CU-Sustainable tourism planning and development

2.9 REFERENCES  UNEP (2021). \"Making Peace With Nature\". UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 30 March 2022.  Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action : overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon.  Barbier, Edward B. (2006). Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780521706513. Retrieved 8 April 2014.  Clark, William; Harley, Alicia (2020). \"Sustainability Science: Toward a Synthesis\". Annual Review of Environment and Resources.  Blancas, F., Lozano-Oyola, M., González, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain).  Amore, A., & Hall, M. (2016). From governance to meta-governance in tourism? Re- incorporating politics, interests and values in the analysis of tourism governance.  Boyne, G. A. (2002). Public and private management. Website:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development#  http://www.sciepub.com/reference/92946#:~:text=Brundtland%2C%20G.,document%20 A%2F42%2F427.  https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/wced  https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802608061

UNIT - 3: EARTH SUMMIT- I & II STRUCTURE 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Earth summit- I 3.3 Earth summit- II 3.4 Summary 3.5 Keywords 3.6 Learning Activity 3.7 Unit End Questions 3.8 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter we will be learning:  The primary goal of the Earth summit.  When and where the Earth Summit were held.  The issues addressed during the conference held.  The history of Earth Summit.  The list of all the Earth summit’s.  The meaning of the term Green house effect, Green house gas, rain forest.  The main features of Earth summit 1992. 3.1 INTRODUCTION The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), often known as the \"Earth Summit,\" was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from June 3 to 14, 1992. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the first Human Environment Conference, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, this global conference brought together political leaders, diplomats, scientists, representatives of the media, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) from 179 countries to focus on the impact of human socioeconomic activities on the environment. Simultaneously, a \"Global Forum\" of non- governmental organizations (NGOs) was organized in Rio de Janeiro, bringing together

an unprecedented number of NGO representatives who presented their own vision of the future of the globe in terms of the environment and socio-economic development. The Rio de Janeiro conference highlighted how various social, economic, and environmental issues are interrelated and co-evolve, and how sustained success in one field requires action in other sectors. The major purpose of the Rio 'Earth Summit' was to generate a wide agenda and a new blueprint for international action on environmental and development challenges, which would drive international cooperation and development strategy in the twenty-first century. The conclusion of the \"Earth Summit\" was that the concept of sustainable development was an achievable objective for all of the world's inhabitants, regardless of whether they were on the local, national, regional, or international level. It also acknowledged that integrating and balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations in providing our needs is essential for the survival of human life on Earth and that such an integrated approach is feasible. In addition, the conference acknowledged that integrating and balancing economic, social, and environmental components required fresh perspectives on how we produce and consume, live and work, and make decisions. This concept was novel at the time, and it spurred a spirited debate inside governments and between governments and their citizens on how to ensure development's sustainability. Agenda 21, a bold program of action asking for new ways to invest in the future in order to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century, was an important outcome of the UNCED Conference. Its ideas included new approaches to education, new means for preserving natural resources, and new strategies for participating in a sustainable economy. The Rio Declaration and its 27 universal principles, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Declaration on the principles of forest management were all major accomplishments of the \"Earth Summit.\" The 'Earth Summit' also led to the establishment of the Commission on Sustainable Development, the holding of the first international conference on the sustainable development of small island developing states in 1994, and negotiations for the establishment of an agreement on straddling stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. 3.2 EARTHSUMMIT - I Earth Summit was founded in response to the end of the Cold War in order for member governments to work worldwide on development issues. Earth Summit was conducted as

a venue for member nations to collaborate on sustainability concerns, as individual member states were unable to address them on their own. Since its inception, many others in the field of sustainability, including non-governmental organizations, have developed similarly to the topics presented at these conferences (NGOs). Issues Addressed: The topics covered include: Systematic examination of production patterns, notably the generation of dangerous components, such as lead in gasoline, or toxic waste, such as radioactive substances. Alternative energy sources to replace the usage of fossil fuels, which delegates have connected to global climate change. New reliance on public transit systems to minimize automobile emissions, urban congestion, and the health concerns caused by filthy air and cigarette smoke Increasing water consumption and a limited water supply highlight the significance of maintaining the world's oceans. Development: An agreement on the Climate Change Convention, which led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, was a major outcome of the meeting. Another commitment was to \"not conduct any operations on the territory of indigenous peoples that might degrade the environment or be culturally incorrect.\" At the Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signatures, marking the beginning of a reinterpretation of measures that do not intrinsically support the destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth. World Oceans Day was first proposed during this conference and has since been celebrated annually. Although President George H. W. Bush signed the Convention on Climate at the Earth Summit, EPA Administrator William K. Reilly acknowledges that U.S. goals at the conference were difficult to negotiate and that the agency's international results were mixed, including the U.S. failure to sign the proposed Convention on Biological Diversity. Additionally, twelve communities received the Local Government Honors Award for their creative local environmental programs. These cities included Sudbury, Canada, for its ambitious program to repair environmental damage caused by the local mining industry, Austin, Texas, for its green building strategy, and Kitakysh, Japan, for incorporating an international education and training component into its municipal pollution control program. The following documents arose from the Earth Summit:

 Agenda 21 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development  Forest Principles  In addition, significant legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were made available for signature. Framework Convention on Biological Diversity and Climate Change (UNFCCC) At Rio, it was decided that the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification would have its own International Negotiating Committee. This treaty was negotiated within two years of Rio and then made available for signature; it entered into force in 1996 after obtaining fifty ratifications. Youth were not officially recognized within climate governance at this time. Delegates to the Earth Summit formed the Commission on Sustainable Development in order to ensure conformity with the Rio agreements (especially the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21). (CSD). The CSD was succeeded in 2013 by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, which meets annually as part of the ECOSOC sessions and once every four years as part of the General Assembly meetings. Critics note that many of the commitments made in Rio regarding such fundamental concerns as fighting poverty and cleaning up the environment have not been implemented. Green Cross International was created to continue the Summit's efforts. The inaugural version of WHO/Chapman & Hall's Water Quality Assessments was released at the Rio Global Forum. Youth: There was a sizable youth presence at UNCED despite the lack of special acknowledgement for them. Chapter 25 of Agenda 21 on Children & Youth in Sustainable Development was negotiated with the help of young people. \" Youth from all over the world must actively participate in all relevant levels of decision-making since it has an impact on their lives now and will likely have an impact on their futures. In addition to their abilities to rally support and contribute intellectually, women also bring distinct perspectives that must be considered.\" Youth from around the world mobilized two years before UNCED to get ready for the Earth Summit. Prior to the Earth Summit, the Juventud (Youth) 92 World Youth Environmental Meeting in Costa Rica brought together youth environmental concerns. \"Agenda 21's long-term success depends on the participation of today's young in environmental and development decision-making,\" says the report (UNCED 1992).

In addition to UNCED, youth from all over the world attended the Youth '92 conference, which was organized by youth. Planning occurred both before and after. Many of the young people were unhappy with how quickly things were changing. About Earth Summit The United Nations has assisted in organizing the Earth Summits, which take place every four years and bring together world leaders, to help identify strategies for promoting sustainable development on a worldwide scale. To identify and update the most serious issues facing humanity, to quantify them, to find answers, and to create a strategy for moving forward without hitting a brick wall, the brightest people and organizations from all walks of life must be brought together. Many local governments have adopted Agenda 21 and are putting it into practice as Local Agenda 21. The action plan is structured as a TQM - Total Quality Manual, designed cleverly and openly enough, so that also organizations, companies, and individuals can use it as a basis for their own plan of action and guidance not to miss out on important issues; it aids in speeding up understanding and identifying partners by, for example, using similar wording and symbols. These Earth Summits led to the 2000–2015 Millennium Development Goals and the 2015–2030 Global Goals. In 1992, the first summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro also played host to the 2012 Rio+20 Earth Summit. The United Nations Observances Calendar and the Earth Summits aim to show the collective capacity to manage, address, and bring attention to humankind's most pressing challenges, global problems, and affirm the need to respect ecological constraints. These events are evidence of the development of a global culture of environmental respect. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established during the 1972 summit, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), whose signatory nations have gathered yearly since 1995, was established at the 1992 summit. List of Earth Summits:  1972 - The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHS) in Stockholm  1982 - The 1982 Earth Summit in Nairobi (Kenya). An Earth Summit was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 10 to 18 May 1982. The events of the time (Cold War) and the disinterest of US President Ronald Reagan (who appointed his delegated daughter Of the United States) made this summit a failure. It is not even mentioned as an official Earth Summit.  1992 - The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

 2002 - The World Summit on Sustainable Development, Earth Summit 2002 or Rio+10, Johannesburg (South Africa)  2009 - 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference or Copenhagen Summit, Copenhagen (Denmark)  2012 - The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) or Rio+20, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)  2018 - The 7th Digital Earth Summit 2018, DES-2018, on Digital Earth for Sustainable Development in Africa was to be held in El Jadida, Morocco, at the Faculty of Science, Chouaib Douakkali University from April 17–19, 2018  2019 - The Santiago Climate Change Conference, featuring the 25th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 25) to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) and meetings of the UNFCCC subsidiary bodies, will convene from 2nd to 13 December 2019. Themes:  A Green Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication: The current economic difficulties serve as evidence that a more stable \"green economy\" is required. A green economy would value the goods and services offered by ecosystems and combine development together with social and environmental sustainability. A green economy does not disregard those who live in poverty or believe that there will always be an abundance of natural resources. In a green economy, pollution will be taxed rather than labor. Making \"greener\" decisions will be simpler and more lucrative for both businesses and consumers. It will also promote the development of infrastructure and technologies that are more effective at supporting big populations.  Framework for Sustainable Development in Institutions: A system of international organizations promoting sustainable development is referred to as a \"institutional framework.\" The UN organizations in charge of creating and overseeing sustainable development projects are a part of this system. This system is broken, and one reason why progress on sustainable development has been so slow is because the international organizations engaged lack the power and resources to actually effect change. The system needs to be simplified and given more resources and power from participating governments if sustainable development is to advance. About Earth Summit I: In order to balance global economic development and environmental conservation, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), often known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992). At the time of the 1992 Earth Summit, there were 117 heads of state and ambassadors from 178

