Occupation, Business and Technology Book 8_2077 Edition

b. Use of Flower Flowers are used as offering to deities. Flowers are used for decoration, preparing medicine, scented oil and perfumes. We use flowers in different festivals and celebrations like marriage ceremonies, farewell programs, etc. They are also used for welcoming the guests. A good earning can be made by selling the garlands, bouquets or bunch of flowers in the market. Flower arrangements beautify homes and offices and are also used as center pieces for a table. Some flower decoration arrangement styles are explained below: Fan Shaped In this type of decoration style, the flowers of different colours are arranged in the shape of a fan. Usually, this type of flower decoration is arranged in hotel rooms. Oval Shaped In this type of decoration style, flowers are arranged in oval shape. There is the brightest and tallest flower in the center. The flowers, green stems and leaves are trimmed in oval shaped and skilfully placed in bouquets or baskets. Triangular Shaped In this type of arrangement, the tallest or big flower is kept in the center while the smaller flowers are placed on the sides in bouquets to maintain the triangular shape. Crescent Shaped In this type of decoration style, flowers are arranged is in the shape of the moon. It is also known as the C type of flower arrangement. This kind of flower arrangement is found in the hotel lobby. ‘S’ Shaped In this type of decoration style, flowers are arranged is in the shape of ‘S’. It is a Japanese style of flower arrangement. ‘S’ shape is made by the curved branches, flowers are filled in the center. Fan Shaped Triangular Shaped Crescent Shaped ‘S’ Shaped Occupation, Business BOOK 151 8and Technology Education

Circular Shaped In this type of decoration style, flowers are arranged in circular shape. This type of arrangement is laid on conference tables or on buffet tables. c. Formulation of a Draft for the Farming of Flowers in Small Scale A sample of planning for Carnation flower farming in a ropani of land has been presented here. This flower is 45-75 cm in length. Its plant can last for many years. This flower is kept in the flower garden inside a shed house. Expenditure S.No. Description Quantity Rate (Rs) Total Amount (Rs) 1. Carnation Seedling purchase 5,500 pieces 30.00 165,000.00 2. Site preparation 10 persons 400.00 4,000.00 3. Organic manure 30 quintal 500.00 15,000.00 4. Chemical fertilizer 50 kg 40.00 2,000.00 5. Bamboo 100 units 100.00 10,000.00 6. Poly house expenses 9 units 10,000.00 90,000.00 7. Construction of plastic shed 10 persons 400.00 4,000.00 8. Planting saplings 5 persons 400.00 2,000.00 9. Irrigation 2 times 300.00 600.00 10. Net making 1 person 400.00 400.00 11. Pinching 2 persons 400.00 800.00 12. Insecticide users 2 persons 400.00 800.00 13. First net keeping 3 persons 400.00 1,200.00 14. Second and third net weaving 3 persons 400.00 1,200.00 15. Fourth and fifth net weaving 3 persons 400.00 1,200.00 16. Taking out buds 3 persons 400.00 1,200.00 17. Harvesting 6 persons 400.00 2,400.00 18. Wetting and storage 2 persons 400.00 800.00 19. Sale and distribution 3 persons 400.00 1,200.00 308,800.00 Total 152 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Income It can produce 50,000 sticks per ropani after 120 days. It costs Rs. 10 per stick. Total income: Rs. 50,000.00 × 10.00 = 5,00,000.00 Profit: Rs. 500,000.00 - Rs. 308,800.00 = Rs. 191,200.00 d. Selling and Bookkeeping The commercial floriculture is done in some Terai districts and areas nearby the cities. People also plant flowers around their home in flower pots. The flowers are taken to the markets or temples and sold there. When the commercial floriculture is done, all the expenses from the beginning should be recorded and according to the investment cost, selling price should be fixed by adding certain percentage of profit. Activities 1. Discuss about the site selection for commercial floriculture in your class. 2. Make a list of required tools for making garlands. Word meaning Bouquet : bunch of flowers Commercially : from a profit making point of view Graft : plant tissue joined to another plant Organic : developing naturally Rootstock : root used in grafting Scion : part of plant for grafting Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Where can flower be used? And how? 2. ‘The importance of flower farming is increasing in Nepal.’ Justify this statement. 3. How can we keep the account of income and expenditure in flower farming? Practical Work 1. Make garlands of local flowers for the cultural programme of your school and show to your teacher. 2. Prepare a draft for commercial farming of flowers in 3 ropani of an area. Occupation, Business BOOK 153 8and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Use of Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants have been identified and used all over the human history. The commercial use of medicinal plants started in Nepal about 300 years ago during the Malla regime. It has been used as the source of Ayurvedic medicine, scented oil and raw materials in the industries. 1. The use of Medicinal Plants a. For Ayurvedic Medicine S. Name of the plant Part of the plant to Diseases that it heals No. be used for medicine 1. Barro (Beleric Fruit Constipation, diarrhea, Myrobalan) piles, fever 2. Panch Aule Root/bulb As energizer medicine 3. Gurjo (Moon Stem and root Fever, Acidity, Sugar, Creepers) Jaundice, urine problem 4. Ghiukumari Gel/gum Burning, liver disease, (Aloevera) fever, constipation Neer masi Bulb of the main Anti toxic, anti cough, used 5. root in the bites of snakes or scorpions Neem Leaf, bark, flower Cleaning gum and teeth, 6. and fruit skin disease, high blood pressure, stomachache 7. Haledo Root Common cold, eye disease, flatulence, rashes 8. Yarsagumba All parts of the Energizer, tonic, cough, (Cordyceps) plant pneumonia 9. Sarpagandha Root High blood pressure, (Serpentina) insomnia, insanity 154 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

b. For Cosmetic Materials Some medicinal plants are used even in the cosmetic items. They are as below: S. Name of the plant Part of the plant Products No. to be used 1. Ghiukumari (Aloevera) Leaf Shampoo, face cream 2. Kachur (Zedoary) Root Scented oil production 3. Khaskhas (Poppy Root Scented oil, perfume seed) 4. Chutro (Barberry) Bark Colours 5. Jatamasi (Spikenard) Root Scented oil and other aromatic products 6. Timur (Sichuan Fruit Oil, tooth powder, tooth pepper) paste 7. Dhasingre (Winter Leaf Scented oil used for green) massage 8. Nagebli (Lycopodium) Dust of the pods Lipsticks 9. Neem (Azadirachta Leaf Soap, lotion indica) 10. Shikakai (Acacia Leaf, pods Products for making hair concinna) black, long and silky c. As Raw Materials for Industries Various valuable medicinal plants are available in Nepal since ancient period. But it was not utilized and conserved systematically. No industries were established for the processing of medicinal plants. In 2038 B.S., an industry related to the medicinal plants was established as Medicinal Plants Production and Processing Company Limited. It was established in Kathmandu. It started to produce oil, medicine, etc by using the available medicinal plants of the country. It drew the attention of all towards the medicinal plants. As a result, the commercial farming of medicinal plants started in the country. Lemon grass, Paamaarosa, citronella, French basil, eucalyptus, chamomile, etc started being imported from abroad. This company extracts the substance from Sunpatee, Titepatee, Bojho, chamomile, citronella, Kachur, French basil (Tulsi), Jatamasi, lemon grass, Mentha, Dhupi, Paamaarosa, Tagetis, Sugandhakokila, Tarpin oil, Dhasingre oil, Timur oil, Asuro, Jhyaau, etc. These are consumed inside and outside the country. Occupation, Business BOOK 155 8and Technology Education

