IML656 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARIES NOWADAYS

academic library of Adelphi University make their students afraid to build close connections with other people. Plus, the Adelphi University also difficult to trace students with ASD at their institutional. 2. The implementation of facebook usage in academic libraries Nowadays, many libraries used media social as their platform of marketing tools to spread knowledge and information in order to promote their university to the society. Academic libraries started to adopting social media such as establish their own Facebook pages to engage with the community. The communications two ways with users will attract user’s attentions to apply applications in their university. However, the applications of social media are used by academic library for educational purpose in order to gain students interest about the services that provided by the libraries. Facebook consider as a platform to motivate students in their academic work as well as intermediary between students and librarian in order to communicate with each other. The platform helps to determine user’s preference on the types of applications and posting methods in the Facebook profiles. According to the Garcia-Milian et al. (2012), she discovered the positive influence of postings numbers and user’s reactions of the libraries. This posting in Facebooks pages will interact user’s interaction to come to the libraries. According to the Witte (2014), sharing external contents in the Facebook pages increase higher engagement rate and save librarians time in order to serve services to the users. Libraries shared their media methods post through external links in order to maintain high posting frequency and save production time. For example, about half of the library post of HKB and CityU comprised links for promotional event of their libraries. According to Witte (2014), sharing links and text-type post were not as effective as photo-type posts or video-type posts to attract attention from users in libraries. For example, CityU library in Hong Kong post their library information through online resources that shared via links. The information sharing external resources links able to save production time and librarians could balance their Facebook contents that more quality and posting efficiency according to user’s interests. The sharing information through Facebooks pages will be more relevant and update due to librarians always updated their pages frequently so that user will get the present knowledge from time to time. In addition, posts comprised video in Facebooks pages will attract user’s reaction to the certain topic that post by the librarian in academic 100

library. The college students also more attract to the interesting Facebooks page of an academic library that provide interesting pages and useful information with their digital learning environment. 3. Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence plays important role in areas of research computing of development and adoption of currents technologies in academic libraries. Nowadays, academic libraries started to show more interest in artificial intelligence in order to give better services in the digital learning environmental. The rapid growth of potential roles that connected with artificial intelligence in academic libraries such as data acquisition and curation, AI tool acquisition and infrastructure building, aiding user navigation and data literacy. However, libraries function such as virtual services, discovery, referencing and cataloging seem has less effected by artificial intelligence in transform librarianship in academic libraries. Librarians shows less interest in artificial intelligence due to the replacement of library technicians by computers or disintegration of the library in future. However, there are numbers of significant issues that raised by public concern of artificial intelligence in libraries. Privacy is a main issue that has been raised by users. Academic libraries stored user data ostensibly to personalize user experience, target marketing, raise complex issues around manipulation, personal privacy and consent to increase users interest towards academic libraries. AI systems also seem to be accountable and transparent of their operations in order to make decision more intelligible. However, there are also bias assumptions built into many algorithms such as created through choice of training data. The bias assumptions be seen related to the structural issues in academic libraries in order to maintaining librarians works. The barriers of applications AI in academic libraries seem to be expensive for academic libraries to apply in the libraries systems. According to Popenici and Kerr (2017), if a commercial ethos drives development it will be turned to the most problematic aspect for higher education. The implementation of Ai gives impact positive to the employment and social equality in the academic libraries of librarian’s knowledge of user’s needs, understanding of building collections and include the licensing material in the creation of new jobs. Librarians in charge in managing the process of introducing AI to avoid the privacy pitfalls and helps user to develop critical information literacy. The implementation of AI in academic libraries helps librarians save time and decrease repetitive works in managing the collections for user’s needs. However, 101

the higher risk of direct replacement of library staff by AI towards routine roles of the works need to be more concern. AI will transform the changes of library services to satisfied users’ needs and dynamics of the digital learning environmental in academic libraries. 4. Copyright issues Copyright is an author’s original materials or creators of their own literary and artistic works. The copyright works include the copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings. Copyright considered as the legal rights of the owner of intellectual property that protect their creation and authorization from copying their works. Nowadays, copyright law effects on how libraries provide their information to their users in order to help libraries lend their collections and other resources to the users. This copyrights law aimed at the wide range of staff who’s working the libraries and information services. According to the Deccan Herald (2013), many educational institutions of the academic libraries introduced restrictions on photocopying services. For example, Jawaharlal Nehru University library is the one of the top university that allow photocopied of 1/3 portion of books due to the protest by student union of that university regarding libraries has lack of sufficient numbers of books suggested by the teachers and they not affordable to purchase the books for their academic works. The issues of photocopying and distribution of course pack due to the educational purpose forced libraries and library professional violence the provisions of the laws towards copyrights matters. According to the Mittal and Singh (2016), many libraries in India provide the photocopying services to the user without realize the adequate information of legal provisions and legal issues involve in academic libraries. The issues of privacy and confidential of the records that related to the academic libraries and library professional need to be concerned. According to the Lewin-Lane et al. (2018), the scanning literature and practices followed by the peers of University of Houston library that developed to address the copyright which related with the user’s needs. The services by librarians was an emerging area that important to establish a central repository of copyrights policies, services and practices that adopted by academic library. According to the Ryan and Ferullo (2011), handling copyright related works at a university need to establish copyright office in the library in order to handle the increasing requests for help in copyright matters. The development of technology cause of violations privacy of big data due to the users’ needs and 102

libraries perception in improving the user’s discoveries experience. According to the Fulton (2011), the US federal laws has referenced in lawsuits that concern about access and adopted the web pages for the creations of the literature. 5. Library card issues Library card refer to several cards traditionally used for management of books in academic libraries. Library services has a similar function as a membership card. Librarians manage the library card for people easy to borrowing books in the academic libraries. Nowadays, the development of new technology raised academic library awareness in order to offer a digital library card option for use of their online digital content to the college students. Libraries give the services to the users of resource sharing program in order to enable the reciprocal borrowing and lending of books other returnable among libraries. The librarians also need to manually update user’s information into the library’s circulation system, issued a barcode sticker and attached it to the card for entrance identification and borrowing books. Libraries from different institutions with a shared consortial catalog enable users to request materials directly through interlibrary loan mediation. For example, in Hong Kong, users search HKALL of the shared consortial catalog and other materials directly from other JULAC libraries. Reciprocal borrowing is an arrangement among libraries which allow the registration of users to borrow the collections from all libraries. Hence, users can use existing library cards or given separated card to borrow the materials in the libraries. For example, the CAVAL Reciprocal Borrowing Programs helps users to borrow the printed materials from libraries of universities and colleges in Australia. Users will be given the CAVAL card after finished the registrations in this program. Using CAVAL cards, users allow to borrow the materials direct from another library using CAVAL card and home library ID card. The librarians of the libraries will attach a barcode label in the CAVAL card. Edmonton Public Library launched Me Card in October 2013. The librarians will have created a user account in the integrated library system after user’s registrations. The Me Card not required a shared integrated library system among participating libraries. Me Card allow users to access the millions collections from over 300 participating libraries in Alberta for free. Users in academic libraries registered the Me Card for accessing and checking out materials from any Edmonton Public Library (ALA Office for Information Technology Policy, 2014). According to Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Library (2006), there were 103

several issues that has been raised to considered of sharing user’s information with others libraries. For example, some libraries used Hong Kong Identity Card (HKID Card) number as a key to identify the user’s records of borrowing the collections in academic libraries. 6. Disaster management A disaster is an accident that unpredicted happen in the country that threats human safety and damages library’s buildings. The academic libraries in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, Philippines are vulnerable to disasters due to the Philippines is the one of the top three global disaster hotspot in the world. Aside from these, the crisis from the war lead to the damaged of the libraries buildings in the battle. Libraries were providing the users’ needs as a community’s information centers and repositories of valuable historical and cultural heritage. Libraries need to preserved and protected against disasters in order to provide the baseline information to fill the knowledge gap in Philippine. Fire disasters in libraries due to the faulty electrical wiring and the failure or misuse the heating equipment. For example, Mzuzu University in Malawi were damages by fire disaster due to the faulty electrical wirings and Barton Public Library closed for a year due to the smoke damage. The collections in academic libraries also affected by water disaster due to malfunctioning plumbing, leaky roofs, heavy rains, typhoons and floods. For example, malfunctioning plumbing or leaky pipes damaged the collections and equipment in the McWherter Library of the University of Memphis in 1996 and 2014. In 1979, the Taylor Institutions Library’s collection in the United Kingdom was damaged by water disaster. War disaster also a massive catalyst in the academic libraries that cause the huge impact to the society. For example, the University of the Philippine Library recovered only 3000 volumes out of 147,000 of the collections in the academic library. However, library professions played important roles in protecting and managing the damages due to the disasters in academic libraries. Librarian need to prepare ahead to lessen the damage of the collections due to disaster issue for the best preparation of disaster management plan. A disaster plan should include the disaster control, risk assessment, training of staff and finance to maximize the disaster damages. Hence, knowing that victims of disasters would often go to libraries to seek comfort and librarians need to equip themselves with a skill of keeping the library collections safe and skills will respond to the needs of the community. Librarians responsibility to handle the library management of the disaster management 104