different countries present, making it the greatest gathering of world leaders ever. The majority of the world's governments formally committed themselves to the pursuit of economic development in methods that would conserve the Earth's environment and nonrenewable resources by signing treaties and other papers at the summit. The following are the main documents that were adopted at the Earth Summit. A legally binding agreement called the Convention on Biological Diversity obliges countries to make inventories of their flora and wild animals and to safeguard any endangered species. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), also known as the Global Warming Convention, is a legally binding agreement that compels countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, which are thought to be the cause of global warming. The agreement did not, however, set any enforceable emission reduction targets. Such goals were eventually established in the UNFCCC's 1997 Kyoto Protocol modification, which was replaced by the Paris Climate Agreement (2015). The Rio Declaration, also known as the Declaration on Environment and Development, outlined 27 general, non-binding principles for environmentally sound development. Global plans for preserving the environment and promoting ecologically friendly growth were stated in Agenda 21. The Statement of Principles on Forests is a non-binding declaration that urges countries to assess the effects of development on their forest resources, monitor those effects, and take action to minimize harm to those resources in order to preserve the world's rapidly disappearing tropical rainforests. Conflicts between the rich industrialized North (i.e., western Europe and North America) and the less developed South prevented the Earth Summit from being successful (i.e., Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and parts of Asia). Generally speaking, the countries of the South were reluctant to impede their economic growth with the environmental restrictions that the North was pushing them to adopt unless they also received increased financial support from the North, which they claimed would help make environmentally sound growth possible. Green House effect: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other airborne gases all contribute to the greenhouse effect, which warms the Earth's surface and troposphere (lowest layer of the atmosphere). Water vapour is the one of those so-called greenhouse gases that has the biggest impact. The phrase \"greenhouse effect\" has unknown historical roots. Since he came to the conclusion in 1824 that Earth's atmosphere operated like a \"hotbox,\" or a heliothermometer (an insulated wooden box with a transparent glass lid), developed by Swiss physicist Horace Bénédict de Saussure, which prevented cool air from mixing with warm air, French mathematician Joseph Fourier is occasionally given credit as the first person to coin the term greenhouse effect. However, Fourier did not mention the greenhouse effect or attribute the role of atmospheric gases in maintaining Earth's temperature. The term \"climate change\" dates back to 1896, when

Swedish physicist and physical chemist Svante Arrhenius published the first tenable climate model that described how gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat. In his book Worlds in the Making, Arrhenius first mentions this \"hot-house theory\" of the atmosphere, which would eventually be known as the greenhouse effect (1903). Most of the sun's visible light can travel through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the Earth. Sunlight heats the Earth's surface, and some of this energy is radiated back into space as infrared radiation. Unlike visible light, this radiation tends to be absorbed by the atmosphere's greenhouse gases, increasing the temperature of the atmosphere. Infrared radiation is then emitted back toward the surface of the Earth from the heated atmosphere. (Despite its name, the greenhouse effect is not the same as greenhouse warming, where glass panes transmit apparent sunlight while trapping heated air within the building to retain heat.) The average surface temperature of the Earth would only be roughly 18 °C (0 °F) without the heating brought on by the greenhouse effect. Venus's extremely high atmospheric carbon dioxide content results in a strong greenhouse effect, which raises surface temperatures to as much as 450 °C (840 °F). The greenhouse effect is a process that happens naturally, but it's possible that human activity's release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will make it worse. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose by about 30% and methane levels more than doubled from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the end of the 20th century. According to a number of scientists, the global average temperature could rise by 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) throughout the course of the twenty-first century compared to the average between 1986 and 2005 as a result of human-related increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Global warming may change the climates of Earth, leading to new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall as well as a potential disruption in some regions' ability to produce food. Rainforest: Usually made up of tall, broad-leaved trees, rainforests, also known as rain forests, are lush forests that are typically found in moist tropical uplands and lowlands around the equator. Rainforests typically grow in areas with significant annual precipitation, typically more than 1,800 mm (70 inches), and a humid, muggy climate. Evergreen trees can be found in these areas. Rainforests can also be found in tropical regions where there is a dry season, such as in northeastern Australia's \"dry rainforests.\" The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 800 to 1,800 mm, and up to 75% of the trees are deciduous. Tropical Australia, West and Central Africa, Indonesia, South and Central America, and areas of Southeast Asia are the main locations for tropical rainforests. These areas experience a very humid environment with little discernible seasonal fluctuation. The weather is still hot, with typical daytime highs of 30 °C (86 °F) and overnight lows of 20 °C (68 °F). The vegetation is replaced by montane forests where the equatorial rainforest's boundaries rise in altitude, such as in the highlands of New Guinea, the Gotel Mountains in Cameroon, and the Ruwenzori mountains in Central Africa. Eastern Brazil, sections of Southeast Asia, and southern Africa are the principal locations for tropical deciduous woods. Other types of rainforests include monsoon

forests, which resemble the image of a jungle most people have in their minds. These forests have a distinct dry season and a vegetation that is dominated by deciduous trees like teak, thickets of bamboo, and a dense undergrowth. On tropical beaches, mangrove forests can be found in deltas and estuaries. Because the climate is more equable, with a moderate temperature range and evenly distributed annual rainfall, temperate rainforests full of evergreen and laurel trees are lower and less dense than other types of rainforests. The terrain of rainforests varies greatly, ranging from lowland plains with flat surfaces and small rock hills to highland valleys with streams winding through them. In the humid tropical woods, volcanoes that create rich soils are rather prevalent. Location and climate affect soil characteristics, although most rainforest soils are often perpetually wet and muddy. Iron gives soils a reddish or yellowish hue and causes them to grow into two different types of soils: exceptionally porous tropical red loams that are simple to till and lateritic soils that occur in layers that are rich in various minerals. Intense chemical weathering of rock and soil occurs in equatorial forests, and in rainforests, weathering creates soil mantles that can reach depths of up to 100 meters (330 ft). Despite the fact that these soils are abundant in kaolinite, iron oxides, aluminum, and hydroxides, other minerals are lost to leaching and erosion. The soils are also not very productive due of the hot, humid weather's rapid decomposition of organic materials and quick uptake by fungus and tree roots. A extremely vertical stratification in plant and animal growth can be seen in rainforests. The tree canopy, which is the highest plant layer, reaches heights of 30 to 50 meters. The majority of the trees are dicotyledons, which have shallow roots and thick, leathery leaves. The food-gathering, nutrient-rich roots are typically only a few centimeters deep. Although a significant amount of water is lost to leaf evaporation, rain falling on forests drops down from the leaves and trickles down tree trunks to the ground. In order to find food and avoid predators, a variety of animals have evolved swinging, climbing, gliding, and leaping movements. The majority of the herbaceous food for animals is found among the leaves and branches of the canopy. Among the creatures that live among the treetops are monkeys, flying squirrels, and sharp-clawed woodpeckers. They hardly ever have to descend to the ground. Small trees, lianas, and epiphytes including ferns, orchids, and bromeliads can be found in the rainforest's lowest layer. Some of these rely on the trees for support alone, while others are parasitic and strangle the trunks of their hosts. Tree branches, twigs, and vegetation cover the area above the ground surface. The underbrush is home to a wide variety of animals that move, flutter, hop, and climb. Although a few of these creatures are carnivorous, the majority of them eat fruit and insects. In this dense woodland layer, they frequently communicate more audibly than visually. Contrary to popular opinion, it is possible to walk on the rainforest floor. Except for a thin layer of humus and scattered leaves, the ground is bare. These animals, including rhinoceroses, chimpanzees, gorillas, elephants, deer, leopards, and bears, are well-adapted to short-distance walking and climbing. Burrowing

creatures like armadillos and caecilians can be found below the soil's surface, as can microbes that aid in the breakdown and release of a lot of the organic litter generated by various plants and animals from all strata. The ground layer's climate is unusually consistent. The lower branches and top stories of tree canopies block sunlight and heat radiation, slow down the wind, and maintain relatively constant temperatures throughout the day and night. Almost every animal group, with the exception of fish, is represented in the environment of the rainforest. Large invertebrates, such enormous butterflies and snails, are common. Most animals' reproductive seasons tend to coincide with the food supply, which, while usually adequate, does change seasonally from place to region. However, climatic changes are minimal and barely have any impact on animal behavior. Animals that lack highly developed rapid mobility strategies either create camouflage to hide from predators or transform into nocturnal feeders. Green house Gas: Any gas that has the ability to absorb infrared radiation (net heat energy) emanating from the Earth's surface and reradiate it to the surface is a greenhouse gas and contributes to the greenhouse effect. As far as greenhouse gases go, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor are the most significant. (Surface-level ozone, nitrous oxides, and fluorinated gases trap infrared light to a lesser extent.) Even though they make up a small portion of all atmospheric gases, greenhouse gases have a significant impact on the energy balance of the Earth system. Throughout Earth's history, greenhouse gas concentrations have varied significantly, and these variations have resulted in significant climate shifts over a wide variety of durations. In general, the levels of greenhouse gases have been highest during warm seasons and lowest during cold ones. The quantities of greenhouse gases are influenced by numerous factors. While certain processes, like tectonic activity, take place over millions of years, others, including vegetation, soil, wetland, and ocean sources and sinks, take place over hundreds to thousands of years. Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities—especially the burning of fossil fuels—have caused persistent increases in the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Each greenhouse gas has a different impact on the climate of the planet depending on its chemical composition and relative concentration in the atmosphere. While some gases have a great capacity to absorb infrared radiation or are present in large quantities, others have much lower capabilities or are present in very small quantities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines radiative forcing as a measurement of the impact that a specific greenhouse gas or other climatic element (such as solar irradiance or albedo) has on the amount of radiant energy that impinges onto the surface of the Earth.

3.3 EARTH SUMMIT - II The leaders present at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 said: \"In history, humanity is at a turning point. We are faced with issues like the persistence of differences between and within countries, the deepening of poverty, hunger, disease, and illiteracy, and the ongoing degradation of the ecosystems that are essential to our survival.\" World leaders will assemble in New York for an Earth Summit II Special Session of the UN General Assembly from June 23 to June 27, 1997. Their objective is to assess environmental and development concerns' advancements since 1992. Each nation will outline what it thinks needs to be done, and they'll release an unified statement outlining areas where further action is needed. Assurances and Reality : The unavoidable fact is that today's dreadful condition is considerably worse than what the governments warned of in 1992. Here are a handful of the promises made during the Earth Summit by world leaders, along with what has really transpired: * Preventing hazardous global warming was the stated objective of the Rio Convention on Climate Change. The developed countries committed to lowering their carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. Despite climate experts warning that reductions of more than 50% will be required, worldwide emissions of gases that cause global warming have increased during the past five years. Few developed nations will even come close to fulfilling their very minimum obligations by the year 2000. Governments vowed under the Convention on Biological Diversity to find out where species are being exterminated and to take action to stop the extinction. Developed nations pledged to offer \"new and additional\" resources to help developing nations save their native species and habitats. Five years after Rio, a renowned expert, E.O. Wilson of Harvard University, predicts that at least one species is extinction every 20 minutes as a result of increasing human activities. Scientists warn that if current trends hold, mankind could obliterate half of all living forms on Earth within the next century. It is obvious that the Convention is not being completely applied. Meanwhile, a recent analysis by BirdLife International reveals that since 1992, most donor countries have substantially reduced their bilateral and multilateral aid for biodiversity. * With new and additional resources to be made available for these tasks, Agenda 21 pledged action to battle poverty, reform consumption patterns, provide clean water and health care, safeguard the atmosphere, forests, rivers, and oceans, prevent desertification, and much more. A quarter of humanity has become poorer over the past five years, more people than ever do not have access to clean water, pollution has increased, desertification has spread, consumption

