Occupation, Business and Technology Book 8_2077 Edition

through interaction, seminar and get together programs. These organizations provide information about the foreign companies and employment opportunities in the foreign countries. Activity Make a list of the methods of getting information about the foreign employment and discuss in the class. Word meaning Agency : an administrative division of a government or international body Agent : a person who works for or manages an agency Bulletin : a brief official statement issued for the information of the public Mediator : a person who mediates, especially between parties Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. How do you get information about the foreign employment? 2. Explain the different methods of getting information about foreign employment. 3. How can you get information about foreign employment through the agencies of Ministry of Labour? 4. ‘Radio, Newspapers and Television are the best sources of information for the foreign employment’. Justify the statement. 5. Why is the bulletins of the training centre for the foreign employment considered as an effective source of information? Practical Work Collect the cut- outs of the job vacancies for foreign employment from different daily newspapers. Collage them on a chart paper and cling it on the wall of your classroom. Occupation, Business BOOK 51 8and Technology Education

3Lesson Basic Information BOOK Related to Foreign Employment The individuals who go abroad for foreign employment without having basic knowledge may suffer from different kinds of problems. Foreign employment is not an easy and comfortable job. Therefore, the person who is going abroad should get all basic information about that country, nature of job, terms and condition of the work along with other related information. S/he should know: What is the nature of work? How much money needs to be spent? How much is the salary? How long the contract period is? How much is the economic benefit? A person should get answer of the above queries before going abroad for foreign employment. We should not forget that we could go abroad for foreign employment only after taking labour approval from the Department of Foreign Employment of the Government of Nepal. We should not go for foreign employment with the fake documents and unfair reports. At the same time, we should not go abroad for foreign employment in business and tourist visa. We should also know the geographical condition, climate, culture, social system and religion of that country. Moreover, we should proceed only after knowing the legal system, political and economic condition and working environment of that country. It should be remembered that every kind of economic deal with the manpower agencies should be done through receipt or bill. A person should complain on the Department of Foreign Employment if S/he falls in the trap of cheating. In addition to the above-mentioned fact, a person should have knowledge about the following points: i. A person should get orientation training. It helps to prevent the person from possible accident and challenges. ii. One copy of the contract paper should be kept by employee himself/ herself and another one copy need to be kept at home safely. iii. S/he should not go to the restricted country and should not take illicit drugs and other non-permitted things and articles. 52 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

In our country, a Foreign Employment Promotion Board has been established for the management of foreign employment. The function of the board are given below:  To promote the foreign employment and make it safe and institutionalized.  To carry out studies of international labour markets and explore new destinations.  To disseminate awareness program about opportunity and challenges in foreign employment.  To collect, process and publish information that promotes specific jobs.  To manage the Foreign Employment Welfare Fund.  To conduct pre-departure orientation, skills training and arranging emergency contact detail for each worker that leads to their improved protection while working abroad.  To formulate, implement, monitor, and evaluate programmes to use the skills, capital and technology of returned migrants and mobilize them for national interests.  To formulate and approve the curricula of the pre-departure orientation training; formulate short- and long-term policies as required making foreign employment safe, systematic, and decent.  To carry out a comprehensive study on the implementation of the Foreign Employment Act and give suggestion for amendment to the Government.  To monitor the qualification and expertise of the institutions and training centres to provide orientation and skill in relation to foreign employment.  To advise the government on the fixing of service charges and promotional costs. The Foreign Employment Promotion Board manages the Migrant Workers’ Welfare Fund and thus oversees the following activities: i. Skills training and orientation; ii. Provision of life insurance and access to medical facilities to workers and their families; iii. Rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration; iv. Financial support and compensation; v. Awareness-raising and promotional activities. Occupation, Business BOOK 53 8and Technology Education

Basic information about foreign employment provided by the Government of Nepal. j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod * -3_ ;+u ;DalGwt != lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ sDkgLsf] gfd, 7]ufgf / Ohfht g=+ M @= /f]huf/bftf sDkgLsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M #= k|lt sfdbf/ nfUg] vr{sf] ljj/0f M $= b/vf:t ae' mfpg' kg]{ clGtd ldlt / :yfg M %= kj\" { :jLs[ltsf] ldlt M ^= k\"j{ :jLs[lt kqsf] rnfgL g+= qm= sfdbf/sf] dfu sfdbf/sf] sfdsf ] dfl;s tna cfe] / sfdsf] xKtfsf] ljbf vfgf a:g] s/f/ sfdbf/ sfdbf/sf] ;+= kb ;V+ of Gog\" td ljj/0f 6fOd bl} gs sfd ;DaGwL ;l' jwf ;l' jwf cjlw 5gf 6} k:| yfg ug{] ofU] otf ljb]zL g=] ¿= xg' ÷] gxg' ] cjlw ug{] lbg Aoj:yf 5÷5}g 5÷5g} t/Lsf ;e+ fljt ldlt db' |f nfUg] le;f ;]jf :jb]zdf ul/g] /f]huf/bftf :jb]zdf ul/g] ljdf /f]huf/df ladf xjfO{ l6s6 s;n] cGo s]xL eP zN' s z'Ns d]l8sn vr{ s:n] sDkgLn] d]l8sn vr{ s:n] Joxf]g]{ x'g]÷gxg' ] / lbg] / slt nfUg] pNn]v ug]{ ug]{ / slt nfUg] vr{ lbg]÷glbg] s:n] Joxf]g]{ / slt nfUg] b|i6AoM– s'g} pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 eO{ le;f k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 /f]huf/Ldf hfg grfx]df lghn] le;f jfkt nfu]sf] z'Ns Ifltkl\" t{ lbg'kg]{5 . -lgod #! ;u+ ;DalGwt_ – b/vf:t b:t'/ ¿= !) eGbf a9L xg' gxg' ] . – ;Dks{ ldlt M – cGtjf{tf{ ldlt / ;do M dfly pNn]lvt ;Dk0\" f{ ljj/0fx? g56' \\g] u/L lj1fkg xg' ' kg]{ . Activity What type of problems and challenges along with opportunities are there for the Nepalese workers in the foreign employment? Discuss and list down in the following table. S. No. Opportunities Difficulties and challenges 54 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Amendment : a correction or alteration Contract paper : a piece of written agreement between the employee and the employer Contract period : a specific length of time of work enforced by the agreement Fake document : document which is not authentic Illicit drugs : illegal drugs Orientation : a course introducing a new situation or environment Unfair report : dishonest or unethical report Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What kinds of information are needed to be obtained by the individuals before going abroad for the foreign employment? Explain. 2. What is Foreign Employment Promotion Board? Write down the functions of this agency. 3. Mention the opportunities and challenges for the individuals going abroad for foreign employment. 4. Read the table provided at page 54 as per the foreign employment regulation, 2064 BS and mention its benefit to the employees. 5. How does the Foreign Employment Promotion Board manage the migrant workers welfare fund? Practical Work Visit a person of your locality who has just returned from the foreign employment. Prepare a case study including socio-economic impact of foreign employment in his life. Occupation, Business BOOK 55 8and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 4 International Employment Introduction The service or job done in the internationally standard organization is known as international employment. In other words, the employment available in the multinational companies or organizations is called international employment. For instance, United Nations (UN), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) United Nations Development Program (UNDP), etc are the examples of international organizations and institutions. In addition to the multinational company, some international schools and universities are also providing international employment to the people. Moreover, the international organizations like WWF, UNICEF, UNDP, Save the Children, UNESCO are also providing international employment in Nepal. These organizations have established their country offices in different countries to carry out programs. Logo of International Labour Organization In this context, the job provided by these agencies can be considered as international employment. Characteristics of international employment providing organizations i. The central office of the international organization has been established in any one country. ii. These organizations conduct their programs through their country office. iii. These organizations have been established with the International Aid and provide service according to the geographical condition, religion, culture and societal context of those countries. iv. If these organizations are the international companies, they should have the following features:  Export the manufactured goods from one country to another country.  Utilize innovative and advanced technology at optimum level.  Produce the goods according to the income level of the international community. 56 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