program in the academic libraries to ensure the security and safety of the collections, buildings and facilities. CHALLENGES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY 1. Librarian preparedness for digital age. The biggest challenges in libraries nowadays when it comes to the Information and Communication technology (ICT) or digital library. A digital library is a collection of documents in organized electronic form, available on the Internet or on CD-ROM (compact- disk read-only memory) disks. Although not a recent concept, in terms of actual development, digital libraries are still relatively new. In the literature, the digital library may also be called the library without walls, virtual library, electronic library, e-library, and many more but it is still common concept. Although the existence of a digital library is a convenience and reflects the modernity and sophistication of the library there are challenges encountered in managing it. The use of digital information tools in libraries and information centers demands technical competencies to successfully navigate through digital information. Librarians require new skills to work effectively in this digital environment and to meet the challenges of digital librarianship. In the current digital information environment, it has become inevitable that librarians need to acquire digital competencies (Graham, 2003). The new information environment demands modern skills and library and information science (LIS) professionals to become adaptable for this new environment (Chinien and Boutin, 2011). McDonald (2004) stated that library professionals should acquire technical and analytical skills to meet the future demands of digital librarianship. Okojie, cited in Anunobi and Ukwoma (2009), included information literacy skills, Internet search skills, fund raising, advocacy, marketing and management skills, electronic information services, virtual libraries and intellectual property/copy right laws as vital knowledge for librarians. Digital competencies for developing and managing digital libraries are divided into three main categories based on which is digital competencies for developing digital libraries, managing digital libraries and digital competencies to protect digital contents. Librarians should attend training opportunities and workshops to acquire digital skills. It is recommended that university libraries should get sponsorship from HEC, IFLA and nongovernmental 105

organizations to increase their funds and develop necessary IT infrastructure and skilled staff (Shakeel Ahmad Khan, Rubina Bhatti, 2017). 2. Minimal budget Successful libraries are able to entice users to visit either physical or virtual libraries. To meet the needs of our users, the library should provide the best services, facilities and materials. Challenge in providing sufficient budget will delay the process of developing a user- friendly library that satisfies the user. Inadequate budgetary problems do not escape from the challenges that academic libraries often face. This can be seen from the example in UCSB Library faces multiple challenges in the effort to build collections and provide access to information resources needed to support the diverse programs of research and teaching on their campus. The ‘big deals’ that have brought such an expansion in the numbers of scholarly journals provided by most libraries typically have built-in price increases of 5% or more a year. Rising costs for journals has been a longstanding problem for libraries, of course: but what is new is the difficulty of making cuts in journal subscriptions within the context of the big deals. Most the colleges prepared their library budget without any consultancy with the librarian except few cases. Fund to be utilized in any financial year for the library purpose was decided by the College Authority. Rising cost of materials is the second challenge to the librarian. Cost of books, periodicals, audio-visual materials increases day by day and inflation rate is also high. So allocation of fund at the fixed rate is creating difficulties to the librarian to acquire the required documents for library (Atanu Das and Gayatri Paul,2012). There have been policies to protect the budgets for information resources above in order to maintain and improve the student experience at some universities. Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL) statistics show that book budgets have come under increasing pressure across the sector, however, as expenditure on journals has risen; and there are concerns across the world about the future for monographs. It may be that e-books will ease the problems that libraries face, particularly for text-books and course readers; and important experiments are under way in the form of the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)-funded e-books observatory. But both in their focus groups and more widely, librarians express frustration that publishers’ policies on pricing and accessibility are inhibiting take-up. Hence there is a widespread view that libraries need to work together with publishers to 106

promote innovative thinking on new models and routes to content. 3. Challenge in managing the collections Collection and dissemination of information are the main functions of a library. Importance and success of library collection lies in the satisfaction of users’ information needs. Academic libraries have a varied collection to fulfill the needs. Provision of syllabi, study and research materials add to the library collection. Collection preserves knowledge for the future. So, provision for information material for cultural and recreational reading is another important. Problem and challenges in Collection Development faced by the professional in the library whether physical or online collection always have and never run out of library management especially in academic library. Users usually want availability of library materials in various medium especially through online. This will increase the demand of library materials from the readers. Sometimes in academic library the users ask for materials which not relevant to the parent institution and this would be pressure on librarian to acquire certain materials. Users also demand for multiple copies of the materials because there are another users who have already borrowed the same material as they need Professional librarian should have a well-thought planning when doing selection of the library materials , knowledge of recently published materials in different subjects and in different media, knowledge on forthcoming books through the book reviews, selection of book vendors of repute, knowledge on the latest development on currency exchange and other related matter .Allocation of right budget to the right department for the right material is one of the major components in collection management. In addition, few important factors in collection management should consider kind of library, size of library, specialization areas of library, intellectual level of users, and the merit of the individual book and the frequency of use of the existing collection. The logic followed is that the allocation of budget for acquisition of new books, periodicals and e-resources is related to the number of faculty members and the number of courses taught in particular area and other academic activities in that area. The budgetary allocation is made in the beginning of each year for each area, depending on the total budget available for acquisition of reading materials (Firdous Maqbool Mir, 2016). 107

4. Challenge in digitization According to Liu (2004), most of the libraries involved in digitization projects in United States were academic libraries. The manual system of searching for information and materials in the physical library does not permit multiple use of the same material by different library users unlike the online library services. It is very inefficient and time consuming ways, hence the need to exploit and accomplish the advantages of the digital library which enables provision of online library services. However, there are a lot of challenges of a digital library or conversion to digital status faced by the library. Digitization is time consuming and it is also a very expensive endeavour which takes a lot of hard work from all professional in library. Law (2009) notes that a surprisingly large number of digital libraries appear to have neither vision nor mission statements due to the fact that they are embedded as part of their larger institutional library. He cites certain large university libraries such as Imperial College, London; Cambridge University and Columbia University, for example, which are all silent on their large digital library program. Management of the digitization project entails policy initiation, setting priorities and planning. These are challenging tasks for the management (Beatrice Ayodeji Fabunmi, Matthew Paris and Martins Fabunmi, 2006). The library management needs to discuss with libraries that had digitized their materials. This will help a lot while formulating policies on the digital project. It is the responsibility of the committee to draw plans and budget for the project. The library management will also need to prioritize the different activities involved and assign each task to a committee. Time limits should be assigned for completion of each task. The task of carrying along all the staff and guiding library users can be challenging. Some of the staff will like to resist change, particularly those that are not computer literate. It is essential for the library management to explain the essence of the project to them and arrange to retrain the employees so that they can participate in the project and remain functional in a digital library. It is good for library assistants to be available to assist user in need who find it difficult to search for materials in the digital platform. Managing Orientation programs for these library users from time to time can help the user enjoying the services and facilities. 108

CONCLUSION In the conclusion, issues and challenges in academic library always changed over time depend on the library themselves. Librarians working in academic library are typically very reference focused and specialize in a few academic fields. They often have a dedicated technical staff to process acquisitions and support electronic resources. These issues and challenges not only involve the library but also the users as they determine the effectiveness of the library's services, facilities and materials. Management should be prepared to address any issues and challenges whether in physical or virtual library from building the libraries until providing the services to users. This is important to reach the primary purpose of the academic libraries which is to support its parent institution through acquisition of relevant information materials, processing, organizing, and disseminating them to the library users to enhance learning, teaching and research activities of the university community. 109

