liquidity, making it simple for them to raise funds. The shareholders who elect the directors make the company's choices. There are nine directors on the board of Air India, with Shri Rohit Nandan serving as chairman and managing director. This board of directors oversees and decides on crucial business-related matters. What is the role of the private sector in tourism planning and development? Organizations in the private sector are those whose main goal is financial gain. They are managed by private business owners or shareholders rather than being owned by the government. Planning for tourism involves a variety of business sector organizations. Some people will be more important than others. Six main benefits of the private sector in tourism planning and development have been condensed by me, and they are as follows:  Private tourist businesses can offer a venue for talking about and addressing typical issues faced by tourism businesses. Private organizations frequently have greater resources and time to devote to planning the growth of the tourism industry. They will take the time to carefully consider the best strategies for tourist development and which avenues are likely to produce the best economic results because they are often money- oriented. However, they can overlook the advantages for the economy and society.  Coordinated suggestions from private tourism enterprises are made to the government office for changes to the tourism sector.Even if the public sector has its own personnel and processes, feedback from the private sector can be quite helpful. Private sector organizations frequently influence government decisions, either individually or collectively. This could have both positive and bad effects on the region's plans for tourism development.

 An illustration is when tour companies threatened to leave the country after all-inclusive resorts were recently outlawed, as was detailed in the piece on the development of tourism in The Gambia. Although the Government had established this new policy with the purpose of enhancing Gambia's tourism industry, they were compelled to reverse course due to a dearth of assistance from the business sector.  On tourist boards and committees, private tourism companies can offer representation.Usually, members of for-profit tourism enterprises are invited to serve as representatives on numerous boards and committees. Once more, this provides understanding to problems that the public sector might not always view from the same perspective.  Private tourism companies can carry out private sector-related research, marketing, and training.The ability of the private sector to devote time and resources to areas like marketing and training is one of its important roles in the planning and development of tourism. This can advance the skills of local workers while also promoting the location as a whole. The hiring of foreign nationals by many private sector tourism companies might result in economic leakage.  Private tourism companies may provide event sponsorship.Events will be sponsored by a number of private tourism organizations. This might improve the industry's visibility and generate more money for it. Some notable examples include Emirates, which sponsors Arsenal Football Club, and British Airways, which sponsored the Olympics when they were held in Britain. Private tourism companies and local government can collaborate.Private tourism companies can serve as the community's spokesperson, giving the locals a voice that might be heard more frequently than it otherwise would. Additionally, this may aid in creating connections between industry and society. Main Characteristics of Private Sector in Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The private sector's primary attributes in the tourism and hospitality industries are:  reason for making money  private control and ownership  No state involvement  independent leadership  personal finances  Workplace behavior of workers Main Characteristics of the Public Sector in Tourism and Hospitality Industry:  Community responsibility  multifaceted goals  Rights, powers, and obligations (Constitutional or devolved)  insufficient equity ownership

 Regulation-based operational and financial frameworks  The budget's importance  governing frameworks  Resources' nature  Non-exchange activities Challenges Faced by the Public Sector: Technology advances, our lives change, and so do the environments we live in. The same is true with tourism. The businesses associated to entertainment such as tourism, travel, and hospitality management would be most impacted by these issues. The administration of tourism and hospitality must consider a few obstacles. The main difficulty is globalization. The majority of important businesses today collaborate with one another to generate optimum profits. Novelty is a crucial component in today's objectives. Therefore, it is important to offer goods and services that visitors and travelers have never used. Travel agencies and destination marketing organizations (DMOs) are supposed to offer a rare and distinctive experience, according to the Unique Selling Point (USP). Localization is also important, though. The business must understand how to interact with tourists from other countries, and it must have multilingual websites and translation services. When a visitor is away from home, they must feel at home. Second, one of the elements that has a big impact on hospitality and tourism management is taxation. It is easy to see how taxes affect tourism by taking a quick look at the taxes paid for hotel rooms and airline tickets. The travel and hotel business must therefore provide clients and visitors competitive prices in order to maintain the equation's equilibrium. The infrastructure for tourism and hospitality must also be updated. In many places today, the infrastructure for tourism is antiquated and underdeveloped. The public sector in this area needs to think about making arrangements to improve the current infrastructure. 13.4 SUMMARY Because the tourism industry may not have fully evolved on its own, the need for some types of government involvement arises. State involvement in the tourism industry in this sense entails active government involvement in the industry. There are basically two ways to do this. The first one is about the allocation of funds in a selected manner, which entails market involvement by the government as a financial institution. The second strategy entails state