 Give importance on advertisement and supply of the goods and service according to the demand.  Take feedback from the customers and bring change and improvement in its goods according to interest, wants and capacity, gradually. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT Issued on: 06 December 2019 Deadline for Application: 20/Dec./2019, 10:59:00 PM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Country Office Nepal is seeking National Consultant-Agriculture Engineer to support execution of the Technical Co-operation Project entitled “Technical support for sustainable agricultural mechanization of small holder farms for enhancing agricultural productivity and production, and reducing drudgery of women and young farmers (TCP/NEP/3703)”. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) is the government counterpart responsible for the implementation of this project. Vacancy Announcement Details: • Vacancy Announcement No. 1902907: Job Title, Duration, Duty Station: National Consultant-Agriculture Engineer, (PSA, NAT, SB5 Peg 2, Income Tax applicable*). Total 126 days on WAE Basis spread over until the end August 2021, Kathmandu base with frequent field travels. Details of job description can be accessed using this Link: https://jobs.fao.org/careersection/fao_external/jobdetail.ftl?job=1902907&tz=GMT%2B01%3A00&tzname HOW TO APPLY Visit the recruitment website at Jobs at FAO or above link and complete your online profile. Candidates are requested to attach a letter of motivation and educational certificates to the online profile, along with other supporting documents. Apply for the post through this recruitment portal. Only applications received through the recruitment portal will be considered for further process. * Subject to income tax payment as per the Income Tax Act of Government of Nepal. Vacancy for international employment advertisement Such international organizations provide job to a large number of people in different sectors. For instance, some are doing job in production sector. Some are involved in service sector. At the same time, some are doing job in advertising agencies. Moreover, some are doing job in transportation department of the organization to carry goods to the UNDP training programme market. In addition, some of the people also get job for the distribution of their goods and services. Importance of International Employment The importance of international employment providing organizations are as follow: • Creates opportunities and expands the horizon of the employment sector. • Helps to create environment of foreign investment in the nation. • Helps to accelerate economic activities. Occupation, Business BOOK 57 8and Technology Education

• Helps to make familiar and get adapted with foreign culture, knowledge, skill, and technology. • Brings diversity in the production of goods, which in turn ultimately helps in the improvement in the quality of the products. Activity What kinds of jobs are done in the international employment? What do the Nepalese learn from such job and what is its impact on the economic aspect of our nation. Discuss in the class with the help of your subject teacher. Word meaning Country office : field offices of the international organizations in different countries Innovative : introducing or using new idea Institutions : large organizations that have particular purpose International Aid : assistance by the international agency for international development Multinational company : a corporation that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is international employment? Explain. 2. List down the name of international employment providing organizations and explain any one of them. 3. Mention the importance of international employment in five points. 4. Mention the characteristics of international employment providing organizations. Practical Work Collect the cut-out of the job vacancies for different international agencies from the daily newspapers and discuss about the nature of job in the class. 58 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

5Lesson Opportunity and Challenges in Foreign Employment It is not true that foreign employment always provides opportunity and benefit to the individuals. Along with the benefit, there is an adequate room of challenges also. Hence, we need to identify the scope of opportunity and possible challenges while going abroad for foreign employment. It is better to go for foreign employment after getting complete information and attaining required criteria. Opportunities of Foreign Employment The demand for Nepalese –‘Ȱ ȯͧž€šȪ‡‚ȡš€ȡ›ȡͬ‚‚f€ȡ€ȡ˜‘ȡš›ȯ ڙȡ“Ǒ‘“Ǖ ”“ȶ€Ǖ šȡ¡ǽ workers is increasing greatly. • €ȡ˜‚“[ ‡ȡ“ȯ˜Ǘ›€Ǖ €Ȫ“”ȯ ȡ›ȣšȡ‡‘Ǘ ȡȡ , Į˜ ¡…ȡšȣ,  ƒȲ ‚Ȱš]ȡ Ȣ™ According to the government report, more than one billion “”ȯ ȡ›ȣfȲ “ȯ”ȡ›ȣ ƒȲ  èȲ ȡ]Ǒ‘€Ȫ à”€[ [ ‹ȯ ‚ȡ“ȡ•Ȫ“]ݓȪ ȡ˜ȡ rupees remittance is earned every year from foreign šȡɓǕ ”†[@\\Üɫ™ȡšȪš€‹Ȥ“ȡ_”‘ȡ[  à”€[ [ ‚“[  ǔ‡›Ȫ¡Ǖۆ@ employment. This has largely • ǒ–‘ȯž˜ȡš¡‘ȡ“ȯ”ȡ›ȣšȡ‡‘Ǘ ȡȡ , “”ȯ ȡ›ȣ ƒȲ  Ȳèȡš]ݓȪƒš”ǐšȡš€Ȫ contributed to national economy. Many factories Ǔ“™ͧ˜ à”€[ [ ˜ȡš¡“Ǖ ”‘[†@™ Ȫ‚‘ȡ[ \\܋ȡšȪ”‘ȡ[ `ƨȡš‚“[  ǔ‡›Ȫ and industries are established ¡Ǖۆ@˜ȡ“ͧ €“ȡۙ“Ǘ ‚“[  ͩ€Û†@ from such money which • €ȡ˜‚ǐšš¡ȯ€Ȫȡ€ȡ˜‚“[ ‚f€Ȫ€à”“Ȣ†ȪŒȢ\\ۙğ€ȡ˜‚“[ ‡ȡ“Ǖ ¡Ǖ‘Ȱ“ helps in generating local @€Ǔ”™‘ȯž˜ȡ™èȪ‚šȯ˜ȡ‚šȰ €ȡ““Ǘ Ȣ—^ۆ, ‡ȯ› ‡ȡ™”Ǔ“¡Ǖ“ employment and revenues.  È‘†@ However, continuous fleeing of trained and skilled human • €šȡš\\ͬ’ ͩ€f”Ǔ†蝑ȯž•ͩ€[ fš”“Ǖ –Ȣ˜ȡ‚šȡ_Į˜èȢ€Ǚ Ǔͧ›fš power would adversely ‡ȡ“Ǖ ”†[, \\ۙȡ‘ƒǕ Š[ “ȡ”‘ȡ[–Ȣ˜ȡš\\ۙ]ͬ€[  ¡ȡ™ȡ€Ȫ Ǖͪ’ȡ affect in their own economic ”ȡ^‘Ȱ“@ development. Although many people are going abroad for •  àˆȫȡ‚šȯ€Ȫ—Û‘ȡ•š€€à”“Ȣ˜ȡ, •š€€ȡ˜˜ȡ, €˜”ȡǐšĮͧ˜€˜ȡ€ȡ˜ jobs as they lack employment here, in recent times, they ›‚ȡf€Ȫ†—“ȯǕǽۏ“ȯ”ȡ›ȣ‘Ǘ ȡȡ , –‘Ȱ ȯͧž€šȪ‡‚ȡšǒ–—ȡ‚˜ȡ`‡šǕ ȣ‚“Ǖ[ have been working in cow ”†[@]•Ǘ Ǖ Ȣ\\ۙğ€ȡ˜‚“[ ‡ȡ“Ǖ ¡Ǖȱ‘Ȱ“@ farming, poultry, goat rearing, • €Ȫ‹ȡ˜ȡ–è‘ȡȡ Ǖבȡf. Ȣ.€Ȫ ¡ȣͩ€ͧ ˜ȡŠĤ™Ȫ‚‚“Ǖ[ ”‘[†@ȡ¡ȡ and vegetable farming after “—f€Ȫ€ȡ˜€Ǖ šȡͧ €ȯ š‡ȡ“šȯ ˜ȡğ‚“Ǖ[ ”‘[†@ returning home with new • €˜ȡf€Ȫ” Ȱ ȡ€Ȫ•‡›Ǖ …[ ‚“Ǖ[ ¡ǕȲ‘Ȱ“, –…ȡf€Ȫ” Ȱ ȡ–ͩɇ €ɨ‚͙ȡ“›ȡŠ technologies. ”‹ȡ`“Ǖ ”†[, å™ǔȏ‚šȡŠš¡Ǖ֌ȢȡŠ”‹ȡ`‘ȡ‡Ȫͨ˜-šȡ) ¡Ǖۆ@ • ]ݓȪèȡèؙš¢˜ȡ€Ȫəȡ›‚šȯš€ȡ˜‚“”Ǖ[ †[, ¢˜ȡ—Û‘ȡ–ȣ j—šŠȡ^˜€ȡ˜‚“Ǖ[ ¡ǕȲ‘Ȱ“@ • ȡ ‚šȣȡͫŒ˜›Ǖ Ǖ€˜ȡ‡ȡ‘ȱ ȡ”ȡ“˜ ȡ›ȡ, ”šȡ‚, ˜…ȡ[ȡ\\ۙ ǕǓ‡[ ۙ ”‘ȡ,[ ˜Ǒ‘šȡ›Ȱ‡ȡ“š ȡ[ ‡[ Ǔ“€èȡ“˜ȡĤ™Ȫ‚‚“[ ĤǓÛ’†@™èȡ  ȡ˜ȡ“›Ǖ€ȡ_›‚ȯ˜ȡ, ͪͩĐ‚šȯ˜ȡȡĤ™Ȫ‚‚šȯ˜ȡ€Œȡ ‡ȡ™¡Ǖۆ@‡ȡŒȱ  šÈ Ȣš›ȡ‚Ǘ ”‘ȡ[ ‡èȡ€Ǖ ›˜ȡ›ȡʓǕ ¡Ǖȱ‘Ȱ“@ •  àǔے˜Ǖ›Ǖ€€Ȫ, €à”“Ȣ€ȪǓ“™˜€Ȫ”ȡ›“ȡ‚“Ǖ[ ”†[, \\ǽ€Ȫ’˜[  Ȳè€Ǚ Ǔ€Ȫ à˜ȡ“‚“Ǖ[ ”‘[†@\\“ȡæ™€ˆȰˆ‚Œȡš\\ǽ€Ȫ`È ȡ¡Š˜ȡ ¡Œȡ›˜ȡ`ğ“Ǖ ¡Ǖȱ‘Ȱ“@ •  àǔے‘ȯž€ȪĚȡͩ•€Ǔ“™˜ÐǕ “ȯš”ȡ›“ȡ‚“Ǖ[ ”‘[†@ Source: Foreign Employment Promotion Board, Nepal Occupation, Business BOOK 59 8and Technology Education