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THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Razinizz Syahmi & Roselinda ABSTRACT According from the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS) Library come from the Latin liber, meaning \"book.\" In Greek and the Romance languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or non-print materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, etc.). Institutional libraries, organized to facilitate access by a specific clientele, are staffed by librarians and other personnel trained to provide services to meet user needs. However, these days, the challenges and issues that are looking by the libraries are intelligent. The progressions of technologies, users demand, money related imperatives are a model that putting enormous weight on the libraries for their development. Keyword: challenges, library, libraries, users demand INTRODUCTION According from the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS) Library come from the Latin liber, meaning \"book.\" In Greek and the Romance languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or non-print materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, etc.). Institutional libraries, organized to facilitate access by a specific clientele, are staffed by librarians and other personnel trained to provide services to meet user needs. While Heartsill Young (1983) stated that library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is organized by information professionals or other experts. Robert S. Martin (2013) also mentioned that it provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual contact and offer targeted services and programs with the mission of educating, enlightening, or entertaining a variety of viewers and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole. However, these days, the challenges and issues that are looking by the libraries are intelligent. The progressions of technologies, users demand, money related 113

imperatives are some of the example that putting enormous weight on the libraries for their development. Libraries are facing countless challenges in today’s environment of education, and these key challenges include an explosion of information resources, transformation from printed to electronics formats, services to varied users and innovative technology. Each kind of libraries is customarily part of a bigger organization. In this way, they must consult with their parent organization. Despite their strategies for the organization and the board to improve and conquer the difficulties and issues. When there is no understanding between two offices, it will be hard to expect the library progress in the library improvement. Other than that, the innovation these days likewise influence the adjustments in the library. With the advancement of present-day innovation and the Internet, it has made numerous changes, difficulties and issues to the cutting-edge libraries. It influences the advancement of taking care of the data, putting away, arranging and speaking with the users. In this period, we can see there are more libraries that are pushing toward digitization by giving an advanced situation. Challenges and changes are results of restructuring organizations globally that aims to update and advance their organizational structure. In general, organizations need to manage change and lead challenges, and academic libraries also require expanding their services, facilities and resources toward success in rapidly affecting the environment of libraries today. With the improvement of having a digital domain, access to remote library accumulations is making the utilization of the electronic data assets to be increasingly practical and progressively alluring to the users. The greater part of the library’s objective is to give a fast and complete connection to the assets by utilizing the ideal instruments and methods that are accessible nowadays. In addition, with the presence of perusing materials or assets through the internet, the users want to look for their data needs through the internet as opposed to visiting the library. This is one of provokes that should be looked by the majority of the libraries these days, with the changing of electronic needs from the conventional accumulations of written words. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Dealing with the issues and challenges in the library these days while applying the unpredictable equipment and programming, digitization of library assets frames of mind to a lot of challenge to the main partners. Which is the library the board, the custodians, staffs, and library clients? Not everything in the accumulation and materials is worth to be digitized in 114

light of the fact that the possibility of the library being digitized is far procedure. Be that as it may, with the presence of electronic assets, it really offers an advantage to the clients as well. Different challenges and issues may be facing by the libraries is with their electronic accumulations, the changing of electronic improvements, financial constraints, users demand and others. 1. Technology According to Dow, R. (1993), these changes and innovations are manifested in the growing use of personal computers on campus, the expanding number of Internet linkages, the developing design of scholar workstations, the increasing presence of online bibliographic resources and library catalogues, and the small but expanding number of electronic journals. All these technological innovations are influencing the ways scholars and students work and exchange information. Accordingly, these developments are challenging the ways librarians think about and provide services and information/knowledge resources to meet the needs of their user populations. Luo et al., (2013) stated that all types of organizations have also been actively employing these tools to enhance their marketing and promotional activities using all sort of technologies. Libraries have been no exception in this respect and are continuously making efforts to increase their presence on various social media platforms For instance, (Rogers, 2009) a survey targeting libraries in the USA indicated that the majority of the libraries use social media tools for purposes such as promoting library services, providing updates to users, and reaching out to new users Aside from using innovations for making a promoting to pull in clients, the progression in the advanced accumulation is additionally part of challenges in the library these days. Sheila Corrall (2012) stated that dictionaries, glossaries, encyclopaedias and other reference works within and past our expert field, for the most part, define a library basically as an accumulation (of books and different materials) and once in a while notice benefits in their definitions, or just as a supporting component. The emphasis on the accumulation as the defining normal for a library has continued into an advanced age. Soper et al., (1990) mentioned that libraries and information centers contain bibliographic materials, provide access to such materials, and supply services derived from 115

those materials. These services are usually not based solely on materials actually present in a library’s collection, but increasingly are enriched by access to materials in other collections.” The universe of libraries and the procedures of information trade are obviously in the throes of progress. However, there is little proof that libraries are organizing to methodically deliver these innovations or to misuse the potential these progressions may bring. To put it plainly, libraries are sorted out to respond to change, not to abuse the potential it brings. 2. User demand With the rapid development of mobile communication technologies and the increasing popularity of intelligent mobile devices, the needs for mobile information services are constantly expanding. As an important social knowledge carrier, libraries endeavour to proactively offer diverse information services based on mobile networks (Kroski, 2008). Notwithstanding encouraging changes to the library administration model, mobile networks have profoundly influenced client information behaviours and habits (Murphy, 2010). In the mobile network condition, the client's requirement for fragmentary perusing is developing. Simpler and constant access to information is normal. Client trust that libraries cannot just stretch out conventional information administrations to mobile gadgets yet could likewise grow more insightful and altered administrations with the preferences afforded by mobile networks (Kumar, 2014). If libraries can understand the demand of potential users, activate their willingness to use and provide corresponding use conditions, potential users can turn into actual users. Therefore, one important reason guaranteeing that libraries can beneficially misuse the mobile network period is to read explicit client requirements for mobile library administrations according to clients' changing demands and, in this way, give more viable library mobile administrations. That’s are the challenges when it comes to user demand. 3. Limited budget constraints Accordingly, these advancements are challenging the manners in which custodians think about and give administrations and information/learning assets to address the issues of their client populaces. Because of these challenges, libraries are investing an excessively little piece of their spending limits for research focusing on the future, and a lopsidedly modest 116

quantity of time to the improvement of methodologies for innovation. Endeavours to situate libraries in a position of authority in this quickly changing condition require a more grounded investment in such innovative work. Librarians have little involvement with channelling consumptions of financial assets to undirected research. Be that as it may, a few models include promising start-up investment in automating library procedures and cataloguing capacities, the production of the OPAC, and even the help of librarians for expert travel to partake in provincial and national library associations. Furthermore, scholarly libraries that help workforce status with funding of research and vacation leaves, or with privately financed research awards, are investing in R&D. Be that as it may, not many of the consumptions are of a similar relative greatness as corporate investment in R&D. Much less of these consumptions are attached deliberately to the future prosperity of the library, in a similar style that corporate investments are so linked. Before these, the national R&D expenditures, conducted by the National Science Foundation (NSF), found that the six leading industries had invested well over $50 billion in total on research and development. 4. Collection development McGarry (2003) additionally features access as a critical element of libraries, recognizing 'latent access', 'intervened access' and 'transitive access', speaking to various focuses on the administration continuum, from making stock accessible to borrowers, through coordinating individual needs with materials, to connecting straightforwardly to specific gatherings with special collections and administrations. McGarry (2003) also talks about how libraries have advanced from authentic occasions to the cutting edge world and manages the issue of whether advances in data and correspondence innovation (ICT) and especially the improvement of the World Wide Web have made the term 'library' repetitive because of printed investigate material, (for example, books and diaries) being supplanted by electronic counterparts. Libraries as \"book storehouses of the past\" might be viewed as superfluous as \"access to an all-inclusive virtual library, symbolized by and right now epitomized in the Web, turns into a reality\" Another issue with Gorman's scientific classification is that it isn't clear where physical reports held locally (for example inside the organization or community to which the library has a place), yet not possessed by the library fit into the image. 117

Bell (1995) out that in a college domain, scholastic and other assistance offices often have collections of books and serials that \"have created and exist outside the library's money related, regulatory, and physical structure\", taking note of that activities, for example, grounds wide information polices have urged bookkeepers to examine their incorporation in their OPACs to expand access and limit copy buys; she refers to one case of an institutional vision of a framework that would likewise incorporates scientists' close to home collections of citations and departmental collections of slides and instruments, just as print materials. 5. Collaboration Collaboration is important as it is a core value to the value where this involving the information technology experts, student support services and with librarians from other institutions. The library leaders should understand both the uniqueness and the balancing nature of all their roles to become more active and involve in the curriculum of their institutions. The leaders should have clear understanding about the scholarship and university to work closely with the faculty. This is because to understand and know well about the courses offered by the institution and this lead to the activeness in research activities and even know the outcomes including the implication of the library. The library users should be aware of library assets including the benefit from full range of resources and services where the library needs to closely work with the faculty, researchers and students in order to make them are aware of its resources and services. The library should be more engage with the library patrons to find the relevancy to their information needs as for example the librarian get in touch in the classroom that action can be more useful to the users rather than giving instruction at the reference desk. Moreover traditional approaches to learning is quite outdated and this require fresh approaches such as outreach programs. Close relationship between faculty and library is quite important to digitize some projects where library will contribute ideas and information to introduce new technology to collaborate with digitized project. The libraries need good collaboration to develop a healthy relationship with people of all levels. Active collaboration helps library to build robust collection, services and so on as well to build a central role in collection development. Therefore, there is a need to support the changing global environment through collaboration. 118