patterns have remained largely unchanged, forest destruction has continued, and development assistance has decreased. Citizens, national legislators, editorial writers, and others need to exert all of their influence to pressure their governments into action in order to increase political will to address global issues. The majority of EarthAction's activities aims to achieve this. The way we approach the global issues of poverty and environmental deterioration needs to change at the same time. Otherwise, we still have a very high chance of failing, even with enhanced political will. 1. Environmental judgments: The way humanity takes decisions about the protection of the global environment is one of the main barriers to progress. Before any collective action is taken, negotiations on issues like global warming or ocean pollution require unanimous agreement from all parties. This implies that a strong country or group of countries have the ability to completely halt progress. Inaction is the result of this. If all members of the national legislature had to agree before anything could be done, imagine having to make choices within a nation. Two characteristics of the current United Nations Security Council, which is responsible for maintaining peace, are urgently required to safeguard the environment on a worldwide scale. First, a two-thirds majority vote is used to make decisions. Second, the Security Council's judgments are enforceable against all UN members. For the global environment, we require an equivalent decision-making body (without the veto of great nations as in the Security Council). This might be accomplished by establishing a new organization or by changing an already-existing UN institution, like the Trusteeship Council or the Commission on Sustainable Development. A group of world leaders gathered in The Hague, the Netherlands in 1989 urged for the creation of a new organization along similar lines to aid in the protection of the atmosphere after realizing the shortcomings of our current international decision-making process. The Hague Declaration is the name of their declaration, and its text is attached. 2. Materials for sustainable growth: Resources are a second important barrier to advancement. The promotion of renewable energy as a replacement for fossil fuels, the preservation of the world's last remaining forests, the fight against desertification, the provision of food, clean water, shelter, basic education, family planning, and primary health care for all, as well as other urgent global priorities, all require more funding. Many of these initiatives need funding that is of a different magnitude than what is now available. According to cost estimates from significant UN conferences in the 1990s, it would cost about $150 billion year to safeguard the environment and provide for the most basic needs of the world's poorest people. The debilitating funding gap currently facing the UN system and the dwindling resources available for development aid strongly imply that further funding will

not likely come from state budgets alone. Most national governments do not place a high focus on resolving issues of global poverty and environmental degradation. They weren't chosen to carry out this duty. Numerous high-level commissions that have recently looked at our global issues have come to the conclusion that finding new automatic global revenue sources is necessary if we are to raise the necessary amount of money. National governments have made a number of suggestions for international funding streams at the Commission on Sustainable Development and elsewhere. Many have argued that \"user fees\" for using the global commons could be used to raise money to support sustainable development. There have been a variety of proposals put forth, including a worldwide carbon tax and levies on airplane tickets and aviation fuel. The concept of raising money by imposing a tiny tax on the emerging international marketplaces, like the currency market, has received a lot of attention. The idea of raising money through a global lottery has been brought forward. UN tax collectors are not mentioned in these suggestions. National governments would impose the taxes, but the money raised would be used, at least in part, by international organizations to support global priorities. 3. International democratic accountability: A majority of the population of the world is now, for the first time in history, free to express their thoughts and participate in multiparty elections. The extension of democracy must embrace our international institutions if the United Nations is to be more effective in resolving global issues. This may be done by setting up a democratic chamber inside the UN system, which could, along with the national governments, play a significant role in decision-making to safeguard the environment globally and in determining how to spend global income. Such a body might be composed of delegates who were elected directly, or it might initially be composed of national parliamentarians. To prevent tiny nations from being overpowered by a few large ones, a system of representation might be simply created. Three significant advantages would result from a democratic chamber at the UN: * It would strengthen the UN's democratic accountability and legitimacy, which are crucial if the organization is to take on new responsibilities for environmental protection, like those mentioned above. It would provide common people the chance to be much more involved in determining the future of our planet than they are now since it is directly accountable to the public. This is essential because only widespread public pressure can probably result in the adjustments in global priorities that are required. With an elected chamber, the UN would have delegates whose main duty would be to safeguard the entire world, as opposed to a national government, which has other top priorities. Even if it were made up of national lawmakers, at least some of them could speak for the greater good, as opposed to most national politicians, who work for governments to further their own national interests. Recently, the high-level Commission on Global Governance, co-chaired by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson and former Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, among others, proposed the notion of a democratic body at the UN. These modifications might not occur tomorrow. However, it's feasible that in the long run, they will be required to guarantee humanity's future security. If so, it

would be worthwhile to put effort into bringing them about at this time while also trying to convince national governments to take more action within the existing international frameworks. The leaders of more than 100 countries made a commitment to preserving the environment and addressing human needs during the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in June 1992. They published an agenda known as Agenda 21 and signed two treaties. Numerous country leaders will gather once more in New York for \"Earth Summit II\" from June 23 to June 27 to assess progress made since Rio. Since 1992, a lot of good has been accomplished. However, no amount of impressive speeches will be able to cover up a credibility chasm that threatens to swallow the entire planet. The reality is that almost all of the significant issues raised in Rio have gotten worse. For instance: * They pledged to stop harmful global warming when they signed the Convention on Climate Change. We have experienced the hottest years in recorded history as carbon dioxide emissions have continued to rise globally over the last five years. * They pledged to safeguard endangered species when they signed the Convention on Biological Diversity. In the five years since the Earth Summit, some scientists believe that far over 100,000 species have been wiped out by human action. * The wealthy nations pledged to offer \"new and additional\" resources to assist developing nations in meeting their people's needs while also preserving the environment. The entire amount of development aid is now even lower than it was in 1992. 1. Among the many factors that have contributed to Rio's failure, the following three are crucial: 2. It takes about 200 national governments to reach an agreement before a decision at the international level is made. 3. The majority of national governments do not prioritize funding for resolving international issues. 4. At the level of global decision-making, there is not enough democratic accountability. As a result, creating strong public pressure for action is challenging. At the UN, a body for making environmental decisions that can establish legally binding guidelines for the preservation of the environment without requiring unanimous consent should be established. 24 international leaders gathered in The Hague, Netherlands, in March 1989 and demanded the establishment of such an organization. President Mubarak of Egypt, Chancellor Kohl of Germany, Foreign Minister (later Prime Minister) Rao of India, and Prime Minister Brundtland of Norway were among the world leaders that signed the \"Hague Declaration.\" But at the Earth Summit, the concept vanished from sight.

* Reliable worldwide funding streams should be established, such as a shared tax on foreign money transactions or access fees to the world's commons. A fee of just 0.05 percent on exchanges of foreign currencies might bring in $150 billion annually to support environmental protection and societal needs. * The United Nations should establish a democratic chamber to oversee the use of generated resources and to take part in environmental decision-making. A democratic chamber may initially be composed of members of national parliaments or it may be composed of directly elected representatives. The UN would then have the democratic legitimacy to assume these new responsibilities. The chances for preserving the environment and addressing human needs may change if these three improvements are combined. Between August 26 and September 4, 2002, South Africa hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Ten years after the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, it was called to address organizations dedicated to [sustainable development]. The Johannesburg Declaration was the summit's principal accomplishment, although there were also a number of smaller global accords. It provided an action plan for the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Johannesburg, August 27: An agreement was reached to replenish depleted fisheries globally in 2015. Negotiators at the World Summit came to an agreement on it. The Earth Summit was structured primarily around approximately 300 Type II Partnerships, as opposed to Type I Partnerships, which are the more traditional result of international treaties, rather than new agreements between governments. The Millennium Development Goals were intended to be accomplished primarily through these. These are stored in the Partnerships for Sustainable Development database. The summit was rather useless without the United States. George W. Bush abstained from and boycotted the conference. The US government did not send a delegation to the conference, with the exception of a brief appearance by Colin Powell, who hurriedly spoke during the conference's closing moments as his aircraft taxied on the runway of Johannesburg International. This decision earned Bush praise in a letter from conservative groups like Americans for Tax Reform, the American Enterprise Institute, and the Competitive Enterprise Institute. International environmental law initially came into being at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which was first held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1972. Human rights, resource management, pollution prevention, and the connection between the environment and development are just a few of the international environmental issues that were addressed in the Stockholm Declaration, also known as the Declaration on the Human Environment. The United Nations Environment Programme was additionally founded as a result of the summit. The first Earth Summit in 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), which was also led by Maurice Strong, a prominent member of the Brundtland

Commission, and also Agenda 21 received their impetus from the Brundtland Commission, which was established by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the father of sustainable development. The Western Cape Branch of the World Conference on Religion and Peace and the Cape Town Ecology Group collaborated to hold South Africa's first National Conference on Environment and Development, \"Ecologise Politics, Politicize Ecology,\" at the University of the Western Cape in 1991. Julia Martin, Ebrahim Rasool, Cheryl Carolus, Faried Esack, and other notable participants in this conference. Derek Osborn, who co-chaired the preparation meetings for Rio+5 and the Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future, hosted the initial informal discussions on a potential new Summit in 2002 in February 1998. A group of ten states began working informally to develop a potential summit agenda. The non-papers created in 1998 and 1999 made sure that the UN Commission could agree to organize a second Summit in 2002 when it met in 2000. 3.4 SUMMARY The conference was a step in a process that began with the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, when nations first ratified the global agreement known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by nations in 1997 as they realized the need to further reduce emissions. Through that convention, developed nations were compelled by law to set emission reduction goals. However, the deal was widely regarded as being unsuccessful because China and the United States, the top two carbon dioxide generating nations in the world, declined to sign on. Many U.S. government officials exploited the fact that China, a developing nation, was not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to argue against U.S. participation. The primary objective of the Rio 'Earth Summit' was to produce a broad agenda and a new blueprint for international action on environmental and development issues that would help guide international cooperation and development policy in the twenty-first century. “The Earth Summit\", its aim was to put the concept of sustainable development at the forefront of our concerns and to seek common action to protect the planet from environmental degradation that even threatens to change the global climate. Between June 3 and June 14, 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, hosted the Second Earth Summit. In 1972, the First Earth Summit was held in Stockholm, Sweden. The UN, with Maurice Strong serving as Secretary General, was in charge of planning the conference in Rio. 400 representatives of non-governmental organizations and 172 nations, including 108 heads of state and government, attended. However, only about 17,000 people showed up for the NGO Forum, which was conducted concurrently with the Summit.