It is a fact that one gets due respect only when his own country is developed. BOOK We can travel different countries around the world in search for foreign employment. We can get knowledge about different scientific skill, expertise, and technology. It develops the habit to apply those skills and knowledge in their life even when they return to their homeland. It also increases living standard of the individuals and community. It eventually develops the habit of saving. It also creates an opportunity of investment due to accumulation of large amount of money once at a time. Challenges of Foreign Employment Although the attraction for foreign employment is increasing everyday, it is not safe so far. People are going to foreign countries as unskilled or semi-skilled work force. Because of this, foreign countries are getting cheap labour from Nepal. But Nepalese workers abroad are not getting decent jobs. Brokers are taking advantage from the innocent people and cheating them badly. It is a fact that even those who have gone through registered agencies and also having required skill, training and knowledge are not getting good jobs and salary. Those foreign labour migrants should have legal knowledge and professional training so that they can face the challenges abroad. Technically trained, skilled and competent people can secure right jobs and get good salary. There should be provision of accidental and life insurance to make their life more secured. Those Nepalese people who are working abroad are giving their sweat and blood for the development of other countries. Whereas it is sad to say, that Nepal remains always poor, underdeveloped, and backward. To overcome this problem they have to get necessary knowledge, training and skills. We should love our own country and foster patriotic feeling among us. There is new place, different culture, and language abroad for the migrant employees. The way of life, food habits, social setting, and legal environment is quite different from the home country. It is a major challenge for the migrant worker to cope up with these situations. At the same time, lack of knowledge about the job; foreign technology and different nature of work also create challenges to the employees. They may lack the knowledge of foreign employment policy. Sometimes, the employee may get trouble since the essential documents are 60 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

left to be attested by the concerned authority and agency. If there is absence of agency for justice to settle down such problems of the victims, it also creates a great challenge to the migrant worker in foreign employment. Activity Prepare a small report about the opportunity, problems and challenges according to the experience of a person who is returned from foreign employment. Word meaning Abroad : in or to a foreign country Acquainted : familiar with something Attest : to show or prove that something is true Authority : the power or right to do something Cope : to deal successfully with something difficult Tax : money that you have to pay to the government Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Mention importance of foreign employment in five points. 2. What are the challenges of foreign employment facing by Nepalese employees abroad? 3. Give your suggestion to address the problems and challenges being faced by the employees in the context of Nepal. Practical work Prepare a small case study on impact of foreign employment on the socioeconomic status of the family of foreign employees of your community neighbourhood. Occupation, Business BOOK 61 8and Technology Education

Business/Vocational Part Orientation 2 According to the curriculum, there are altogether eleven units in this group. They are: Unit-4 Life Skills Unit-5 Business Operation Unit-6 Vocational Orientation Unit-7 Vegetable Farming Unit-8 Fruit Farming Unit-9 Dry Fruits, Vegetables and Food Items Unit-10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs Unit-11 Animal Care Unit-12 Arts and Crafts Unit-13 Clay Work Unit-14 Sewing and Knitting Note: Among these eleven units, unit 4, 5 and 6 are compulsory. BOOK Moreover, any four units need to be chosen from unit 7 to 14. 62 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

UNIT4 Life Skills Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  develop skill to get away from the possible risk and challenges while doing work.  develop skill to solve the problems in day-to-day life.  develop analysis skill and be able to know opportunities and challenges of the business before its operation.  set priority of the work and do work accordingly. Occupation, Business BOOK 63 8and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 1 Decision Making Skill Decision-making is an important skills for business. Decision-making is especially important for management and leadership. Good decision-making requires skills like identification of options, clarity of judgment, firmness of decision, and effective implementation. Decision is the selection of the best alternative from among the varieties of alternatives. A correct decision opens the door for reaching destination to individuals. It is wise to do analysis over the matter before taking decision over it. Indeed, decision-making skill is a leadership skill. It is good to take decision according to time and necessity. The decision taken merely by individual aspiration and feeling may prove to be wrong. Hence, inclusive decision may increase the possibility of effectiveness, accuracy, and reliability. The decision in planning of large group, organization, and agency may bring impact of a large number of people. Therefore, the decision taken by group discussion with positive perspective becomes acceptable and beneficial to all. Decision-making Process • Define and clarify the issue. • Gather all the facts and understand their causes. • Think about or brainstorm possible options and solution. • Consider and compare the ‘pros and cons’ of each option - consult others if necessary where there are several options. • Select the best option - avoid vagueness and weak compromises in trying to please everyone. • Explain your decision to those involved and affected, and follow up to ensure proper and effective implementation. In this context, for the development of decision making skill there should be utilization and mobilization of the following process: 64 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

