IML656 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARIES NOWADAYS

should take into account the above-mentioned differences from the planning phase and through the development, implementation and assessment phases in order to be effective. 2. Copyright IFLA has mentioned that copyright limitations and exceptions provide balance between users and creators of protected works. Therefore, copyright gives authors and creators exclusive ‘economic’ rights to exploit their works such as to sell or copy them, as well as moral rights, such as naming as the author, or to object to changes. These rights can be granted to publishers or other rights managers, mostly in countries. Copyright, however, is neither eternal nor universal.It is a conditional privilege that usually lasts the author's life plus many years. Publishing also has legal flexibility, such as restrictions and exemptions, aimed at promoting access to and use of plays. Beside that, Chepesuik (1997) mention that copyright has been called the single most vexing barrier to digital library development. The large scale of software piracy and plagiarism is an important issue facing today's library professionals in delivering electronic and online information services. Often considered are the cost and timeliness of retrieving the data. The librarian has to agree to certain limits on photocopying and delivery of digital materials when seeking access with a publisher. Thus, electronic documents can be easily transmitted to anyone outside the authorized user group given copyright warnings and attempts to inform workers and consumers about intellectual property rights. It is the library's responsibility to keep all users aware of copyright issues. Other than that, the documentation of indigenous knowledge is greatly challenged in the light of intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights are legal rights attached to knowledge that emanates from a person's mind if it can be attributed to a product being made. Hence, the inadequacies of many property rights instruments to appreciate the communal nature of indigenous knowledge and their focus on the economic value of information, have failed to protect indigenous knowledge. This failure has made it difficult for libraries to document this knowledge and most difficult aspects of indigenous knowledge in relation to property rights are the community of the knowledge and the fact that it is oral, not written or recorded. 150

3. Privacy and confidentiality Privacy and confidentiality are at the heart of intellectual freedom and the core values of the library. Intellectual freedom is the right to decide for yourself what you think, which helps you to be free to explore all sides of a debate without anyone looking over your shoulder. Furthermore, the American Library Association explains why privacy is important because it can protect the user privacy and confidentiality has long been an integral part of the intellectual freedom mission of libraries. Therefore, the right to free inquiry as provided by the first amendment depends on the ability of government or other third parties to read and access information free of scrutiny. In fact, librarians have an ethical responsibility in providing services to library clients, as stated in the ALA Code of Ethics, to protect the privacy rights of users. The librarians and libraries may also have a legal obligation to protect from unauthorized disclosure and use the personal identifying information and data of library users. It is a core value for all librarians to protect the rights of library users to access and read materials without fear of invasion, harassment, or reprisal. The libraries must maintain the privacy and confidentiality is another problem in accessing online information.In order to control the piracy of data, copying and storing all the contents of any e-resource at a time, the right to obtain information and the right to withhold or prevent access are necessary and there is therefore a delicate balance between privacy and information rights. Now a day, almost all the users are having their own e-mail accounts and they are often sending and receiving important information and even secret programmers and databases through e-mail itself and storing them for future usage. So maintaining privacy from e-mails is a great issue. Protecting one network from another to maintain confidentiality of information is another problem in securing databases on Internet and Intranet. 4. Online and virtual crimes and Security The increasing complexity of communications and networking technology makes it difficult to solve the crimes. Traces of illegal electronic activity are often hidden in vast volumes of data that are hard to search in order to detect crimes and gather evidence. The virtual crime scene now operates like any other network, with dedicated operators as the first responders. Furthermore, computer or cyber crimes has been risen enormously on a global scale in recent years. It is because of the ever-increasing number of libraries relying on computers to trade and the increase in people mastering the technology to commit the crimes. 151