2. Packaging of the Medicinal Plants The products are kept in the plastic, paper, clothes, sacks, cans, bottles or cartoons. These are supplied to the market for selling by binding, packing in the basket, and making safe and attractive. This is called packaging. 3. Reasons of Packaging • The packaging saves the products from damaging and breaking. • It makes the transportation of product safe and easy. • The quality of the products can remain for long time. • Packaging informs the consumers about the source of the product, weight and date of production. • It makes the producer popular and reliable. • It makes the product attractive in the market 4. Formulation a Draft for the Processing of Medicinal Plants in Small Scale Processing of medicinal plants refers to the technology of separating unwanted substance from the medicinal plants and collecting the raw materials for further process. The combined form of activities like pounding, grinding, winnowing, sifting, pruning, cleaning, drying, making pieces, making juice, taking out oil, cooking, steaming, etc is called processing of medicinal plants. These are the procedure of processing in the industries. The procedures may differ according to the kind and quantity of the medicinal plant. The planning for the processing of medicinal plants can be made as given below: S. Name of the Part to be Procedure of Processing expenses No. medicinal plant collected processing 1. Chamomile Flower Drying for 2-3 Expenses in keeping and leaf days and keeping it in the processing in the processing mechanism, labourer mechanism and machinery expenses 2. Mentha All parts Withering and Labourer and except taking out oil from distillation expenses the roots steam distillation technology 156 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3. Dhasingre Leaf Drying in the Labourer charge for shadow, steaming plucking leaves and (Wintergreen) and taking out distillation expenses oil from steam distillation technology Planning for processing - Quantity of the medicinal plants - Processing technique - Processing expenses - Quantity of processed goods - Price for the selling - Profit, loss 5. Selling of the Medicinal Plants and Management of Accounting It needs the investment in various steps of medicinal plants farming right from the nursery bed to production of the goods. Labourer, seed, manure, irrigation, weeding, treatment of disease and insects, use of medicine, etc are the common titles of expenses in this work. It needs the expenses for the collection, processing, storage, packaging and supplying to the market. A clear financial record of profit or loss should be kept by subtracting the investment from the income. The farmers are the manager of their own farm. These farmers keep the financial record of daily activities which helps to fix the price of the product for selling. Such record of expenditure becomes the base for determining price of the product. Activities 1. Collect any 10 medicinal plants used as medicine in your community and discuss in the class. 2. Observe the packaging technique of medicinal plants produced locally and prepare a report on it. Occupation, Business BOOK 157 8and Technology Education

Word meaning Aromatic : giving off a distinctive and pleasant smell Ayurvedic : ancient Hindu system of healing Constipation : difficulty in defecation Distillation : boiling and condensing of liquid Flatulence : full of digestive gas Piles : swollen anal veins Regime : form of government Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Write the name of any 5 medicinal plants which are used as medicine and name the disease that they cure. 2. Name the medicinal plants used in cosmetics? Write the name of their products. 3. Explain the business of medicinal plants in Nepal. 4. What are the reasons of packaging? 5. How can we manage the financial activities in the medicinal plants farm? Explain. Practical Work 1. Collect some medicinal plants and take help of your guardians to prepare domestic medicine from them. Write their name and discuss the process of making with your classmates. 2. Visit a medicinal plant processing centre and prepare a report on the basis of your observation. 158 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT11 Animal Care Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  mention about the feed and pasture management of sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, pigs, poultry, fish and honeybee.  identify some common diseases in sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, pigs, poultry, fish and honeybee and their prevention and control measures.  explain the advantages of live stock farming, poultry farming, fisheries and beekeeping.  identify the appropriate method for storage, packaging ,preservation, and transportation system of the products.  tell the scope and management of the market of the products.  draft the planning of livestock farming, poultry farming, fisheries and beekeeping in a small scale. Occupation, Business BOOK 159 8and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Goat, Sheep and Chayangra Rearing The goat and sheep rearing business is felt appropriate in our country from the geographical and economic prospective. The goat and sheep farming business has helped to create employment and to increase income of the farmers. For the promotion of this business, we need to consider the following aspects; Goat Sheep Chyangra 1. Conservation of Pastureland Pastureland means the grazing land for livestock. It is also called grazing land. It is a place having grass and shrubs which is necessary for grazing the animals. It provides natural source of food for the animals like goat and sheep. If it is possible to provide green grass to the goat and sheep, it is not necessary for the farmers to totally depend on the concentrate feed for them. It also reduces the cost of production. It is necessary to do proper management and conservation of their pasture-land. For the conservation of the pasture, there should be promotion of the locally available grass. The pasture can be conserved by adopting rotation pasture system. In the high mountain region, the sheep and goat are reared in the meadow called bugen. Similarly, in the middle hill the pasture-land called kharka are conserved for pasturing for the animal. The pastureland must be properly fenced and unwanted weeds and grass need to be removed. The improved breeds of grasses like Clover, Napier, Amriso, 160 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lucern, Berseem, Rye grass can be cultivated in the pastureland. These grass provide good sources of feed for the goats, and sheep. Similarly, the fodder trees like Tanki, Koiralo, Ipil- Ipil, Kimbu, Badahar, Chyuri, Khanyu, etc. also can be grown as the good source of diet and roughages in the grazing land. 2. Identification of the Disease and Control Methods Various kinds of viruses, bacteria, fungi and micro parasites cause different diseases to goat and sheep some of them are as follow: a. Brucellosis Brucellosis in sheep and goats is caused mainly by bacteria called Brucella melitensis. This disease has also been associated with abortions and infertility. Inhalation is the most important route of infection in goats and sheep but infection may also be acquired through eating infected material and by penetration of the bacteria through the mucous membranes of the eye. Common grazing areas and water sources and poor hygiene favour the rapid spread of the disease. Signs and symptoms • Late term abortion is the principal manifestation of brucellosis. • Up to 60% of the pregnant ewes in the farm or herd may abort. • Other features include reduced milk yield and birth of weak lambs/kids. • Testicular inflammation, joint inflammation, lameness, and infertility in male animals. Prevention and control • Isolate ewes that have aborted from other pregnant animals. • Check whether the animal that has aborted has fever or looks sick. If so, treat it with an antibiotic. • All infected materials should be disposed preferably by burying in a safe manner. • Clean up the place where the abortion took place and wash thoroughly. • Vaccination with a live attenuated B melitensis Rev 1 strain vaccine can be given to the infected animal. It is recommended that kid and lambs should be vaccinated at 3-8 months while adults should be vaccinated 2 months before breeding. Occupation, Business BOOK 161 8and Technology Education

b. Peptides Peptitis Ruminant (PPR) It is a common disease of goat and sheep caused by virus. It is also called Cholera of goat and sheep. It is a dangerous viral disease. Sometimes, it may cause a heavy toll of a large number of the goat and sheep once at a time. Signs and Symptoms • High fever (up to 104° to 106°F) • Redness in the eyes • Dryness of the mouth • Sneezing • Loss of appetite • Running nose • Wound in the nose • Diarrhoea Prevention and Control • Vaccine at every two years may prevent the animals against this disease. c. Diarrhoea This disease is caused by toxin, bacteria, virus and protozoa. Signs and Symptoms • Weakness • Thin body • Indigestion • Brownish diarrhoea Prevention and Control • The medicines such as Neblone, Pergocare and Salpha can be given • If the disease is caused by parasites, medicine should be provided against them d. Bloat (Acidosis) It is the condition of the goat and the sheep in which there is accumulation of excess gas in their stomach. This disease occurs due to the formation of gas by the bacteria and parasites in the stomach. 162 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Signs and Symptoms • Difficulty in respiration • Stomach pain • If it is not treated in time, there is the chance of death of the animal Prevention and Control • The disease can be treated with Avil injection, antibiotics and proper fodder need to be provided to the sick goat or sheep. e. Foot-rot Foot rot is an infectious disease of goat and sheep. It occurs within the hard shell of hoof and adjacent soft structure. It is caused by the bacteria called Fusiformis nodosus. Signs and Symptoms • Inflammation in the heels Foot-rot diseased hooves • Swelling of the horns Prevention and Control • Vaccine should be given to the animals against the disease • Aureomycin violet spray can be provided at the infected feet f. Pneumonia It is a major disease of goat and sheep. It is caused by a number of factors like wet floor, cold, winds, bacteria, fungus, virus and lungs parasites. The main causative agent of the disease is the bacterium called Pasteurella haemolutica. BOOKSigns and Symptoms 163 • Rapid breathing • Mucus discharge from nostrils • Fever and cough • Dropping ears • Reduced feed intake • Difficulty in breathing Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