involvement in the business through direct control of tourism-related firms. Therefore, if tourism development gets out of hand, many conflicts may occur. Therefore, the government must be involved in order to make specific interventions with a positive focus. The extent to which this involvement will be felt depends on a number of variables, with the political leanings of the administration receiving the greatest attention. In contrast to governments that are more centrally focused, those that support free markets and an open economy frequently foster an environment that is favorable for the growth of successful tourism. In order to achieve beneficial effects that have a greater impact, the government must promote and encourage the tourism industry in Macedonia. However, regardless of the methods used, governmental intervention should be founded on a balanced context. Therefore, it makes little difference if the government meddles directly through the Ministry of the Economy or indirectly through foreign policy. Implementing various tools and procedures to control tourism flows in the direction of achieving the anticipated objectives is the major goal. The general conclusion is that the public and commercial tourist sectors in Macedonia suffer from an absence of coordinated activities and organizational structures that operate on a horizontal and vertical axis, as well as from an undefined set of goals, aims, and areas of interest. The budget is the main barrier to attaining larger competitive advantages, despite the fact that major efforts have been made to promote tourism. The outcome is a tourism sector that is underdeveloped. Therefore, unless a particular set of preconditions are established in the sense of increasing the cooperation between all significant players in the tourism industry, partial tourist products must be presented as a starting point. Hence, it can be concluded the need for further governmental intervention in tourism in Macedonia, with emphasize to be supportive and balanced since up-to-date effects are positive, bur very modest. 13.5 KEYWORDS  Alliance International Tourism (AIT).  International Air Transport Association (IATA).  International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).  International Hotel Association (IHA).  International Road Transport Union (IRU).  Regional Development Agencies (RDA)  destination marketing organizations (DMO)  Unique Selling Point (USP)

13.6 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. What are the main responsibilities of a Ministry of Tourism or other government- controlled organizations? 2. What is OECD? 3. What is WTO? 4. Explain Local and regional tourist organizations? 5. Explain International organizations. 6. What are non-governmental international organizations? 7. What are international regional organizations? 13.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is a business? 2. What are the two basic types of organizations in the travel and tourism business? 3. What is private sector? 4. What is public sector? 5. What are the challenges faced by the public sector? 6. What is the acronym of IRU? 7. What does IATA stand for ? Long Questions 1. Explain the role of government in tourism planning? 2. What is role of freedom? 3. What is economic freedom? 4. What is the role of the private sector in tourism planning and development? 5. What are the six main benefits of the private sector in tourism planning and development? 6. What are the main characteristics of Private Sector in Tourism and Hospitality Industry? 7. What are the main characteristics of Public Sector in Tourism and Hospitality Industry? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following objectives of the National Tourism Policy, 2002 is to provide impetus to the vast rural tourism attractions of India?

(A) First (B) Third (C) Fifth (D) Seventh 2. Hospitality dimension of tourism is given much importance for the first time in the history of tourism development in India in which policy? (A) Tourism Policy 1982 (B) National Action Plan of Tourism 1992 (C) National Tourism Policy 2002 (D) National Strategy for Tourism Promotion 3. How many times India has been elected to the Chairmanship of the Executive Council of UNWTO? (A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four 4. Market Development Assistance Scheme (MDA) administered by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, provides financial support to approved tourism service providers for (A) Sales cum study tour (B) Participation in fairs/ exhibitions (C) Publicity through printed material (D) All of the above

5. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has signed loan agreements to undertake the Ajanta-Ellora Development and Conservation Project (Phase II). The loan assistance is (A) 6887 Japanese Yen (B) 7331 Japanese Yen (C) 7687 Japanese Yen (D) 8011 Japanese Yen Answers: 1-d , 2- c, 3- b, 4- d, 5- b 13.8 REFERENCES  Team, E., 2020. Top 5 Challenges Confronting Tourism Travel Industry. [online] Elite Asia ResourceCentre.  Rikachs. 2020. Public And Private Sector Of Travel And Tourism  Management Funda. 2020. Characteristics Of Tourism Industry  Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (2000). The choice between market failure and corruption. The American Economic Review, 90(1), 194–211. DOI: 10.1257/aer.90.1.194.  Aixalá, J., & Fabro, G. (2009). Economic freedom, civil liberties, political rights and growth: a causality analysis. Spanish Economic Review, 11(3), 165–178.  Baltagi, B.H. (2001). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. New York: Wiley Website  https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/cjot-2016-0005  https://rikachs.wordpress.com/2016/12/19/public-and-private-sector-of-travel-and-tourism/  https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/role-of-government-in-tourism-tourism-essay.php