3.5 KEYWORDS  UNFCCC : Framework Convention on Biological Diversity and Climate Change  CSD : Commission on Sustainable Development  UNCED : United Nations Conference on Environment and Development  WHO : World Health Organization  UNCHE : United Nations Conference on the Human Environment  TQM : Total Quality Manual  CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity  UNEP : United Nations Environment Program 3.6 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. What is the main purpose of Earth Summit? 2. What are two main concerns of earth's Summit? 3. Who organized the Earth Summit save the Earth? 4. Where was the first Earth Summit? 5. How many countries participated in Earth Summit? 6. In which year was the first world Summit on sustainable development held? 7.Which country will host World Environment Day 2022? 3.7UNIT END QUESTIONS A.Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the two principles of Agenda 21? 2. What is the acronym of UNFCCC? 3. What is the another name of Earth Summit? 4. What is the acronym of UNCHE? 5. Where was second Earth Summit held? 6. What is the acronym of UNCED ? 7. What were the major issues discussed in Rio Summit?

LongQuestions 1. Explain Earth Summit I in detail. 2. Explain Earth Summit II in detail. 3. List all the Earth Summit’s. 4. Explain Green house Gas. 5. Explain Rain forest. 6. Explain the issues addressed at Earth Summit. 7. Explain in detail about Earth Summit and Themes. 8. Explain three significant advantages would result from a democratic chamber at the UN? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. First “Earth summit “ for Convention on Biological Diversity “ was held at a. Johannesburg (2002), S. Africa b. Rio de Janeiro (1992), Brazil c. Dehradun (1992), India d. New York (2000), USA 2. The Rio Earth Summit (1992) led to the establishment of which program/convention? a. Principle 21 b. The UN Environment Program (UNEP) c. The Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) d. Agenda 21 3. The major issues discussed in Rio Summit was a. Population b. Pollution c. Forest d. Finance 4. In 2002, Rio +10 held at ________________ a. Rio de Janeiro b. Johannesburg c. Stockholm d. New York 5. One of the main outcomes of the Rio + 20 conference was to develop a set of:

a. Sustainable Development Goals b. Millennium Development Goals c. National Development Goals d. National Land Development Goals Answers: 1- b , 2- c , 3 –c , 4 - b , 5 - a. 3.8 REFERENCES  Brainerd Dispatch, citing AP (15 August 2002). \"Conservatives praise Bush for opting out of U.N. Earth Summit\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.  EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly discusses his efforts at the Rio conference, including successes and failures.  Vincelette, Jocelyn (April 1998). \"FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COOPERATION  United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.  The Global Forum for Environmental Education\" Global Network of Teachers and Students, Volume 4, Number 3.  Thew, Harriet (23 February 2018). \"Youth participation and agency in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. \"Rio Declaration on Environment and Development\". Habitat.igc.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2014. Websites:  https://testbook.com/objective-questions/mcq-on-rio-summit-- 5eea6a1139140f30f369eac1  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit#References  https://web.archive.org/web/20100102141813/http://dalailama.com/messages/environme nt/address-at-rio  https://web.archive.org/web/20111014004030/http://environmentportal.in/category/thesa urus/rio-summit  https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_docukeyconf_eartsumm.shtml

UNIT -4 : DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM- I STRUCTURE 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Osaka tourism forum with respect to sustainability 4.3 Summary 4.4 Keywords 4.5 Learning Activity 4.6 Unit End Questions 4.7 References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this unit we will be covering  The meaning of Sustainable tourism.  What is World tourism Organization  The dimensions of Sustainable tourism.  The Osaka tourism forum with respect to sustainability.  The environmental factors  The Principles of Sustainable Tourism  The Osaka tourism 4.1 INTRODUCTION Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. In order to satisfy the demands of visitors, the tourism industry, and host communities now, sustainable tourism must not jeopardize the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) states that sustainable tourism should:

1) Make optimal use of environmental resources that are crucial to the growth of the tourism industry, preserving crucial ecological processes, and assisting in the preservation of biodiversity and natural heritage. 2) Respect the sociocultural authenticity of the host communities, preserve their traditional values and built and live cultural assets, and promote intercultural tolerance. 3) Ensure long-term economic viability, equitable distribution of socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders, including steady job and income-earning possibilities, social services for host communities, and an effort to reduce poverty. Definition of Sustainable Tourism: According to the World Tourism Organization, \"Sustainable tourism development addresses the demands of current visitors and host regions while preserving and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is intended to result in the management of all resources in a way that satisfies economic, social, and aesthetic requirements while preserving cultural integrity, crucial ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems. Although the advantages and opportunities that tourism brings are welcomed almost everywhere, there is a growing understanding of the need to place tourism within its environmental context, to acknowledge the interdependence of tourism and the environment, and to work to strengthen the positive relationship between tourism, the environment, and poverty reduction. Sustainable tourism refers to travel that is financially successful but doesn't deplete the resources that tourism will need in the future, particularly the natural environment and the social fabric of the host community. According to Richards: \"Sustainable tourism is tourism that develops as swiftly as feasible while taking into account the local population, the environment, and the available accommodations. The growth of tourism and additional financial support for the industry shouldn't take away from travel. The ecology and new tourist facilities should work together. According to Butler: \"Tourism that is developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to the extent that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes\".

Fig 4.1 shows the relationship between sustainable tourism and other terms. Sustainable Tourism Development: In its landmark 1987 report titled \"Our Common Future,\" the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission) popularized the phrase \"sustainable tourist development.\" The ability of future generations to meet their own needs is not compromised in the process of developing in a way that is sustainable. The definition includes the following two ideas: 1) The idea of \"needs,\" particularly those of the impoverished. 2) The capacity to satisfy both current and future needs. The simplest way to define sustainable development is to say that we, the current generation, have a certain amount of ecology and environment surrounding us in terms of land, water, and air; we should leave it to the next generation at least in the same condition, if not in a better condition than what we inherited. To put it in simple terms, this is the essence of sustainable development. Need forSustainable Tourism Development: Prior to the start of the previous decade, the tourism industry was viewed as a lucrative industry with few obstacles to entrance, no evident development restrictions, almost universal

government support, and, for the most part, few effective legislative obligations to take the environment into account. Both large and small commercial companies follow the Dawkin's principle of self-interest. Except in response to the pressure of external forces that cannot be avoided or to grasp a competitive advantage, they do not make significant changes to the way they conduct business, which could be because of exhortations or out of good intentions. An era of rapid economic growth from the exploitation of what were once thought to be freely accessible natural resources has been ushered in by international tourism, dazzling the minds of both businesspeople and government officials as well as many locals. Sustainable techniques are required to solve these issues because tourist development is constrained in a number of economic, social, ecological, and political ways. Four Pillars of Sustainable Tourism include: 1. Effective Management : How are you monitoring and implementing sustainable practices across your entire tourism business? Your efforts might be ineffective if your sustainability projects aren't managed well. (And you might not even be aware of it if you aren't measuring your efforts!) 2. Social & Economic: How do you support the communit ies where your tourism product is used? The focus of pillar 2 is maximizing the social and economic advantages to the neighborhood while limiting adverse effects. How do you support diversit y inside your business, in your interactions with clients and suppliers, and in the communities where you operate? 3. Cultural:What ways does your company promote cultural heritage? Do you prioritize reducing your negative effects and boosting benefits to cultural her it a ge ? 4. Environment: How are you preserving the environment and ecology in which you operate? How are you educating others about it? Are you repairing harm, minimizing it, doing both, or neither? The aim is to involve and empower both locals and visitors. Principles ofSustainable Tourism: The Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Tourism Concern jointly published 10 principles for sustainable tourism in 1991. These include the following: 1) Making sustainable use of resources. Natural, social, and cultural resource conservation and sustainable use is essential and prudent from a commercial standpoint.

2) Reducing waste and excessive consumption. The cost of repairing long-term environmental harm can be avoided by reducing overconsumption and waste, which also improves the standard of travel. 3) Preserving biodiversity For long-term sustainable tourism and to build a strong foundation for the sector, it is crucial to preserve and promote ecological, social, and cultural diversity. 4) Including tourism in the planning process. The long-term viability of tourism is increased by tourist development that is integrated into a national and local strategic planning framework and that conducts environmental impact assessments. 5) Encouraging regional economies. Tourism that promotes a variety of local economic endeavors and that considers environmental costs and values both safeguards these economies and prevents environmental harm. 6) Involving regional groups. Local communities' full participation in the tourist industry benefits not only them and the environment as a whole, but also raises the standard of the travel experience. 7) Consulting the general public and stakeholders. If they are to collaborate and resolve any potential conflicts of interest, the tourism sector must consult with local communities, groups, and institutions. 8) Staff education. The quality of the tourism offering is increased by staff recruitment and training that incorporates sustainable tourism into work practices. 9) Responsible tourism marketing. Customer happiness is increased and respect for the environmental, social, and cultural contexts of destinations is increased by marketing that gives visitors complete and responsible information. 10) Carrying out research To assist solve issues and benefit destinations, the industry, and customers, the industry must do ongoing research and monitoring employing efficient data gathering and analysis. Dimensions of Sustainable tourism: Environmental, economic, and societal effects result from tourism. The goal of sustainable tourism is to reduce negative effects while promoting favorable ones. It appears that the social implications are a combination of both positive and negative environmental and economic repercussions. The environmental, economic, and social components of tourism all have clear connections that should be acknowledged, and these are listed here.

There are three aspects of sustainable tourism: 1 Environmental 2. Economic 3. Social 1) Environmental Dimension For many, sustainability is all about protecting the environment, especially the natural, physical environment. The environment, however, consists of much more than just the natural terrain. Let's now examine the following five environmental factors:  The Natural Resources: Natural resources such as clean air, land, mineral springs, and water in lakes and oceans are frequently the main draw of a destination's product. Tourism utilizes a variety of natural resources.