6. Customer service The customer service is always become the expectation of the library users as they will criticize their services. The areas of information seeking behaviour of users in a digital environment, user expectations and what impact technology has on their expectations including the aspects of customer service are to be concerned. There is a “focus on excellent customer service” as there is now an emphasis on the customer and on demonstrating value through customer service excellence assessment. It is important to improve customer service in the library as the library staff are expected to “publish or perish”. Besides, the librarians need to be motivated to publish or even risk the termination or reduction of contract or delayed tenure and promotion. 7. Users matter Users matter is one of the issues and challenges in library nowadays. This is can be seen through their behaviours and expectations. The convenience affects all aspects of information seeking, the selection, accessibility and the use of sources. The users expect that we the library have 24/7 access to resources and convenient access to resources, whether human right, print or even electronic is the most critical factor. Furthermore, the current challenge is to provide immediate, seamless access to sources and information to remain in the game as competing for user attention. The libraries do serve the needs of all people from different level; children, teens, adults, senior citizens and including those with disabilities. All users are serve fairly whether in urban libraries or even non-urban libraries. The library staff need to improve skills and motivation as this is crucial if quality services are to be provided to criticize groups and communities. The users sometimes play an added role by making decision to find information they need while the library staff help them to reach their full potential and needs. Thus, this will help gain the improvement of the library in their services and qualities. 8. Resources matter Resources matter is similarly to the meaning of resource constraints among library staff. The challenges can be seen when the library patrons expect both of services that they traditionally associate with libraries as for example access to media, help in finding and 119

discovering media, as well as new services where the aforementioned ones relating to technology literacy and organization of activities. This give strain to the library staff resources as in first term they will having less time for each type of task followed by second term because the new services require library staff to build up new competences and knowledge. It is quite important to build and sustain strong libraries as the library become the “powerful access” where everyone is welcome and feels a part of the process and where community-building happens. Even the traditional library must change to accommodate its users and community as this will lead to the better future of the library. In terms of ICTs, this provides added support that is needed to finance and sustain technology, which is not available in many developing countries due to the prioritization of libraries. This requires supports from the government funds especially serving mainly in rural communities. Therefore it was voiced in several countries need for the government support in the demand for ICTs as the number of the ICTs available is not sufficient to meet the user demand. In other words, the resources and time can be utilized in a more productive and efficient fashion if the public access can be steered toward libraries with the advance infrastructures. Perhaps through good collaboration among venues, between libraries, telecenters, cybercafes, and other community centers, the library can be truly “public” and accessible to all. 9. Leadership development opportunities It has been decades that the library leadership topic is ongoing discussion. The research has been conduct where successful leadership skills and competencies as well as opportunities to leadership development for the library leaders during modernizing of advance education. There are variety of leadership development opportunities available in libraries that help leaders to cope with the new skills for the future leadership. In addition, library leaders are being encouraged to network with peers at the local and international level because this is an excellent opportunity to enhance skills and competencies where it is valuable and rewarding for both leaders and organization. As library leaders should participate in leadership development opportunities and involve in activities with the interest of enhance a high caliber leadership that will be used to the future library leadership and they would be able to handle future challenges in the library profession. 120

10. Emerging trends Emerging trends is similarly to readiness to change or coping with the change this is an awareness to do what is needed to achieve a positive result and to challenge the ideas and views. An organization need to adapt according to times of change. Change in an organization can be achieved if well prepared to do so where this should involving understanding, adapting and even willingness. Understanding is not only about clear understanding about someone’s idea but it also need well messaged by effective leadership where this will remind the fear of losing control. As for example, library leadership needs to show the change is helpful and beneficial to the organization. It may take times to overcome the conflict of change unless adapted as predictable. Willingness happens when effective leader have willingness to lead in group and organization and employees including time management to achieve aims and objectives. Emerging trends is adapting new reality and the changing the way of thinking and working. There will be a major changes in progress. The challenges may include the open access material where this open access needs expert and this may face competencies up to date. Plus, the growing challenges of competition from other information providers will occur. Even the academic libraries had to face with the challenges of the learning resource centers where it needs a lot requirement. 11. Storage and maintenance The storage of digital resources refers to access and preservation. So, the storage media and the way of accessing digital preserved resources seem to be very different from traditional preservation. It may necessary to create both preservation and access copies and to have strategies for each. Regardless of the organization and media the following issues need to be addressed in the strategy of storage; whether storage and/or preservation will be undertaken by the host institutions or under contract to a trusted third party; which resources justify preservation, and for what period of time; and which media and file formats should be selected. Many digital media are being stored in fragile digital media and this is an appropriate care and protect fragile digital media from damage. While physical space for preservation was a big problem in traditional libraries, this lead to problem that much less acute in the electronic environment and computer storage is decreasing in cost and increasing in capacity all the time. If so, it is good to practice to set up policies and procedure that shed light on digital resources need to be accessible online or offline. 121

12. Legal issues Legal issues is similarly to copyright and other intellectual property rights where these two are important issues because of their substantial impact on digital preservation. It is our understanding that copyright law was originated and created long time ago when there was no thought of the worldwide web. The legal issues seems like copyright were established well for traditional archiving. The copyright and intellectual property right issues for digital materials are more complex than the traditional media as if not addressed can prevent preservation activities. Besides, there are other legal issues to consider at the time of digital preservation. As an example, the voluntary deposit arrangements were introduced recently in some fields including library and information science. If that so, the voluntary arrangements need to be work out and policies need to be initiated. 13. Preservation challenges for librarians Adapting to the new change where in a transition period from print to digital collections leads the librarians walking into new jobs as digital librarians. It seems that library materials are migrating from print to electronic media where the responsibility of archiving is shared between librarians and other organizations who are the producers of digital materials. It is to be concerned about the archiving of digital resources. In traditional libraries, they had centuries experience in archiving library materials. It is complex problem to provide permanent access to electronic materials. Digital materials sometimes unstable and has a brief lifespan because of limited longevity of information carriers and the software and hardware that make the stored information accessible to the users. Information is increasingly in digital form and it will continue to increase in the future. By this rapid increase of digital information, the digital preservation in libraries will become more important too. 122

RECOMMENDATIONS AND DISCUSSION In order for libraries to adapt the twenty-first century, there are some additional skills and tradition to become a successful library leader where these qualities develop creativity, flexibility, adapt to change, self-confidence and awareness, collaborative mindset, networking capability and become a visionary. Plus, together, technology and user behaviors and expectations will no doubt affect the skills needed by librarians, mostly technology-related skills. As library leaders have to develop excellent strategies for personal and professional development, motivate themselves and others. In other words, being a library leader must prepare everyone, as well as organization and clearly communicate the vision, mission and objectives for the change. Sometimes what issues that might be burning today may be quite cold by tomorrow. So, the issues and challenges should be take action and louder than words. There are wide range of practices and understandings of what the library is, and could come to be. From the random research articles we can figure out the issues and challenges in the library nowadays. The following is the issues and challenges;  Technology  User demand  Limited budget constraints  Collection development  Collaboration  Customer service  Users matter  Resources matter  Leadership development opportunities  Emerging trends  Storage and maintenance  Legal issues  Preservation challenges for librarians 123

CONCLUSION Highlighting the issues and challenges in the library nowadays, allows for benchmarking, reflection, review, change, planning and forecast. It is clear that libraries should focus on these highlights although there are few areas of variations. Libraries nowadays are facing challenges similarly around the world due to the shifting from traditional resources into digital formats. So the roles and responsibilities of library leaders in also change to adapt with the new environment. These currents issues and challenges (as stated) are significantly influencing libraries, leadership and even the librarian profession itself. The future of library depends on how much members and supports to survive in a long term. Therefore, libraries need to adapt to changing times. What is library stands for if no one sees it as a place that provide services for information needs? The libraries should be a place that give accommodation that completely updated and sustainability all go hand in hand to make a library the place to go, not just a place to go for information. Overall, more attention is needed to develop effective leaders for the future because a successful leadership role in library is depend on skills, creative thinking and able to look into the new ways of working to reach the library mission and goals. 124

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Serholt, S., Eriksson, E., Dalsgaard, P., Bats, R., & Ducros, A. (2018). Opportunities and challenges for technology development and adoption in public libraries. Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - NordiCHI '18. doi:10.1145/3240167.3240198 Soper, M.E., Osborne, L.N. & Zweizig, D.L. (1990) The Librarian’s Thesaurus. Chicago: American Library Association. 126

CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE LIBRARIES By: Morny Keen & Dora Sinto ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay is to replicate on issues and fundamentals challenges of the libraries in reshaping of good services library. Changing surroundings of the libraries has impacted significantly on the knowledge, competencies requirements and role of the library leaders, staffs and how organizations can keep and manipulate the altering nature of educational libraries as properly as leadership whilst fine leadership is extraordinary required for the library leaders and organizations are difficulty about future scenarios. The important objective is perceiving the key challenges and issues in libraries, their effective leadership and future perceptions are discussed. INTRODUCTION \"A librarian is a person who takes care of information storage and retrieval. In a workplace, the librarian is generally a practitioner who is qualified and certified in a wide variety of forms and contexts to manage data \"(WordiQ, 2010). The function of the librarian has been transformed due to the development of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and the emergence of the online catalog. Now librarians are more effective and have new roles as intermediaries, facilitators, end-user trainers / educators, site planners & developers, authors, software designers, knowledge managers / professional and information tools sifters. A librarian should be familiar with a variety of sources of information and follow new trends and innovations in technology, media and publishing (Careeroverview, 2011). The advanced absorption of computers and other information and telecommunications technology in the former socialist countries — countries in transition — have led to the automation of many information tasks in organizations and businesses and drastically changed their ability to access and use information from inaccessible information resources. Despite technological potentialities and a growing number of computer engineers and experts in information systems, most organizations continue to face serious information issues due to the lack of interdisciplinary necessary knowledge for an integrated strategy to the complex 127

information activities involved in all elements of work and business. Either librarians or other information professionals have the interdisciplinary expertise required in a broader sense to assemble and handle information operations. They are thus unable to fully understand the mechanism of information and the complexities of global information societies and developments in information highways. Regarding to special libraries and information services, managers do not yet recognize that the location, access, retrieval, processing and dissemination of information are activities of great importance for the successful functioning of their organizations. Managers still tend to see the library/information center as a resource that is a cost instead of strategic. The lack of appreciation of the role, functions, and services of special libraries and information centers has created an environment where organizations do not have sufficient knowledge to make them aware of the wealth of domestic and foreign sources of information that are now technically available in transition countries. CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARY Open get admission to material, resolution and provide get admission to the library patrons is not easy for libraries and librarians. This open access trend needs knowledge in browsing contents, leaders need preserve up to date their competencies and competencies, at the equal time discovery and relevance of resources will be challenged for library users as well. Libraries need policy and manner associated to the enhancement of services to preserve and offer open access material, which include the maintenance of a present institutional repository of dissertations and research manuscripts. This situation fully needs librarian skills to engage with the library environment so that all the library operation runs smoothly. Changing mode of scholarly verbal exchange needs a new set of competencies for the library leadership and emerging new shape has grow to be extraordinarily essential for libraries. Employers have been increasing nervousness to provide profitable management in libraries because the reshaping faster than ever to address emerging challenges and institutions need to develop new techniques to help regular method of scholarly communication. Increasing demands of digital environment in libraries want maintainability for digitized content at all the levels. 128

Besides, in the fluctuating environment, mastering commons are needed redesigning in libraries as demand of the remodeling system of education and academic libraries as well. Libraries are facing mission of the gaining knowledge of commons because it is wanted a range of spaces, tools and furniture, mix find out about space, group discussion rooms, flexibility in space use, enjoyable and being an all in one region for campus life. Moreover, we also noted that reformatting of information resources has impacted on statistics seeking conduct of library users and how users contain in search with the library assets and services, at the equal time information delivery is a challenge for the libraries. We also aware that library evolving tendencies in opposition from different information providers such as Amazon and Google are cause of decline in use of library online catalog, it has been increasingly challenging for all libraries. It will greatly impact to the professional staff who responsible in cataloging section at where library no longer need their services in the library. Besides, shrinking finances of libraries is a great challenge for the future of libraries. Financial support is an ongoing issue for libraries and leaders as well. At the same time, selection and collection development is also challenge for libraries within a limited budget. Turock (2003) have described that academic institutions have more numerous populaces and this populace has been developing quick every year, and libraries require greater diverse leaders to work in the twenty first century. Consumers are looking information resources from large open access contents as they are taken online courses from distance and on campus as well; for that reason, they need library sources on-line to use from distance twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Its capacity that users are going away from the library boundaries and libraries must fulfill and help their statistics wishes in a digital age barring restriction to get admission to information. Anyway, there are many emerging tendencies and challenges for library leaders and now not only leadership but libraries also such as storing information, developing strong collections, licensing and accessing, shrinking budget, retrieving and the use of information, statistics delivery, institutional repository at all ranges in all libraries; these are shared responsibilities of library leaders, directors and librarians. If the person in charge doesn’t play their role in the library well, the challenges in the library will increase drastically. 129

ISSUES IN LIBRARIES NOWADAYS Among the issues in libraries that been detected are: 1. Profession Development In Japan, be that as it may, the versatility of administrators is extremely low. It would be on the grounds that the long -lasting business propensity is still exceptionally inflexible, uniquely for the government employees in Japan. On the off chance that there is just a single library under the nearby government, the administrators will work for a similar library up to their retirement age. This implies the custodians in Japan for the most part come up short on the chances to build up their expert abilities and information to improve their administrations by having numerous sorts of encounters. Rather, numerous administrators working in the open libraries are compelled to move to different offices out of the libraries under a similar nearby specialists to have more understanding and regulatory aptitudes. Custodians working in the national college libraries incredibly have such chances of moving on the grounds that the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture is liable for the organizations including the faculty issue of all the national colleges. 2. Technical specifications Librarians need experts in developing digital libraries to enable books more accessible. Librarians also need to understand the actual research trends in order to support others in this profession. 3. Equitable access According to the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) program for 2013, one in six American adults is struggling with Basic English literacy. This amounts to a tremendous 36 million people over the age of 16 and 65 who struggle daily to operate such everyday tasks as completing a job application, understanding a medication label or reading their children simple story. Libraries play a critical role in delivering literacy services to groups of people in their societies, and libraries are prominent partners in literacy nationwide due to the revolutionary and effective services they provide on an ongoing basis. By helping people to develop literacy skills, libraries open the doors to genuinely equitable access to the 130

information. 4. Budget Librarians need money to keep resources in their hands and obtain more resources. The funding competition is severe, and librarian end up losing out on allocated money more often than nothing. 5. Infrastructure Libraries might now be in the wrong areas if constructed years ago. For example, in Kent, there are several libraries in some locations and very few. Restructuring is essential as bringing the public with each other. Closures in Kent occurred only where they were avoided by the public. One should not support towards any closure, but challenge if it is for sake alone. 6. Employment of Graduates Only three to four percent of all qualified graduates locate employment in libraries. The reminders are employed in other fields. This low price of professional employment in the field for which college students have studied implies that there need to be careful planning to limit the number of graduates having comparable qualifications and competencies. In addition to professional qualifications, librarians working for countrywide and public libraries must omit civil carrier examinations for public legitimate status. The Bureau of Personnel conducts the examination in the difficulty of librarianship in the category II of the scheme. in order to hire the library personnel of the country wide universities and other central governmental organizations. In this examination, the certificate of librarianship is now not usually required for the candidates, but the graduates of the LIS departments occupy the massive portion of the successful candidates. Many neighbourhood authorities responsible for their public libraries, on the different hand, tend to rent librarians as widespread administration staff, because the Japanese bureaucracy generally does not like to have experts in their systems. The reality that the qualification of librarianship can be obtained without difficulty via the summer guides also spurs on such tendency. Under such circumstances, the graduates structure the LIS departments tend to lose the competitions with other candidates who fundamental in public administration 131

or law in universities. It is said that only some 50% of the library people in public libraries have the certificate of librarianship in Japan. 7. Lack of competence and willing manpower Previously, emphasis had been focused on traditional librarianism in library education. The curriculum was dominated by the creation of a set and its structure and administration. In the classes, information science information technology did not find appropriate coverage. This resulted in a shortage of librarians who were able to plan, develop, program and execute different information programs. It is therefore true that in library and information research, most of the present generation of librarians have insufficient knowledge of computers and their capabilities. There was not much help in the efforts made to rectify the issue. Three consecutive curriculum updates and two studies on the subject did not find support from library schools for the inclusion of information. RECOMMENDATION AND DISCUSSION Libraries around the world are dealing with similar challenges and issues such as the format transition from print to electronic resources, the relevancy of the library, the roles of leadership in networking environment, keep of balancing between cutting-edge and traditional leadership. These current and emerging trends in library profession are affecting libraries and leadership as well. It is recommended that Library Associations should working in the country should organize useful training courses, seminars and conferences which might also help in getting ready properly versed librarians in the country. Besides, that libraries also must consider about all the issues or problem related to librarian’s scale, merchandising and salary ought to be resolved on precedence basis so that the librarians may get mental satisfaction and work with devotion because issues in the libraries are involving librarians. It was recommended for the libraries to be better is to go through some advancements which is retraining of LIS practitioners; provision of enough funding; provision of applicable and practical ICT facilities applicable to the libraries and components of conceivable library insurance policies that transform libraries by relevant bodies such as Librarians’ Registration Council (LRCN) and National Association of Library and Information Science Educations (NALISE). 132

