Occupation, Business and Technology Book 8_2077 Edition

Need and Importance of Drafting • Drafting is helpful for the beginners. • It has generally become a common step in fashion design. • It helps to save the fabric from wastage. • It is an important technique for designing an outfit. • This technique typically makes the best final products. Activity Visit a tailor house in your locality and observe the draft cutting process. Prepare a report of the drafting process and present it in the class. Word meaning Downsizing : act of reducing size Fabric : a cloth made by weaving, knitting, or felting fibers Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. How does draft help in cutting and sewing of cloth? 2. Write down the importance of drafting in tailoring. Practical Work Give demonstration of draft cutting for a cap by utilizing an old piece of cloth in the class under the guidance of your teacher. Occupation, Business BOOK 251 8and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Apron The cook while cooking food and doctor while checking up the patients in the hospital use a kind of special outer garment. This outer garment is called apron. Indeed, an apron is an outer protective garment that covers primarily the front of the body. It may be worn for hygienic reasons or due to a symbolic meaning. The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several job categories, including waiters, cooks, nurses, and doctors. The cutting pattern of the apron is as same as for other clothes. Accurate measurement is necessary in cutting cloth for apron. It makes the apron look nice and suits in the body. Nowadays, we can get ready-made apron in the market. Necessary articles required to prepare apron • Sewing machine • Pins • Scissors • Pencil • Tailor’s chalk • Fabric • Measuring tape Apron making procedure Step - 1 Apron Lay the fabric on a flat surfaced table. Fold in half lengthways with right sides together and the long, open edge facing you. Along the right short edge, measure 17.5cm down from the fold and make a mark with a chalk. Next, measure 25cm from the bottom right corner along the open edge and make another mark. Using a chalk, draw a gently arching line between the two marks that scoops in and away from the bottom right corner of the fabric. Step - 2 Cut along the line, through both layers of fabric, then open the apron out and place it right side down on a flat surface. Step - 3 Pin and press a 2cm hem along the edges you have just cut, then stitch in place. Then, pin and press a 2cm hem along the bottom edge of the apron and stitch 252 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

in place. Cut a 65cm length of tape for the neck loop and two 80cm lengths for the waist ties. Pin and press a 2cm hem along the top edge of the apron bib. Slide each end of the neck tape under the hem at both end and pin in place. Stitch along the hem, running over the tape twice. Step - 4 Pin and press a 2cm hem along each side of the apron skirt. Slide one end of each waist tie under the side hems at the top and pin in place. Stitch along each hem, running over the tape twice. Finally, lift the neck tape so it sits flat against the hem. Pin in place. Stitch along the outer edge of the hem to secure the tape in place. Repeat with both waist ties on the side hems. Activity Collect the aprons from different places of your locality and demonstrate them in the class. Word meaning Apron bib : top part of an apron; covering the chest Apron skirt : the part of an apron that extends downward from the waist Arching line : a curved continuous line made by a pencil across a surface Hem : an edge made by folding back the margin of cloth and sewing it down Scoops : pocket, a hollow concave shape made by removing something Waist ties : the part of a garment covering the waist Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is apron? Write it advantages. 2. Why do people use apron? 3. Who are the users of apron? Why do they use them? Practical Work Prepare an apron, demonstrate it in the class, and explain its drafting, cutting and stitching process in the class under the guidance of your teacher. Occupation, Business BOOK 253 8and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Button Placement Methods Placement of button on to the clothing is a very old fashion. A button is a small disc or ball shaped round object typically attached on to clothing. Nowadays, there is practice of using fastener, zipper, and hook-eye-closure in place of button. Buttons from wide range of materials including bone, horn, ivory, shell, and fabric, metal are available in the market. Hard plastic button is commonly used in the fabric. While placing the button on to the fabric, marking should be made on the fabric. Then we need to position the button on the fabric just over the marking. Method of Placement of Buttons on to the Fabric a. Placement of Hook-and-eye closure Hooks and eyes are small metal fasteners that are often used in garment sewing. It consists of a metal hook, commonly made of flattened wire bent to the required shape, and an eye (or “eyelet”) of the same material into which the hook fits. i. Placing Hook on to the Fabric Step : 1 Thread a sewing needle with a double or single thread. Step : 2 Bury the knot under A set of hook and eye button the location of the hook or by bringing the needle in and under the hook location. Step : 3 Sew the holes on the end of the hook to the fabric using a buttonhole stitch. Step : 4 Knot and cut the thread. 254 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

ii. Placing the Eye on to the Fabric Step : 1 Position the eye by laying the garment flat and positioning the eye so the garment lays flat with the eye in the hook. Step : 2 Sew the metal loops to the fabric in the same manner that you sewed the hook. Step : 3 On a loop eye, sew the loop down to the fabric at the end of the fabric, if the loop exceeds the edge of the fabric. b. Placement of Thread Button on to the Fabric Step: 1 Cut a piece of sewing thread about Step: 2 two feet long. Step: 3 Step: 4 Thread the needle and feed the thread through the button eyehole. Step: 5 Tie the end of your thread in a knot. Step: 6 Place the button on top of the fabric Thread buttons where you want it to go and thread through the material, pulling tight. Continue to loop through the buttonholes. If the button is having 4-holes; you can make an X or simply sew randomly through the holes. End with the needle on the fabric side and double-knot it. c. Placement of Press Button (Snap) Press buttons The most common type of snap is the regular sew-on snap. Gripper-type snaps and snap tape are also available in the market. Press buttons (Sew-on snaps) consist of two parts like a ball- half and a socket-half. They are not visible from the right side of the garment and are suitable for areas where there is little strain. They are usually applied where one garment edge laps over another. However, they can be sewn on as extended snaps and used where two edges meet. Occupation, Business BOOK 255 8and Technology Education