Beside that, cyber-security refers to the protection of information systems and networks from unauthorised access, harm or misuse. Many breaches of it are small-scale and unreported. Therefore, a black market in computerised extortion, hacking-for-hire and stolen digital goods is on the rise. According to the Kurtz (2001), privacy and security are two sides of the same coin. He also mentions that if we can improve Web security, we will be able to have a positive impact on privacy as well. Online or cyber crimes are now becoming a common internet threat. To overcome this problem, when downloading e-information from any other program, mandatory Virus Proof procedures should be adopted. The servers can be updated by hacker proofing procedures to protect the network from viruses and separate login and password systems are to be compulsorily adapted to the network systems. The real danger in the LAN world is the gradual erosion of individual freedoms by automating, incorporating and interconnecting several small, different records keeping systems, each of which may seem harmless and entirely justifiable on its own. Wherefore, to overcome the above database security problems and issues, it is essential to install a database security software or firewall technology like Norton Anti-virus software and IBM e-network Firewall technology to protect the databases. 5. Technology challenges The rapid pace of change in technology and sociology has forced libraries to adapt. Students and researchers can seek source materials online, and methodologies of teaching and learning often include imaginative hands-on exercises rather than passively studying information. Libraries have extended their programs by using software in response. Technological approaches are used to define best practices for space use, develop improved search engine capabilities, and create new data storage and recovery systems. However, the technology provides challenges to access information. According to the ALA’s 1995 Code of Ethics clearly states that everyone should have access to information. Because of that, the recent explosion of information available on the Internet poses challenges to the traditional ALA code of ethics that is taught in library school. Moreover, the librarians make ethical decisions every day on the basis of the culture of their organizations and some organizations limit access to particular levels of employees by requiring a username and password. Additionally, others may institute behind-the-scenes filtering software or restrictive policies for providing access to the entire Internet. Because 152

these steps challenge the very essence of librarianship, the librarian must step in and voice concern for the patron’s rights. Establishing well-defined access policies will help clarify who has Internet access, under what conditions, for what purposes, and with what restrictions. Policies should consider how the new technology should be integrated and how its use reflects the library's goals and values. Other than that, the findings point to a change from the library to everyone as a book supplier and information gatekeeper, but also to fair access to technology. This includes raising awareness on key, new technology-related aspects. Interestingly, the diminished prominence of books does not seem to make the library less relevant, perhaps even the opposite, but it challenges librarians' role. Beside that, some librarians have the experience that they do not possess the right skills for being front-runners when it comes to new technology, and others experience a huge burden from having to make sure that all residents can take part in the ever more digitalized society on equal ground, as in. Also, a huge challenge is to provide enough computers or tablets to respond to the increasing need for digital access. Many librarians, at the same time, think that technology should not expand too prominently. 6. Manpower Now days, most of organizations lack of manpower. This is due to various factors which are the cause of the lack of manpower. A library is also one of an information organization that deals with this issue. This issue happens to the library because of technological sophistication. Not all manpower has skills to manage and use the advance technologies now days. Due to this issue, libraries lack the skilled manpower to maintain e-resources and to provide the right e- information service to the knowledge society with the use of advanced technology. Users also no longer rely on libraries for getting information as today's technology has made it easier for them. Nevertheless, not all of the information that users obtain is correct and accurate because too much information is confusing the users. It is also not easy to determine whether information is right and accurate to the user's request. Hence, library education must be redesigned to meet the new challenges and issues evolving in the knowledge society. Adequately skills staff should be hired to meet the growing demands of the information society. Library need to plays their role in helping society to get the right information. With a rapidly changing environment both within and outside the library, staff development programs are crucial to the continued success of the organization. Besides 153