Prevention and Control • Intramuscular injection called Avil of 3 to 5 ml can be given for 3 to 5 days. • The powder called Caflen can be administered orally. • Antibiotic should be provided for 3 to 5 days. • Well ventilated pen can prevent the disease. • Isolation of the infected goat/sheep from other animal helps to control the disease. g. Mastitis (Thunelo) It is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, virus and fungus. This disease spreads through infected water, contaminated bedding, and utensils. Signs and Symptoms • Inflammation of the udder and teats. • Udder becomes hard due to fibrosis. • Clotting pus and blood in milk may be observed. • Swelling of teats. • Udder is swollen, hot, and painful. • Fever. Prevention and Control • The floor should be clean. • Isolation and treatment of affected goats. • Maintain hygienic conditions in shed. • Teats of the infected goats should be cleaned with Luke warm water. • Veterinary doctor should be consulted. 3. Importance of Goat/Sheep and Chyangra Farming The goat and sheep are the good source of meat for us. In addition, we also get milk, skin, wool and dung, from them. Wool is the second product after the meat. In our country, approximately 583.5 tons of wool is being produced every year. At the same time, about 650 metric tons of their dung each year is being produced and used in our field as compost manure. The ghee made from the 164 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

milk of the sheep is considered as highly nutritious. It is also used as medicine. The farmers of some places like Chitlang and Makawanpur prepare cheese from the goat’s milk and export in the foreign countries. 4. Quality Control and Storage of the Manufactured Goods We can get healthy meat only from the healthy animal. The meat should be kept in the refrigerator. If the fresh meat is in use, it must be used immediately. Now, the Department of Measurement and Quality Control has started to supervise the quality of the meat and the meat stalls and give legal punishment to the meat sellers who are found selling low quality and unhygienic meat. The quality of the sheep and Chyangra wool can be improved by washing and drying in the sun. The wool after drying in the sun should be stored in the dry and safe place. 5. Preservation, Packaging, and Transportation of the Products The meat stuffs and wool produced from the animals must be kept safely. The meat must be packed safely and hygienically in the plastic packet or in the container for transportation from one place to another. For the transportation of the meat stuff, especially prepared chilling vehicles should be used. The wool should be packed in the sack or the large sized bag. There should be management of the transportation of the wool from the production site to the knitting industry through the truck or other means of transportation. 6. Market Management of the Products The meat stuff should be sold in time. A good market is required for the sale of the meat stuff. The Meat trader can sell their meat products through other different meat stalls also. A farmer can draft a plan for the goat or sheep farming. A sample of the framework of the draft plan for the goat/sheep and Chyangra farming is provided in the following table: S.No. Particulars Unit Quantity Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) 1. Capital Expenditure Total 2. Current Expenditure Total Occupation, Business BOOK 165 8and Technology Education

Activity Observe any one goat, sheep, or Chyangra farm of your locality and prepare a small report on its contribution on the economic condition of the farm owner. Word meaning Concentrate feed : the feed which includes granular feeds such as oats, barley, bran, grain cuttings, flour dust ,meat-and-bone, fish meal etc Draft plan : a preliminary plan, sketch, or drawing of something Ewes : female sheep Hoof : the horny part of the feet of horses, cows etc Veterinary doctor : a doctor who practices veterinary medicine Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Why is it necessary to make proper management of the pasture for the goat or sheep farm? 2. Mention any three common diseases of the goat and sheep. Write their symptoms and control measures. 3. Make a list of the products that we can get from the goat and sheep farming. Write about the quality control and storage of those products. 4. Write short note on: a. Acidosis b. Pneumonia Practical Work Prepare a proposal for goat farming including a framework plan and discuss in the class. 166 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Cow, Buffalo and Chauri Farming We have the old tradition of rearing Chauri in the Himalayan region and cow and buffalo in the Terai and Hill region. They need balanced diet which includes carbohydrates, proteins,fat, minerals and vitamins. The balanced diet is essential for their growth and milk production. A cow/buffalo or Chauri with the weight of 100 kg needs around 2.5 kg dry matters like bran, straw molasses, etc. Cow Chauri Buffalo In addition, the cattle are let free for grazing in the forest, grassland, open field, etc. We call meadow to the pasture-land where we let the cattle free for grazing. Improved breed of cattle are mostly stall-fed. They are fed with green grasses and chopped straw mixed with the concentrate feed. It is known that nutritious diet is essential to the cattle for the maintenance of their body, growth of the foetus and milk production after calving. Since its rumen will not be developed, newly born calves should be fed with colostrums only for the first 3 to 5 days after parturition. For the proper rearing of the cattle, the aspects need to be considered: 1. Conservation of the Pasture-land Pasture-land means the grazing land for the cattle. It provides natural source of food for the cattle. It is necessary to do proper management and conservation of their pasture-land. For the conservation of the pasture, there should be promotion of the locally available grass. The grass in the pasture-land can be conserved by adopting rotation pasture system. Occupation, Business BOOK 167 8and Technology Education

In the high mountain region, the cattle are reared in the meadow called bugen. Similarly, in the middle hill the pasture-lands called kharka are conserved for pasturing for the animal. The pasture-land must be properly fenced and unwanted weeds and grass need to be removed. The improved breeds of grasses like Stylo, Clover, Napier, Lucern, Berseem, Rye grass are highly nutritious for the cattle. So, these species grass can be grown in the pasture-land. Similarly, the fodder trees like Tanki, Koiralo, Cattle grazing at pasture-land Ipil- Ipil, Kimbu, Badahar, Chyuri, Khanyu, etc. also can be grown for the cattle. They are also the good source of diet and roughages. 2. Identification of the Disease and Control Methods Various kinds of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites cause different diseases to the cattle. If the cattle cannot get treatment on time, they will die and the farmers suffer from a great economic loss. Some of the common diseases between the cow and buffalo are as follow: a. Foot and Mouth Disease (Khoret) It is a communicable disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. It transmits from infected animal to another animal through common feeding and watering places. Signs and Symptoms • High fever up to 106° to 107°F. • Loss of appetite. • Presence of wounds between two hooves. • Wounds also appear on lips, gums, tongue and oral cavity. • Drooling of saliva. • Difficulty in walking. • Loss of body weight. 168 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and Treatment • 3.5 ml H.S. vaccine should be given against FMD in the month of Baisakh every year. • The wound in the mouth should be cleaned by mixing alum (fitkiri) in the one percent potassium water. • In the hooves, the medicine like Himex and Loreczen ointment should be put after cleaning the wound with potassium water. b. Black Taurper (Charchare) It is also a communicable disease. It is caused by the bacterium called Clostridium Chauvoei. Signs and Symptoms • High fever up to 104°F to 106°F. • Difficulty in walking. • Swelling of thigh muscle. • Crepitating sound (Charchare) comes while pressing on the swollen part. • The infected animal may die, if not treated in time. Prevention and Control • Vaccination against BT before summer season. • The infected animal can be given Penicillin injection in every six hours. c. Mastitis (Thunelo) It is an infectious disease. Mastitis denotes an inflammation of the udder and responsible for heavy financial loss to dairyman due to discarding of abnormal milk, reduced milk production and butter fat, decreased market value of cow. It is caused by various causative agents like bacteria, fungus, and virus (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida and Cryptococcus). In this disease, there is inflammation of the udder in the lactating cattle. It spreads through infected water, contaminated bedding, utensils, milker’s hands. Signs and Symptoms • Inflammation of the udder and teats. • Udder becomes hard due to fibrosis. Occupation, Business BOOK 169 8and Technology Education