Step : 1 Determine the placement of your snap closure. Step : 2 Thread a sewing needle and knot the thread end. Step : 3 Apply the ball portion of the snap to the inside hemmed edge of the fabric layer that will overlap the other. Step : 4 Hold the ball portion of the snap in place, and bring the threaded needle down through one of the holes along the outer edge of the snap. Step : 5 Keep the needle in between the outer layer of fabric and the layer of fabric the snap is being applied to. This will keep your stitching invisible from the right side of the garment. Step : 6 Bring your needle up again along the outer edge of the snap next to the same hole you took your first stitch through, and bring the needle down again through that same hole. Step : 7 Take five or six like stitches through the same hole. Step : 8 Repeat steps 4 to 7 for each hole that borders the snap. Step : 9 Move from one hole to the next by slipping your needle through the two fabric layers. Step : 10 Secure your stitching by making a tiny knot close to the last series of stitches. Step : 11 Rub tailor’s chalk along the ball of the snap, and overlap the edges of the garment. Step: 12 Press down on the ball firmly so that a chalk mark is transferred to the underlying layer of fabric. This marks the placement of the socket portion of the snap. Step : 13 Center the socket portion of the snap over the chalk mark and hold it in place. Repeat steps 5 to 10 for sewing on this portion of the snap. d. Method of Creating Buttonhole Buttonhole is a slit made on the fabric to position buttons. They should always be cut very evenly. The size of the buttonhole should be a little larger than the diameter of the button. Process of Creating Buttonhole Step : 1 Measure and mark your buttonhole carefully. 256 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Step : 2 Snip or cut the opening, taking care to leave few, if any, loose threads. Step : 3 Thread a needle and tie a knot. Step : 4 Bring the needle up from the Creating button holes backside of the cloth. Step : 5 Pass the needle through the loop formed and pull snug. Step : 6 Repeat at close intervals. Step : 7 Continue around the perimeter of the buttonhole slit until all raw edges are covered firmly and smoothly. Activity Manage a piece of an old cloth and practice buttonhole making process. Word meaning Bury : to cause to appear insignificant Firmly : in a secure manner Hemmed edge : the bottom edge or border of a garment Loop : fastener consisting of a metal ring to permit the attachment of hook Slit : split, a long narrow opening Snip : a cut with scissors Snug : tight Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Explain the different types of buttons available in the market. 2. Explain the method of thread button placement. 3. Mention its placement method against the fabric. 4. What is hook and eye -closure? Mention its placement method on the material. Practical Work Manage needle, thread, and different types of buttons along with a piece of old cloth. Fix those buttons onto that fabric under the guidance of your teacher and show it in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 257 8and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Darning Darning is a sewing technique for repairing holes or worn areas in fabric or knitting using needle and thread alone. In other words, mending of garment by weaving thread or yarn across a gap or hole is called darning. Darning consists of anchoring the thread in the fabric on the edge of the hole and carrying it across the gap. It is often done by hand, but it is also possible to darn with a sewing machine. In machine darning, lines of machine running stitch are run back and forth across the hole, then the fabric is rotated and more lines run at right angles. This is a fast way to darn, but it cannot match the effects of fine darning. It is little bit difficult to do darning on thick cloth. It is better to use short needle for darning by hand. Method of Darning Step- 1 We need to pick a thread that is close to the colour and thickness of the torn out clothes’ yarn. Step- 2 Then, pierce the thread into the eye of the needle. Step- 3 Thereafter, tie a knot in the end of the thread. Darning process Step- 4 Use little sewing scissors to snip away (cut off) any threads or flyaway string that are hanging from the hole. Step- 5 Use running stitch for darning the hole of the cloth. To make fine darning in the torn out cloth we need to run the stitches up and over the hole, going back and forth until the hole is blocked up with parallel stitches. Step- 6 Iron the clothes after darning. 258 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Nowadays, clothes are being extremely expensive in the market. By the way, if those expensive garments get hole or torn out, we can wear them after fine darning. Such kinds of clothes can be used at home. If possible, same colour of the cloth should be used for darning the torn out garment. In the case of small hole, it can be darned with thread but in the case of big hole, it is better to darn with the piece of same colour garment. Activity Visit a tailoring house nearby your locality; observe the different steps of darning. Prepare a report and present it in the class. Word meaning Flyaway string : strand of threads that stand out unmanageably Snip away : remove or cut off String : a thin length of cord or thread used for tying, hanging, binding, etc. Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is darning? 2. Explain the various steps of darning. 3. Mention the advantages of darning. Practical Work Darn a ragged cloth with the help of needle and thread and show this to your teacher. Occupation, Business BOOK 259 8and Technology Education

Lesson 7 Knitting of Muffler and Cap Hand knitting is to make fabric with yarn on two or more needles. A number of loops are first made on one needle, and then the fabric “grows” by drawing other loops through them as they are passed back and forth along the needles from row to row. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of loops, called stitches. As each row progresses, a new loop is pulled through an existing loop. It is necessary to casting on first row of stitches while knitting muffler and cap. In this context, casting on is the technique for forming the first row of stitches on a knitting needle. There are several methods of casting on stitches. For correct tension, stitches should fit closely but not tightly around the needles. Different materials are required in hand knitting work. Things Required in Hand Knitting • Yarn Woollen cap Woollen muffler • Scissors • A sewing needle • A crochet hook • Point protector • Stitch holder • Stitch gauge • Knitting needle case 1. Begin with Knitting a Muffler and Cap The method of knitting woollen muffler and cap goes through different steps. They are mentioned as follow: a. Procedure of Casting on Loops and Stitch Step: 1 Manage yarn long enough as per requirement according to the size of the cap and the length of the muffler. At the same time, manage needles of appropriate size. Then, create a slipknot on 260 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

the needle with the help of the yarn for the first stitch. Place the loop on the needle and gently pull the ends of the yarn (not too tightly). Step: 2 Grasp the free end of the yarn lightly against the left hand with the second, third, and fourth fingers. Place the yarn near the needle around and under the thumb. Step: 3 Notice that the yarn makes a loop around the left thumb. Insert your needle through the underside of the left finger. Slip the thumb out. Pull the yarn tightly. Two stitches are now Step: 4 on the needle. Repeat from Step 2 until you have the number of stitches needed. Occupation, Business BOOK 261 8and Technology Education