 The Natural Environment: There aren't many wilderness or natural landscape regions left in the globe. The actions of man over the ages have had some impact on almost all natural environments. One sector or activity that alters landscapes is tourism. In many places, such as those with natural forests, mountains, and areas that draw visitors because of their rivers and lakes, the natural landscape serves as the foundation of the tourism product.  The Farmed Environment: The term \"farmed environment\" can refer to a wide variety of agricultural systems, including fish farms, artificial forests, and agricultural landscapes.  Wildlife: There are many different types of wildlife, including marine mammals, birds, insects, fish, and land-based mammals and reptiles. It is obvious that tourism has a negative impact on wildlife, as evidenced by the destruction of ecosystems, changes in feeding and breeding patterns, disturbance of breeding cycles, forest fires, and the collection of rare plants.  The Build Environment : The built environment has many different aspects related to tourism, including individual buildings and structures, communities and townscapes, transportation infrastructure, dams, and reservoirs. 2) Economic Dimension: The economic aspect of sustainable tourism is frequently given less consideration than the environmental concerns. Because: Tourism is an economic phenomena.  It generates significant revenue in foreign currencies.  It serves as the foundation for the expansion of many multinational corporations.  It makes up a considerable amount of the yearly disposable income. Economic Benefits of Tourism: A nation's economy benefits from tourism in a number of ways. The following are some of tourism's financial advantages:  creating jobs

 income injection into the neighborhood economy thanks to the multiplier effect.  keeping the neighborhood business sustainable.  infrastructure construction.  draws in international direct investments. Economic Costs of Tourism: Tourism has a lot of financial advantages as well as disadvantages. The following are the tourism's economic costs:  Numerous jobs are seasonal and low-paying.  Expense of opportunities.  Congestion.  the necessity of making costly infrastructure investments that might only be needed for a portion of the year.  When the host economy depends too heavily on tourism, it becomes vulnerable. 3) Social Dimension: The social impact of tourism has received less consideration in discussions on sustainable tourism than its effects on the environment. This is thus because the socio-cultural effects of tourism typically develop gradually and inaudibly over time. Additionally, they are primarily immaterial and invisible. The social effects of tourism are typically irreversible, with little to no chance to undo the changes once they have occurred. The host community has typically been the focus when the social effects of sustainable tourism have been examined. The balance of socio-cultural impacts will be good or detrimental in a certain location depending on a number of factors, including:  The vitality and unity of the community's culture and society.  The resort's type of tourism.  The host population's level of social and economic development in proportion to the tourists  The public sector in the travel destination took the necessary steps to manage tourism in a way that reduced the socio-cultural costs of travel.

4.2 OSAKA TOURISM FORUM WITH RESPECT TO SUSTAINABILITY Sustainable Management in Tourism: Today, travel and tourism is a significant global industry in growth, and it will continue to contribute significantly to global economies in the years to come. In addition to its economic and sociocultural importance, tourism's detrimental environmental effects have recently drawn the attention of numerous international, regional, and local groups. Given these detrimental effects of tourism on the economy, it is in the operators of the industry's best interest to manage their operations in a sustainable manner. Tour operators, travel industry groups, and other participants like transportation providers, lodging providers, dining establishments, and providers of holiday- related services all play significant roles in this. They can significantly affect the long-term growth of the travel sector by introducing fresh, cutting-edge products for package vacations and the mass market. Although the creation of travel packages has not yet fully incorporated the sustainability principle, some operators in the tourist industry are already paying close attention to the subjects of sustainability, environment, and tourism. There are currently sustainable travel options available, but they typically cater primarily to a select group of customers who have a keen interest in the environment. Principles of sustainable tourism development indicate that sustainable tourism will: 1. Uphold reasonable moral norms of conduct and reduce negative social effects. 2. Promote social justice 3. Promote social justice 3. Conduct business with sensitivity to the local culture and environment in order to encourage preservation of the area and location. 4. Work to use non-renewable resources as little as possible. 5. Recognize the capabilities of its environment, use it sensibly, keep an eye on it, and 6. Directly and indirectly affect people's and other enterprises' attitudes toward environmental planning and management. Policies for sustainable tourism: Specific tools are lacking in Japan because there is no national policy for sustainable tourism. Apart from a few exceptions to the rule, JNTO is mostly responsible for the objectives and concerns expressed in the 2008 tourism white paper and the guidebook on tourist-based community development. The execution of the aforementioned survey on tourism and the environment, the \"Tourism Based Community Development\" guidebook, awareness campaigns, and a variety of product improvements are all particularly intriguing. Lack of public pressure and market demand for \"sustainable tourism,\" a hazy understanding of the issue, the institutionalization of tourism inside and across many ministries, and socio-economic factors may be the main causes of this lack of government intervention. Limiting unsustainable tourism

would have significant economic repercussions that must be considered against the effects on the environment. There are, however, a number of broad policies and tools that do support sustainable tourism. Similar to how national policies on environmental conservation, such as the establishment of national parks and landscapes, ecological networks, and national parks, encourage sustainable tourist development. The guidelines for sustainable tourism: The East Asia Project 1996 of the International Union for Conservation of Nature received funding from the Japan Ministry of the Environment. Translation into Japanese, Chinese, and Korean of the document \"Guideline for Tourism in Parks and Protected Areas in East Asia\" as well as distribution to organizations and scientists in these nations were also part of the project. The guidelines are intended to assist park managers in considering the increase in tourism to natural protected areas and to encourage managers to deliberately prepare for management of their interactions with visitors and the surrounding natural and cultural environment. The policy is structured well to make a significant contribution to the management of protected areas in East Asia. Making comparable rules for other regions and distributing them to nations with issues managing parks and/or protected areas could be helpful. Objectives of sustainable tourism in Japan: The core of sustainable tourism development in Japan consists of two main objectives: first, a growth in Japan tourism, from which resource consumption and environmental degradation are significantly decoupled, avoiding and minimizing negative impacts, and second, benefits from Japan tourism that are both economically and socially balanced. To accomplish these two objectives, Japanese tourist practices must be fundamentally rethought. The many components of the tourism supply chain as well as destinations as levels of activity need to be the main areas of practical implementation. It involves integrated sustainability measures for tourist locations, such as local Agenda 21 programs, as well as responsible tourism entrepreneurship for sustainability. Objectives for sustainable Japanese tourism in detail: Reviewing the demand, we can see that there is a demand for: A competitive and responsible Japanese tourism industry  Tourists' well-being is at the center of Japanese tourism  Employment and job creation: sustainable work force and quality employment conditions  A healthy ratio between the volume of tourism and the input needed to transport tourists, in particular with regard to highly polluting and energy-consuming modes of transport

 Creating benefits for the community of the tourist location by producing and Consuming a tourist product with minimal resource use, waste creation, and water waste. Sustainable tourist destination in Japan:  An intensity and growth of tourism in Japan that doesn't exceed the country's capacity for receiving visitors  Economically sound Japanese tourist destinations: balanced tourism competition and a variety of tourism offerings  Japan tourist destinations that provide quality and customer satisfaction  Regional economic and social cohesion and rural and cultural development in Japan through tourism development. Sustainable entrepreneurship and responsible businesses, which incorporate a participative approach and the involvement of staff and customers, are necessary for progress towards these goals. To be successful in this approach, and not to punish enterprises that follow it, economic profit needs to be de-linked from environmental and social costs, and a level playing field of sustainable development must 37 exist. The management of environmental effect and resource consumption in the tourist supply chain is a significant challenge. Within this chain, significant initiatives are also being made in the areas of tourist education and training, as well as the promotion of ecologically responsible production and consumption practices. Knowledge exchange, collaboration, creativity, and the adoption of new technology could all need further attention. In order to successfully implement the suggested sustainable tourist development, all stakeholders should be involved in the process of drafting a policy for sustainable tourism development in Japan. This overview demonstrates this. The following topics are the main focal points of the suggested sustainable tourist development policy.  Utilizing the tourist industry to increase employment rates;  Tourism for All  A Disability Strategy Promotion of entrepreneurship, competitiveness, and innovation in the tourism industry;  Promotion of tourism support networks; promotion of a code of ethics in the industry; Promotion of responsible tourism as a factor in socio-cultural development  Limitation of climate change and increased use of clean energy  Promotion of energy efficiency and cost savings in the industry.  Encouraging a quality-conscious culture in tourism services promoting highly standardized consumer protection  Balancing tourism with environmental and biological diversity protection

 Sustainable use of natural resources  Separating growth from waste  Protecting the landscape as a tourism asset through agriculture and regional policies. Shifting the balance between modes of travel for tourism  Putting users at the center of the transport policy in relation to tourism  Developing a more environmentally conscious attitude toward land use. These goals are to: Improve the transport system and land-use management; Control the growth of transport linked to tourism and its detrimental effects on the environment; Shift the balance between modes of travel for tourism. The framework of tourism policy in Japan: Organization of national tourism administration :  The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) was founded in January 2001 as a result of the integration of four federal departments, including the Ministries of Transportation and Construction. The new MLIT has established five policy goals and implements policy actions under a clear set of regulations that divide authority between MLIT, the private sector, and local governments. The five objectives of the MLIT administration were as follows: 1. Promoting joy 2. Increasing international competitiveness 3. Safety at Home 4. Maintain and improve a lovely and safe environment. 5. Increasing local diversity Since the promotion and development of tourism is closely related to transportation policy (air, land, and maritime), infrastructure provision, regional development policy, the creation of diverse communities, and achieving a higher quality of life, it is anticipated that this will be the main area where the synergy effect of administrative integration is fully realized.  The Japan Tourism Agency (JTA): On October 1st, 2008, the Japan Tourism Agency was officially launched. In an effort to turn Japan into a tourism nation, the government is now attempting to improve tourism-related policies. To act as the focal point for these initiatives and to coordinate their deployment, the JTA was recently founded as an organization. The JTA also seeks to create a national climate conducive to tourism by implementing initiatives to increase international tourism exchange, such as the Visit Japan Campaign. This entails developing alluring tourist destinations in Japan, modernizing the tourism sector to meet the demands of tourists, encouraging the

development and use of talent in the tourism industry, promoting the encouragement of Japanese citizens to take vacations, and putting safety precautions in place for Japanese visitors abroad. Following the passage of the Basic Act on Promotion of Tourism Nation (in December 2006, to completely revise the Tourism Basic Act), committee resolutions in both Houses of the Diet in the legislation process, and the decision at a Cabinet meeting of the Basic Plan (in June 2007), which was drawn in accordance with the Basic Act, the Japan Tourism Agency established itself with intentions to stimulate local economies and to advance international mutual understanding. The Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism serves as one of the Agency's legal foundations. The Committee on Land and Transport of each House of the Diet created two committee resolutions (with nearly identical wording) to highlight eight areas where the government should take appropriate action when enforcing the Basic Act. The government should make steps to establish a tourism agency. Five fundamental targets are outlined in the basic Plan, each of which aims to raise the number of one or more of the following: 1. Foreign visitors to Japan; 2. International events hosted there; 3. Accommodation nights for each Japanese visitor during domestic sightseeing tours; 4. Japanese visitors to other countries; and 5. Expenditures for sightseeing tours in Japan  Organization of National Tourism Administration: Government of Japan tourism policy and policy coordination are handled by the Department of Tourism, which was established under the Policy Bureau of MLIT. Three departments are set up under the authority of the director-general of tourism. The following divisions and departments are listed on the organizational chart for the tourism department (MLIT): 1. Planning Division: This division oversees the coordination of all aspects of tourism policy, including planning, research, and promotion of inbound travel. 2. Regional Development Division: Promote tourism, provide amenities for tourists, foster sustainable tourism growth, register hotels and ryokan, etc. to develop the region. 3. The division that oversees travel agencies, develops the tourism sector, encourages Japanese tourists to travel, and protects consumers.  Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO): A non-profit statutory organization overseen by the Ministry of Transport, the Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO) was created by law in April 1964 with the goal of promoting foreign tourists to Japan and deepening their understanding of Japanese history, culture, tradition, customs, and people. In order to achieve this, JNTO is actively involved in a wide range of inbound tourism promotion activities abroad, the marketing and promotion of international