• Clotting pus and blood in milk may be observed. • Decrease in milk production. • Swelling of nipple. • Udder is swollen, hot, and painful. • Fever. Prevention and Control • The floor and bedding should be clean. • The floor of the milking shed should be washed with running water. • Isolation and treatment of infected animals. • The udder of cattle and hands of milker’s hands should be washed with antiseptic solution before and after milking. • Maintain hygienic conditions in cattle shed. • Teats of the cattle should be cleaned with Luke warm water before and after milking. • Veterinary doctor should be consulted if the cow/buffalo is infected. d. Fluke Infection All grazing cattle are susceptible to liver fluke, although wet areas hold higher risk. Liver fluke is caused by a parasite called Fasciloa hepatica. Development of the parasite continues in infected snail. An adult fluke can be up to 3cm long and can survive in cattle anything between six months to two years. Signs and Symptoms • Brownish diarrhoea. • Reduced growth. • Anaemia. • Oedema in lower jaw. Prevention and Control • Control of snails in the pasture. • Avoid grazing in early morning. • Deworming of animals periodically. 170 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3. Advantages It is advantageous to rear cattle from the economic perspective. People are able to make good source of earning through this business. We can get milk, dung, etc. from cow and Chauri. Similarly, we can get milk, meat and dung from buffalo. In addition to this, we can get skin and bone after their death. 4. Quality Control over the Manufactured Goods and their Storage Nowadays, Dairy Development Centre collects milk through its depots from the milk production sector. Similarly, the private milk collection centres also collect milk from different places. The department of quality control provides quality mark to the quality milk products processed by those centres. It also gives punishment to those dairies if the products are not up to the standard of the government of Nepal. The milk products and meat stuff should be kept in the refrigerator and chilling centres for their storage. 5. Preservation, Packaging and Transportation of the Manufactured goods There are the provision of chilling centres in the milk collection centre. The processed milk and the milk products are packaged in the plastic packet, glass bottle and pouch. Thereafter, the products are transported for distribution from that centre. Similarly, the meat industry also cut the meat into pieces and put into the packet and distributes in the market. 6. Market Management There is a great scope of market of meat and milk products in our country. The demand of the meat and milk products is not fulfilled till this day. So, it is necessary to do some additional work to address the demand for the meat and milk products and marketing management. There must be balanced between producers and consumers through the production. Now, the meat and the milk products have been supplied from the neighboring and foreign countries. 7. Planning of Small-Scale Cattle Farming We need to make proper planning for sustainable cattle farming. We can also carry the business related to the milk, meat, and skin of those animals. The commercial cattle farming creates job opportunities and eventually it helps to promote economic activities too. To make the planning for the livestock farming, fixed capital expenditure, and annual current expenditure are required. A sample of fixed capital expenditure is presented as follow: Occupation, Business BOOK 171 8and Technology Education

Particulars Unit Quantity Rate Rs. Total Rs. Purchase of lactating cow 10 90,000.00 900,000.00 Shed construction: Per cow @ 50 square ft. 500 400.00 200,000.00 Per calf @ 20 square ft. Compost manure pit 200 200.00 40,000.00 Equipments Miscellaneous 1 50,000.00 50,000.00 1 100,000.00 100,000.00 90,000.00 Total 1,380,000.00 Activity Visit the dairy of your community and observe the milk distribution system of that centre. Then discuss with friends in the class. Word meaning Bran : the outer layers of the grain of cereals removed during the process of milling and used as a source of dietary fiber Molasses : thick dark brown syrup produced in refining raw sugar Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Why is it necessary to make proper management of the pasture for the cattle? 2. Mention any three common diseases of the cow and buffalo. Write their symptoms and control measures. 3. Make a list of the products that we can get from the cattle farming. Write about the quality control and storage of those products. 4. Prepare a draft plan for a small-scale cow farming. 5. Write short note on: a. Foot and Mouth Disease b. Mastitis Practical Work Prepare a proposal for cattle farming including a framework plan and discuss in the class. 172 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Pig Farming Pig farming is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs. There are various methods of pig farming depending on the method of management adopted. Pig farming in Nepal is not new. In our country, it has been accepted socially and culturally by certain ethnic groups. Pig rearing is still in the developing stage in Nepal. Increasing demand of genuine free-range pork is difficult to be fulfilled by the relatively small number of producers those are farming free-range pigs. Growing market of free raised pork attracts many farmers but it is not easy to manage free-range farming. It has now, become one of the good source of income to the farmers. 1. Management of Fodder Pig farming is an important part of agriculture. Pigs are farmed for meat production. Nowadays some people are attracted to commercial pig farming. Pig need balanced diet for their proper growth and development. The diet of pig must include proper amount of Carbohydrate, fat, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water. Grains, grains by- products, potatoes, cabbage, carrot, turnip, some species of weeds, kitchen wastage (left over food) are the sources of feed for the pigs. Pigs require different quantities of concentrates along with the grass and weed according to their age group. It is given in the following table: Table1: Requirement of concentrates for the pigs of different stage and age groups. Pig at different stages Body weight Daily requirement (kg) Pre-starter piglets Up to 2 kg Creep feed (7-19 days old piglets) Starter piglets For 20 - 40 kg 1-2 Growing pigs For 50 kg 3-5 Breeding boar and sow For 100 kg 2-3 Suckling sow \" 4-5 Adult boar \" 3-4 Fattening Pigs \"5 Occupation, Business BOOK 173 8and Technology Education

2. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method Pigs are infected by several kinds of diseases. The most common diseases are scabies, foot and mouth disease, swine fever, anthrax, Brucellosis among the pigs. They are described below: a) Scabies (Mange) It is a parasitic disease of the skin caused by mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. Mites penetrate the outer layer of skin (epidermis), cause severe itching, and leave rashes everywhere in the body. It is a contagious disease so it transmits from one infected animal to another through direct contact. Signs and Symptoms • Skin irritation and rubbing scratching. • Ear shaking. • Tiny red pimples over the skin. • Scales appear in the affected area. • Animals become lean and thin. Prevention and Control Scabies infected pigs For the prevention of pigs from this disease, animals and their sheds should be kept neat and clean. The infected animals should be isolated form other healthy animals. The medicine called Holdn Lotion, Himix and Ectomin (5 ml) should be mixed with 5 liter water and clean the body. The injection called Ieomac also can be given under the skin at the rate of 1 ml per 40 kg. b) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) It is the viral disease that infects cloven-hoofed animals. It is also called as foot and mouth disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. This disease is an infectious disease. It is transmitted from an infected animal to other animals through contaminated farming equipment, vehicles and feed. Signs and Symptoms FMD of pig • In early stage, there is rise in temperature. It prefers to lie down. 174 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

• The infected animal becomes dull. • Blisters come on the snout and the tongue. • Loss of finger nails. • Sticky , foamy and stringy saliva is produced. Prevention and Control For the prevention of the animals from this disease, the infected animals should be isolated from the other healthy animals. The animals should be given vaccine against FMD every six months. In the case of FMD epidemic, the following measures should be adopted. • The infected animals must be isolated from other animals. • Hygienic rules must be followed strictly in the farm. • Clean the wounds with Alum or Potash water. c) Swine Fever This disease is also known as Hog Cholera. It is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs. Signs and Symptoms Swine fever infected pig • High fever (104° - 106°F). • Loss of appetite. • General dullness. • Reddened and draining eyes. • Vomiting. • Diarrhoea. • Coughing and difficulty in respiration. Prevention and Control • Vaccines should be given to pigs against swine fever every year. • There must be use of anti-hog-cholera serum in early stage. • Proper hygiene should be maintained. • Infected pigs should be separated from other animals. • Antibiotics should be given for the treatment of secondary infection. Occupation, Business BOOK 175 8and Technology Education