In the left hand, hold the needle with the stitches you have just Step: 5 cast on. The first stitch is held lightly by the index finger near the tip of the needle. Step: 6 The yarn is placed over the first finger, under the second, over the third and under the fourth above the knuckles. b. Procedure of Knitting Muffler Step: 1 Insert the right needle into the front of the first stitch on the left BOOK 262 needle from the left side. Steady the right needle against the forefinger of the left hand. Keep your yarn to the back of your work. 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Step: 2 With the right hand, bring the yarn over the point of the right needle. Step: 3 Draw the yarn through the stitch. Step: 4 Slip the old stitch off the left needle, thus completing the first new stitch. A new row is being formed on the right needle. Occupation, Business BOOK 263 8and Technology Education

Step: 5 Repeat Steps 1 through 4 until all the stitches have been knitted off the left needle. An easy way to remember these steps is to repeat to yourself: “in” (Step1); “over” (Step 2); “through” (Step 3); “off” (Step 4). Activity Visit a professional knitter of your community and ask for the methods of creating loops for knitting muffler. Word meaning Cast on : to make the first row of stitches in knitting Crochet hook : a needle with a hook on the end; used in crocheting Grasp : to grip something firmly with hands Knuckles : the joints connecting the fingers to the hand Loop : any round or oval-shaped thing that is closed or nearly closed Slipknot : a knot that can be easily untied by pulling one free end Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What kinds of stitches can be castes on for knitting woollen muffler and cap? Explain. 2. Explain the method of knitting muffler and cap with the woollen yarn. 3. Mention the essential things required for the hand knitting work. Practical Work Bring the necessary materials and demonstrate the process of casting on loops and stitches on the needle for a woollen cap in front of your friends. 264 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Technology Part According to the curriculum, there are altogether two units in this group. 3 They are: Unit-15 Local Technology Unit-16 Modern Technology Note: All two units from this group are compulsory.BOOK 265 Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

UNIT15 Local Technology Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  explore the local knowledge and technology.  tell the importance of local technology. 266 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Local Knowledge and Technology Local knowledge or technology refers to the Indigenous Technology. The technology of making butter by using Madaani and Theki is indigenous technology. The motion is produced by spin in this technology. A rope is used as means for spinning the lever. When the rope is pulled, the Madaani starts spinning and motion is produced. This process helps to make butter. The local technology is beneficial for water Use of Madaani and Theki lifting, ploughing, cooking, making canal, Jaanto storage etc. It can further be useful for building construction, bridge construction, rope making, cart making etc. Similarly, Janto for grinding, Dhiki for crushing, Kol for producing oil and sugarcane juice, etc are the other local technology. Water mill (Panee Ghatta) is also a popular and traditional technology which does not require human labour. The local technologies are useful technology for livelihood. They are environment friendly and help people running their life smoothly. Sanduk Charkha Occupation, BusinessBOOK 267 8and Technology Education

Farmers use Halo, Juwa, Oxen and He- buffaloes for ploughing the field in our country. This is a local technology. It doesn’t affect the environment. Tractor is a modern and improved form of a plough which works faster than a plough. Such local technologies are the past form of Halo and its parts the modern technology. These technologies should be developed as they help in human health, environment and employment. Activity Make a list of local technologies being used in your locality. Word meaning Lever : device or machine Livelihood : something that provides income to live on, specially paid work Motion : act of moving Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What do you understand by the local technologies? 2. Write about any five local technologies used in your locality. 3. Differentiate between the traditional local technology and modern technology. 4. Write a short paragraph on the importance of local technology. Practical Work Consult with your guardian about the process of producing butter using Theki and Madaani and write its process. 268 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Development of Traditional Technology Watermills (Panee Ghatta) and Flour mill are the traditional technology. A short description about them has been given below: 1. Watermill (Panee Ghatta) Panee Ghatta (Watermill) is a local Panee Ghatta technology in Nepal for grinding cereals like maize, wheat, millet, rice etc. This indigenous machine is operated by using water energy. Panee Ghatta is popular in hilly region of Nepal where there are plenty of rivers and rivulets. The upper part of wooden madani is fixed with the upper grinding stone and its lower part is rotated by water directed through a wooden chute (Dundi). When the wooden madani starts rotating, the upper grinding stone also rotates along with the madani whereas lower stone plate remains constant. A hopper (Soli) containing cereals is fixed above the grinding stone which allows the cereals to flow slowly in thin stream into the feeding canal on the upper grinding stone. In this way the grinding process starts. Panee Ghatta is very useful to make flour by grinding the food grains. It reduces the human energy and saves time as well. 2. Flourmill Flourmill It is also called a grinding mill. Flourmill isBOOK 269 used to grind wheat, rice, maize, millet, etc for making flour. The rotating technology is used here. Grinder (Janto) is used for grinding. These grinders are prepared in a special way. When the flour is ready, the technology for collecting it in an appropriate container is managed. An iron sheet is used for it. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