that, most of the librarian's workforce is approaching retirement age, while young people are entering the profession. But young people have difficulty filling open positions. This is a reason why a library lacks manpower. The job opportunities in the library are very few and do not change over time. The library should have added more job opportunities that fit the current trend. With the addition of these jobs, ensure sufficient manpower to manage the library. 7. Collection of digital e-resources Now days, the library collections are different from the way they were a decade or two ago. This is because of the ability to deliver information to remote users electronically, but then this requires drastic changes in the services pattern, staffing, budgeting and planning. Electronic resources (e-resources) are an important component of library collection activities. It also refers to those materials that require computer access, whether through a personal computer, mainframe, or handheld mobile device. This can be accessed either remotely via the Internet or locally. According to AACR2, 2005 Update, “electronic resource is material (data and/or program(s) encoded for manipulation by a computerized device. This material might need the employment of a peripheral directly connected to a computerised device (e.g., CDROM drive) or an association to a computer network (e.g., the Internet).” E-resource availability and facilities face profound impacts due to information technology. With providing quick and comprehensive access to resources using the best tools and techniques is the main goal of every library. The challenge that librarians face is to contribute establish realistic collection-development policies covering acquisition of and provision of access to electronic resources for users now and in the future. Core value of librarianship is collecting the materials and making it available to all current and future users. Today with the increase of electronic resources, librarians and libraries are no longer just collecting and caring for print materials. Electronic resources cannot be considered a permanent addition to a collection, unlike a print book or a journal. Another challenge that the library will face in collection of e-resource is license. This license is a contract between the library and the publisher that will supply the e-resources collection. Libraries are required to pay for products covered by the license to use product information for a period of time usually specified in the contract. This payment is not for the outright purchase of the product or for ownership of all the rights to that product. This collection of e-resources is a digitized collection where libraries share the use of the collections 154

with other institutions, not only locally, but also globally. How much access will be provided, which issues will be available, and how much that access will cost will be determined by the publisher. 8. Organizational structure The organizational structure is very important for any library or any information institution because the library is a kind of social institution. It needs a simple and systematic organizational structure to achieve its goal and objectives. Therefore, the librarians should be adopting various suitable criteria structures necessary programs and activities of a library. Today libraries struggle to define their roles for the future; they must carefully evaluate and reposition staff resources to best support changing areas of focus. Libraries must clarify the direction of change desired and then provide strong leadership to direct the change using a well-constructed process for planning and guidance. According to Drucker in 1988, the typical business will be going to be knowledge-based, a corporation composed for the most part of specialists who direct and discipline their own performance through organized feedback from colleagues, customers and headquarters. The library like other alternative system is created from varied interacting sections. For the purpose of proper organization and adequate administration, libraries of all types are structured either administratively, functionally or both. According to Ifidon and Ifidon in 2008, noted that in all cases the structure starts from the head of the library to the heads of functional units. There is the challenge to create an environment where the client and staff satisfaction can be achieved cost effectively was facing by all libraries. For large libraries, there is an important and substantial obstacle to how to best organize staff. Therefore, the organizational structure helps to define the roles of everybody in the library. However, if the organizational structure in the library is not created properly, the library management will be in trouble. Technology has broken down the rigid hierarchical structure of the organizations which is important issue in changing the roles of the librarian in the knowledge society. When implementing organizational change involving new technology, library need deciding how the library will function, by way of its structure. It is a critical next step after building a shared perception of organizational culture. According to Williamson and Pattison in 2011, much of our organizational thinking of recent times has recognized the importance of teamwork, and especially where multi-disciplinary teams can work together, pooling their range of skills to 155

produce a product or service. They also argued that organizational structure is more than the positions within a library and their hierarchical relationship. Structure encompasses decisions on individual roles, job descriptions and working relationships. Libraries need to make sure that their employees have no problem with the jobs they receive. Therefore, organizational structure can be shaped and modified according to current needs. 9. Preservation and archiving of digital e-resources The next issues and challenges in the library are preservation of e-resources. Electronic resources are fundamentally different from print resources. Every electronic resource has to be interpreted by an application before it can be displayed and to understand by humans. Any string of bits can be interpreted in multiple ways, depending on the resource type and the application used. The digital environment is receiving emphasis from e-resources. It is to ease of dissemination with the little regard for its long-term preservation and access. Those libraries that are moving toward provision of materials in electronic form have been swept up in this attitude as well, dissemination and announcement processes that have been part of the path from creation to archiving and preservation within the print environment. A publisher and librarians who traditionally managed this process must look to computer scientists to develop systems that support these activities E-resources is information that is born digital or that has primary version in digital form. There are many electronic materials and collections are now available for free and e-resources for the use of academic purpose. Preservation is a part of conservation. Preservation is concerned with problems like the repair, dusting, fumigation, de-acidification, air-conditioning, lamination, binding, and storage of manuscripts, books, films, disks, and optical materials. If libraries and archives integrated preservation into overall planning and resource allocation, preservation of traditional materials became more successful and systematic. But in the twenty-first-century preservation, access and management of electronic resources have has been a great challenge for library and information professionals for which the digital and web technologies provide the best possible solutions. To preserve the e-resources for access would be a contradiction in an electronic environment for librarians. Where there is unlimited and continuous access, but performance is not there in such an environment. This leads to the conflict on what is to be preserved and what is to be accessed. If library need to preserve electronic resources/documents, library need 156