a. Analysis of the Possible Risk Factors Analysis skills include the ability of collecting information about the possible risk factors systematically and analyzing them to establish facts. These skills help in clarifying the nature of the risk factors before deciding action. These skills are required by the entrepreneur to run their business smoothly. Analytical skill makes it possible to project the possible difficulties and challenges while taking decision. It always alerts the people to be away from the possible risk beforehand. b. Search for the Possible Alternatives To develop roadmap in relation to moving forward from the decision we need to search for possible alternatives. In order to search for possible alternative, find a new way out that you have not thought of before. Brainstorming or rapid noting of alternatives is a good process. Once you have listed alternatives, be open to their possibilities. After listing possible alternatives, evaluate them without prejudice. It can demonstrate the forthcoming possible risk factors in business. It also helps to find out the alternative way for reaching right decision. c. Selection of Priority The best thing to do in 1. Identify the decision-making is to determine problem the priority of work. Therefore, 8. Evaluate 2. Analysis of the the works which need to be done the decision Risk Factors earlier, and the work, which can be done later can be categorized. 3. Weigh decision criteria The decision-making process 7. Implement based on nature of job, expected the decision achievement and demand is called selection of priority. The 6. Selection of 4. Search for the process of selection of priority Priority Alternatives can determine the order of the work to be done. The best 5. Evaluate the method for setting priority is the alternatives A-B-C-D-E method in which Steps of decision making skill “A” stands for “very important” something you must do. There can be serious negative consequences if you don’t do it. “B” stands for “important”. This is not as important as your “A” task. There are only minor negative consequences if it is not completed. “C” stands for things that are “nice to do” but which are not as Occupation, Business BOOK 65 8and Technology Education

important as ‘A’ or ‘B,’ tasks. “D” stands for “delegate”. You can assign this task BOOK to someone else who can do the job instead of you. “E” stands for “eliminate, whenever possible”. When you use this method, the order of work is determined so that assigned work can be accomplished in time. Activity To take Computer Science as a major optional subject or to take Economics as an optional subject in grade IX, which subject is in your priority? Give your opinion. Word meaning Eliminate : to remove, eradicate or take out Firmness : tightness, steadiness or strength Incorporated : included so that it forms a part of something Pros and cons : the various arguments in favor of and against a motion Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is decision making skill? Explain. 2. Why do we need to take decision? Write in your own words. 3. Explain the different process for the development of decision-making skill. 4. What is meant by selection of priority? 5. Write a short note on search for the possible alternative. Practical work The water pipe of your locality has been damaged and the people of that place are not getting drinking water sufficiently for many days. Present your plan including the required budget, human resource and working plan framework. 66 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Problem Solving Skill A problem can be any task or assignment or project that we need to complete. Different types of difficulties come while carrying out our daily tasks. We need to keep on learning from the problems that we are facing in our day-to-day life. We should be able to break the hurdle and difficulties by acquiring problem solving skill. Problem solving skill is important for management and leadership. Identifying a problem can be a difficult task in itself. This kind of skill is essential for the Action Problem finding Fact- effective execution of the assigned task. Finding We are facing day-to-day problems in Implement Decisio Problem our normal life. We need to know that solution Process definition these problems are not the hurdles of the progress but they are just the n challenges. Therefore, problem-solving skill is very essential for solving our day- Planning Selection of to-day problem. Some of the problems Alternatives solving methods are mentioned as follows: Steps of decision making skill a. Focus on Measures for Solution The problems cannot Communication with people be solved merely by the tendency of showing problems to others. We need to sort out the measures when problems come in our life. At the same time, it also develops confidence to us. Positive attitude helps the individuals to be focused in problem solving measures. Occupation, Business BOOK 67 8and Technology Education

b. Think Openly Discussion for solving problem To think openly means think without any prejudice. Once you have determined the problem, analyze it by looking at it from a variety of perspectives. This kind of thinking opens the way for solving the problems. Then, it becomes easy to move forward in problem solving. c. Handle Problems Without any Biasness Different kinds of problems may appear while executing work. We need to take these problems as challenges. When we take these challenges as opportunities, they provide energy and confidence in solving complicated problems too. Therefore, problem is not only a difficult aspect but also the means to go ahead. In this situation, we have to carry out decision over the problems without prejudice and biasness. d. Think Critically Critical thinking not only helps us to handle future challenges more skillfully, it also broadens our life experience. Sometimes, the traditional thinking may not solve the problems. In this condition, we should not stop even to think from different perspective in order to get the solution of the complicated problems. e. Use of Problem Solving Terminologies Language plays an important role to solve the problems. During the process of problems solving, the terminologies like: What would happen if we go through this model? What would be the result if we do our work in this way? What would be the result? What would be our roadmap of our common understanding? How can we solve the problem together? What are our common agenda? These terminologies can be used. In this context, we must not use negative terminologies and words. As much as possible it is better to use assertive and positive terminologies. f. Take the Matters in an Easy Way BOOK Each individual should take the problems in an easy manner and seek out for solution. Easy and alternative ways need to be searched for the solution of the problems. Therefore, we need to put our efforts to take out the way by analyzing the time, context, place, and severity of the problems. 68 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Activity Make a list of the problem solving skills by consulting your counsellor or teachers of your school and discuss in the class. Word meaning Acquiring : getting, obtaining or possessing Assertive : positive, decisive or confident Biasness : partiality, one-sidedness or discrimination Execution : carrying into action Hurdles : obstacles or difficulty to be overcome Perceptively : of or relating to perception or in a perceptive manner Road map : a plan or guide for future actions Terminologies : technical terms used in a particular field or subject Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is problem-solving skill? Mention any three measures for the development of problem solving skill. 2. Write any five importance of problem solving skill. 3. “Problem solving skill is considered as an important part of life skill.” Justify the statement with examples. Practical work Prepare a chart paper by drawing a beautiful diagram, showing different alternative problem solving methods and cling on the wall of your class. Occupation, Business BOOK 69 8and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 3 Analysis Skill A special quality of critical thinking on any subject matter is called analysis skill. In this skill, possibility of benefits and risk or loss in the business can be analysed. This type of skill cannot be acquired merely by teaching in the classroom. To develop this kind of skill, the individuals should go to the field. Indeed, it is a practical based skill. Analysis must be based on practical life. The development of analysis skill is possible only through critical thinking and selection of the best possible alternatives. The analysis skill is statistical and factual. The simple analysis skill is based on experience and the statistical skill is based on available statistics or data. Some of the analysis steps are described below: a. Read the Case Thoroughly To understand what is happening in a case, it is necessary to read the case carefully and thoroughly. You may want to read the case rather quickly to get an overview of the situation. Read the case again more slowly, making notes as you go. b. Define the Issue Many cases will involve several issues. Identify the most important issues and separate them from the insignificant issues. After identifying the major issue, we can go with appropriate decision. c. Define the Goal Setting of goal plays an important role in analysis skill. Hence, confirmation of goal is a major step in analysis. Identifying the goal will provide a guide for the remaining analysis. d. Identify the Constraints Constraints may limit the solutions. Typical constraints include limited finances, lack of additional production capacity, personnel limitations, strong competitors, relationships with suppliers and customers, and so on. Constraints have to be considered when suggesting a solution. 70 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

e. Identify the Relevant Alternatives Identification of alternatives is important in analysis process. It plays significant role to solve the problems. Hence, use your creativity in coming up with alternative solutions. f. Select the Best Alternative Evaluate each alternative in light of the available information. Select the best alternative solution among all. In this time, you will also need to explain the logic you used to choose one alternative and reject the others. g. Develop a Plan The final step in the analysis is to develop a plan for effective implementation of your decision. Lack of an implementation plan even for a very good decision can lead to disaster for you. Do not overlook this step. Activity Analyse the situation of solid wastage management system in your community and present in your class. Word meaning Constraints : limitation or restriction Factual : of the nature of fact; real; actual Inconsistency : incompatibility, non-uniformity Insignificant : unimportant, inadequate Resist : defy, refuse or oppose Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is problem? Give your opinion. 2. What is analysis skill? Explain. 3. How can we develop analysis skill? Write in brief. 4. Write any five measures to solve problems. 5. Describe the different steps of analysis skill. Practical work Collect the socio- economic and demographic data of any ten households from your neighbourhood. Fill up the given table with the help of the data collected from those households. Thereafter, analyse the table with the help of pie chart. Occupation, Business BOOK 71 8and Technology Education