d) Anthrax Anthrax is an uncommon infections disease of pigs. It is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by the bacterium called Bacillus Anthracic. It is transmitted from one animal to another through common feeding places. Signs and Symptoms Anthrax killed pigs • Blood mixed faeces. • Fever. • Blue skin. • Not eating. • Bleeding from the nose. • Swelling on neck. • Difficulty in respiration. Prevention and Control Anthrax can be controlled through vaccination programme. Animals should be given vaccine annually in the affected area. The infected animals should be separated from other animals. The dead animals, manure, bedding, and other contaminated materials must be buried safely and lime should be put on the ground. e) Brucellosis It is also called Rock fever. Rod shaped bacterium called Rosella cause it. This disease may transmit to human also. It generally affects the female pig during the breeding period. Signs and Symptoms Brucellosis infected pig • Sweating. • Joint and muscle pain. • Fever. • Headache. • Swelling of liver and spleen. • Tiredness. • Depression. • Weight loss. 176 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and Control Animals can be vaccinated against Brucellosis against the epidemic. If the animals are already infected, antibiotics can be given for the treatment. f) Parasites Pigs are infested by a number of parasites. There are internal and external parasites, which attack pigs. In which internal parasites (endoparasites) include: Tape worms, liver flukes, kidney worms, lungs worms, whipworms, hook worms, Thread worms, pinworms, etc. External parasites (exoparasites) includes biting insects like black flies, ticks mosquitoes, horse flies and non biting insects like house flies, lice, mites, etc. For the control of internal parasites, pigs should be given antheminitic drugs on regular basis. For example: Piperazine and dmebendazole can be given against round worms. Similarly, Alberdazole can be given against tape worms and lungs worms. At the same time, Oxyclozanide can be given against liver flukes. 3. Advantages We can get meat products from the swine farming. At the same time, the litter of the swine can be used in agriculture field and fish-pond as feed. The sausage, bacon and salami processing industries are run by using these meat products. 4. Quality Control and Storage of the Products The hybrid species of the swine are reared for the meat product. They grow faster in comparison to the other local breeds of swine. They can give more meat with less feeding. We should not forget that the proportion of fat in the swine increases if they are reared for longer period. Therefore, the meat from 4 to 8 months pig is considered as of the high quality. At this time, there is comparatively more margin of profit. The meat of the swine should be kept in the deep refrigeration to make it hygienic for consumer. 5. Preservation, Packaging, and Transportation of the Products Since meat is perishable goods, it is essential to be kept in the cold store or deep fridge after collecting it from the slaughterhouse. The meat products of the pork like sausage, salami, ham, bacon, etc. should be kept in the cold store after packaging. In addition, there should be proper management of transportation facility to carry those products to the market. Occupation, Business BOOK 177 8and Technology Education

6. Market Management About 80% of the pigs are slaughtered by the farmers themselves and sold in the local market. The rest of the swine are sold to the local collectors or the local agents. They sell those swine for meat in the local market. The market of the Pakhibras breed (Dharane Kalo Bangur) is transported to Pokhara, Kathmandu and other cities of Nepal even in Siliguri of India. Activity Visit a pig farm nearby your locality. Discuss the diseases and their control and treatment measures by consulting the farmer and J.T.A. Word meaning Boar : an uncastrated male swine Contagious : capable of being transmitted by direct or indirect contact; communicable Perishable : food that will decay rapidly if not refrigerated Scales : dry, flaky exfoliations of the skin without any discontinuity of its surface Sow : an adult female swine Zoonotic disease : any disease that can be transmitted to human from animals Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is the scope of pig farming in Nepal? Give your opinion. 2. Mention any three common diseases of the swine. Write their symptoms and control measures. 3. What is the situation of market management in Nepal? Write any three importance of it. 4. Write short note on: a. Packaging and transportation of the meat stuffs. b. Swine fever Practical Work Suppose a farmer approaches you to consult about pig farming. How would you help him to make a plan for running a pig farm? Prepare a work plan for swine farming including pigsty, feeding, and medicine and show it to the teacher. 178 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Rabbit Farming Rabbits are small mammal found in several parts of the world. They are a highly intelligent, curious, inquisitive, clean, and social species. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten or kit. Domestic rabbits can be kept as pets in a back yard hutch or indoors in a cage or house. Rabbits kept indoors are often referred to as house rabbits. Some domestic rabbits live in runs during the day for the benefit of fresh air, and natural daylight and are brought inside at night. Rabbit farming has been started in Nepal to produce wool and meat. The main purpose of commercial rabbit farming is to produce high quality soft, silky, and warm wool that has very good market. At the same time, the popularity of rabbit meat is also increasing because of its nutritional value which is low in cholesterol and high in protein. In addition, it provides best healthy alternative to beef and pork meat. Rabbit farming requires less labour compared to another animal farming. If farm managed properly then farmers can make maximum profit from rabbit farming business. Before starting rabbit farm, is necessary to know about rabbit food, care, health, diseases, pasture, breeds, and farm management system. 1. Breeds of Rabbit There are many breed of domestic rabbits like Dutch, New Zealand White, New Zealand Black, New Zealand Red, Belgium White and Chinchilla are highly productive and popular breeds. House rabbits Occupation, Business BOOK 179 8and Technology Education

2. Feeding Rabbits need small place for living and less food for surviving. They also need unrestricted access to fresh clean water. Feed consuming rate and nutrient requirement varies, depending upon the rabbit’s age and breed type for the proper nutrition of the rabbits, their feed should contain 18% protein, 14% fiber, 7% minerals. Timothy- grass, hay and a fair quantity of fresh vegetables, which includes spinach, carrots, cucumber, green grass, and vegetable wastes are the common food of rabbits. For commercial purpose, they can be served with the poultry feed also. At the same time, they need to be supplied with the sufficient amount of clean water. Rabbit Feeding grass 3. Breeding Rabbits have short generation interval and high reproduction rate. Usually, rabbit becomes mature and suitable for breeding purpose within 5 - 6 months of age. However, male rabbits are not good to use for breeding before they reach one year. The gestation period of rabbit is about 28 to 31 days. Rabbits breed eight times per year regardless of seasons. In addition, each time a doe can give birth to 2 - 8 kits. 4. Benefits There are many benefits of rabbit farming business. The main benefits of rabbit farming business are as follows: • Rabbits are very fast growing animals. • One female rabbit can give birth to 2 - 8 kits each time. • They can be raised within a short space. • Production cost is less compared to other large size animals. • The meat is very tasty, nutritious and easily digestible. • Rabbit farming requires less labour comparing another animal farming business. • Commercial production can be a great source of earning and employment. 180 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

5. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method Rabbits are also susceptible of various kinds of diseases like other animals. Amongst them, some of the common diseases are described below: a. Pneumonia Pneumonia is a common infectious disease of rabbit. It is most often caused by a bacteria called Pasteurella multocida but can also be caused by Staphylococcus spp. It is transmitted by air and by contact with contaminated hands, cages, equipment, or other rabbits. It is also transmitted from one animal to another through common feeding places. Signs and Symptoms • Labored breathing. • Very often mouth open and head thrown back at late stages. • Skin around eyes and mouth appears blue from lack of oxygen. • There may be fluid in the chest cavity. Prevention and Control • Avoid stress in the rabbits by ensuring good air quality. • Sheds and cages should be kept as clean as possible. • Good nutrition and fresh clean water is essential. b. Coccidiosis Coccidiosis is a protozoan parasite that invades the bile duct or intestine. The most common form is intestinal coccidiosis, which causes scouring and damages the bile duct. Signs and Symptoms • Diarrhoea or scouring with matted dirty fur around the anus. • In the early stages, the rabbit may show signs of ill thrift. Coccidiosis infected rabbit Occupation, Business BOOK 181 8and Technology Education