to preserve all the software and hardware also to read the documents that we create. But hardware and software can become obsolete with new technology. Therefore, library need to ensuring ongoing access requires synchronization with technology changes and moving digital objects from obsolete to current file formats, storage media, and operating systems and so on. Usually, the factor that affect this issue of preservation happens due to lack of planning to incorporate preservation needs in systems. Therefore, each library needs to provide a plan or schedule e-resources to be integrated into the system properly and accurately. Another factor is copyright/intellectual property rights that may interfere with the ability to preserve digital objects through systematic copying. This makes it difficult for a library to ensure that e- resources preserved. The process of preservation needs to be undertaken with special attention to financial implications, legal issues involved and necessity to transmit what is acquired from the past to the future. 10. Lack of clarity in vision Lastly, the issues and challenges in the library is lack of marketing. Marketing in case of libraries is necessary to offer benefits to users’ want, reduce barriers to use and access, persuade and inform the users. It must carefully plan to satisfy users’ needs effectively. Every library need to do marketing in strengthening the library's position among the community. According to Gupta and Savard (2010), marketing is so basic that it cannot be considered a separate function within the library. Marketing is a key part of the entire library. It is the entirety of the activities and services of the library seen from the point of view of its final result, that is, from the point of view of the users. A library is useless if does not have a user. There is need to let the users be aware of the benefits of the library in provision of information resources and services in order to succeed. According to Aharony (2009), he pointed out that marketing is a set of processes that involve interactions among peoples, technology, methods, procedures, environment and material. If libraries want to be client-oriented, they must understand the needs and expectations of their clients, the environment in which they work, their resources and abilities, and the social factors that influence their clients. Libraries also need to identify their strength as a competitive business, employ and train staff in skills, client relations and marketing. This is to ensure that users still choose the library as the information centre. 157

Marketing plays a very important role in creating awareness for library and information products and services. To ensure the level of service and resources provided by the library to the user to determine the extent to which the library achieves their goals. The marketing of library and information services has to be part of everyday work of librarians. Marketing also is about keeping the clients in touch and informed about resources and services that match their interests. CONCLUSION The role and perception of libraries and information centres continue to change in the 21st century. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of library and information systems in the changing scenario. A library must be meeting the information, research, recreational and educational needs of the users, before it could be adjudged effective. Every library faces various challenges and issues. The library has to overcome the challenges and look ahead for the betterment of information services to the user community by successfully adopting the digital technology. 158

REFERENCES Cleveland, G. (1998). DIGITAL LIBRARIES: Definitions, Issues and Challenges. IFLA Journal. Ferullo, D. L. (2004). Major Copyright Issues in Academic Libraries. Journal of Library Administration, 40(1-2), 23–40. doi: 10.1300/j111v40n01_03 Gardner, S., & Eng, S. (2005). What Students Want: Generation Y and the Changing Function of the Academic Library. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 5(3), 405–420. doi: 10.1353/pla.2005.0034 Parul, Sharma. (n.d.). Approach To ICT in Library Training, Education and Technology : Issues and Challenges. Serholt, S., Eriksson, E., Dalsgaard, P., Bats, R., & Ducros, A. (2018). Opportunities and challenges for technology development and adoption in public libraries. Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - NordiCHI 18. doi: 10.1145/3240167.3240198 Sithole, J. (2007). The Challenges Faced by African Libraries and Information Centres in Documenting and Preserving Indigenous Knowledge. IFLA Journal, 33(2), 117– 123. doi: 10.1177/0340035207080304 Thamaraiselvi, G. (2013). Vision and the Changing Roles of the Future Academic Library. Professional in the E-Learning Environment: Challenges and Issue. Trembach, S., & Deng, L. (2018). Understanding millennial learning in academic libraries: Learning styles, emerging technologies, and the efficacy of information literacy instruction. College & Undergraduate Libraries, 25(3), 297–315. doi: 10.1080/10691316.2018.1484835 159