UNIT – 14 : PUBLIC PRIVATE LINKAGES FOR TOURISM PLANNING - II STRUCTURE 14.0Learning Objectives 14.1Introduction 14.2The latest PolicyDocument on Tourism 14.3Summary 14.4Keywords 14.5 Learning Activity 14.6 Unit End Questions 14.7 References 14.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After learning this unit, you will be able to:  You will understand the significance of a tourism policy after reading this unit  Gain insight into how the Indian government created its tourism policy  Learn the specifics of the 1982 and 1992 tourism policies  Evaluate the effects of India's tourism policy on the areas of finances, accommodations, and transportation, management, and international collaboration  Become aware of the lack of an environmental focus in tourism policy.  The necessity of planning for a tourism. 14.1 INTRODUCTION Planning for tourism is necessary for the industry's development. Tourism development results from tourism planning. The procedure for developing tourism is called tourism planning. Planning describes the procedures and tools employed while making future- oriented decisions. Planning for tourism can aid in problem-solving and making judgments that assist the planner in accomplishing their goals. Tourism requires a lot of planning. Several nations, particularly those in emerging regions, have recently realized the importance of tourism and the advantages it offers. The application of acroeconomic planning methods is quite new for the tourism industry. Macroeconomic planning

techniques are used for national. The economic growth that has been heavily relied upon since the end of World War II did not always mention tourism development specifically. The relevance of tourism as a sector is growing source of revenue, creation of jobs, regional growth, exchange rate, and key factor in numerous governments, as well as financial institutions, have been paying close attention to the balance of payments for many countries. People with a stake in the expansion of the economy. As of the year 2000, tourism was the largest global industry. 20th century and is anticipated to increase much more quickly in the 21st century. India has a huge potential for expansion of the tourism industry despite a rich cultural and religious history, a variety of natural attractions, and a negligibly little part in the global tourism landscape. Tourism policy supports the industry's growth and envisions new initiatives to make tourism the engine for job creation, environmental restoration, remote area development, and advancement of women and others disadvantaged populations in the nation. Larger foreign exchange revenues and more jobs would result from it. The prerequisites for increased foreign direct investment. 14.2 POLICY DOCUMENT OF INDIA Origin of Tourism policy in India: Planning for Indian tourism began following the country's independence. The Government of India established a committee in 1945, and Sir John Sargent served as its chairman at the time. Sargent was the Government of India's Educational Adviser at the time (Krishna.A.G. 1993). Following that, India underwent systematic tourism growth. The second and third five-year plans have evolved the tourism planning methodology. The sixth five-year plan places a strong emphasis on using tourism as a tool for economic growth, social integration, and upholding peace. After the 1980s, the tourist sector grew rapidly as a source of jobs, revenue, foreign exchange, and leisure activity. The tourist industry has been promoted by the government through a number of key actions. 1982's tourism policy: The Indian government released its first tourism policy in November 1982. The goal of the First Tourism Policy was to advance sustainable tourism as a tool for social and economic inclusion as well as to advance India's reputation as a nation with a proud past, a thriving present, and a promising future. Six main categories, including welcome (swagat), information (suchana), facilitation (suvidha), safety (suraksha), cooperation (sahyog), and infrastructure development, would be the focus of the policies developed to do this (Samrachana). This policy also places a high priority on developing and promoting tourism-related products, protecting the environment, and preserving cultural heritage. The goals of tourism development are to increase intercultural understanding, to open up job opportunities, and to improve the local economy, especially in rural and interior areas. Additionally, it works to maintain, enhance, and promote India's cultural