1. Training and retraining of library and information science professionals: in order to successfully seriously change library and statistics services, there is need for coaching and retraining of library and facts science practitioners so as to equip them with two necessary ICT skills/competencies required for them to be in a position to render high quality service. The library group of workers be sent to conferences, seminars and workshops that are library science oriented. Efforts be made to make sure that librarians that are ICT compliant have get right of entry to institutional sponsorship specifically when the group sooner or later will gain from the improvement. 2. Provision of adequate funding: funds no doubt is the bed rock for success of any organization. In view of this, adequate fund should be provided to the effectively carry out the transformation processes. Finance is required to procure ICT facilities, hire the right staff, train and re-train the staff and implement other staff development programs. To ensure that this is achieved, there should be orientation amongst library and information science practitioners on strong lobbying and advocacy strategies as a way of attracting fund. 3. Provision of relevant and functional ICT facilities: relevant and functional ICT facilities should be provided for university libraries to facilitate the change process. Being in the digital age, however, it will require the availability of the right ICT facilities for the library to render effective library services expected of the 21st century librarians. The right software should be made available in libraries. 4. Formulation of viable library policies: librarians have come a long way as a profession and in order to facilitates a smooth transformation process, there is need for various bodies like Librarians’ Registration Council (LRCN), Nigerian Library Association (NLA) and National Association of Library and Information Science Educationist (NALISE) to come up with a framework upon which professional practices should be based. For, instance in Nigerian university, in principle, 10% of the subvention received from the institution should be allocated to the library but it is not so in practice. The various bodies should come with strong policies that will guard against unethical practice. Conclusion include that librarian should acquire technical skills, IT skills, managerial skills and communication competencies to work in digital environment because a dynamic 133

leadership is an essential for libraries, especially in times of challenging and emerging trends in libraries. Not to forget to say, this paper is to examine and identify the challenges and issues affecting to the libraries which include the library manpower. CONCLUSION In reaction to such challenges and issues, librarians and information professionals in transition countries will have to guide their energies to turn conventional, static, inert, obsolete information and documentation systems and libraries into state-of-the-art, scalable information services. The librarian will have to become multipurpose professionals and accumulate knowledge in order to exercise technical, innovative and managerial functions that allow them to respond to macroeconomic and organizational improvements and provide new information services in a market-oriented economy in response to new and different types of information specifications. The librarian will have to become multipurpose professionals and accumulate knowledge in order to exercise technical, innovative and managerial functions that allow them to respond to macroeconomic and organizational improvements and provide new information services in a market-oriented economy in response to new and different types of information specifications. 134

REFERENCES Alimohammadi, D., & Jamali, H. R. (2012). Common problems of library and information science education in Asian developing countries: A review article. International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM), 9(2), 79-92. Aslam, M. (2018). Current trends and issues affecting academic libraries and leadership skills. Library Management, 39(1/2), 78–92. doi:10.1108/lm-10-2016-0076 Chowdhury, G. and Chowdhury, S. (1999), \"Digital library research: major issues and trends\", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 55 No. 4, pp. 409-448. Khan, S. A., & Bhatti, R. (2012). A review of problems and challenges of library professionals in developing countries including Pakistan. Mishra, A. S., Thakur, S. K., & Singh, T. (2015). Library automation: Issues, challenges and remedies. Times international Journal of Research. Opeola, L. S. E., Allison, G., & Justice, J. I. Contemporary Issues of Library Automation in Nigeria. Pejova, Z. (1996). Information management problems and challenges in transition economies. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 22(4), 17- 19. Wordiq, H. A. D. (2010). Retrieved March 20, 2011 from http://wordiq. com/definition. 135

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Ainnur Hasdiana & Nur Farahana ABSTRACT Library is a place where it contains a collection of manuscripts, publications and other materials for reference, reading, listening, viewing or study. Libraries have been developed since the middle of the 20th century. Fast development in telecommunications, computers and technology enable the information to be retrieved in many different forms and anywhere. The terms virtual library and digital library have started to be used to refer to the huge collections of information where people can access to the cable television, internet, or some other type of remote electronic connection. There are some issues and challenges that library have to face. Keywords: Library, collections, digital library, information, issues, challenges INTRODUCTION There are five types of library exist which is national library, academic library, public library, school library and special library. Each library has slight different in the purpose of the organization but bring the same meaning. In The Librarian’s Book of Lists (Chicago: ALA, 2010), George Eberhart offers definition as \"A library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is (1) organized by information professionals or other experts who (2) provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual access and (3) offer targeted services and programs (4) with the mission of educating, informing, or entertaining a variety of audiences (5) and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole.\" Another general definition of library from Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS), “Library -- from the Latin liber, meaning \"book.\" In Greek and the Romance languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or non-print materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, etc.). Institutional libraries, organized to facilitate access by a specific clientele, are staffed by librarians and other personnel trained to provide services to meet user needs. By extension, the room, building, or facility that houses such a collection, usually but not necessarily built for that purpose. However, despite a library as an information 136

centre, the heart of information and knowledge, there are many issues and challenges regarding the library faced especially nowadays. Issues and challenges of every libraries type might be different as it is based on its objectives and collections have in the particular library. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 1. Challenges of competition from other information providers Growing challenges of competition from other information providers such as Amazon, Yahoo, Bing and Google are the reason for decline the use of library resources. This trend has increased challenges for academic libraries. Using these information providers search engines is not wrong nor totally banned but the result will be the users depending more to information providers. Though these information providers serve the answer, but it might be not the best answer to the questions or needs of a user. The authority to the key answer can best be found by the librarian. 2. Changing nature of scholarly communication Changing nature of scholarly communication needs a set of diverse skills for the librarianship and emerging new trends are creating challenges for librarians. Therefore, expertise in communication and technical skills have become tremendously significant for academic libraries. Demand of employer is growing because organizations are restructuring at a rate and in ways never before imagined, and increasing challenges need to redesign new policies to support traditional approach of scholarly communication. Reference and research librarianship need to boost their knowledge and skills in information management and digital literacy, scholarly communication to partner with the academic community for achieving the successful change (Cooper and Crum, 2013; Malenfant, 2010). 3. Change of external and internal forces There are various internal and external factors that effects on change such as library employees and culture, external issues include policy, financial support and political environment (Riggs, 2001; Neufeld, 2014). At the time of change external and internal forces not only impact the organization, individual, education systems but also libraries to restructure 137

and reorganize their services and facilities while expecting the future circumstances (Tam and Robertson, 2002; Chan and Spodick, 2014). 4. New technology and a broad range of open access information New technology and broad range of open access information leads any libraries to make change towards a better environment and up-to-date access to information. This issue need to be adapted in academic library to achieve the mission and goals of the organization (Popp, 2012; Bryson, 2006). It needs to implement any new technology to offer innovative ways of satisfying the library users, information technology change has greatly influenced academic libraries universally (Chang and Chen, 2011; Chan and Spodick, 2014). Current trends has made academic libraries on pressure to update and also implement the new technology in all departments such as reference services, library management system, web content management system, and online acquisition. To implement the new technology founded, people must accept the change by breaking down the old system and procedure and prepare to leave the old system and adapt with new reality and structure (Lembinen, 2018; Kotter, 2007). Especially in academic libraries have adapted new systems and faced changes because of new formats in digital resources and information-seeking behaviour of diverse community in higher education. Libraries also have been experimenting with the social networking sites such as Facebook. This enables the librarians to promote their library to the users. The libraries also see the potential for Web 2.0 to expression of multiple viewpoints and have large-scale user participation. By bringing the new technology, it also bringing changes that may will be the end of the catalogue, book or reference services. Cataloguing is an expensive process. Most libraries switched from card catalogue to online catalogues and in the 1980s and now the Library of Congress is considering the option of discontinuing the cataloguing of materials using Library of Congress Subject Headings (Campbell, 2001; Calhoun, 2006). Nowadays, many libraries provide electronic access to hundreds of newspapers and millions of articles through the subscriptions to the electronic databases. Bigger digitization projects is currently undergoing, such as the Google Books Library Project, millions of the printed books will be available in digital form on the internet by 2010. The traditional way is not enough to manage organizations in this century thus new technology is required to keep up with current knowledge and skills which are relevant, cost-effective and well-matched with the community’s informational needs and innovative technology. 138