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES By: Nurul Fazrina & Marina Syuhaidah ABSTRACT Today's globalized world of rapid development, information technology has impacted the library in terms of library staff, librarians and users. The information technology (IT) revolution has transformed the landscape of how library staff manage their work as well as influence the library's task of providing information to users and making it easier for users to access the information in the library. IT also brings new challenges and obstacles to the library especially when the digital library was established. Even though libraries today are equipped with advanced technologies and systems, there are still challenges and issues in improving service efficiency towards to achieve the goal of the library to meet the user's needs. In this paper, we will explain more about the challenges that faced by the library nowadays. Among the issues and challenges is copyright and intellectual property, technophobia, language barrier lack of proper planning, career advancement and many more. Keywords: issues, challenges, library, digital library, barrier INTRODUCTION A library is a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music for people to read, borrow, or to find a piece of information. Nowadays the library is not just a building for reading a book and finding a material, but it has become a place for people to socialize, doing activities, learning and creating communities. The vision in establishing the library was to help improve education levels within the community, and with this in mind the library conducted literacy classes, child education programs and other activities for youth, children and senior citizens (Shrestha, 2013). The role of libraries in the country is still relevant and growing rapidly despite the challenges of digital information and social media. Today's globalized world of rapid development, information technology has impacted the library in terms of library staff, librarians and users. The information technology (IT) revolution has transformed the landscape of how library staff manage their work as well as influence the library's task of providing 160

information to users and making it easier for users to access the information in the library. Technology was not going to replace library services, but it would be used as an important method to facilitate fulfilling its mission (Massis, 2011). The development of this technology also affects all people, institutions and societies. The applications of Information technology (IT) and information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been implemented in libraries over the past decade. IT also brings new challenges and obstacles to the library. Studies have found that IT implementation creates a variety of internal, direct and external, indirect barriers to libraries. Causes of indirect barriers to staffing can be avoided and reduced if effective human resource management can be implemented. Despite many challenges and obstacles, IT has also provided benefits and convenience to staff and users which is has transformed the traditional library into a digital library where all the material has been digitized and stored in the websites to ease the view of users and readers. A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers. The content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely (Trivedi,2010). Furthermore, the digital library can also save space in the library as the entire collection is available online. There are no more books on the shelf where it is difficult for users to find the material because it takes longer time than searching online. The user only needs to type what are the material and information that they are needed. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES As we know libraries today are very sophisticated with the use of new technologies in terms of hardware, software, and even good applications. However, the library still faces some obstacles in terms of user services and the librarian itself. For instance, advances in technology are rapidly evolving cause some problems in handling new applications. Even the users face the same problem especially for the elderly. Although the concept of the digital library enhances the effectiveness of the service, it still has its obstacles as below: 1. Copyright and intellectual property Digitization violates copyright law because anyone may use and distribute the content of material produced by an author without permission or verification of the author. Any original documents such as articles, theses or research papers submitted by the author to the library, the 161