legacy. It also aims for balance and sustainable development. To achieve sustainable development, one of the main goals is the preservation and protection of the environment and natural resources. Given the low cost of creating jobs in the tourism industry and the low level of exploitation of India's tourism potential, the new tourism policy aims to increase foreign visitor arrivals and promote domestic travel in a sustainable way by minimizing any potential negative effects, such as cultural pollution and environmental degradation. In order to attract foreign visitors to make additional trips to India as friends, the New Tourism Policy also intends to make their stay memorable and enjoyable with dependable services at predictable pricing. This would be in line with India's traditional idea of treating guests with the utmost respect (Athithi devo bhava). 1982's tourist policy highlights include: 1. The policy emphasizes the link between national, state, and local public and commercial sectors and tourist growth. 2. The policy fosters interest in local youngsters while also enticing people to take part in tourism development. 3. The policy supports public-private partnerships for the expansion of tourism. 4. Recognizing that tourism is a multi-sectoral activity, the policy ensures coordination and intergovernmental links. 5. The policy argues that the private sector is necessary for the growth of tourism. To develop tourism, the private sector must construct and operate tourist facilities, keep them safe and up to date, engage the local population, and implement security measures, among other things. 6. The policy acknowledges the contribution of nonprofit organizations and volunteers to the growth of the tourism industry. 7. The policy suggests that more money should be made available for tourism infrastructure. 8. The policy acknowledges that high quality requirements are expected of foreign investment in the hospitality, travel, and associated industries. 9. The policy advocates prioritizing technological development, particularly in the area of information technology. 10. The policy makes suggestions for the tourism industry's safety and security. 11.The policy offers services like obtaining visas, immigration checks, fees, etc. through government organizations. 12. The policy establishes tourist destinations, circuits, and economic zones. 13. The policy introduces future plans, cost effectiveness, preservation of the natural environment and cultural heritages, etc. In short, by focusing on infrastructure development, foreign direct investment, information technology, the creation of tourism economic zones, and

sustainable tourism growth, this strategy has been successful in laying a solid policy foundation for the country's tourism development. Inclusion of Tourism sector in the Concurrent list of the Constitution of India: In June 1982, India's Planning Commission recognized tourism as an industry. Despite the fact that a number of its components are either on the Union List, State List, or Concurrent List, tourism as a separate subject is not included in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. According to the new policy, the tourist industry will be added to the concurrent list because doing so will give it constitutional recognition and enable the central government to enact legislation that will regulate the operations of various service providers in the tourism industry. The first tourist policy reached a major turning point when the tourism industry was added to the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution. National Committee on Tourism: The Indian Planning Commission established the National Committee on Tourism in June 1986 to develop a prospective plan for the tourism industry. In November 1987, the committee under the direction of Mr. Mohammed Yunus delivered its recommendation. According to Mr. Mohammed Yunus' research, the current Department of Tourism should be replaced with a National Tourism Board, and a distinct cadre should be established within the Indian Tourism Service to oversee the National Tourism Board's operations. Additionally, it filed a plan for the partial privatization of the two Indian government-owned airlines. In September 1987, the Central Government announced additional incentives for the travel and tourism industry, including tax exemptions on foreign exchange earnings from the industry (50% on rupee earnings and 100% on dollar earnings), a sharp reduction in tariffs on the imports of capital goods, and concessional financing at a rate of 1 to 5% per year. With a capital fund of Rs. 100 crores, the Tourism Development Finance Corporation was established in 1987. The Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, and other commercial banks previously provided commercial financing for the tourist sector. Tourism policy Under Seventh five year plan: Vacationer policy Indian tourist planning increased with the adoption of the seventh five-year plan (1985-1989). The seventh five-year plan for tourism in India recommends a number of policies, including: 1. Vigorously encourage domestic travel. 2. It emphasized the development of more beach resorts. 3. Holding conferences, trekking conventions, and winter sports so that foreign tourists have a variety of possibilities. The policies of India's seventh five-year plan gave the country's tourist strategy a boost. Tourism policy Under Eight five year plan: The Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) stressed that the private sector should strengthen its participation in the tourist sector in order to stimulate tourism planning in India. The National Action Plan for Tourism was announced by the Union government in 1992, among other