UNIT5 Business BOOK Operation Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  identify the basic criteria for the selection of a good business.  introduce and tell the need and importance of entrepreneurship education.  draft the planning for a business.  identify the scope of small level local business and small industries in the community. 72 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Selection Process of Business A. Selection Process You know that business is done for livelihood and profit. While operating business, a businessperson should have adequate knowledge about the market and scope of the business. There must be critical analysis of the production, distribution, and demand of the goods and essential human resource. The following aspects need to be considered while carrying out the business: a. Situation of the Market The place where the manufactured goods are bought and sold is called market. The condition of the market denotes the customers’ population in the business area, their purchasing power and the demand of the goods as well. The good condition of the market provides room for the expansion of the business. Therefore, it is essential to study about the condition of the market before launching any kind of business. b. Raw Materials People cannot manufacture any kind of goods without raw materials. It is beneficial to utilize the locally available raw materials for the production of goods. Hence, the goods can be sold in reasonable price. It also supports the business of the persons who are involved in the production and supply of the raw materials. Therefore, before selecting the business it is necessary to study the condition of raw materials in the market. c. Nature of the Business Business can be operated in various ways. Some of the business can be operated on individual basis. Some business can be run as a co-investor. On the other hand, some of the business can be run in partnership in the form of company. All kinds of business have their own importance. Therefore, we need to select business according to our interest, capacity, and expertise. Business should be operated according to their nature. Occupation, Business BOOK 73 8and Technology Education

d. Human Resource BOOK Skilled work force in the related field is required to operate business. Qualified human power can easily produce the goods according to the demand of the market by proper utilization of raw materials and other resources. It is necessary to consider just before the operation of the business that - How to get skilled workers? Are they available or not? e. Other Facilities The basic infrastructures like electricity, water supply, transportation, and means of communication are also considered as important factors of business. Besides this, we also need to pay our attention on business plan, suitable place, and registration in pan number. B. Environmental Conservation Environment refers to the external surrounding of the Earth, formed by the air, water, land, forest, vegetation, living creatures along with man-made structures. It directly and indirectly affects the vegetation, climate, water sources, and life system of the living beings. Environment is considered as an important driving element of life of the living beings. Different types of living beings are living in the nature. All of these components are playing important roles for the conservation of our precious nature. We should not deteriorate the environment while carrying out business activities. The most important factors that need to be considered during the operation of business activities are given below: a. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) The study of effect on environmental aspects by the business activities is called Environmental Impact Assessment. During the process of impact evaluation, the effect on the environment resulted by the proposed business in that area needs to be examined beforehand. The mitigating measures in the affected area is identified during the time of environmental impact evaluation process. The concerned entrepreneurs, local people, local government officers, and other stakeholders are informed about these issues. Environmental impact assessment is mandatory while running large scale industries, mines, dams and other construction works. b. Sustainable Development Nowadays, environmental impact assessment has been done according to the principle of sustainable development. The degradation of environment 74 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

consequently affects the life system of the living beings adversely. Therefore, the trade, business and industries have to be carried out without damaging ecological balance. At the same time while exploiting the natural resources, we need to conserve them for the future generation also. Activity Observe the impact of factories and construction work on the environment in your locality. Prepare a report and present it in your class. Word meaning Mandatory : obligatory; compulsory PAN : it is a unique identification number, issued to all the taxpayers throughout the country Purchasing power : the ability to purchase, generally measured by income Raw materials : material before being processed Work force : the total number of persons employed in a industry Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Mention the basic criteria of selection of business and explain any two of them. 2. Give your opinion about the adverse impact of business on the environment. 3. Mention any five important points that need to be considered while doing business. 4. What is sustainable development? Mention the importance of sustainable development approach in business sector. 5. “Environment Impact Assessment is an inseparable part of development activities.” Justify this statement. Practical work Write a small report about the appropriate business for your locality and present it in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 75 8and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Entrepreneurship Education Education is an important means for promoting human capacity. Entrepreneurship education makes people independent and enables them to engage in economically gainful work. At the same time, it also motivates them to become entrepreneur. It helps people to make them capable in entrepreneurship by providing knowledge and skill of that field. Entrepreneurship education is related to the production of vocational work force essential for the industries. The entrepreneurship education provides necessary skill about the production process of goods. It also keeps relation with the creative capacity of the people. Therefore, entrepreneurship education motivates people in search for alternative ways for the solution of the problem. The people with entrepreneurship education directly comes in the industry and Micro Hydro Operation business sector. Hence, they are easily saleable in the industrial and business sectors. Entrepreneurship education prepares human resource according to the demand of the market and helps in their mobilization. People with entrepreneurship education can have industrious productive life. Importance entrepreneurship education ● Entrepreneurship education provides expertise in both skill and process for the production of goods according to the necessity. ● Entrepreneurship education produces human resource in the field of electricity, engineering, interior design, carpentry, plumber, computer technology and so on. ● This education helps to make the business fruitful and sustainable. 76 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

● It helps to transfer the human capacity into the production of the goods and services. ● Since this education is associated with the production function, we can also say it as industrial art. Activity Visit any one cottage industry of your locality. How do the people working in that industry produce the goods? Prepare a small report about the production process of the goods from that industry. Word meaning Entrepreneur : a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture Entrepreneurship : the state, quality, or condition of being an entrepreneur Interior design : interior decoration of the a house, apartment, office, etc Production function : the act or process of producing something Saleable : capable of being sold; fit for sale Sustainable : capable of being sustained or long-lasting Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is entrepreneurship education? Explain. 2. Write the importance of entrepreneurship education. 3. What kinds of changes do you observe by entrepreneurship education on the general behaviour of the people? Practical work Conduct a case study on an entrepreneur of your community and prepare a report about his/her life now and then. Occupation, Business BOOK 77 8and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Framework of Business Operation Plan We need to formulate plan for the operation of the business. First, we need to identify major components of the plan for our business. The business and industries without proper plan cannot exist for long period of time. A business plan helps to project profit and loss before the start of business. It also provides information about the necessary capital, raw materials, machineries, technology, work force, suitable place and market scope beforehand. It is possible to reach the point of success if business is operated through proper planning. Therefore, planning is mandatory for the establishment of the industries as well as to run any kind of business. A framework of a business plan can be formulated as given below: 1. Plan : Bee-keeping 2. Place : Itahari, Sunsari 3. Manufactured goods : Honeybee 4. Management of market : The honey produced from this industry can be sold in the local market as well as in different big cities of Nepal. 5. Investment : The investment for the proposed business is given in the table that given below: S.No. Particulars Investment (Rs.) Remarks 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Current capital Income (Rs.) Remarks S.No. Particulars Receiving 1. 2. 78 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3. 4. 7. Production plan S.No. Particulars Quantity Rate Total Remarks 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. Statement of estimated income i. Total sale : Rs. 200,000.00 ii. Wage for staff : Rs. 80,000.00 iii. Depreciation cost : Rs. 6,000.00 iv. Total expenditure: Rs. 86,000.00 v. Income = Total income – Total expenditure (Rs. 200,000.00 – Rs. 86,000.00 = Rs. 1,14,000.00) Activity Make a plan for a cottage industry from the phase of establishment to production phase with the guidance of your subject teacher and present it in the class. Word meaning Formulate : develop, generate or create Investment : money that is invested with an expectation of profit Proposed : propounded, intended or put forward Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Give your opinion on framework of a business plan. 2. Write the importance of planning for business and entrepreneurship. 3. Mention the important components of planning for business activities. 4. How can you apply your knowledge of business plan in your life? Occupation, Business BOOK 79 8and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Industries at Local Level The industries established to meet the needs of the local people through the mobilization of the local means and resources and labour is called local industries. Those industries are established with the initiation of local community and individuals. In the beginning, these local industries were also called as cottage industries (Gharelu Udhyog). Nowadays, the industries related to grill, cotton, textile, oil mill, rice mill, flour mill, etc. have been run at local level. Grill Industries In the grill industry, iron rods and plates are broken down into pieces and bars are made from them. Those iron bars are placed at the window of the houses. The different kinds of structures like gate, roof and model of the building are also made with the help of the grill. It provides safety and protection to the people. Some of the important factors that need to be considered to run the grill industry are mentioned: a. Management of Workshop There is welding of iron bars in the grill industry. The welding machine produces the temperature around 800ºC to 1000ºC. In this temperature, the iron plates made from milled steel can be joined together through melting process. This process is also called adjustment process. The adjustment technology needs to be applied during the management of the workshop. Grill workshop 80 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