In this mill, the engine of the mill is operated by the diesel. Motor produces the rotating motion. The rotating motion rotates the grinder through gear. In the process of rotating the grinder, cereal is collected on ground and flour is prepared. Nowadays, such mills are operated with electricity. The origin and speed of grinder can easily be controlled in such mills. This kind of technology helps to accomplish more works within a short period of time. Activity Explain the Panee Ghatta that you have seen. Word meaning Lever : device or machine Livelihood : something that provides income to live on, specially paid work Motion : act of moving Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is a watermill (Panee Ghatta)? Through which energy is it operated? 2. What are the differences between Panee Ghatta and Flour mill? 3. How is the spinning technology developed for rotating the grinder? 4. Explain the importance of Panee Ghatta in the context of Nepal. Practical Work Discuss with your friend about the traditional technology that is used to prepare local alcohol in your community. 270 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Plough and Tractor 1. Plough Use of plough Plough is a traditional agricultural tool used for ploughing the land. A plough (Halo) consists of different parts like Phaali, Anau, Haris, Juwa, Jotara, etc. A traditional plough is prepared by assembling these parts and used to plough the land using (Oxen, male buffalo) animal energy. Lever technology is used in this process. The lever technology is also used in other traditional technologies. A traditional plough is made from wood. An iron band (Karuwa) is used to fix the Phali in plough. Karuwa and Phaali are iron tools. A Phali is straight and flat pointed shaped whereas a Karuwa is U shaped tool. Karuwa helps to fix the Phaali at its place. The soil in the field is dug out and turned down while ploughing the field. 2. Tractor Use of tractor BOOK The tractor is operated by the 271 diesel. It is based on a rolling means. The rolling technology and ploughing technology are fixed in the tractor. There are many ploughs on the same row. In a tractor, the front wheel is smaller and the back wheel is bigger. It can even roll in the muddy field. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

A tractor can plough large area within a short period. It does not need much human energy. One driver can operate the tractor. Tractor has helped for modernizing the agriculture. Activity Cultivating the field using oxen and male buffaloes is much better than digging with spade. How? Justify this statement. Word meaning Assemble : to fit the parts of something together to make a finished whole Operate : drive Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Why is a plough useful? 2. Which technology is used in plough? 3. How has a tractor helped to modernize agriculture? 4. Draw a picture of plough (Halo) and label its different parts. 5. Differentiate between plough and tractor in any five points. Practical Work Visit a field while being ploughed and study the technology used in plough. 272 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Improved Oven (Sudhariyako Chulho) The place where we light fire and cook food is called oven Improved oven (Chulho). Firewood is used here as a source of fuel. The smoke coming from the traditional oven affects the human health. The effect can be controlled by improving the traditional oven. An improved oven throws out the smoke. It can cook food with less consumption of firewood. This is called the improved oven. There are two to three openings in the improved oven for throwing out the smoke and cooking food with less amount of firewood. The improved oven doesn’t affect the respiration of human. The smoke passes out through chimney. It can also be used to warm the room. It is plastered with the clay and bricks so that there is less possibility of burning our hands. Activity What is the difference between the traditional oven and improved oven? Discuss. Word meaning Chimney : structure for venting gas or smoke Consumption : burning up Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What are the advantages of an improved oven? 2. Why the traditional oven is considered harmful for health? Explain. Practical Work Observe a traditional and an improved oven used in your community and make a list of different technologies used in them. Occupation, Business BOOK 273 8and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Rainwater Harvesting The heat of the Sun evaporates water from the surface of the earth. When the water vapour rises up, it gets condensed and falls on the earth as water droplets. In this way, the rainfall takes place on the earth. We call it as rain. Nepal is located on the way of monsoon. The monsoon remains in Nepal for three months: Asar, Shrawan and Bhadra. There is heavy rainfall during these Rain water harvesting three months. The level of underground water rises up. Springs and waterfalls appear. But, when the winter starts, the amount of water gets decreased. We can see the sources of water drying up in these days. It has caused the shortage of water. Kathmandu valley has been facing the acute shortage of water. At the same time the rainwater is being wasted. If the rainwater is harvested, the shortage of water can be minimized in much extent. Process of Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater flows through the roofs of every house during rainy season. The rainwater can be collected in a tank using chute in the eaves. This is called rainwater harvesting. The collected water is useful for every purpose except for drinking. If we could collect the rainwater in large scale, the problem of water can be solved. Activity Discuss with your friends about the techniques of rainwater harvesting. 274 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Condense : change from gas to liquid Harvest : collect Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. How is the rainwater harvested? 2. Write the benefits of rainwater harvesting. 3. What other techniques can be used for rainwater harvesting? 4. “The shortage of water can be minimized in much extent by rainwater harvesting.” Explain this statement. 5. Draw a picture showing the process of rainwater harvesting. Practical Work Observe the rainwater harvesting technology used in your community and discuss in your class. Occupation, Business BOOK 275 8and Technology Education

UNIT16 Modern Technology Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  use home electronic appliances safely.  use ATM, fax, photocopy, multimedia and explain their use.  use internet as a means of study and tell the method of its use.  get informed about the code of conduct for using information technology and follow it.  explain the alternative energy (Solar energy) and Micro Hydroelectricity (Peltic Set). 276 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Modern Home Appliances Various appliances have been invented for the convenience of people. Such appliances are used to make life secured, comfortable and advanced. Some of the home appliances are discussed below: 1. Washing Machine We wash our clothes almost daily. The washing Washing machine machine is invented to ease the work of washing clothes. This machine washes the dirty clothes. The process of washing clothes starts when we put the detergent powder into the machine as per the manual, open the inlet of water and switch on the current. It cleanses clothes, throws out water and even dries the clothes. We have to check whether the switches and circuits are working properly or not. The load of clothes should be ensured appropriately. Outlet of water should be kept well maintained. The clothes should be taken out from the machine when the washing is finished. Types of Washing Machine There are various types of washing machines like Front Loading, Top Loading and Twine tub, etc. a. Front Loading: The clothes are put into from the front side of this machine for washing. b. Top Loading: The clothes are put into the machine from the top side for washing. c. Twine tub: It washes the clothes using two sections. Clothes are washed in the first section and cleansed in the second section. It also works like Top loading and Front loading but the washed clothes should be transferred from one section to another for cleansing. Occupation, Business BOOK 277 8and Technology Education