• Rabbits appear lethargic, go off their feed, scour, become dehydrated, and can die within 48 hours if left untreated. • Diagnosis of inflamed intestine. • Demonstration of Coccidial oocysts in faeces. Prevention and Control • The medicine called Coccidiostats can be used to treat affected rabbits under veterinary advice. • Good cage hygiene can interrupt this cycle. • All faecal material of the infected rabbits should be disposed safely. c. Calici Virus Calici virus infected rabbit The virus called Calici causes this disease. It causes severe internal hemorrhaging, resulting in rapid death of the rabbit. Rabbits older than 6-7 weeks of age seem to be the most commonly affected by this disease. It can be spread via insects, birds, rodents, people and their clothing and contaminated feed and water equipment. Signs and Symptoms • Animals will appear to be lethargic and have difficulty breathing. • There may be blood around the nose. • The liver is brownish red and swollen with a characteristic “orange peel” appearance. • Heart and kidneys are normally blood filled and the spleen is enlarged. • Convulsing sometimes occurs for a few moments before death. Prevention and Control • A vaccine, available for this disease can be administered. • Exclude insects, birds, and rodents from the rabbit shed. • Good sanitary practices in the rabbit shed such as washing hands, cleaning cages and equipment, and wearing clean clothing. 182 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Divide your class into different groups and discuss about rabbit farming under the guidance of your subject teacher. Word meaning Hay : grass or other plants cut and dried for fodder Hutch : a pen or coop for small animals, especially rabbits Laboured breathing : difficulty in breathing Matted hair : tangled into a thick mass of hair Scouring : diarrhea in livestock Thrift : careful use of material resources Timothy grass : a perennial grass of temperate regions, grown for hay and pasture Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Explain briefly about the scope of rabbit farming in Nepal. 2. Mention the benefits of rabbit farming in our context. 3. Describe any two diseases of rabbit. 4. Write short notes on: a. Feeding of rabbit b. Breeding of rabbit Practical Work Observe the feeding habit of a pet rabbit of your locality and present your report in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 183 8and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Fisheries Fish farming is one of the important parts of agriculture. There are a lots of small scale fish farming in different places in plain and hilly region in Nepal. Nepal is rich in fresh water resources. These water resources can be used for commercial fish farming. Artificial ponds are being made in various places for fish farming especially in the Terai region. Hence, there is high potentiality for fish farming in Nepal. Fish farming is also being a popular business in our country. 1. Feed Management There must be proper management of feed for the growth and development of the fish in the pond. In commercial fish farming there are two types of feeds like artificial and natural feeds. They are described below: a. Natural Feed As a natural feed, the fish can feed on small water plants called phytoplankton and small insects and micro-organisms called zooplankton found in the pond. These natural feeds can be produced in the pond by using dung, compost manure, oil cakes, etc. At the same time, it is beneficial to add some chemical fertilizers like Urea, DAP and TSP in appropriate amount in the pond. b. Artificial Feed In a pond, fish can find natural food by themselves but only natural food may not be sufficient to the growing fingerlings. They also need artificial food for their proper growth and development. Therefore, farmers should feed well-balanced artificial food to the growing fish. The artificial feed can be prepared using rice bran, wheat bran, maize, millet, dry fish, oilcake, grass, banana leaves, etc. While preparing feed for the fish it should be remembered that Rainbow trout, Magur and fingerlings need 30% to 35% protein. Adult fish should be fed 2 times in a day whereas fries should be fed 4 times in a day. 2. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method Tricodina, White spot disease, Argulus, Larniya (hookworm), IVS, Gyrodactylus are the common diseases and parasites of fish. They are described below: 184 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

a. White Spot Disease It is commonly known as fresh water itch. It is a common protozoan disease of freshwater fish. It is caused by protozoa called Ichthyopthirius. Signs and Symptoms • Laziness. • Green skin. • Wound and white spots in the body. • Stop feeding. Prevention and Control White Spot Disease in fish • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2-3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes. • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. b. Gyrod Dectylus It is a parasitic disease. It infects gill, skin and wings. Fries and fingerlings are severely affected by this leech like parasites. Signs and Symptoms • Sluggishness. Gyrod Dectylus infected fish • Fin drops and folded against the body. • Flashing colour. • Itching and disordered fish movement. Prevention and Control • The pond should get regular flow of water. • Dipteecs solution can be added at the rate of 0.25 ppm. Occupation, Business BOOK 185 8and Technology Education

c. Trichodina It is a protozoan disease. It is caused by the parasite called Triochodiana. It attacks the gills, skin and fins of the fish. In the chronic stage it causes great loss of fingerlings. Signs and Symptoms • Restlessness. Trichodina infected fish • Loss of body weight. • Tiredness. • Finally fingerlings die. Prevention and Control • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2-3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes. • Formalin and Malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. d. Argulasis (Fish lice) It is also an ectoparasitic disease of fresh water fish. It is caused by the parasite called Argulus. It attaches on skin, head, fins and gills of the fish and sucks bold from the body. Signs and Symptoms Fish lice infected fish • Faded skin colour. • Eroded scales. • Excessive mucus secretion. • Scratch themselves. • Frequently jump out of water. Prevention and Control • The ponds should be kept clean. 186 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

• Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2% - 3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes. • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. e. Larniya (Hook Worm) It is an ectoparasitic disease. These parasites attach on skin and insert their hooks into the body of fish and causes wound on it. Signs and Symptoms • Laziness. • Lesion appear on head and body. • Rub body on the wall of the wound. Prevention and Control Hook Worm infected fish • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2% - 3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes. f. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) is a fish disease characterized by the presence of severe, open dermal ulcers on the head, mid-body, and dorsal regions of the fish. This dreadful disease has been affecting various fish species. It is caused by the fungus Aphanomyces invadans. Signs and Symptoms • Initially multiple small red spots over the skin. • Deep-red to brown skin ulcers. • These ulcers can be on any part of the body. • The ulcers can extend down to the bone or into the abdominal cavity. • Weak swimming or swimming near the surface. • Sloughing of scales. Occupation, Business BOOK 187 8and Technology Education

• Haemorrhagic or ulcerative lesions on the base of fins and other parts of the body. Prevention and Control • Keeping diseased fish in clean water may allow recovery. • Liming water and improving water quality. • Removal of infected fish from the pond. • Eradication, exclusion, management, surveillance and treatment are all required to gain control over the disease. • There is no effective treatment for advanced disease. 3. Importance We can get meat from the fish. The meat of the fish contains 15% - 20% of protein. It contains abundant amount of vitamin ‘A’ and ‘D’ compared to meat of other animals. The fish’s bone is rich in the minerals like calcium, phosphorus and iron. We can get meat and prepare dry fish (Sidra) and other different products from it. In addition, it creates employment opportunities and increases economic opportunities to the people. 4. Quality Control and Storage of the Products Fish is perishable product and several chemical and biological changes take place immediately after capture. Since the flesh of the fish is rich in protein it is easily damaged by the microbes. The ill fish aggravates the health of the consumers. Fish cannot be used up once at a time after its harvesting. Therefore, it requires careful handling, preservation and chilling facilities. Chilling is the process of placing the fish and fishery products into the refrigeration to lower the temperature down through freezing at 0°C or below after the products reaches heat balance. In contrast, the fresh and alive fishery products should be transported under their suitable surviving conditions to maintain their quality. 5. Preservation by Drying Fish preservation by drying means preserving fish by removing water from it’s body through heating. This system is very popular and about all types of fish can be preserved by drying. Sunlight, solar dryer, oven, etc are used for preservation of fish. a. Local Method of Drying We can use our local technology to dry fish without any hindrances. 188 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

The steps for drying fish by our local technology are described below: • Remove scales, fins, innards, etc. from the body of fish. • Wash the fish properly by using clean and fresh water. • Prepare fire in the oven for smoking and drying purpose. • Then keep the fish on a bed of the iron net and make it dry by the high fire flame in the beginning and low flame later. • For drying the fish, fast turn over those fish several times a day. • Continue drying and smoking until fish is flaky and cooked through. • It takes about 3-5 days to make the fishes fully dry. • After drying the fish, it should be packed safely for the future consumption. b. Drying in Drum or Chamber It is also a popular method of drying fish. In this method, the fish are dried up by placing them on the iron net just over the oven. This kind of dryer consists of combustion chamber (oven) and drying chamber. Here the combustion chamber denotes a charcoal-filled oven from where heat energy is generated. The drying chamber is a cabinet made up of iron nets over the rods where the products Fish drying chamber are spread for drying. We can make the drying cabinet with the size of 4 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 5 feet high. In operation of the drying process, charcoal is fired in the oven then the heat passes to the fish through the drying chamber. We need to dry the fish by fast turning them upside down several times a day. It is necessary to continue drying and smoking until fish is flaky and cooked through. Different varieties of driers are also available in the market for drying fish. c. Drying by Solar Drier Wood solar drier BOOK The different types of solar driers of the 189 advanced technology are available in the market. In this drier, solar radiation passing through the glass house heats up air inside which ensures a forced air circulation. The fish to be dried is kept in the tray racks mounted on trolleys and kept in the area of air circulation. The hot air movements reduce humidity Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