b. Management of Human Resource Human resource is also an important factor in the industry. So, proper management of human resource is mandatory in the grill industry also. In our visit to the grill industry, we saw a good system for the management of human resource in that industry. The working staff should do their attendance in the morning before they start work and they need to take attendance before they leave the office. They should get lunch break in the appropriate time. They can have their lunch and rest during this time. In some circumstances, if they are supposed to come in early, they need to keep the record of entry and exit time. Hence, they can have record for the additional remuneration and allowances. It provides support for the management and mobilization of the human resource. c. Management of Safety The need and importance of safety cannot be ignored in the grill industry. So, all of the staff in the industry should wear boot, spectacles and apron at the time of welding. At the same time, there must be provision of First Aid box in the work place. It helps to save the staffs from the possible incidence of the accidents and injury. d. Provision of Leave The working staff should be given the facilities of home weekend (ghar bida), sick leave including other kinds of casual leave. It is the fundamental right of the working staff. e. Provision of Overtime To make the industry long lasting, there must be provision of overtime also. Sometimes, there is more pressure of the customers for the supply of goods. In this situation, the working staff can do overtime work. When the overtime work is done, its record must be kept genuinely. The employees need to be paid with additional salary and allowances for the overtime work according to the service rule. f. Provision for the Place for Painting The things produced from the industry should be polished to protect from damage by rusting and to make it look attractive as per the demand of the customers. At the same time, primer also needs to be used compulsorily in these industrial products. g. Preparation of Balance Sheet To make the industry sustainable, it is necessary to keep the proper record of the income and expenditure of the industry. So, while selling the things produced Occupation, Business BOOK 81 8and Technology Education

from the industry, it should be dealt with the receipt. At the same time, record in the ledger book needs to be kept according to the universally established principle of accounting system. The income and expenditure ledger demonstrates the position of the industry. h. Warehouse There must be provision of storehouse for storing the goods and equipments manufactured from the industry. The things must be labelled properly before keeping them in the warehouse. The proper storage of the things produced from the grill industry helps them from unnecessary loss and damage. Activity Visit a local level small industry and observe the management system of that industry. Explain your finding in the class. Word meaning Adjustment process : the process of an amount added or deducted to match the standard Circumstances : a condition or fact attending an event or a determining or modifying factor Grill : a framework of metal bars Warehouse : a place where goods are stored Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What types of industries can we establish at the local level? Name one industry and write its importance. 2. List down the factors that need to be considered to run the industry at the local level. 3. Why do we need a warehouse in the industry? Give reason. 4. Mention the constraints and challenges to run industry at the local level. Practical Work Write a proposal of loan for a small business to a cooperative society of your locality. Mention the purpose, capital investment, market, required manpower, things produced and profit with the help of your subject teacher. Discuss this proposal in the class. 82 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT6 Vocational Orientation Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  introduce and tell the need and importance of market management for the success of business.  explain the relationship between market and entrepreneurship.  identify the price determination process and can manage profit and loss account ledger for the business work.  tell the role of the world trade organization for international business and its advantages to its member countries. Occupation, Business BOOK 83 8and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Market Management We have seen the history of barter system in the past. In those days, our ancestors used to fulfil their daily needs by exchanging the things for one another. After the emergence of the barter system, the additional goods and services used to be sold in the market. At the same time, the culture of buying of necessary goods and services also started during the same period. It gradually develops the concept of market management. According to the principle of marketing, the individual or the group of individuals who are selling the goods and services are called sellers. On the other hand, the individual or the group of individuals who buy the goods and services from the market are the buyers or consumers. Therefore, market is the place where the buyers and sellers are involved in their respective activities. The manufacturers and sellers should have adequate knowledge about the demands and interest of the consumers for the goods and services and trading skill. It helps the producers and sellers to know about what kinds of goods and services are highly demanded by the consumers in the market. At the same time, they should also know that what is the purchasing capacity of the consumers Selling of snacks and how much they can buy to fulfil their needs. The management of marketing strategies in a planned way can be considered as market management. Market management involves the activities like selling things, which are not required to the individuals, and to buy the things, which are necessary for them. Importance of market management The components like goods, price, place, promotion, customers, and transportation are considered as important factors of market management. The market 84 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

management plays an important role to take decision for the management of what kinds of goods to be sold and in which place? If the goods cannot get appropriate market, they cannot get good price. The transportation facility is essential to transport the manufactured goods to the market. It is possible to take the goods and services within the reach of the customers through the transportation service. There should be continuous buying and selling between the buyers and sellers. For the promotion of buying and selling, marketing management is taken as an important subject. Activity Visit a market of your locality. Observe the market throughout the day and make a list of the goods and services that have been bought and sold on that day. Word meaning Barter system : a system to trade goods, services in exchange for other goods or services rather than for money Customers : persons who buy goods or services especially from shop or business Marketing strategy : marketing plan to maximize selling of the goods and services Trading skill : skill of buying and selling commodities, products, or services for profit Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is market management? Give your opinion. 2. Why is market management important to us? Give reason. 3. Mention the important factors that need to be considered in market management. Practical Work Prepare a small report by doing a case study on the market management skill of a dairy owner at your locality. Occupation, Business BOOK 85 8and Technology Education