2. Geaser Geaser is used to heat up the water coming through tap. It supplies hot water for taking bath and for other uses. It is operated by electricity or gas. a. Electric Geaser: This geaser is hung on the wall of bathroom. The water coming through the tap is collected in its tank. There is a heater at the bottom of the tank. When the heater is switched on, it starts heating the water and then hot water comes from the tap. Electric Geaser b. Gas Geaser: There are different kinds of gas geasers Gas Geaser available in the market. The gas geaser lets the gas burn and heats water coming through tap. Some of the gas geasers are digital as well. When the gas geaser is switched on and source of water is open, gas automatically burns and starts heating water. Some gas geasers need to be burnt by lighter. 3. Refrigerator It is also called a Fridge. A refrigerator keeps the items kept inside it cold. This is a technology to keep items cool. The refrigerator is operated by gas or electricity. a. Refrigeration Technology: The refrigeration is divided into two parts which is also known as vapour cycle. Such vapour cycle is classified into two class; Vapour Compressed Refrigeration and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration. i. Vapour Compressed Refrigeration: The refrigerators made from this technology are mostly useful for household use. Refrigerator does not allow the food items like vegetables, fruits, meat etc to rot. The refrigerators made for domestic use have two chambers. The lower chamber is Refrigeration bigger and the upper chamber is smaller. The upper chamber is called deep fridge. It makes ice and keeps the item frozen. ii. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration: This technology was used in the past. It was used in the first half of twentieth century. Nowadays, it is used in the gas refrigerators only. It is not used in the electric refrigerators now. 8Occupation, Business BOOK 278 and Technology Education

4. Solar Lamp Solar lamp Solar lamp is lit with the electricity produced from sun light. The sun rays are converted into the electricity using Photo Voltaic Cell. Solar panels are used to produce electricity from sun rays. The wires are connected with the solar panels and lamps that light the solar lamps. 5. Solar Water Heater Solar water heater Solar heater is a technology that absorbs the heat obtained from the sun rays and heats water. Solar panels are black coated for absorbing the heat obtained from the sun rays. A technology is developed to transfer the heat from such coating to the water pipes. The heated water is collected in the tank and the process of changing water is arranged. Activities 1. How does a fridge work? Discuss in the class. 2. Visit a solar panel industry and record the required technology and materials consulting with concerned technicians. Word meaning Ease : make easier Inlet : an opening through which liquid or gas enters a machine or other device Manual : instruction booklet Outlet : a passage or opening for letting something out Exercise A Answer the following questions:BOOK 279 1. Write the use of refrigerator. 2. How does a refrigerator help in the kitchen? 3. What is the function of washing machine? 4. Make a list of home appliances used in your home. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

2Lesson Some Modern Technologies and Appliances Air condition technology has been developed to balance the temperature of a room. It is called an air conditioner. We use ATM to withdraw money at any time. Photocopy is used to duplicate documents. Multimedia is used to make drawings, pictures and videos. The information technology has been used here. Television broadcasts live using multimedia technology. With the help of computer, we can scan documents; photos, etc and make exact copy as original. These all are the modern technologies and appliances. Some of them are discussed below: 1. ATM ATM The full form of ATM is Automated Teller Machine. It allows withdrawing bank balance anytime from anywhere. Its users do not need to go to the bank and stand in a queue with a check to withdraw their money. It provides the service for 24 hours. This is a simpler, faster and easier means compared to the cheque. The account holders are provided a plastic card by the concerned bank. On the one side of the card, there is a magnetic tape attached on it. All the required information is stored by the bank in the same magnetic tape. This information provides the account holder’s name and account number. A number is given to the concerned person for activating the card. This number is called a pin or identification number. During its use, the machine reads the card and allows its user to withdraw the money immediately or check his/her balance in the account. ATM also converts the foreign currency and provides native currency. Therefore, the ATM has become reliable and secured means for travellers. Activity Converse with the ATM card holders and note down its benefits. 280 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2. Air Conditioner Air Conditioning is shortly called AC. This technology is mainly used in the office, hotel and homes. AC is usually used at hot regions like our Terai region or at very cold regions like Canada. Because of air conditioners people have started settling in very cold regions with minus 25°Celsius too. Air Conditioner makes the temperature of environment appropriate for us accordingly. The main function of Air conditioner is to change the adverse Air Conditioner temperature to favorable one. We can see the air conditioners used in the plane, bus, truck, car, etc nowadays. Activities 1. How can hot wind be changed into cold wind? Discuss in the class. 2. Discuss about the differences between the air of fan and air conditioner. 3. Multimedia Multimedia is the combined form Multimedia of audio, video and animation. With the use of electronic appliances, these things can be coordinated and edited in the multimedia. The electronic appliances like computer, camera, video camera and digital audio are used in the multimedia. This is also the arrangement of writing, listening, transmission and visualization. Multimedia has become very useful in various fields. It has been used in information technology, entertainment, education, journalism, engineering etc. We can chat with friends, relatives, etc who are far away by connecting to the internet through the computers nowadays. Video chatting has also become popular in the present days. It also helps to create or find jobs. Activities 1. Consult with the seniors and make a list of jobs created by multimedia. Occupation, Business BOOK 281 8and Technology Education