inside the glass house, resulting in quicker drying of the material. If necessary, there is also the provision of smoking after drying the fish. d. Preserving through Salting Salting is a traditional method of preserving fish. It has been used for centuries and dried salted products are still popular all over the world. In this method, first of all the fish is cleaned by removing its scales, fins, innards, etc. Prepare salt water (brine) by dissolving about 270 g of salt in a litre of water and submerge the fish in the brine for the required time (1 hr to 24 hr). Then after keep in a cool place (20°C or less in hot weather it is preferable to store in the chiller). The salted fish also can be dried and smoked. e. Chilling and Refrigeration We can protect the fish from spoilage by lowering the temperature. There are basically two methods of lowering the temperature i.e. chilling and refrigeration. In chilling - the fish are held at a temperature as close to 0°C as possible (but not below). It is suitable for a short term storage method. In freezing, the temperature of the fish is reduced so that the water in the fish freezes. Usually temperatures of between -30°C to -18°C is used to store frozen fish. This enables the fish to be kept in good condition for much longer periods than chilling. f. Packing and Canning The canning system is not common in Nepal. While packing fish we should make sure that the packaging container and packaging materials shall comply with the relevant standards of hygiene. In addition, the packaging container and packaging materials should have sufficient strength and not be broken during transportation and carrying. 6. Market Management Fish are produced in the fishpond, lake, and river. Those fish should be carried to different places so that consumers can get them easily. The fishery business is common in the Terai region of Nepal. The cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara including other cities are the big market of those fish. Farmers sell their products to the local agents. The agents carry them in the urban centers and sell to the dealers. Moreover, the dealers sell those products to the retailers. The fish caught in the streams and rivers, are traded by the local merchants. While carrying the fish products from the pond to the distant places for sale there should be adequate transportation facility to carry the fisheries. For this purpose, the transportation vehicle should be equipped with refrigeration and thermal insulation facilities. Therefore, we can protect the product from damage. 190 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

The transportation temperature for chilled products should be kept between 0°C to 4°C and for the frozen products; it should be below -18°C. Activity What things are required as raw materials to prepare natural and artificial feed for the fish? Discuss in the class. Word meaning Canning : the process of sealing food in airtight cans or tins to preserve it for future use DAP : nitrogen and phosphorus contained chemical fertilizer Fingerlings : young fish, especially one less than a year old and about the size of a human finger Fries : recently hatched young fish Humidity : dampness, moistness Mounted : to go up; climbed; ascended TSP : phosphorus containing chemical fertilizer Urea : a water-soluble powder form of compound i.e. CO(NH2)2 used as a fertilizer Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. How can you manage feed for the fish in the pond? 2. Write the difference between natural feed and artificial feed for fish. 3. Describe any two diseases of fish along with their symptoms, preventive and control measures. 4. Explain the different preservation methods of fish products. 5. Compare preservation of fish through salting with chilling. 6. Write a short note on market management of the fish products. Practical Work Visit a fish pond nearby your locality and observe the activities of the fish. Prepare a report and present it in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 191 8and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Poultry and Duck Farming Rearing of variety of domesticated birds like chicken, duck, turkeys, ostrich and Battai in commercial way for meat, egg, etc is called Poultry farming. It is an important part of agricultural economy. At present many people are engaged in poultry farming in Nepal. In contrast to chickens ducks have strong immune system. So, fungal bacterial and viral attack is low compared to chicken. Both of the breeds of ducks are available in Nepal. Some of the popular breeds are Indian runner Australian spotted crested Perkin Rajhansa, Maskovi,etc. Usually ducks weigh around 3 to 4 kg. They are famous for meat and egg production. 1. Feed Management Poultry feeds are important for their growth and development. Poultry required varying levels of feeds and nutrients in order to grow and develop properly. The poultry feeds must contain the nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins , fats and much more. Lack of these nutrients might lead to numerous problems in the health and growth of poultry. The main sources of their feeds are cerels, oil cakes, limestone, dry fish, cereal by products, etc. Below are the types of feeds for the poultry of different age and type. a. Starter Feed This type of feed is given to the chicks for a period of 6 weeks after hatching. It contains around 20 percent of protein. It is popularly called as one number feed in Nepal. b. Grower Feed This type of feed is given to the chickens from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. It contains around 15 percent protein. It is commonly known as two number feed in our country. c. Layers and Breeder Feed This type of feed is given to the hens during egg production period. These 192 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

feed contain about 15 percent protein and high amount of calcium. They are also called as three number feeds. d. Broiler Feed This type of feed is given for the meat producing broiler chicken. The boiler feed is of the following three types. They are as follow: i. Starter (B0): This type of feed is given to the chicks for a period of two weeks of age after hatching. ii. Grower (B1): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 2 weeks to 4 weeks of age. iii. Finisher (B2): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 4 to 6 weeks of age or until marketing. 2. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method The fowls are infected by the various types of fatal diseases. Among them, some of the common diseases are described below: a. Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) It is a viral disease of fowls. It infects all birds of all ages. It is caused by the virus called Myxo-virus multiform. Signs and Symptoms Ranikhet infected poultry • Difficulty in breathing. • Shaking head. • Sneezing. • Watery discharge from nose. • Retarded growth. • Green watery diarrhoea. • Twisting of neck. • Conjunctivitis. • Facial swelling and trembling. • loss in egg production in egg laying birds. Prevention and Control There is no specific treatment for Newcastle Disease. For prevention, birds should be given vaccine against this disease and sanitation needs to be maintained properly. The infected birds must be separated from the flock. Occupation, Business BOOK 193 8and Technology Education

b. AVIAN Influenza (Bird flu) It is highly pathogenic viral disease. If the birds are infected by this disease, it becomes the cause of mass killing. It is caused by the virus called Orthomyxo virus. This disease may be transmitted through contaminated crates, shoes, clothes as well as infected carcasses and manure. Signs and Symptoms • Abnormal breathing sound. • Swelling of face and wattles. • General diarrhoea. • Respiratory distress. Poultry killed by Bird flu • Dullness. • Loss in egg production among egg laying birds. • Blood tinged discharge from the nose. Prevention and Control There is no specific treatment of this disease. For prevention of this disease, strict quarantine, sanitation and destruction of all infected flocks, egg and their feeds must be done to stop bird flu outbreak. c. Fowl pox (Avian Pox) It is also an infectious viral disease of the poultry. This disease is caused by the virus called pox virus. It is transmitted by direct contact and mosquito bite. Signs and Symptoms • Conjunctivitis. • Eyelids may stick together. • Wart like lesions appear in hairless parts of the body like combs, wattles and face. • Respiratory distress. • In laying hens infection results in decline in egg production. 194 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and Control No treatment is available against this disease. The birds can be prevented from this disease by providing vaccine. Vaccine should be given against the disease to the birds at the age between 6 to 8 weeks fowlpox outbreak in poultry in houses can be controlled by killing mosquitoes. d. Cocciodiosis It is highly infectious protozoal disease. This diseases is caused by the protozoa called coccioda. Signs and Symptoms Cocciodiosis infected poultry • Loss of appetite. • Dropping of feathers and tails. • Blood tinged watery stool. • Loss of body weight. • Decline in egg production in laying hens. Prevention and Control This disease can be treated by the medicine like tetracycline and antibiotics. For the prevention of this disease, the poultry house must be made hygienic with proper (sanitation facilities) e. Pullorum (Bacillary White Diarrhoea) It is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria called Salmoriella Pullorum. This disease spread through the egg, from hen to chicks. It can also be spread through contaminated incubators, hatchers, chick boxes poultry by-products etc. Signs and Symptoms • White diarrhoea. • Weakness. • Loss of appetite. • Huddling and droopiness. • Dullness and depression. • Chalk white faces death of infected chicks begins at 5 to 7 days of age. Occupation, Business BOOK 195 8and Technology Education