2Lesson Relation between Market and Entrepreneurship We buy and sell any kind of goods in the market. The buyer comes to buy the goods and the sellers come to sell their goods in the market. We can produce different types of goods according to the local needs and demands. The people with dedication, knowledge, skill, and readiness to hard work only can do this entrepreneurship related work. Business refers to seek the way for ?Needed To Answer Before Starting income generation by the proper On The Path Of Entrepreneurship use of time as well as means and I want to be an entrepreneur or not? resources. To make the daily used Which business I should start? materials like Doko, Dalo, and How my business will earn revenue? Mandro from Nigalo and to make When I will reach my break even? broom from a plant called Amriso are the examples of business at the local level. Similarly, to make Aimed to be an entrepreneur Gundri and Sukul from the straw and to prepare radi and Kambal from the wool of the sheep are also the example of local business. After the production of those goods they need market for their trading. There is no use of these things in the absence of the market. In the absence of good market there is the wastage of time, work, and economic loss as well. The entrepreneurs and businesspersons need good market to sale their goods, which they have produced. Producers themselves are the entrepreneurs. Sellers are making their livelihood by earning money through trading of the manufactured goods and materials in the market. At the same time, the customers also fulfil their needs by taking those products according to their choice. We can show the relationship between market and entrepreneurship as given below: i) Entrepreneur produces the goods and services as per the demand of the customers and supply to the market. 86 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

ii) Market facilitates in buying, selling and consumption of the products. iii) The position of economic activity depends upon the buying and selling of the goods and services. Activity Make a list of the entrepreneurship works observed in your community and discuss their harms and benefits in the community with your friends. Word meaning Consumption : using up or utilization goods to satisfy needs Manufactured : produced in a large-scale industrial operation Trading : the business of buying and selling commodities, products, or services Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Show the relationship between entrepreneurship and market with examples. 2. Write the role of entrepreneurship for development of the country. 3. Make a list of locally manufactured goods in your locality. How can you get benefit from them? Practical Work Write a proposal for searching of national level market for the local products of your community. Occupation, Business BOOK 87 8and Technology Education

3Lesson Price Determination and Management of Income and Expenditure a. Price Determination The amount of money determined for buying and selling of the goods and services is called price. Price is a value that will purchase a finite quantity of goods or service. The price is determined based on cost of production of the goods and services. Generally, the price of high quality goods is high and the price of low quality goods is low. Therefore, the price of the goods plays an important role in the market. The function of confirmation of the price of the goods in the market is called price determination. It is a difficult job for the producers to fix the price for their goods and services. If the price of the goods becomes high, it is difficult to sell them and they will be in the stock for long period. On the other hand, producers will be in loss if the price of the goods is low. While determining the price of the goods, production cost and transportation cost need to be considered. In addition, they also should compare the price of their goods with the price of the similar goods of other producers. At the same time, different aspects like difference in the size, quantity, and quality also need to be examined before determining the price of the goods. b. Management of Income and Expenditure The difference between the cost of Expend Supply dDem an production of the goods and services along iture with other miscellaneous expenditure and I selling price is called profit or loss. If the Price selling price is greater than the cost of Determination production, there will be profit. On the other hand, if the selling price is less nc o me than the cost of production, there will be loss to the producers. The entrepreneurs and businesspersons want to know about the condition of profit or loss from their industry or business. To know about the 88 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

condition of profit and loss they keep two types of accounts like trading account and profit and loss account. To fulfill this objective, they keep trading account and profit and loss account. There are both debit side and credit side in both types of accounts. There are opening balance, purchase, salary, wages, and other expenditure in the debit side. On the other hand, income by sale, final deposit and other income are placed in the credit side. In trading account, gross profit or gross loss is calculated. In profit and loss account, net profit or net loss is calculated. The sample of trading account and profit and loss account are presented in the following table: Trading Account Debit Credit Particulars To Opening stock Amount (Rs.) Particulars Amount (Rs.) To Purchase 10,000.00 By Closing balance 80,000.00 To Wages 380,000.00 48,000.00 By Sale 440,000.00 To Gross profit 82,000.00 Total 520,000.00 Total 520,000.00 Profit and Loss Account Debit Credit Particulars To Salary Amount (Rs.) Particulars Amount (Rs.) 80,000.00 By Gross profit 82,000.00 To Depreciation cost 20,000.00 To Maintenance 50,000.00 By Income from 100,000.00 interest To Administrative expenditure 20,000.00 To Income tax 2,400.00 To Other expenses 8,000.00 To Net profit 1,600.00 Total 182,000.00 Total 182,000.00 There is profit if the total amount in credit side is greater than the total amount of the debit side. At the same time, if the total amount of credit side is less than the Occupation, Business BOOK 89 8and Technology Education

total amount of the debit side, there is loss in the business. In the case of profit, the left over amount after the deduction of all expenditure is distributed among the share holders as bonus according to the rule of the Company Act but in the case of loss in the business the share holders must be accountable themselves. Activity How do people determine the price of their products in the market? Discuss with friends in the class. Word meaning Credit side : account of payments received; usually the right side of a financial statement Debit side : account of payments owed; usually the left side of a financial statement Miscellaneous : consisting of various kinds; varied Profit and loss account : an account compiled at the end of an accounting period to show gross and net profit or loss Trading account : the account which is prepared to determine the gross profit or gross loss of a business Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Write a short note on price determination process of the goods and services in the market. 2. How can you manage the record of profit and loss in our business? Explain. 3. Write the need and importance of trading account and profit and loss account in the business. 4. What particulars can be placed in the debit and credit side in the trading account? Practical Work Prepare a profit and loss account of any one stationery at your community. 90 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 4 World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. The WTO goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The World Trade Organization was formally established in January 1st, 1995 AD. The global trade became easier after the establishment of this organization. Now, most of the countries in the world have already become the member of this organization. Nepal also received its membership on 11th Baisakh, 2061 BS (23rd April 2004 AD) Our country is 147th member country of this organization. Now, there are altogether 160 member countries in this organization. The World Trade Organization conducts the trade under the open competitive economic policy among the member countries throughout the world. Its central office is situated at Geneva, Switzerland. The World Trade Organization supports and promotes the Logo of WTO foreign trade. Therefore, it implements and regulates the different conventions and treaties related to international trade. It facilitates and solves the trade related problems and disputes between the member countries. It also works in the regular supervision of the trade policies and rules of the member countries and supports them for the economic progress. Along with the other functions, the WTO has been doing the following functions: • It provides the framework for the implementation, administration, and operation of the multilateral trade agreements. • It shall provide the forum for negotiations among its member countries concerning their multilateral trade relations. • It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling down of trade related disputes. • It shall administer the understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes. Occupation, Business BOOK 91 8and Technology Education

The World Trade Organization is always proactive for the improvement of living BOOK standard and to ensure employment opportunity. The WTO also helps in the increase in the productivity and income of its member countries. At present, the WTO is supporting some African countries by providing food for them. It works for the formulation of international standardization of the world trade standard including policy and rules. The member countries can get the following benefits: • Trade disputes between the member countries are handled constructively. • Free trade cuts the costs of living. • Provides more choice of products and qualities. • Raises productivity and income of the member countries. • Regulates and promotes foreign trade. • Improves the living standard of the people. Activity Make a list of the things kept for the export and import that you have seen in the large business complex and discuss its impact in our national economy with friends in the class. Word meaning Conventions : any international agreements establishing mutual rights and obligations of the states Disputes : disagreement, controversy, conflict or contradiction Predictably : make known in advance in a predictable manner Proactive : doing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Give a brief introduction of the World Trade Organization. 2. Mention the major functions of the World Trade Organization. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting membership of WTO? Practical Work Write a small report on the mission of the World Trade Organization for the promotion of the foreign trade and its impact in our national economy. 92 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