2. How can the teaching-learning be effective in the classroom if the multimedia is used? Discuss and find the conclusion. 4. Photocopier It is also called a photocopy machine. It copies the documents and photos. We can produce teaching and learning materials easily and quickly by using photocopier. It is mostly used in the schools, colleges and offices to provide handouts memos, notice, etc to get the work done faster and properly. Photocopier Activities 1. How is photocopy machine operated? Discuss and write. 2. Is there any way to make many copies apart from photocopy machine? Think and answer. 5. Video Chatting Email and internet service developed along with the development of technology. Nowadays, the letters, messages and other information can easily be sent through electronic means. The video chatting has also become a very popular means for conversation at present days. During video chatting, the visual of surrounding also can be shown. A camera is connected to the Video chatting computer for video chatting. This camera is called webcam. The conversation made through webcam and internet is called video mail. The person who uses video chatting for conversation can hear sound and also see and show the visuals. This technology has helped people to maintain intimacy with each others. We can also send news for personal and commercial purpose. Activities 1. How can we use video conversation for personal and medical treatment? Discuss and write. 282 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2. Visit an office nearby your locality and ask whether they have used video conversation. If yes, why do they use it? 6. Scanner Scanner Scanner is used to duplicate any document exactly the same and keep record in the computer for the further use. It converts the writing in digital form. Thus, it is easier to convert a book in digital form rather than typing. Scanner is also called as an image scanner. It is mostly used in the office, commercial institution, school and college. The scanners, used in such places are called desktop scanner. We can send a book by scanning and sending it in digital form from one place to another. We can carry books in memory card by converting them in digital form. The scanning technology has made the professional knowledge and information easier to carry from one place to another. Word meaning Activate : make something capable of action Animation : moving pictures Chatting : exchanging messages by computer Cheque : paper money substitute Coordinate : bring together Document : formal piece of writing Edit : correct Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is the change brought by the use of ATM in the banking field? 2. What is the main function of Air conditioner? 3. How has the multimedia affected the human life? 4. What is the function of multimedia? 5. How can a classroom be more effective by the use of the multimedia? 6. What does a photocopy machine do? 7. How can you chat through a video mail? 8. What does a scanner do? Occupation, Business BOOK 283 8and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Alternative Energy Energy is used to operate machine, motor, vehicle, aero plane, dozer etc. Such energy is processed from fossil fuel. Fossil fuel is the store of energy formed inside the earth when ups and downs took place on the earth. It will finish, if used continuously as it is only the storage. The alternative energy for fossil fuel should be explored and used. The major energies that can be used in place of fossil fuel are hydropower and solar energy. Such energy is called alternative energy. Tidal power, bio-gas, wind energy and nuclear energy also can be used as the alternative energy. The alternative energy never gets finished. For example: Solar energy will remain as long as there is the sun. 1. Solar Energy We can get the energy for light, operating machines and even to run cars from the solar energy. Voltaic cell is used to produce electricity for this purpose. The solar energy has been used for light, operating TV and computer, etc in Nepal. This energy is produced from solar panel. The solar panels are kept on the roofs to produce electricity. The small panels produce energy enough to charge batteries. We can supply electricity from solar energy at large scale too. Solar Energy Activity Discuss about the use of solar energy in the class and draw a picture of any one solar appliance. 284 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2. Hydro Power Electric power generated using water power is called hydro power. The projects established to generate hydro power are also known as hydropower projects. There are two types of hydroelectricity/hydropower projects. The large hydroelectricity projects are also called hydro power. a. Peltic Set/Micro Hydro Power Micro Hydro Power There are plenty of rivers and rivulets in Nepal. The hydropower projects run using the water energy of such rivers and rivulets are called Micro Hydro Power. Generally, the micro hydro powers are up to 50 kilowatts. We can commonly see such hydroelectricity projects producing electricity locally by connecting dynamo with the watermills in the hilly region of our country. The electricity produced through such process is generally used for lighting bulbs at home, office, schools etc. The sets used for producing hydroelectricity in such process are called Peltic Sets. b. Hydro Power Middle Marsyangdi Hydro Power Dam This is the energy produced from water power at the large scale. Such hydroelectricity projects cover only 20% of the world’s demand for electricity. There is greater possibility of hydroelectricity production in Nepal as we are the second largest in the source of surface water in the world. Activity How is electricity produced from water? Discuss in your class. Word meaning Hydro power : electric power generated using water power Tidal power : electricity generation using the force created by the rise and fall of ocean tides Occupation, Business BOOK 285 8and Technology Education

Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is alternative energy? Explain. 2. Write the advantages of Micro Hydro Power. 3. Explain the importance of solar energy. 4. It is said that about 83,000 MW hydroelectricity can be generated from the water resource of Nepal whereas hardly about 1% of its potentiality has been produced. In this context, what should be done to generate electricity in Nepal as much its capacity? 5. What do you think to be done to complete the running hydroelectricity project in time in our country? Write your opinion. Practical Work Prepare a report after observing the production of any alternative energy nearby your locality. 286 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

4Lesson Use of Internet and Code of Conduct in Information Technology Internet has changed the old information and communication system. News, TV, etc can be easily read and watched through web page using internet nowadays. Internet technology has developed the visual conversation and information system. Use of Internet World Wide Web (www) is also known by people as web. Information can be easily obtained through it. Various commercial institutions use it for advertisement to promote their business. Messages and emails are sent through internet. People have also started using internet phone. Internet has become useful for sending data and information. We can create our own account and send or receive emails through our accounts. The search engine helps to search required information kept in the internet. Google search has become an easier search engine for people. If the searching subject is typed in the search box in the website, it displays lots of information. Internet is very useful for the researcher and students. It has been now defined as the worldwide information and communication system. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn have greatly influenced the people. People use these social networks for exchanging and expressing their opinions, informing about an event, sharing their news, etc with each other. Occupation, Business BOOK 287 8and Technology Education