5. Change in learning resource centres and redesign library facilities Adaption to change in learning resource centres in libraries is needed to restructure both digital and physical library (Chan and Spodick, 2014; Moropa, 2010). (Popp, 2012) identified that academic libraries can lose their reliability and validity status unless they provide much better services, multiple ways to access the resources and facilities to their patrons rather than just collect and provide traditional access to information. By redesigning library facilities, it will provide satisfactory services and facilities to the library patrons. In the shifting environment, learning resource centers are required reshaping in academic libraries as demand of innovative system of higher education pressures on libraries to provide facilities to library users. Academic libraries have been faced with challenges of the learning resource centers because it requires flexibility and variety of space, equipment and furniture, combine group study and discussion rooms, comfortable and being all in one place for university community. 6. Lack of budget Budget is one of the top challenges for librarians at the Academic Library. It is including the fight to look for the funding, growing the resources that the library has and defending the number of library resources. The lack of budget that is facing by most library force the librarians to decline the patrons’ requests for content as the libraries need to validate the library purchases. 7. Impact of information technology on library services There is some overlapping happened on traditional library services. Nowadays, the reference librarian can guide the user through a search in an online database while simultaneously using a text window to explain what he or she is doing (Strong, 2007). The reference librarians can communicate with the users through e-mail, video conferencing, instant messaging and others. 8. Keeping up with the new trend The librarians need to keep up with the trend as there is a new and emerging competency. The role of the librarians is very important as they are the ones who connecting users to the information needed by them. New skill set such as communication skills, data 139

visualization and data management are very important for the librarians to be one step ahead of research trends. They also need to provide users with the most relevant and latest content in this era of information overload. The librarians need to become more effective and be more efficient at things that they do. 9. Authentication Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or process. The users of the library need to login first to enable them to access the library resources. materials or services. But if the user need to re-authenticate for many times, it can be tiring sometimes for them. It will change the users’ workflows with an increasing in remote student, users are no longer reliably connected to the institution’s network when they are accessing the resources. A deeper technical knowledge by the library staff of how to address remote student’s information needs are needed. 10. Stereotypes of people towards library Many people continue to see or the stereotype of the library is the place where users go there only to check out books is causing the information professionals and libraries is fighting to achieve their organisational goals. Other than that, the libraries also viewed by people as places to study or store materials, but this image need to evolve with the information that are needed by the population. Nowadays, it has been evolved with new innovative ways of sharing the information or the resources being increased every day. The libraries need to help everyone that need helps whether they know what information that they are looking for or not, or anyone that needs access to information needed. Library is no longer a simple place where user can come for learning. When the ICT have been introduced, it showed increasing in the demand easier and faster ways to answer the information needs by the users. Next, it also creates new means for people to create original, interesting and innovative content. The libraries need to be marketed to avoid and change the stereotypes of people towards the library. 11. Cost of digital preservation Digital preservation is essentially about preserving access over time and therefore the costs for all parts of the digital life cycle are relevant. The cost of digital preservation is an 140

important organizational issue. Surely, digital access has many benefits over paper-based or microform access in terms of convenience. The cost of digital preservation seems to be much greater than traditional preservation. Despite this issue, a library need to cope and handle it as everything regarding technology has invented in all types of organizations in the whole world. 12. Expertise Digital preservation needs highly skilled staff, while in traditional archiving the scenario was different. Several librarians that use traditional roles have slowly transformed their skills to be able to learn new roles in this era (Riley-Huff & Rholes, 2012). It is obvious that the ability to employ and develop staff with appropriate skills is made more difficult by the speed of technological change and the range of skills needed. Continuous training and “learning by doing” are methods that can be adopted, but both methods have their limitations. Libraries need to ensure that their existing staff and members can develop and continue to develop the range of competencies they need to manage the digital materials in their care. 13. Technical issues Library resources are mostly preserved in paper format. The information in a paper society was not as vulnerable to loss and destruction as digital media. The lifetime of the paper format was long, while the lifetime of digital formats seems to be very short. In a digital society, it is not easy as ABC to keep up to date with one format for a long period. Librarians nowadays need to be concern of the fragility of digital media. The media on which digital materials are stored unstable and without suitable storage conditions. Even with these precautions the problem will not be solved because technology changes very quickly. So, even if the media is preserved in a stable condition, it may not be possible to access the information it contains yet because new technology will make the present media obsolescent. As digital resources are machine dependent, it is not possible to access the information unless there is appropriate hardware. It is obvious that technology frequently change and it is not surprising that Research Libraries Group (RLG)’s collection managers quoted in survey cited technological obsolescence as the greatest threat to successful digital preservation. 141

14. Lack of diversity According to figures from the American Library Association, the number that represents members of ALA is not improving and become their concern (ALA, 2017). So, ALA has set increased diversity in the profession as a strategic priority of the association. That is entirely appropriate because if the profession cannot attract a diverse workforce, especially at the professional and managerial levels, public libraries will become increasingly out of touch with the needs of their communities and non-responsive to societal and cultural realities. Lack of diversity also can result to decreasing numbers of multiracial users come into the library. The diversity in management levels in an organization can lead to a diversity in the customers too as it be responsive to societal and cultural realities. 15. Lack of recognition Mark Smith as Director and State Librarian of Texas State Library have consistently seen the evidence of a lack of respect for librarians in many settings. The lack of regard for the library and what it offers to a community can be seen in the ongoing low levels of funding for public library service. It is evident in the ways that public librarians are often left out of management teams of cities, or off crucial city and county commissions such as those exploring broadband, economic development or workforce (Mark Smith, 2019). The public recognizes this: The Pew Libraries 2016 study found that 66 percent of Americans said that closing their public library would have a major impact on them personally or their family (Horrigan, 2016). 16. The decline in reading A shocked report from the National Endowment for the Arts titled ‘Reading at Risk’ in 2004 documented that there is a sharp decline in literary reading in between 1982 and 2002. In the latest report by the NEA, the percent of adults that are reading any types of book during 2017 is declined from 1.9% to 52.7% of the population. It shows a slightly hope that after many years of decline in literary reading, there are some increasing in the percent of adults who read a book of poetry or plays, which are 11.7% for poetry and 3.7% for plays (NEA, 2018). 142

17. The disappearing middle class Disappearance of the middle class and inconsistency of income is another trend that we need to be worried. In urban areas, it is very hard to recruit and keep library workers that are qualified because they cannot afford for the wages of the librarian. The costs for property and construction in the urban areas such as remodelling, building, or maintaining some of the buildings can be costly for some cities. Income that is not consistent can lead to other problems such as homelessness. According to Susan Orlean in her bestseller about the Los Angeles Public Library fire of 1986, The Library Book (2018), she observed of homelessness by saying that, many librarians have told me that they consider this the defining question facing libraries right now (Susan Orleans, 2018). This situation is more likely to become more challenging as other things are affected by it too such as social services are impacted and the libraries could lose crucial funding. 18. Resources matter Several countries in this world have created community libraries in areas that are not serviced by the public libraries or are underserved. Community libraries are not government supported, but it was run by the community in that area such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Nepal and Uganda. These libraries allows access to information in non-urban communities where the areas is very hard to reach the public libraries, users’ needs are not serviced by the public libraries, or library hours are being too restrictive. Community input is very important in order to serve the user needs and utilize the public spaces for access to information effectively (Gould and Gomez, 2009). 19. Lack of a library policy This is a major downfall in most countries. A library policy is supposed to offer guidelines for actions and decisions to be taken within the library. Thus, without written guidelines, it would be difficult to have effective school library programs. The policy should act as the roadmap to school library management practices. Lacks of library policy will lead towards ineffective and poor performance of school library programs. Also such bad situation can happen such as the loss of library materials and the ethics of being in the library. 143