UNIT7 Vegetable Farming Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  introduce rooftop vegetable farming.  introduce inter-cropping vegetable farming.  demonstrate the techniques of earthworm farming.  tell about the compost manure and its use.  explain the methods of mushroom farming.  produce seeds of vegetables and store them.  manage seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable farming, its production, transportation, supply and keeping accounts.  tell the traditional and modern techniques to protect vegetables from insects.  identify the market for vegetable.  prepare a plan for off-season vegetable farming in small quantity. Occupation, Business BOOK 93 8and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 1 Off-season Vegetable Farming Some vegetables grow in summer season only and some grow in winter season only. They do not grow in all the seasons. If we want to grow all kinds of vegetables in all seasons, we have to cultivate vegetables by applying artificial technology in farming. The farming of all kinds of vegetables in all seasons by applying artificial technology is called off-season vegetable farming. The following points should be considered while doing off-season vegetable farming: 1. Selection of appropriate climate, place and species of vegetables. 2. Knowledge of the technologies like controlling diseases and insects, irrigation, use of fertilizer, etc. 3. Time of seed sowing and plantation of seedlings. Methods of off-season vegetable farming a. Vegetable Farming in Plastic Sheds/huts A kind of plastic shed or hut is made in the vegetable farm for producing vegetables inside it. All the agricultural activities are carried out inside such huts like digging, making ridge, transplanting seedlings and heaping soil around the plants. This technique is applied in the high hilly region in the winter season to produce vegetables. It is useful even in the other places in rainy season for producing vegetables like tomato, brinjal, chili, etc. Vegetables farming in plastic sheds 94 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

b. Vegetable Farming in Plastic Tunnel Vegetable farming in plastic tunnel A tunnel is prepared by using a plastic sheet of 5m in breadth and 20m or more in length and locally available materials like bamboo, wood, rod and rope. The plants or vegetables can grow easily and within short period of time in such tunnels. We can keep or remove the tunnels according to our need. c. Use of Plastic Bags Plants in plastic bags Sometimes the plastic bags are used for germinating and growing seedlings as it takes long time for them to grow in the farmlands. The seeds are sown in the plastic bags or pouches by putting the mixture of organic manure and soil in right proportion. Such bags or pouches are kept inside the plastic tunnel. It helps in growing seedlings and transplanting them in the farmland even in cold season. d. Selection of Suitable Sites There are different types of climate in the different regions of our country. Some off-season vegetables of a region may be seasonal for another region. Radish, cauliflower, cabbage and Raayo are grown in the months of Chaitra or Baishakh in the high hilly regions as seasonal vegetables whereas these vegetables in these months are off-season for the basins and Terai region. These vegetables are grown in the months of Aswin or Kartik and harvested in the months of Poush or Marg in basins and Terai region. e. Selection of Time Period A little change in the time of planting also helps in producing off-season vegetables. The time period can be lengthen or shorten by planting vegetables before or after the actual time. f. Selection of Appropriate Species The agriculture experts have developed various species of vegetables to be produced in season or off-season. To meet the demand of the market and Occupation, Business BOOK 95 8and Technology Education

the consumers, the experts have developed such new species which can yield BOOK products in shorter span or can take time more than usual. The fastest yielding vegetable species grow within 55-75 days whereas the time-consuming species yield within 95-120 days. Similarly within 75-95 days, some developed species of the vegetables can be grown and harvested. Such difference in the growth and harvest time of the some varieties of a vegetable helps to maintain the balance between demand and supply of a product. And as a result a vegetable farmer can earn more profits. g. Change in the Technology of Farming The off-season vegetables can be produced by changing the technology of farming. For example: the seeds of onion that are sown in Mangsir and rooted out in Baishakh or Jesth, saplings are stored in a dry place to sow again in Asar or Shrawan and rooted out within 70 days. As this type of onion production is off- season and usually done in large quantity, a good profit can be earned from it. h. Use of Various Chemicals There are various kinds of chemicals available in the market nowadays. The use of such chemicals enables the vegetable farmers yield a good production before the actual time. Generally, the chemicals like Oxine, Gibberellins, etc are used in the vegetable farming. Such chemicals can be easily used in the different species of vegetables like pumpkin, cucumber, gourd etc. Format of a draft plan for off-season Chili farming S.No. Description Unit Required quantity Rate (Rs.) Total amount 1. 2. 3. Total estimated expenses: Total estimated income: Profit: 96 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Activities 1. Germinate the seedlings in the kitchen garden. 2. Grow vegetables inside the plastic tunnel in the cold and hot seasons. Word meaning Basin : land draining into river or lake Proportion : a quantity of something that is part of the whole amount or number Ridge : raised land formation Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is off-season vegetable farming? 2. What points should be considered while doing off-season vegetable farming? 3. Write the methods of off-season vegetable farming? 4. What are the advantages of off-season vegetable farming? Occupation, Business BOOK 97 8and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Inter-cropping Vegetable Farming The growing of two or more crops of different characteristics and requirements at the same time on the same plot of land is called inter- cropping. The process of growing different vegetables in the inter- cropping system is called inter-cropping vegetable farming. The most common goal of inter-cropping is to produce a greater yield on an available land. Some of the examples of inter-cropping Inter-cropping vegetable farming vegetable farming are: growing leafy mustard and onion in the cauliflower farm; radish in garlic farm; onion, radish and leafy mustard in potato farm; pungent (Chansoor) in the garlic farm etc. These crops are called Ghusuwa Baali in our local language. 1. Methods of Inter-cropping Vegetable Farming The following techniques should be adopted for the inter-cropping vegetable farming: a. Among the vegetable plants like brinjal, tomato, etc, root crops like radish, carrot, turnip, etc or leafy crops like pungent, spinach, leaf mustard, etc can be planted alternatively. b. It is better to grow legumes like peas, beans etc among the crops which need more nutrition like maize, wheat, etc. c. The crops which can be used as green manure should be grown to increase the fertility of the soil. d. Weeds affect the crops like cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, etc. So, it is better to grow potato, radish, carrot, turnip, etc which cleans the farmland after such crops. If the crops are grown making ridges, the weeds can easily be controlled. 98 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2. Advantages of Inter-cropping Vegetable Farming We can get the following advantages from inter-cropping vegetable farming: a. The fertility of the farmland can be increased by planting legumes and vegetables. b. A good income can be generated by growing two or three crops at the same time on the same farmland. c. The crops that fulfill the necessity of a family can be grown. For example: Soya bean, pulses etc. d. The diseases and insects can be controlled. e. It produces the fodder for domestic animals. Activity Prepare a draft of plan for inter-cropping farming according to the season in the kitchen garden of your home. Word meaning Fodder : animal food Weed : unwanted plant Yield : produce something as the result of work Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Write the advantages of inter-cropping vegetable farming? 2. What is inter-cropping vegetable farming? 3. List the points to be considered while making plan for inter-cropping farming. Occupation, Business BOOK 99 8and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Mushroom Farming Mushroom is an umbrella-shaped fungus. There are various kinds of mushroom. It is a cash crop. Generally, the mushrooms grow naturally in the jungles. Many of the mushrooms found in the jungle are poisonous. Some local species of mushrooms like Bagaale, Kukhure, Chhate, etc grow automatically. A trend of farming mushrooms by the farmers is developing nowadays. Mushroom is Mushroom farming nutritious and easily digestible vegetation. Gobre and Kanye are the two main kinds of mushroom which are cultivated. 1. Method of Mushroom Farming The following methods are adopted for Gobre mushroom farming: a. Prepare compost manure as per the following techniques. i. The bundles of hay which is cut into pieces of 1/1 ft should be dipped into the clean water for 8-10 hours. ii. Prepare a wooden frame and put the hay making layers on the frame and press it. After each 3-4 layers, spread about 1-2 kg of manure. iii. Prepare the layers upto 4 ft in height with about 500 kg of hay and use water as per the need. It should be turned over in 5 days for the first time, second time in 10 days and third time in 13 days, fourth time in 16 days, fifth time in 19 days and sixth time in 22 days from the first day of compost preparation. b. When the compost manure is prepared, the place where the mushroom farming will be done has to be cleaned with 2% of formalin. Prepare a wooden rack as compost bed. c. Spread or sow the seeds of mushroom in the prepared place. The following methods should be adopted for this: 100 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education