facilities for the growth of the tourism industry. In May 1992, a National Action Plan for Tourism was released. One of the goals of this action plan for planning in Indian tourism was  To socially and economically enhance the tourist destinations.  To enhance job opportunities in the tourism industry.  To promote domestic travel that is more affordable or practical.  To safeguard the natural environment and cultural heritage.  To promote international travel.  To enhance India's tourist market share globally.  To vary the types of tourism products. The eighth five-year plan for tourism planning in India promotes a number of policies linked to the development of tourist destinations, winter sports, beach resorts, wildlife tourism, repairing national heritage projects, and offering budget accommodations in tourist hubs. The eighth five-year plan emphasizes that only the private sector can contribute to the growth of the tourism industry. The plan's thrust areas are outlined as follows: the development of specific tourist destinations; diversification from culturally-related tourism to holiday and leisure tourism; the development of trekking, winter sports, wildlife, and beach resort tourism; the launch of national image-building projects; the provision of affordable lodging in various tourist centers; and, among other things, the exploration of new source markets. The government unveiled new export promotion initiatives in April 1993. Tourism and related services are now covered by the Export Promotion of Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG), which is now in place. On January 25, 1998, the first-ever Indian Tourism Day was observed. Planning for Indian tourism began following the country's independence. The Government of India established a committee in 1945, and Sir John Sargent served as its chairman at the time. Sargent was the Government of India's Educational Adviser at the time (Krishna.A.G. 1993). Following that, India underwent systematic tourism growth. The second and third five-year plans have evolved the tourism planning methodology. The sixth five-year plan places a strong emphasis on using tourism as a tool for economic growth, social integration, and upholding peace. After the 1980s, the tourist sector grew rapidly as a source of jobs, revenue, foreign exchange, and leisure activity. The tourist industry has been promoted by the government through a number of key actions. National Tourism Policy 2002: The Government of India's announcement of the National Tourism Policy 2002 marks a significant development in India's tourism strategy. This tourist policy for 2002 is based on a multifaceted strategy that incorporates innovative marketing tactics, capacity building in the hospitality industry, faster or more rapid implementation of tourism project development, and integrated tourism circuits. Positioning tourism as a significant engine of economic growth is the primary goal of the National Tourism Policy of 2002. The government works to accomplish this goal through promoting both domestic and foreign inbound tourism, building

tourist infrastructure, creating new tourist hotspots, encouraging agro-rural tourism, creating new tourist routes, and forming public-private partnerships. In 2002, national strategy placed a strong emphasis on promoting already-existing tourism products and destinations. The federal government assisted the state governments in i) developing tourism products and destinations, and significant initiatives have been sponsored. ii. Integrated tourist circuit development: The central government gave money to the state government to create tourist circuits that meet international standards. iii. Support for major projects that generate revenue: This policy placed a strong emphasis on private-public partnerships for major projects that generate revenue, such as convention centers, golf courses, cruise ships, and tourist trains, which are popular with tourists and generate significant sums of money for the state. iv. Support for private-public infrastructure partnerships: This strategy recognized the need for private financial resources, technology, and managerial skills for the development of tourism infrastructure. In order to organize research tours in India, fairs or exhibitions abroad, PR, etc., the government provides financial help. Tenth five year plan initiatives for tourism (2002–2007): Tenth five year plan emphasized skill building through encouraging training programs in the hotel and catering industries, working within the National Tourism Policy 2002. The Himalayan adventure and beach tourism were pushed under the tenth five-year plan. Ayurveda, traditional craft markets, and pilgrimage sites all fall under the category of wellness tourism. The eleventh five-year plan (2007–12): More money has been allocated for the development of tourism in the eleventh five-year plan. The eleventh five-year plan attempts to foster collaboration between the federal, state, and commercial sectors by extending the national tourist policy of 2002. Some of the regions chosen for funding are Srirangam, Vellore Fort (a heritage destination), Pudacherry and Chenni Beach (sea tourism), Wayanad in Kerala, the Udhagamandalam, Madumalai, and Anaimalai Circuits in Tamil Nadu (Eco-tourism), Jammu and Kashmir, and North Eastern States. These regions have received particular attention and efforts have been made to diversify the sources of tourism marketing. Governmental programs: The country's tourism is promoted through a number of activities the ministry of tourism takes on. This comprises: Infrastructure Development: The growth of the tourism industry depends on having adequate infrastructure facilities. The Ministry of Tourism has been working to build high-quality tourism infrastructure at travel hotspots and loops. The Ministry has started a program to use