conventions, the growth of cross-border interaction through grassroots exchange programs, and the assistance of foreign visitors through tourist information centers. The Head Office has 6 Departments that correspond to the aforementioned activities and are led by the President and Executive Vice Presidents. In addition, JNTO operates 2 TICs in Japan and has 14 overseas offices. JNTO employs 109 people, including those at its overseas offices. The government owns the entire stock of JNTO. JNTO's organizational overhaul was slated to take place in 2003. In terms of management transparency, business administration effectiveness, and performance accountability, the JNTO legal organization has currently changed into a \"independent administrative corporation.\" Sustainable and Attractive Tourism through Environmental Conservation: Due to the fact that environmental preservation initiatives have gained prominence across all industries, the tourism industry in Japan as well as local government entities, citizens, and residents are all making steady progress in this area. In making these efforts, a strong perception of the necessity to establish collaborative ties that go beyond the actions of individual players has emerged. The tourist sector is a resource-dependent one whose survival is mostly based on natural tourism resources, which are challenging to replace once lost or damaged. As a result, not only do efforts to conserve the environment form the basis of the tourism sector's sustainable growth, but also the industry itself is considered capable of setting an example for others through its efforts to safeguard the environment in a local area. It is abundantly obvious from the analysis presented in the preceding Section that environmental protection initiatives not only contribute significantly to the improvement of tourist destinations' allure but are also essential for the sustainable growth of tourism. This can imply that attempts to conserve the environment would eventually draw tourists, or vice versa, that tourists won't be drawn to an area if no efforts are made to maintain the environment. Therefore, given that it heavily relies on local resources, the tourism industry should seize the current trend of growing environmental awareness as a great opportunity to add value, strengthen stakeholder collaboration and cooperation, and work to create sustainable, alluring tourist destinations that are \"good to live in, good to visit,\" in which the synergistic effects of three different factors (promoting tourism, environmental protection, and encouraging sustainable behavior) can be seen. 4.3 SUMMARY Tourism needs to be planned and managed to safeguard the local, natural, and cultural environment while also enhancing the quality of life for locals. Guidelines for sustainable tourism are required in locations where some amount of tourism growth is appropriate. The potential negative effects of rapid growth are mitigated by guidelines, which also help to protect protected places from the various pressures that could harm them. The proposed Japan tourism development policy needs to institutionalize the integration of environmental,

economic, sociocultural, and ethical concerns in the operation of tourist locations and enterprises. Additionally, it must to reflect the stakeholders' dedication to a model that is driven by sustainability. A Japan policy for sustainable tourism development will result from applying international standards (such as those from the 1992 Rio Summit, the ongoing review and evaluation process, the accomplishments of the Commission of Sustainable Development (CSD), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the results of the international year on Eco-tourism) to the tourism sector, as well as from taking into account initiatives made at the local, national, and international levels by reevaluating the industry. As a trading nation, Japan has experienced amazing economic growth. With a share of the global gross national product (GNP) of 15%, Japan is currently the second-largest economic power in the world. The people now have one of the highest income levels in the entire planet. However, the environment surrounding the Japanese economy has been significantly altering as production bases migrate to other nations and Japan loses pricing competitiveness as a result of the strong Yen. The importance of borders has diminished as a result of the world's nations being more interdependent on one another and the rest of the globe, notably Asia. On the other hand, more individuals now desire a standard of living that is consistent with Japan's level of economic power. In order to achieve such a life, it is crucial to increase product and service value in order to increase global competitiveness. Japan should ensure easy flow of people and goods with the rest of the world in the transportation sector. Enriching tourism and leisure activities is also crucial. Japan is being asked for help by the global community, particularly by Asia as a whole, in order to develop and maintain social capital, promote safety precautions, and environmental preservation. An proper response to such a demand is required. While this is going on, some of the bordering Asian nations are building major airports and harbors, and the shipping and airline industries in those nations are developing very well thanks to low costs. In light of this, the Ministry of Transport believes that Japan and other Asian nations should cooperate to improve the standard of transportation services and provide high-quality services. As a result, they can aid in Asia's development as well as the development of the global society as a whole. In light of the above, the main difficulties facing Japanese transportation can be summarized as follows. To preserve economic growth and ease national life, Japan should first construct and improve the infrastructure for international trade. The capacity of international airports must be increased in order to meet the demands of international aviation, and the hub operations at international airports must be improved in order to meet the demands of the twenty-first century. Improving service quality in hardware and software is a major problem for international ports and harbors because the services provided by Japanese harbors are becoming less competitive in comparison to some Asian nations. Japanese transportation companies should work to stay afloat in the highly competitive market environment while also offering customers affordable, dependable services. The firms must put in a lot of effort to enhance their management in order to achieve this. The surrounding environment of the

businesses must also be improved in order to support more flexible management. This can be done by revising rules to reflect technological advancements and through other techniques. Furthermore, because leisure activities and feelings of satisfaction are strongly associated, it is important to implement well-thought-out measures to ensure safe and comfortable international travel as well as to encourage domestic tourism. As for the interaction with the global community, it is critical to strengthen aid to other nations, including Asian nations, while taking into account the actual state of each region, as it is imperative to improve the network's degree of transportation service, as was previously noted. The Ministry of Transport is actively addressing these issues in an effort to make it possible for Japanese people to truly experience wealth. 4.4 KEYWORDS  WWF : Worldwide Fund for Nature  MLIT : The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport  JNTO : Japan National Tourist Organization  JTA : The Japan Tourism Agency  WTO : World Tourism Organization  CSD : Commission of Sustainable Development  CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity  GNP : Gross National Product 4.5 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. Explain the MLIT administration objectives? 2. Explain the Japan Tourism Agency. 3. Define sustainable tourism according to Richards. 4. Explain the Organization of National Tourism Administration. 5. Explain Social Dimension. 6. What are the economic Benefits of Tourism? 7. Define sustainable tourism according to Butler. 8. Show the relationship between sustainable tourism and other terms with a diagram. 4.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are three sustainable tourism factors?

2. What is the acronym of JNTO? 3. What are the four factors of sustainable tourism? 4. What is the main purpose of sustainable tourism? 5. What is the acronym of MLIT? 6. What is the acronym of CSD? 7. The East Asia Project 1996 of the International Union for Conservation of Nature received funding from _________. 8. What are the two ideas that the definition of sustainable tourism development include? Long Questions 1. What is the need for sustainable Tourism Development? 2. Explain the principles of Sustainable Tourism. 3. Explain the dimensions of Sustainable tourism. 4. Explain Sustainable management in tourism. 5. What are the Policies for sustainable tourism? 6. What are the objectives for sustainable Japanese tourism in detail. 7. What are the main points of sustainable tourist development policy? 8. Explain organization of national tourism administration. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Natural Environmental-based tourism is known as a. Eco tourism b. Agro tourism c. Pilgrimage tourism d. Weather based environment 2. The first earth summit in the world was held at a. UN b. Japan c. Poland d. India 3. Sustainable tourism does NOT aim primarily at: a. The integration of local people in tourist operation or development b. Strong commitment to nature conservation c. Profit for big tour operators d. Social responsibility

4. Today's tourist expectations are increasingly based on the combination of: a. Sun, sea and sand b. Nature and culture c. Nature, leisure activities and culture d. None of these 5. You can improve the environmental impact of a tourist operation by _____ (choose the most direct answer). a. Having tourist volunteer in the local community b. Cooking a local style meal c. installing solar panels d. Building a school Answers: 1- c, 2- a , 3- c , 4- c , 5- c . 4.7REFERENCES  Aronsson L. (2000) The development of sustainable tourism. Continuum, London  Bramwell B, Lane B (1993) Sustainable tourism: an evolving global approach. J Sustainable Tourism 1:1–5  Bramwell B, Henry I, Jackson G, Prat A, Richards G, Van der Straaten J (1998) Sustainable tourism management: principles and practices, 2nd edn. Tilburg University Press.  G.,Edwards, J.A. and Coccossis, H. (Eds.): Sustainable Tourism? European Experiences, Cab International, UK, pp.1–21.  Hiroshi Miyakawa (2002), Chapter Thirteen: Ecotourism in Japan in Linking Green Productivity to Ecotourism: Experiences in the Asia-Pacific Region, Asian Productivity Organization.  The European Agenda 21 for Tourism, Report of the NGO-Workshop, Isle of Vilm, 24th - 26th of March 2003  Hiroshi Miyakawa (2002), Chapter Thirteen: Ecotourism in Japan in Linking Green Productivity to Ecotourism: Experiences in the Asia-Pacific Region, Asian Productivity Organization,Tokyo, Japan

Website:  http://www.japanfs.org/en_/newsletter/200506-1.html  Japan Tourism Agency. White Paper on Tourism in Japan, 2007.  Japan Tourism Agency. White Paper on Tourism in Japan, 2008.  http://www.mlit.go.jp/kankocho/en/pdf/whitepaper_tourism_2007.pdf  https://tourismnotes.com/sustainable-tourism/  https://www.scribd.com/document/446134851/Sustainable-Tourism-odt UNIT – 5 :DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM- II STRUCTURE 5.0 Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Guidelines for sustainability strategy in tourism 5.3 Summary 5.4 Keywords 5.5 Learning Activity

5.6 Unit End Questions 5.7 References 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter we will learn,  The meaning of tourism.  The principles of tourism and the definition of sustainable tourism.  The guidelines for sustainable tourism.  The relationship between Tourism and Sustainable Development.  Indian tourism.  Sustainable Tourism as a global scenario.  Sustainability strategy .  Sustainability strategy for Suomenlinna. 5.1 INTRODUCTION  A major force behind economic expansion and job creation is tourism. Economic growth now heavily depends on tourism. It is one of the economic sectors with the quickest rate of growth and significantly affects trade, job generation, investment, building of infrastructure, and social inclusion. A significant industry is tourism source of income. It is a labor-intensive industry with a significant multiplier impact on jobs in associated industries.  Significant sustainability-related concerns confront the tourism industry. The physical and natural landscapes, as well as the welfare and culture of the host communities, are all significantly impacted by tourism. The tourism sector has put stress on species and delicate ecosystems. Additionally, it places a lot of strain on the host communities and creates competition for the utilization of limited resources, particularly land and water. It now makes a major contribution to both regional and global pollution. It also makes a major contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.  Defining sustainable tourism: Tourism that addresses the needs of guests, the sector, the environment, and host communities while fully accounting for its present and future economic, social, and environmental implications is known as sustainable tourism. Tourism that is sustainable: the guiding principles Three fundamental guidelines should be followed by sustainable tourism: (i) Environmental sustainability