A system of conducting business using internet technology to create links between customers, suppliers, employees and business partners is called e-business. E-business supplies services and goods to people through internet technology. Code of Conduct in Information Technology Information Technology provides various types of information easily. Such information should be totally for human welfare. There should not be any kind of misuse of such information. Such rules are called code of conduct. Government of Nepal has made code of conduct so that information technology can support for human development. The code of conduct has been mentioned below: a. Information technology should not be used for scolding others using vulgar language. b. The secret information of the country should not be exchanged by using IT. c. The password should not be given to other people. One should be responsible if password is misused by others. d. The information and pictures which may harm other people or the society should not be used in the internet. e. The act of gaining unauthorized access to computer data called Hack is a punishable act. f. One should not use IT for torturing other people mentally by using threats and warnings. g. The materials affecting social harmony and religious tolerance should not be kept in the internet. Activity Discuss about the points to be considered while using information technology and make a list of conclusions to paste in the classroom. 288 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Display : show Tolerance : acceptance of different views Unauthorized : not permitted Welfare : well-being Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Write any three advantages of internet. 2. What is web searching engine? 3. Mention the code of conducts for the use of information technology. 4. What is hack? 5. What kinds of information should be kept in the internet? 6. What should be remembered while publishing information in the internet? 7. Explain the importance of internet service in modernizing Nepalese society. 8. What is e-business? Write its advantages. 9. Why is code of conduct necessary in information technology? Write in short. Practical Work Demonstrate the use of internet for collecting required information. Occupation, Business BOOK 289 8and Technology Education

Specification Grid Occupation, Business and Technology Education Grade: VIII (Theoretical) Subject Areas Units No. of Full Knowledge Skill Higher Remarks Questions Marks Ability Occupation/ 1. Professional 1 5 1 Professional Education 1 5 1 1 5 Education 2. Employment, Training 1 and Education 3. Information Related to Employment 4. General Vocational Skills 15 1 5. Business 6. Trade and Market Management 7. Vegetable Farming Business/ 8. Fruit Farming Vocational 9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuffs Orientation 10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs 4 20 1 21 11. Care of Animals and Birds 12. Arts and Crafts 13. Clay Work 14. Sewing, Knitting and Fabric Painting Technology 15. Local Technology 15 1 Education 16. Modern Technology 1 5 1 Total 10 50 3 5 2 Distribution of Marks for Theoretical Examination Marks 15 S. No. Description 25 1. Occupation/Professional Education 10 2. Business/Vocational Orientation 50 3. Technology Education Total 290 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Specification Grid Occupation, Business and Technology Education (Practical) Grade: VIII Subject Areas Units No. of Full Remarks Questions Marks Occupation/ 1. Professional Education 15 Professional 2. Employment, Training and Education 3. Information Related to Employment 15 Education 4. General Vocational Skills 15 Business/ 5. Business Vocational 6. Trade and Market Management 15 Orientation 7. Vegetable Farming 8. Fruit Farming 4 20 Technology 9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuffs Education 10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal 15 15 Herbs 10 50 11. Care of Animals and Birds 12. Arts and Crafts 13. Clay Work 14. Sewing, Knitting and Fabric Painting 15. Local Technology 16. Modern Technology Total Distribution of Marks for Practical Examination Marks 10 S. No. Description 5 1. Report presentation by Research 20 2. Record of practical works 10 3. Construction of materials and their use 5 4. Micro project work (drafting plan) 50 5. Oral Examination Total Note: The pass marks will be 20 for the theoretical and practical examination. Occupation, Business BOOK 291 8and Technology Education

A Set of Model Question Occupation, Business and Technology Education (Theoretical) Grade: VIII Full Marks : 50 Time: 1:30 hrs Pass Marks: 20 Answer the following questions : ( 10 x 5 = 50 Marks) Group A: Occupation/Professional Education 1. What are the responsibilities of a section officer? 2. What difficulties may come when the profession is selected without ability and interest? 3. Give your suggestion to address the problems and challenges being faced by the migrant workers in foreign employment in the context of Nepal. Group B: Business/Vocational Orientation 4. How can you manage the profit and loss account in your business? Explain. Attempt any four questions from this section 5. What is off-season vegetable farming? 6. Explain the procedure for the construction of storage chamber for fruits and vegetables. 7. Write down the steps to prepare cake. 8. List down the name of any 5 medicinal plants and name the disease that they cure. 9. Answer any one question from the following: a) Make a list of the products that we can get from the goat and sheep farming. Write about the quality control and storage of those products. b) Prepare a draft plan for a small-scale cow farming. c) Mention any two common diseases of the swine. Write their symptoms and control measures. d) Explain briefly about the scope and benefit of rabbit farming in Nepal. e) Discuss the different preservation methods of fish products. f) Explain any two brood diseases of honey bee. g) Write a short note on AVIAN influenza on poultry. 10. How is a kite prepared? Explain the procedure. 11. How do you make animal shapes from the clay? Explain its procedure. 12. Explain the method of thread button placement. Group C: Technology Education 13. Differentiate between the traditional local/technology and modern technology. 14. What is alternative energy? Mention the advantages of Micro Hydro Power. 292 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

BOOK Appendix cdnf Some valuable medicinal plants of Nepal: c;/' f] AMALA (cdnf) a/f]{ 3l;+/] English name : Embelic mycobalan, Indian Gooseberry Scientific name : Phyllanthus emblica 293 Distribution : 150-1600m. Medicinal uses : It is an important constituent Ayurvedic preparation of Triphala and Chyavanpras. It is useful in haemorrhage, dysentery, anaemia, jaundice, asthma, bronchitis etc. Its fruits are liver tonic and good source of vitamin C. It is also used in hair oils as tonic. ASURO (c;/' f)] English name : Vasaca, Malabar Nut Scientific name : Justicia Adhatoda Distribution : 500-2700 m. Medicinal uses : Its leaves, flowers, fruits and roots are extensively used for treating cold, cough, whooping-cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. Leaf juice is used to cure diarrhoea, dysentery and to stop nose bleed. BARRO (a/f)]{ English name : Bastard myrobalan, Belleric myrobalan Scientific name : Terminalia bellirica Distribution : 300-1100m. Medicinal uses : It is used as tonic, astringent, antipyretic, narcotic, digestive etc. It is useful in piles, dropsy. Fruits are used in cough, hoarseness and eye disease. It is one of the constituents of Ayurvedic preparation Triphala. DHASINGRE (3l;/+ )] English name : Wintergreen Scientific name : Gaultheria Fragrantissima Distribution : 1200-2600m. Medicinal uses : It is insecticidal. The oil is aromatic and stimulant used as massage oil, flavoring agent in confectionery industry, manufacturing of soft drinks and pharmaceutical industries. It is used in muscular aches, sprains, headache etc. Its oil is also used as an ingredient in mouthwash, toothpaste, etc. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