Mega Projects to build significant national and international destinations and circuits. The following are the infrastructure development plans for the Indian tourism industry: 1. Infrastructure and destination development for the industry. 2. The creation of integrated tourist routes. 3. Support for significant revenue-generating projects. 4. Developing rural tourist capacity. 5. Public-private partnerships for the construction of infrastructure. 6. Growth of the domestic tourism market. Initiatives in marketing and promotion: The government of India has taken a number of steps to enhance tourism marketing. The Incredible India Campaign is among the most significant. The Incredible India Campaign: Thiswas launched by the Indian government in 2002 to highlight India as a top travel destination. An international marketing effort called Incredible India was launched to draw visitors to the nation. By displaying Indian culture, history, spirituality, and yoga, it promoted India as an alluring tourist destination. Atithi Devo Bhavah: As a supplement to the Incredible India Campaign, the Indian government runs the Atithi Devo Bhavah initiative. The main goal is to raise awareness of the effects of tourism and to expose people to the rich history, diverse culture, and warm hospitality of our nation. A seven-point curriculum of hospitality and training is called Atithi Devo Bhavah. Atithi Devo Bhavah is made up of the following elements: Samvedan sheelth (Sensitization), Prachikshan (Training Induction), Preran (Motivation), Pramani karan (Certification), and Prapusthi (Feedback). Swamitwa, or ownership, and Samanya Bodh, or general knowledge. Visit India 2009: The primary goal of the campaign was to increase foreign travel and tourism after the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks and the subsequent worldwide economic downturn. The World Travel & Tourism Council and the Ministry of Tourism jointly announced the initiative. This program, which had the support of the travel and hospitality industries, was in effect from April to December 2009. Various tourism products: The Indian government has developed a number of tourism- related initiatives, including rural tourism, cruise tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, and the open sky policy. Direct foreign investment:The Indian government permitted 100 percent foreign direct investment in the hotel and tourism sectors. Hotels refer to eateries, beachfront properties, and other tourist hubs offering lodging and catering providing tourist amenities. The tourism

sector include travel companies, tour operators, and tourist agencies and institutions that operate transportation services for tourists seeking cultural, outdoor, and wildlife experiences as well as amenities for water transportation, conventions, sports, entertainment, and other forms of fun. While there was a noticeable change in the strategy of tourism development in the eleventh five-year plan (2007–2012). In comparison to earlier plans. For the 11th FYP, the goal for the tourism industry was to \"achieve a improved standard of living through the growth and promotion of tourism, which would offer a distinctive opportunity for spiritual upliftment, cultural enrichment, mental renewal, and physical rebirth. The following strategic actions were suggested as a means of achieving this goal for tourism development:  Objectives positioning and upholding the development of tourism as a national priority.  Preserving India's appeal as a travel destination.  Increasing and improving the product development.  Building top-notch infrastructure.  Creating efficient marketing strategies and programs and  Strengthening service providers' human resources and capacity. Plans for increasing tourism throughout the Eleventh Five Year Plan: To meet the goals, several plan schemes were used throughout the eleventh five-year plan period.The following actions were taken by the Ministry of Tourism in order to reach the goals outlined in the 11th FYP programs between 2007 and 2012. Product Infrastructure Development for Destinations and Circuits (PIDDC)overseas advertising, promotion, and assistance with market expansion Domestic Marketingand promotion; assistance for significant revenue-generating projects; incentives for lodgingInfrastructure, the establishment of land banks, support for central agencies, and market research, including Computerization and information technology in accordance with the 11th Plan: Twenty Years Perspective Plan. Tourism is the greatest service sector in the nation, according to a Planning Commission document. Its being a tool for generating jobs and economic growth gives something importance. Especially in rural and underdeveloped areas. In the course of the 11th Five Year Plan, efforts were made tothe tourism sector's full potential by enhancing the industry's infrastructure, increasing its amazing India overseas advertising campaigns for specialized goods like MICE, health, and adventure tourism, wellness centers, etc. Policy on tourism under the 12th Five-year Plan: In the 12th five year plan (2012–2017), tourism's participation took on a new facet. In order to increase the net benefits of tourism to the poor and ensure that tourism expansion helps to