Utilize environmental resources as effectively as possible to support sustainable tourist development while preserving vital ecological processes and promoting biodiversity and natural heritage preservation. (ii). Sustainable Socio-Cultural Practices Respect the sociocultural authenticity of the host communities, preserve their traditional values and built and live cultural assets, and advance intercultural tolerance. (iii). Financial Stability Ensure steady, long-term economic operations, equitable distribution of socioeconomic advantages among all stakeholders, stable employment and income-earning opportunities, social services for host communities, and a reduction in poverty.  All tourism should be more environmentally friendly. All forms of tourism in all types of places, including mass tourism and numerous specialty tourism segments, must adhere to the principles of sustainable tourism. Sustainable travel is not a distinct or unique type of travel. Instead, all types of tourism should strive to be more environmentally friendly. Using tourism as a means to assist local communities economically and socially, as well as to spread knowledge of and support for the preservation of the world's natural and cultural heritage, is part of making the sector more sustainable. Sustainable tourism has the potential to help achieve the SDGs by 2030.  Goals 8, 12 and 14 on inclusive and sustainable economic growth, sustainable consumption and production (SCP), and the sustainable use of oceans and marine resources, respectively, have tourism as one of their aims. However, tourism has the ability to support all of the sustainable development objectives, either directly or indirectly. The COVID-19-induced lull in the tourism industry offers an opportunity to reevaluate and reset the direction of tourism as well as the standards by which success is measured. The COVID-19 crisis is a turning point in efforts to link the Sustainable Development Goals to the maintenance of livelihoods reliant on tourism.  National Tourism Sustainability Strategy Towards mainstreaming sustainability in Indian tourism, the National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism ensures a more resource-efficient, inclusive, and resilient tourism industry effective travel while preserving cultural and ecological resources. 5.2 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY IN TOURISM Tourism and Sustainable Development – A special relationship  Traveling to the producer and the product as part of tourism creates a unique bond between consumers (visitors), the business sector, the environment, and local communities.

 Because tourism is a service sector focused on giving travelers a unique travel experience, it necessitates a great deal of direct and indirect interaction between travelers, host communities, and the settings in which they live.  Tourism increases people's awareness of environmental challenges and cultural and national distinctions, both among visitors and hosts. This may have an impact on how people feel about sustainability issues throughout their lives as well as when they are traveling.  A large portion of tourism is dependent on travelers looking to experience pristine environs, beautiful natural settings, true historical and cultural traditions, and hospitable hosts with whom they have a positive relationship. These qualities are necessary for the industry. Tourism – A double edged sword for sustainability  A delicate scenario where tourism may be both very harmful and very beneficial for sustainable development is created by the tight and direct link that exists between visitors, host communities, and the local environment.  On the plus side, even in very distant towns, tourism may be a rising source of opportunity for business development and the creation of jobs in addition to encouraging investment and support for local services. Natural and cultural resources may have a measurable economic worth thanks to tourism. Both an increase in local community support for conservation and direct revenue from visitor spending for conservation may arise from this. It has the potential to promote peace and understanding between cultures.  On the other hand, tourism can exert direct strain on delicate ecosystems, degrading the natural environment and upsetting species. It can put a lot of strain on host communities, upend traditional societies, and cause competition over the use of limited resources, particularly water and land. It may have a large impact on both regional and global pollution.  Sustainable tourism seeks to maximize positive effects while minimizing adverse effects of tourism development. Sustainable Tourism – Global Scenario  As the twenty-first century began, the effects of climate change and global warming began to exacerbate through more frequent natural disasters that not only caused harm to people and property but also proved harmful to the tourism industry globally, including many developing and underdeveloped regions where tourism constituted a significant portion of the GDP.  However, this also brought attention to the tourism value chains' growing contribution to GHG emissions and other environmental indicators, such as lodging facilities, tour operators, MSME suppliers of visitor services, transporters, and outfitters for nature tours.  According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is responsible for 4.6 percent of radioactive forcing and 5% of world carbon dioxide emissions.

The transportation sector is responsible for 75% of all CO2 emissions, with transportation by air and by road contributing 40% and 32%, respectively, and lodging contributing just 21% to all emissions from the tourism industry.  Sustainability has become a crucial concern for several of the world's tourism hotspots that are seeing rapid growth, particularly in emerging nations that are already home to sizable native populations. An indicator of the potential influence tourism may have on the location is the ratio of international tourists to the local population, which is one measure indicating this fact.  Despite widespread agreement that the impact of sustainability will gain significance over the next few decades as more people and businesses choose to travel responsibly, there is still little evidence that modern customers are strongly committed to responsible tourism practices.  Global policy attempts have continually been made to advance sustainable tourism, laying out wide adaptive frameworks adaptable enough to be embraced by both rich and developing nations. From the first UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 to the third Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, institutional processes in sustainable tourism have evolved.  One of the most important steps taken to promote sustainable tourism around the world was the creation of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). It creates and oversees the GSTC Criteria, a set of international sustainable criteria. There are two sets: Industry Criteria for hotels and tour operators and Destination Criteria for public policy makers and destination managers.  These are the guiding principles and minimum standards that any tourism-related business or location should strive to achieve in order to safeguard and sustain the world's natural and cultural resources while making sure that tourism lives up to its potential as a tool for conservation and poverty alleviation. India Tourism – ranks poorly in sustainability  According to UNWTO data for the year 2019, India Tourism has steadily increased to number 13 in the world in terms of international tourism receipts and 22 in terms of international tourist arrivals.  India's overall position in the World Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Rank has increased to position 34 in 2019, while its ranking in the category of environmental sustainability has decreased to 139 in 2015, 134 in 2017, and 128 in 2019. It demonstrates India's dismal track record in terms of sustainable tourism.  India has also performed poorly in the field of adventure travel, coming up at 96th place on the Adventure Tourism Development Index 2020, much behind its neighbors Bhutan (14) and Nepal (67). India is not a popular location for ecotourism either.

Sustainable Tourism – Indian Scenario  The Ministry of Tourism is putting a lot of effort into promoting the \"Incredible India\" brand to draw tourists to rural India, where through properly aligned policy mechanisms, the issues of disguised unemployment in agriculture and migration to urban areas can be solved. The Ministry of Tourism has recognized the immense potential of sustainable tourism in becoming a source of sustainable livelihoods in a high population scenario.  In addition, tourism is one of the few industries providing services in remote locations and other vulnerable ecosystems, where the preservation of cultural legacy takes on equal importance to that of natural heritage. The Ministry of Tourism is working to provide policy mechanisms to guide the industry towards sustainable use of resources and mitigating negative impacts on environment and society. The Ministry of Tourism is aware of the challenge of creating a sustainable balance between visitor numbers and heritage conservation.  After the Global Sustainable Tourism Council became institutionalized in 2010, the Ministry took on the task of adapting the GSTC criteria for sustainable tourism to the Indian context, specifically taking into account India's accomplishments in sustainability while also taking into consideration criteria created by other sources, including GSTC. In this context, the 12th Five Year Plan's policy framework proactively incorporated sustainable tourism and its different aspects.  In July 2010, a national workshop on sustainable tourism standards for India was held. A subcommittee comprised of expert stakeholders was established in 2010 to define Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India (STCI) and Indicators based on the recommendations of this National Workshop on Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India. The subcommittee was chaired by the Joint Secretary (Tourism), Government of India. Since then, the Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India (STCI) initiative has been developed by the ministry of tourist with the goal of encouraging and ensuring ecologically friendly and sustainable practices in the travel and tourism sector.  In addition, the Ministry has developed guidelines for categorizing hotels into different groups. These guidelines mandate that hotels implement a variety of eco-friendly practices, such as installing sewage treatment plants (STPs), rainwater harvesting systems, waste management systems, pollution control measures, non-chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) equipment for refrigeration and air conditioning, and energy and water conservation measures.  The Ministry has also mandated that the design of hotel structures in hilly and ecologically sensitive locations must be sustainable, energy-efficient, and, to the greatest extent possible, in keeping with local values and making use of local designs and materials.  Tour operators who have been given Ministry of Tourism approval must sign a declaration of commitment to Safe & Honourable Tourism and Sustainable Tourism, promising to fully implement Sustainable Tourism practices in accordance with the highest standards for the preservation of the environment and cultural heritage. Many state governments have also made commendable efforts to encourage sustainable and responsible tourism, including

homestays, rural tourism, agrotourism, adventure tourism, and ecotourism. Additionally, industry has been making voluntary efforts to improve its sustainability, notably with regard to energy use, material sourcing, and the adoption of eco-friendly practices.  The biggest obstacle to promoting sustainability is integrating it into tourism development, as well as creating mechanisms and practices to monitor the adoption of sustainable initiatives by governments, tourist destinations, and business.  Governments can direct the dynamics brought about by the tourist sector's rapid expansion in a constructive direction by implementing tourism policies that address economic, social, and environmental issues and are established with an awareness of both the potential for harm and for benefit. Accepting this responsibility is not just about being a good corporate citizen for the tourism industry; it should also be strongly motivated by self-interest, as any harm done to the natural, cultural, or social environments of destinations can result in their eventual demise or loss of value as a source of tourism. Sustainability in the economic sense can ensure that important element: \"the viability of firms and activities and their ability to be sustained in the long run.\" COVID-19 Pandemic – A grim reminder to reset the direction The COVID-19-induced lull in the tourism industry is considered as an opportunity to reconsider and reset the direction of tourism and the standards by which its success is measured. The COVID-19 crisis represents a turning point in efforts to sustain tourism-dependent livelihoods and provide a more resilient, inclusive, carbon-neutral, and resource-efficient future by bringing them in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. National Strategy and roadmap for Sustainable Tourism  While preserving natural and cultural resources, tourism may be a major force behind inclusive community development, promoting resilience, inclusivity, and empowerment. The solution to this problem lies in rethinking and implementing new sustainable tourism initiatives.  To mainstream sustainability in the Indian tourism industry, a national strategy and roadmap for sustainable tourism have been developed, with an emphasis on adventure and ecotourism.  Additionally, it will enable us to fully utilize ecotourism and adventure travel as engines for tourism, environmental protection, and job creation. All tourism to be more sustainable  All forms of tourism, not just particular ones, need to follow the principles of sustainable tourism because they apply to all types of travel destinations. However, this plan has concentrated on ecotourism and adventure tourism, which have enormous potential for boosting sustainable tourism.