GHODTAPRE (3f]8tfk)]{ 3f]8tfk]{ BOOK English name : Water pennywort, Indian pennywort u'hf]{ Scientific name : Centella asiatica x/f]{ Distribution : 500-2800m. h6fd;L Medicinal uses : Leaves are used in indigestion, asthma, skin v;v; diseases, and improving memory. Its leaf 8Occupation, Business juice is used in treatment of liver complaints and gastric troubles. It is widely used in the and Technology Education treatment of leprosy. Plants juice is valued for fever, dysentery and throat troubles. GURJO (uh' f){] English name : Gulancha tinospora Scientific name : Tinospora sinensis Distribution : 300-500m. Medicinal uses : It is used in chronic diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, diabetes, gonorrhea. It is also used for various urinary troubles. HARRO (x/f){] English name : Chebula myrobalan Scientific name : Terminalia chebula Distribution : 100-1100m. Medicinal uses : Its fine powder is useful in treating teeth and bleeding gums. Its bark is diuretic and cardio tonic. It is used in ulcer, wounds and scalds externally. It is an ingredient of Ayurvedic preparation Triphala. JATAMASI (h6fd;L) English name : Spikenard Scientific name : Nardostachys grandiflora Distribution : 3,200-5,300m. Medicinal uses : Its rhizomes are used for cold, cough, fever, spleen diseases, intestinal worms, hypertension, tumors and its paste for hemorrhoids. Its leaves are used for altitude sickness, headache, fever, wounds, etc. KHASKHAS (v;v;) English name : Vetiver, Khas Khas, Cuscus Scientific name : Vetiveria zizanioides Distribution : 200-1000m. Medicinal uses : It is useful in burning sensations, fever, sweats, foul breath, thirst, ulcer, diseases of blood. The root yields essential oil, used to make perfume. 294

BOOKNAGBELI (gfuan] L) gfua]nL English name : Lycopodium, Club moss gLd Scientific name : Lycopodium clavatum Distribution : 1600-3600m. lg/d;L Medicinal uses : It is used in rheumatism in form of a decoction. ;k{uGwf Powder is used in treating general abdominal ;u' Gwsf]lsnf disorders, blood and lung infections and kidneys. 295 NEEM (gLd) English name : Neem, Margosa tree Scientific name : Azadirachta indica Distribution : 100-900m. Medicinal uses : It is an excellent botanical pesticide. Its fruits are used to cure urinary discharge, skin disease, tumors, piles and toothache. Flowers remove cough. The bark relieves cough, vomiting, burning sensation near the heart, fatigue, fever, cures ulcer and inflammation. It is used for leprosy, urinary discharge. NIRMASI (lg/d;L) English name : Aconite Scientific name : Aconitum gammiei Distribution : 3300-3400m. Medicinal uses : It is used in a variety of traditional medicines. It is useful in diarrhoea in children. Rhizome juice is taken to reduce stomach pain. SARPAGANDHA (;k{uGwf) English name : Serpentine, Serpent wood Scientific name : Rauvolfia serpentina Distribution : 100-1000m. Medicinal uses : Its root is used as anti-hypertensive and sedative. Root juice is useful for malarial fever, snake bite, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, stomach pain and fever. Juice of leaves is used as a remedy for cloudiness of the cornea. SUGANDHAKOKILA (;u' Gwsf]lsnf) English name : Sugandhakokila Scientific name : Cinnamomum glaucescens Distribution : 1000-2500m. Medicinal uses : Its oil is used in perfumery and cosmetics. Locally it is used in treating various skin diseases. Seed paste is applied for muscular swellings. It is used for aromatic perfumes, soaps, etc. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

TIMUR (l6d/' ) l6d/' BOOK English name : Toothache tree, Nepal pepper, Prickly ash ltt]kftL bark t'n;L Scientific name : Zanthoxylum armatum of;f{u'Daf Distribution : 1100-2900m. Medicinal uses : Its fruits and seeds are used in tooth powder 8Occupation, Business and dental troubles, for scabies and as insect and Technology Education repellent. It is used as tonic in fever and indigestion. The bark is used to stun fish. Paste of immature fruit is used in cuts and wounds. Seeds are used for fever, cough, round worms etc. The oil obtained from fresh plant showed antifungal activity against a number of fungi. TITEPATEE (ltt]kftL) English name : Mug-wort Scientific name : Artemisia indica Distribution : 300-2500m. Medicinal uses : It cures asthma, itching. It is used for delayed or irregular menstruation, gastritis, rheumatism, bronchitis, fever, and headache and as a remedy for hemorrhage and diarrhea. TULSI (tn' ;L) English name : Holy Basil, Sacred basil Scientific name : Ocimum tenuiflorum Distribution : 400-1600m. Medicinal uses : The plant is useful in disease of the heart and blood. Leaves are specially used to reduce the severity of fever; juice gives shine to the eyes, good for toothache, earache, headache, useful in chronic pain in the joints, asthma; seed infusions is used in gonorrhea, diarrhea and chronic dysentery. It is used in cough, cold and influenza. Its oil is used for making perfumes, chocolate, soap, etc. YARSAGUMBA (of;f{uD' af) English name : Cordyseps Scientific name : Cordyceps Distribution : 4500-5200m. Medicinal uses : It is used as tonic, aphrodisiac, cardiac tonics, expectorant etc. 296