combat poverty, the strategy emphasizes the necessity to adopt a \"pro-poor tourism\" approach. The strategy paper also supports the necessity of creating a comprehensive set of strategies for a variety of macro to micro-level actions, such as product and infrastructure development, marketing, branding, and promotion, planning, policy, and investment. The following points relating the tourism sector are highlighted in the Planning Commission's Approach paper for the 12th Five Year Plan. I. Tourism is one of the main segments of the service business in India, along with construction. Even in the most isolated regions of the nation, it may employ a wide range of job searchers, from the unskilled to the specialist. II. The tourism and hospitality industries are diverse and comprise a variety of activities, including travel and lodging, restaurants and bars, retail stores, amusement parks, and other hospitality services offered to people or groups traveling away from home for pleasure, business, or other reasons. The tourism industry encompasses a wide range of economic activities, which allows for widespread participation in its expansion, including that of the unofficial sector. III. A wide range of tourism-related goods and services are both in demand and supply as a result of interactions between tourists, business providers, host governments, and host communities during the process of luring and hosting tourists and other visitors. As a result, tourism has a good chance of promoting overall economic growth. IV. In 1992, the Rio \"Earth Summit\" established the sustainability of the environment, the economy, and society as a whole. Since then, every tourism business in the world has embraced the sustainable tourism tenets. Exploiting India's unique endowments of biodiversity, forests, rivers, and its rich culture and tradition is the foundation of the country's tourism industry. Making things available to domestic and international tourists while successfully maintaining them in their original condition are the problems in this industry. India's tourism industry has the potential to increase local communities' economic interest in safeguarding their natural and cultural resources, fostering more sustainable growth. Various Targets for Tourism Sector in 12th Five Year Plan: The 12th Five Year Plan's growth aims for the service sector must be linked to the tourism sector's growth goals because it is one of the sector's primary components. The Indian economy is projected to expand by 9%. In order to do this, the tourist and service sectors must both increase at a 12% annual pace. The following goals have been established for domestic tourism and foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) in order to boost the growth of the tourism industry. Increase India's proportion of foreign visitor arrivals to at least 1% by the conclusion of the 12th Plan, which will require annual growth of 12.38% from 2011 to 2016. To maintain the growth of 12.16% during the 12th Plan, provide suitable facilities for domestic tourism (2011 to 2016). utilizing information from the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) for 2002–2003 on the proportion of jobs related to tourism in the nation. According to estimates, the tourist industry will employ 77.5 million people overall (direct and indirect) in 2016, up from 53 million in 2010. Between 2010 and 2016, there will likely be a creation of

24.5 million jobs (direct and indirect). Based on a study the Ministry of Tourism had done, it was anticipated that there were 43.84 lakh jobs in 2012-2013 and that there may be 63.79 lakh jobs in 2016-2017. India Needs a New Tourism Policy — Now: While India has set a lofty, so-called Vision@2047 target for tourism that spans two decades into the future, a long-overdue national tourist policy is what is actually badly required right now. After a two-year pandemic ban that had a catastrophic effect on the nation's tourism industry, India is finally set to resume international flights on March 27. 1.4 million fewer foreign visitors arrived in the country last year than the roughly 11 million who did so in 2019. The nation has recorded 43 million illnesses since the pandemic started and roughly 516,000 deaths from coronavirus. The good news is that India has given out over 1.8 billion doses of vaccine, and the recovery rate is currently at 99 percent. India, the second-most populous nation in the world, is still dependent on a national tourist policy that was put in place 20 years ago as it anxiously prepares for a fresh beginning in two weeks. It is remarkable that India has not been able to develop a strategy in all that time given how much tourism has increased globally since 2002. Following the release of an earlier draft in 2015, the Indian Ministry of Tourism has once again released a draft national tourism policy in November 2021 with a vision, mission, and goal in mind. However, the current tourism policy is still the one from 2002, despite six years, four tourism ministers, and five tourism secretaries. Why does that matter? A national tourism policy will assist establish a framework to increase India's competitiveness in the global market at a time when travel is once again becoming more accessible to the general public. To put things in perspective, 2.4 million international visitors visited India in 2002, and 8 million visited the country in 2015, the year the draft national tourism policy was presented. Pre-Covid, there were 18 million foreign tourists and non-resident Indian arrivals in India in 2019. Guidance is more important than ever at a time when Indian tourist enterprises are just beginning to recover from the severe economic and social effects of the pandemic. Ashish Gupta, consultant CEO of the Federation of Associations of Indian Tourist and Hospitality, said: \"A tourism policy is always good and helps generate a statement of intent