20. Poor staffing practice Almost all the studies reviewed regretful that there is poor staffing. It is either there is no qualified librarian or there is only one qualified librarian. Lack of professional staff in the library leads to further challenges such as irrelevant library collection, uncatalogued and poorly organised books. Malanga, (2017) aver that poor staffing leads to lack of information literacy among students. Unprofessional staff also result in inadequate marketing of library services and raising awareness on its role. While qualified librarians can contribute greatly to information literacy work in schools (Agyekum & Filson, 2012). To make sure that the school library has effective library services other than well serve in information literacy among students, taking a qualified librarian or staff in the library field is a must and cannot be taken lightly. The professional staff can affected in many issues regarding school library. This kind of issue need to make a change so the performance and role of a library as an information provider can be used optimistically. 21. Inability of governments to invest in the development and management of effective school libraries The school library is a hub of knowledge for students and teachers. Thus, it plays a paramount role in the ability of students to achieve the desired level of literacy and numeracy. As a result, school libraries need to be fully equipped and have effective library services to support the teaching and learning process. A School library is a place where sustaining literacy, self-education and lifelong learning is inculcated and nurtured to children, pupils and students. Mkumbo (2016) concurs that, using libraries enable people to get opportunities to learn and educate themselves in various aspects related to their daily life as well as building knowledge and understanding of the World, making informed decisions and consequently working productively in solving problems. The inability of governments to invest in the development and management of effective school libraries is something that is disappointing. Usually the development of private school libraries are more advance and adequate than government school libraries. This is because they rely on the self-funding by the patron itself and not the government. They have the power to supply the newest and latest kind of services they can afford to buy for the students’ and teachers’ need. 144

22. Disaster Management Disaster is a natural catastrophe or a sudden accident that can causes loss of life or property. It also can cause a great damage. Disaster can come at any forms, anywhere and anytime. It can come as natural disaster such as floods, earthquake and storms. Libraries are the core of learning. It plays an important role in research and development, educational process of non-formal and formal learning, and entertainment. Libraries are very vulnerable to disasters. Paul Eden and Graham Matthews (1996) stated that disasters is any accident that can threatens human safety or damages, or can threatens to damage to a library buildings, collections, equipment and systems. The disaster can also happen due to several natural or man- made factors such as poor environment and storage where it can lead to dampness that will lead to mould growth. Other than that, low security that can lead to break-in and theft. All of these put the libraries at high risk. Libraries should be able to be prepared to cope with the disasters as it will harm and destroy any of rare collections of the library. CONCLUSION Library is an important place and plays an important role because it represents a place where the user can go to retrieve the information needed by them. Other than that, libraries also are very important for the progress and development of a society. Libraries require to centralize the economic development, populations and political stability for their survival. Every library has different missions and serve different communities as well. Libraries need to adapt with the trends nowadays. To enable all the libraries adapt with the trends or with the twenty-first century, firstly, the libraries itself need to change the perception of the people about the libraries. Next, investigate the users’ needs and want, and lastly influence the government resource allocations to fund the libraries because libraries are place that serve the needs of all people. We can conclude that there are many improvements that have been made to avoid the issues and challenges from keep happen in the libraries around the world. 145

REFERENCES Aslam, M. (2019). Leadership in challenging times of academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, ahead-of-print(ahead-of- print).https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-03-2019-0038 Cheng, J., & Cheng, J. (2019, February 25). The Top 10 Challenges Academic Librarians Face in 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.wiley.com/network/archive/the-top-10-challenges-academic-librarians- face-in-2016. Christie, P. (2017, April 26). Retrieved from https://www.vable.com/blog/the-biggest- challenge-facing-libraries-today Definition of a library: General Definition. (2019,March 18). Retrieved from https://libguides.ala.org/library-definition EBSCO Information Services, Inc. (2019, March 25). Solving Four Common Academic Library Challenges. Retrieved November 3, 2019, fromhttps://www.ebsco.com/blog/article/solving-four-common-academic-library- challenges. Eden, P. and Matthews, G. (1996), \"Disaster management in libraries\", Library Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435129610112743 Estabrook, L. S., Foskett, D. J., Francis, F. C., & Haider, S. (2017, May 12). Library. Retrieved November 2, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/library. Gould, E., & Gomez, R. (2010, May). doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228659051_New_challenges_for_libraries_i n_the_information_age_A_comparative_study_of_ICT_in_public_libraries_in_25_co untries Moghaddam, G. G. (2010). Preserving digital resources: Issues and concerns from a view of librarians. Collection Building, 29(2), 65– 69.https://doi.org/10.1108/01604951011040152 Mark Smith (2019) Top Ten Challenges Facing Public Libraries, Public LibraryQuarterly, 38:3, 241-247, DOI: 10.1080/01616846.2019.1608617 Shonhe, L. (2019). A consolidation of challenges faced by school libraries in developing countries. Library Philosophy and Practice, 2019. 146

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Nur Aizadatul Azwa & Tengku Noraffrina ABSTRACT The Library and Information Services (LIS) are being transformed by technology and they have to adapt to these changes to meet their users’ changing needs and growing expectations on the technological changes and information explosion. Therefore, the need for e-information services to the users is also growing and becoming very essential. The effect of web-based e- learning and teaching environment has changed every aspect of library and information services in academic libraries and has provided the library professional with new opportunities and challenges to participate in knowledge-based society. Besides that, the new trend of libraries in over the world is to move towards the digital era. Consequently, existing libraries are busy digitizing their conventional collections through online subscriptions and preparation, development, implementation, and ongoing management of operations, and ICT infrastructure technical support. Nowadays, librarians are responsible for choosing and arranging tools and instructing trends on how to find and use them, and maintaining knowledge regardless of format or technology. Consequently, the technology revolution and the knowledge available on the Internet created new problems for these conventional professional ethics. The changing challenges of obtaining and providing access to digital data tools require that librarians shift their position from traditional librarian to information scientist by developing and applying new skills to understand the evolving technology for managing and providing the knowledge society with quality online information service. It also gives an impact on the rapid development of information, and communication technology continues to present challenges as to how best libraries can record and disseminate this oral and community-based knowledge to a knowledge base that is internationally recognized Keywords : Library, Libraries, Challenges, Issues, ICT, Library Training, Information Technology, Internet, E-commerce, Information Technology, academic Library Professional, Technology challenges, e-resources, e-learning environment. 147

INTRODUCTION A library is an important information centre that helps people access various sources of information. The library has a physical building or a room with the collection of books and resources accessible to users. The books and resources are from of different genres and titles. The library building must accommodate a variety of collections. According to Eberhart (2010), a library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is organized by information professionals or other experts who provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic or intellectual access and offers targeted services or programmes with mission of educating, informing or entertaining a verity of audience and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole. Library also a place where documents containing knowledge and information are stored technically and scientifically processed, properly preserved and made easily available to the users when warranted without loss of time. The collection of libraries can include books, magazines, newspapers, films, audios, DVDs, maps, manuscripts, e-books and various other formats. A library also offers a wealth of knowledge, resources, space and a comfortable environment for users. The library's features remain unchanged despite changes in the library due to technology changes. The existing services have been re-created several times to ensure that users are satisfied. A library has undergone a significant change with the changing times, civilization and culture. Therefore, the library has faced many challenges and issues. Technological changes and financial shortages have increased pressure on the library. All libraries are part of a larger organization whether they are traditional or modern. Thus, they need to collaborate with other information organizations to ensure that their services are still needed by users. In order to improve and overcome the challenges and issues need to establish policies for the administration and management. Expecting a library's progress in library development is difficult without good understanding and relationships between organizations. 148

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY The knowledge explosion and the pervasive assumption that everything on the internet has created new problems for the conventional professional ethics of the library. While, the trends and challenges before the future academic library professional in the e-learning environment is to provide electronic access to all relevant information and integrate it on networks across the world. Then, to create a new physical library with computer network facilities, abandon the old library concept as a storehouse. Lastly, it is to develop new standards and skills for the library profession in order to proactively meet the user needs. However, with the existence of electronic resources, it actually gives benefit to the users too by providing new opportunities and challenges to the library professional. The most pressing and pervasive issues and challenges that the library and information science professionals face in the present digital era for providing digital information service to the knowledge society are: 1. New generation of learners Today’s students are grown up with latest information and communication technologies. They are coming to higher education with aptitude, knowledge and expectations that have been shaped by the use of the Internet, digital media, and portable communication technologies. Moreover, the students often begin their search for information with Google or similar commercial or social search engines. The academic library professional must develop a virtual electronic learning system to enhance the student’s knowledge and to accommodate an increasingly diverse group of users. Millennials or Generation Y learners, are currently serving one of the main populations in academic libraries. Learning how and why these technology-savvy students learn improves the efficacy of instruction in data literacy and ensures that libraries remain relevant in the digital age. Hence, according to the Sweeney (2005), unlike Baby Boomers or Generation X members known for their strong self-reliant work ethics and crisis management skills, millennials tend to develop a lifelong culture of certain behaviors driven by a desire for personalization, innovation and experiential learning, instant gratification, teamwork, and high expectations for their jobs and overall quality of life. However, Murray (2011) defines that singles out millennials’ attitudes towards technology, communication, and collaboration in both physical and virtual learning environments. Therefore, any library instruction initiative 149