 It may be relevant to point out that rural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, conservation tourism, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism, responsible tourism, volunteer tourism, and geotourism are all overlapping terms with a generally similar objective, which is to increase the positive impact of tourism on local communities and the environment. India’s natural heritage  India's natural wonders include pristine forests, the snow-capped Himalayas, alpine grasslands, golden and silver deserts, rivers, lakes, wetlands, mangroves, beaches, volcanoes, and coral reefs that are home to an incredible diversity of wildlife. In addition, we have the mega-fauna, which includes famous animals like tigers, lions, elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, wild buffaloes, Indian bison (gaur), etc., as well as over 1200 different bird species. India has a considerable geographical advantage because of its abundance in ecotourism and natural resources: 70% of the Himalayas, 7,000 km of coastline, one of only three nations in the world with both hot and cold deserts, 10% of total land area covered by forest, and #6 in terms of the number of UNESCO Natural Heritage sites.  Despite its natural resources, India has one of the worst records for ecotourism growth worldwide. Therefore, it is imperative to create an ecotourism business model that maximizes economic benefits for the nation, particularly distant populations, while minimizing any negative effects on the environment.  Ecotourism may be developed in areas outside of designated protected areas, such as forests, mangroves, sacred groves, mud flats, wetlands, rivers, etc. Ecotourism may also be developed in wildlife conservation areas designated as Protected Areas, such as National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Why Ecotourism?  Ecotourism is now widely acknowledged as a potent instrument for protecting forests, wildlife, biodiversity, and beautiful landscapes. It accomplishes this by supplying people who depend on forests with viable alternatives to their current means of subsistence and by raising public and political awareness of environmental issues.  The travel and tourism sector, one of the top generators of money and employment worldwide, has ecotourism as its fastest-growing subsegment.  Public interest in nature-based recreation, or ecotourism, is growing quickly, in addition to its conservation and economic importance, and it is the government's responsibility to offer this service to the public insofar as it is consistent with conservation imperatives.  To ensure that communities are interested in the conservation of forests and animals, it is crucial to create a sustainable flow of non-extractive financial advantages from forests for the

communities. This will improve community control and management of the forests. Perhaps the only method to accomplish this is ecotourism. Ecotourism – Indian Scenario India is still developing as a destination for ecotourism. The top travel destinations in the nation include Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Sikkim, Karnataka, and Kerala. Ecotourism concept and Indian ecotourism resources are covered in \"Ecotourism in India - Policy and Guidelines,\" which the Ministry of Tourism developed in 1998 after significant consultation with the sector and other stakeholders (ii). Planning and policy (iii). Operational guidelines for the government, developers, operators, and suppliers, as well as for tourists, the host population, NGOs, and scientific and research institutes The Sustainable Tourism Criteria of India was created by the Ministry and released in 2013. Many states, like Sikkim, Kerala, and Madhya Pradesh, have published their ecotourism policies. Under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme, the Ministry of Tourism has approved a variety of initiatives to promote ecotourism in several States. Why Adventure Tourism?  Adventure tourism combines and supports the fundamental principles of responsible travel, such as the preservation of cultural and natural resources and the safety of the most vulnerable. It draws tourists outside of the busiest times, promotes the natural and cultural treasures of a place, encouraging the preservation of those assets, and develops resilient and devoted travelers.  Adventure tourism is tenacious, draws high-end clients, and helps local economies. Practitioners of adventure tourism promote sustainable travel because adventure tourism is impossible without pristine natural environments and meaningful cultural encounters.  Over the past few years, adventure tourism has rapidly expanded throughout the world, bringing travelers to hitherto unexplored locations. This enables new locations to present themselves as really distinctive and attract tourists looking for uncommon, unmatched experiences.  Hard and soft adventure tourism are the two categories into which adventure tourism can be categorized.  Hard tourism involves risk and difficulties, thus those who participate in it should be in good physical and mental condition. It might be in any weather or circumstance. Hard adventure tourism includes activities like canoeing, bungee jumping, climbing, trekking, rock climbing, rafting, and wilderness survival.

 Soft adventure tourists are those who prefer a minimal risk factor and no danger. They are not constrained by any standards of physical or mental health. Soft adventure tourism includes activities including bird viewing, hiking, kayaking, bicycling, camping, cross- country skiing, riding, and surfing. Adventure Tourism – Indian Scenario  According to industry estimates, domestic adventure tourism is rising by 20–25% annually, while inbound adventure tourism to India is growing by 5-7%.  According to market research professional Nielsen, slightly over 3.4 million adventure tourists visited India in 2015. About 15% of these people are foreign adventure travelers. According to Nielsen, the amount of money made in 2015 from domestic adventure tourism in India was approximately US$ 190 million, while US$ 70 million was made from overseas adventure tourism in India.  The Ministry of Tourism has identified adventure tourism as a crucial sector for promoting India as a year-round vacation destination and luring niche travelers.  Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, and Kerala are the important States for adventure tourism.  In the Himalayas, India just unveiled 124 new mountain summits. As more tourists choose experience travel, adventure tourism is quickly becoming one of India's fastest-growing market areas.  The segment must centralize safety standards and streamline procedures, which present challenges. Since there is no regulatory structure that adventure tour providers must follow, almost anyone can start organizing adventure sports events without paying enough attention to safety. The industry for adventure tourism in India is mostly unstructured because so few operators even bother to apply for voluntary recognition.  This niche market has faced challenges such as a lack of basic infrastructure facilities, appropriate tented accommodation sites, a shortage of qualified and professional trained instructors, a lack of financial support from government or private entities for purchasing and maintaining equipment, establishing high standards of safety, and the need to scale up marketing and awareness campaigns to promote adventure destinations. A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM STRATEGY FOR SUOMENLINNA : On a collection of islands that are part of the Helsinki area, the Fortress of Suomenlinna was progressively constructed beginning in 1748. The original castle was constructed from local rock and protected by a network of bastions across a variety of terrain. Suomenlinna, a borough of Helsinki with 800 residents, is currently one of Finland's most visited tourist destinations. In 1991, it was added to the list of World Heritage Sites. The appeal of Suomenlinna is derived from its rich history, picturesque surroundings, marine setting, and proximity to Helsinki's downtown. More over a million people travel to

Suomenlinna annually. The site's cultural qualities and the welfare of the neighborhood must be balanced with the large number of visitors, both from abroad and from the metro area. In order to maintain the site's cultural, social, ecological, and economic prosperity, a sustainable tourism strategy was developed in 2015. The strategy enhances knowledge of the significance of the site as a World Heritage Site and offers guidance to tourism services in support of the preservation of Suomenlinna's cultural and natural value. Supporting tourism service providers in using World Heritage qualities as added value in their enterprises is another objective. The Governing Body of Suomenlinna, the World Heritage Site Manager, developed this strategy in collaboration with its tourism industry stakeholders. It is essential to incorporate a wide variety of stakeholders because tourists do not distinguish between the providers of tourism services. The service chain contributes to the visitor experience. The service providers at Suomenlinna have made the strategic decision to collaborate in order to develop their operations in the chosen direction, maintain synchronized communications, and uphold an established standard of quality. A separate action plan is included in the sustainable tourism strategy, and when paired with the strategy, they form a roadmap for the growth of tourism at Suomenlinna from now until 2020. The action plan serves as a roadmap for the site manager and the Suomenlinna operations' governing body. The action plan also establishes a shared objective for all site stakeholders. The strategic vision states that by 2020 Suomenlinna will be a sea fortress of great significance on a global scale where tourism and conservation work together to preserve a genuine and functioning World Heritage Site. Suomenlinna is a place where businesses flourish by offering top-notch services, where people live happily, and where tourists may engage in activities that improve their wellness. Suomenlinna will serve as a showcase city for ecotourism in 2020. The five focus areas of the sustainable tourism plan direct the daily activities and individual and collective development efforts of Suomeninna's stakeholders. Controlling the effects of tourism and utilizing its advantages, preserving a top-notch tourist experience, emphasizing the perception of a year-round attraction, establishing networked activities, and sharing the values of the World Heritage These objectives must be the focus of all Suomenlinna's tourism sector stakeholders and neighborhood tour operators' individual and team development efforts. This will guarantee that tourism at Suomenlinna supports the preservation of World Heritage in 2020, that quality has turned into a strength, that the site has a stronger reputation as a year-round destination, that networks function effectively, and that the site's entrepreneurs and other operators collaborate in communicating World Heritage values. No one stakeholder can accomplish these goals alone, but as a group, we are more powerful. Objectives of the initiative:

This plan was created with the intention of making Suomenlinna a role model location for sustainable tourism as well as the sustainable and ongoing development of the World Heritage site. The combined goals of site preservation and tourism growth are also served by strategy. The site manager and other stakeholders, especially tourism service providers, are given a tool to manage the site effectively, responsibly, and sustainably by this sustainable tourism plan. Brief assessment of the initiative’s results: The Suomenlinna Governing Body has actively promoted sustainable travel. Suomenlinna took part in the UNESCO's Nordic-Baltic pilot program, which ran from 2012 to 2014 and sought to improve the administration of sustainable tourism in fourteen World Heritage sites. Suomenlinna's dedication to becoming a role model for sustainable tourism and a city that shares its knowledge and skills with others was strengthened through this UNESCO project. The Suomenlinna sustainable tourism strategy has a separate action plan that was developed to make sure it is carried out, kept current, and serves as a practical direction for the tourist destination. Its application is followed up with yearly reports. At the yearly meeting of the attraction's tourism network, the action plan is evaluated. The implementation's progress and any revisions that might be required will also be discussed at this point. The action plan comprises both bigger initiatives and more manageable, practical steps that will guarantee Suomenlinna's sustainable tourism strategy is put into practice. The action plan spans the years 2015 to 2020. The action plan, like the strategy, applies broadly to many organizations associated with Suomenlinna, including the World Heritage Site manager, the Governing Body of Suomenlinna, companies offering tourism services at the site, and offices of the City of Helsinki. The strategy's chosen emphasis areas' goals are presented in the action plan. Various measures are taken to further the objectives. The plan also specifies who will execute the actions and when they will be carried out. The action plan is meant to serve as a useful manual for everyone engaged on how to accomplish shared goals. Every year, the plan will be reviewed, and any necessary additions will be made. The development of a specific plan for increasing sustainable tourism and its promotion benefited enormously from close coordination at the global, regional, national, and local levels. First, the location was a part of the Nordic-Baltic Sustainable Tourism Project, a pilot project that implemented the sustainable tourism action plan and program of the Unesco World Heritage Centre. Second, to jointly promote sustainable tourism, Finland's World Heritage sites—both cultural and natural—cooperated closely at the national level. This meant creating standards and best practices for all national historic sites. The creation of shared norms for sustainable tourism was the primary result of the collaboration at the national level. Finally, from a very practical standpoint, cooperation at the site level itself was critical to its implementation and crucial for fostering sustainable tourism among all stakeholders.