for the government. Furthermore, it is even more important that the policy contributes to the formation of a \"what's next?\" movement at a time when enterprises have been severely impacted by the pandemic. The \"what's next\" is important, but the \"how next\" can also be facilitated by the tourist policy. And the \"how next\" would be equally important for a sector that, according to 2019 estimates, accounts for 8.1% of all employment and 9.2% of the nation's overall GDP. Jyoti Mayal, president of the Travel Agents Association of India, who has been a crucial member of the team discussing the policy with the ministry, said, \"The document is ready, we have seen it, the policy was discussed in detail, and some good ideas came up during the discussion that we had with the ministry. \"But I really can't speak on behalf of the ministry as to why they're taking so long to release it,\" you say. Mayal brought up a significant point in this regard when she remarked that, rather than the one or two years that secretaries typically hold office for, the position of Secretary of Tourism should have a tenure of at least five years. This would guarantee that everyone is working toward establishing the sector and bringing these kinds of rules into existence, she said. Mayal emphasized that point further with an example and stated that the policy would once more be in limbo if the current secretary's term ends for some reason. \"When the workplace is changed, everything changes along with it, including the vision. Here, continuity is crucial. We've had enough of policies; it's time to start putting them into practice, she said. The Government’s Take: The Ministry of Tourist notes that the tourism industry and allied fields have undergone significant change since the last policy was created in 2002. Rakesh Verma, assistant secretary for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, stated that \"The Ministry of Tourism takes a bigger onus and role in the new strategy to facilitate the development of the tourism sector.\" The new draft strategy aims to launch the tourism industry on a high trajectory of growth following the pandemic. It includes five national missions on green tourism, digital tourism, hospitality sector skills, tourism micro, small and medium companies, and destination management. According to the ministry's so-called Vision@2047 plan, India is expected to have a $1 trillion tourism business with 100 million international visitors by the year 2047.

\"The draft policy is at a fairly advanced level and has already undergone several rounds of stakeholder input. The ministry will work quickly to have the policy approved. When given a deadline, Verma responded, \"We should be able to introduce the new policy in a matter of months. The Great Indian Reopening: An industry expert warned that since tourism and aviation are two sides of the same coin, the aviation industry would need to support the tourist program. Subhash Goyal, a member of the National Advisory Council, which reports to the government's Ministry of Tourism, asked, \"How would tourists arrive without airlines?\" Goyal, who is also the former president of the Indian Association of Tour Operators, praised the Indian government's announcement that scheduled international flights would resume on March 27 after a two-year hiatus, calling it the \"much-needed light at the end of the tunnel\" and a critical step towards resuming normalcy: \"Now would be the right time for India to come out with its tourism policy.\" The impact that COVID-19 has had on the tourism industry is unquestionably recognized by the government. The tourism industry has been the most severely impacted by the Covid-19 outbreak, according to the proposed strategy. It has emphasized the tourism industry's weaknesses and our readiness to handle such a crisis. It is quite doubtful that tourism would resume its normal operations after COVID-19. And it would be useful to have a document that aids in outlining a course for recovery while tourism stakeholders in India search for a chance to rethink the industry's future. 14.3 SUMMARY Aspects of tourism development and policy are strongly intertwined. The development of tourism is heavily influenced by tourism policy. The tourism industry is a crucial part of every economy. Whether a country is developing, developed, or undeveloped, the tourism industry has a substantial impact on that country's economic development. Therefore, for the development of the tourism industry, every nation in the globe has developed a number of tourism regulations. A number of initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to

draw both domestic and foreign tourists. Public-private partnerships, the development of tourist destinations, and the evolution of new tourism goods are a few examples of measures. For the development of the Indian tourist industry, the Government of India's Department of Tourism has introduced a number of policies. The Indian Planning Commission recognized tourism as an industry, and it was added to the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution to give it constitutional recognition and aid in systematizing the development of the industry by allowing the Central Government to enact legislation regulating the operations of various service providers in the tourism sector. As a result, the tourism industry is expanding quickly, drawing many tourists to India and creating lots of employment and income-generating opportunities. 14.4KEYWORDS  Product Infrastructure Development for Destinations and Circuits (PIDDC)  Foreign tourist arrivals (FTA)  Multiplier Effects: Diverse and manysided effects of a phenomenon. Tourism'smultiplier effect includes generation of employment, generation offoreign exchange reserves, cultural and integration etc.  River cruises: A short trip on the river for pleasure and sightseeing.  De-regulation: Removing constraining rules and norms from undertaking aparticular enterprise. 14.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What are the key areas of tourism policy? 2. What is the new tourism policy in India? 3. What is the main purpose of tourism policy? 4. What are the levels of tourism policy planning? 5. What are the salient features of national tourism policy? 6. Who is the father of tourism? 14.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS Short Questions 1.What is the acronym ofPIDDC?