Prevention and Control This disease can be controlled by testing the birds and eggs and disposing the positive cases (infected ones). For the treatment of this disease, the medicines like Sulfadiazine, nitro furan or antibiotics can be given. 3. Benefit of Poultry Farming We can get different things like eggs, meat and chicks from the poultry farming. Similarly, we can produce different valuable things by using the feathers of the poultry. At the same time, the poultry litter is considered as an important organic manure for the agriculture. We also know that this business has provided employment opportunities to a large number of people and has occupied an important place in the economy of the country. 4. Quality Control and Storage of the Products It is the responsibility of poultry industry to provide quality poultry meat & poultry products to consumers. Now a days consumers are aware of the advantages of hygienic processing of poultry meat. The egg and flesh of the poultry spoil faster due to the high concentration of protein. We must be more careful about this issue during the summer rather than winter season. Therefore, the eggs and poultry meat should be stored in the cold house. We can get healthy meat only from the healthy birds. Therefore, we need to maintain proper hygiene of the storage and the house. We should sell the damaged poultry meat and eggs for the customers’ health and hygiene. 5. Preservation, Packaging, and Transportation of the Products The poultry farms are away from the market. The poultry products like meat stuffs and eggs need to be transported to Kathmandu and other cities from the Terai and other parts of the country. Hence, there should be safe and fast transportation of the products in the market destination. 6. Market Management Marketing is the exchange or sale of goods or services between a seller and the buyers. Market management means the competitive process of marketing goods and services according to market demand. The agent makes contacts between the producers and the market and establishes market network for the distribution and selling of the poultry meat and eggs. In this condition, the producer or farmer may gain profit from the business. 196 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Formulation of a Draft Plan for a Small Poultry Farm Estimated Expenditure for the Construction of a Poultry Hut S.No. Particular Requirement Rate (Rs.) Total amount (Rs.) 300,000.00 1. Coup construction 500 sq. feet 600.00 2. Store and Office 400 sq. feet 180.00 72,000.00 Rs. 372,000.00 Total Estimated Expenditure for the Purchase of Furniture and other Equipments Name of the goods Quantity Unit/Capacity Rate Total amount Brooder 2 250 chickens 1,600.00 3,200.00 Feeder 10 5 kg/50 chickens 300.00 3,000.00 Water pot 10 5 litre/50 chickens 250.00 2,500.00 Furniture 16,000.00 Weighing machine 1 1,200.00 1,200.00 Broiler crate 2 250 200.00 Transportation 400.00 Communication 6,000.00 600.00 Total Rs. 32,900.00 Statement of Current Capital Expenditure Particulars Rate (Rs.) Quantity/Unit Total (Rs.) 18,000.00 Purchase of chicken 30.00 600 15,200.00 Feed No. 1 (up to 6 weeks) 20.00 760kg 52,200.00 Feed No. 2 (from 7 to 20 weeks) 18.00 2,900kg 46,000.00 Feed No. 3 (from 20 to 72 weeks) 20.00 2,300kg 10,000.00 Vaccine/Medicine 20.00 500 Working staff 10,000.00 for 18 weeks 1,80,000.00 Maintenance, Electricity and other Expenditure 20,000.00 Total Rs. 341,400.00 Income Statement Rate (Rs.) Total Quantity Total amount (Rs.) Particulars 170.00 1,112.5 kg 189,125.00 Layer’s meat sale 10.00 20,000 units 200,000.00 Egg sale Total Income Rs. 389,125.00 Total Saving: Rs. 389,125.00 – Rs. 341,400.00 = Rs. 47,725.00 Occupation, Business BOOK 197 8and Technology Education

Activity Visit a poultry farm nearby your locality, observe the market management of that farm and discuss with friends in the class. Word meaning Hatching : the production of young from an egg Headshaking : turning of one’s head to the right and left Huddling : gather or crowd together in a close mass Lesion : an abnormality in the tissue of an organism Limestone : sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate Quarantine : a state of enforced isolation. Tinged : mixed up with Wattles : a fleshy, wrinkled, often brightly coloured fold of skin usually hanging from the neck or throat Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Give your opinion for the management of feed for the poultry. 2. Discuss about the symptoms and control measures of any three common diseases of the poultry. 3. “The poultry business has become one of the most important business in Nepal.” Justify. 4. Elucidate the importance of the poultry products on the social, economic and health aspects of a place. Practical Work Prepare a draft plan for the farming of 1500 layers with the help of your class teacher and discuss with friends in the class. 198 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 7 Bee Keeping In more recent times, bee keeping has become a more professional activity in Nepal. As a result, honey and the honey products have been produced in larger quantity in the Hill and Terai region. Honeybees are an integral part of the human food chain as pollinators of crops. Farming of honeybee in a systematic manner is called bee keeping. It is also called apiculture. Bees are very useful insects. Bee keeping provides us honey, honeycomb, and waxes. The demand of honey is increasing day by day. There are mainly three types of honeybees like queen (Rani mauri), drone (Bhale mauri) and the workers (Karmi mauri). In which, the main function of queen is to lay eggs. Generally, there is only one queen in a hive. The drones are smaller than queen is. Their main function is to mate with the queen. Do you know? They die just after mating. The workers are in the largest population in the hive. They work for the queen and drones. They have direct role to make honey in the hive. Honey bee 1. Conservation and Management of Pasture Bee pasture, or forage area is the area containing the wild and cultivated plants, bushes, and trees. They are the source of the nectar, pollen, propolis, and water needed to fulfil the daily needs of honeybees. Pasture is primary requisite for bee keeping. The maximum profit can be obtained from honey production if pasture is available for at least 8-9 months in the year. Short-term pasture management is carried out by planting mustard, buckwheat, sunflower, and barseem that start flowering within a short time. Similarly, flowering trees like chilaune, katush, chutro, painyu,litchi, rhododendron, butter tree, jamun, etc. can be planted for long term pasture management. Bee-keeping can only be successful where there is abundant forage, as both brood rearing and honey production require food in the form of honey and pollen. The honey production potential of a colony is effectively a measure of the food storage capacity, which depends on the availability of nectar and pollen. Colony development is directly dependent on the year round availability of forage. When forage is not available, the colony will not increase or produce honey. Therefore, supplementary feeding Occupation, Business BOOK 199 8and Technology Education

must be provided to maintain survival of the honey bees. Balanced feed is necessary for the proper growth and development of the bees. They feed on flower nectar, pollen, water and dew drops of the grass. The place where flowers blossom, nectar, and pollen are available for the bees is called pasture of honeybee. The queen honeybee and growing larvae eat royal jelly and honey from the comb cells. During the off-season, we need to give them man- made feed (mixture of sugar and pollen). The man-made feed helps them to survive and produce honey even in the off-season. 2. Identification and Control of Disease Honeybees can be infected by a number of diseases, some of them are severe enough to destroy a colony, or the whole apiary. The best way to avoid disease is to keep the colonies strong and healthy and carry out colony maintenance activities regularly. Bees can also die from lack of food, and malnutrition can make a colony weak and unable to perform properly, as well as increasing the susceptibility to disease. It is important to be able to recognize symptoms of disease so that action can be taken promptly and the outbreak of the disease prevented from spreading. It is also important to understand the nutrition requirements of the bees so that the colony can stay strong and healthy. The honeybee life cycle has four stages: of these, the larvae and adults are the stages must susceptible to disease. These diseases attack the bees in different stages of their lifecycles. Some of the common diseases are described below: a. Brood Diseases (Larval Diseases) i. European Foulbrood This disease originated from Europe. European Foulbrood is caused by the bacterium called Melissococcus plutonius. The bacterium infects the mid gut of new larvae and multiplies rapidly. Bacteria come out through the excreta and the disease is transferred to other larvae by the adult bees while nursing and cleaning the cells. Colonies become weaker and can sometimes be destroyed by an outbreak of European foulbrood. This disease is more common in Apis Mellifera colonies, but it can also attack and damage Apis cerana bees. After the attack of this disease, larva’s colour turn yellowish white and brownish respectively. Signs and Symptoms • Weakening of colonies and decreasing population during the honey flow season. 200 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education