status of the material are the property of the library and the library reserves the right to store or display the material. However, some libraries provide clauses to request authorization to digitize materials and provide access to the public. This is to avoid any future legal problems. Many other documents can also be digitized for public use but cannot be created based on no copyright authorization. The cost of payment to obtain copyright permission from the publisher is also too high and cannot be fulfilled by the library. Besides, in this era of digital libraries most works by authors are only published through the internet. This encourages the authors to self-publish but there are some irresponsible parties stealing someone else's artwork or otherwise known as plagiarism. They can also download, save and edit the original works by the author. They disseminate information that is not theirs. Digital piracy is the illegal distribution of digital information goods with the intent to acquire financial gains (Czetwertyński, 2017). Authors may request permission from the library to protect the copyright of their material before it is published to the public. 2. Technophobia Technophobia is the fear of or in the form of advanced technology. These people don't like to use gadgets such as mobile phones, tablets and especially computers. As we know the library is visited by all ages, from children to adults and the elderly. Some users even librarians are less knowledgeable or have no skills in using Microsoft excel or power point which is the most basic application we should know about. How about using the internet? Of course, they are not skilled at using it. For technophobic students, access to technology or experience using it is not always the issue; even computer literate students may experience technophobia (Ben- Jacob, M. G., & Liebman, J. T., 2009). The changing of technology made them suffer from technophobia because of the difficulty of learning part of ICT. In addition, the digital library is based solely on the search for information in the cyberspace where completely using the computer and the internet. Students also need to be proficient in using the software to meet the requirements of the assignment. The library subscribed to the online database for students to provide them with the search for articles and research papers for reference purposes for their assignments. Students need to learn how to retrieve information from academic databases and one way to accomplish this is via scheduled information literacy sessions planned to meet the needs of the curriculum of a specific course, questions posed to reference librarians, and in-depth reference inquiries (Ben-Jacob, M. G., & 162

Liebman, J. T., 2009). There are also some librarians who are having trouble using the new library applications. This problem is also one of the obstacles occurred in the library nowadays especially for the digital library. The library can assist these inexperienced users by holding information literacy programs in the library. This not only provides useful input to the community but also can overcome the fear of technology among them. Hence, the patrons can develop skills in evaluating and use the information effectively. As for librarians, libraries can attend training or sessions to learn about the latest applications using in the library. 3. Language barrier The language barrier is one of the obstacles for librarians in academic, special, or public libraries because they are dealing with language materials. Librarians at this institution need to acquire, describe and catalog these materials for library collections. They also need to index and abstract the material. Librarians need to handle materials from many languages around the world. Although in this era of technology there was a system that made it easy for librarians to catalog materials, they had to first identify the content and language of the book. These are some of the problems that librarians have to deal with. The second language barrier is that the use of the mother tongue is a priority in some country for instance in Japan and Korea. Many of them not be able to speak in English. It is a hindrance for users from other countries to visit their library as they are afraid of having difficulty communicating with locals. This kind of problem is faced mainly by students studying abroad. Furthermore, librarians will also have difficulty exchanging ideas and opinions with librarians from the country as not all of them can speak English well. Maybe some of them can speak and understand some English but may not be fluent. When faced with such situations, avoid using jargon words or idioms. If possible, use a simple words and sentences to make them understood. 4. Higher cost for online database subscription This issue is faced by most academic libraries in the university. Online database is very important for students to fulfil their assignment requirements. To subscribe an online database, an institution needs to have a strong financial source and be prepared for its increasing costs 163

from time to time. Subscription cancellations due to lack of financial resources are not a good idea as they will affect university learning and teaching. Therefore, the academic library should be careful in selecting the database so that no revenue loss. The selection criteria include the cost of the subscription, the relevance of the database to the university subject and the percentage of subjects covered by the database. It is best if the database covers a variety of subjects rather than just one subject. So, it's important for the academic library to encourage students to use the online database as often as possible. According to Ngessa (2018), subscriptions must be managed to ensure efficiency and effective use of the resources for learning purposes. Online subscriptions need management and authentication for every institution subscribed. 5. Lack Proper Planning Planning of library will involve the proper feasibility study of the project to avoid waste of time, money, energy and to ensure the success of the project. It is very important to have a good and proper planning for the library. This is because the function that most important to manage the library is to have a proper planning. Failure to plan all the activities of the organization would be counterproductive. The importance of planning is growing given the growing number of organizations and their complexity. So, under the organizational objective planning process is defined in simple and clear terms. Planning plays an important role in achieving organizational objectives. According to Mirsha, Thakur & Singh (2015) a proper planning for library automation must include objective of the library, library finance and budget, system analysis as well as the identification of main area of library automation, the sources of data or Standard format Z39.50, MARC, RDF etc. So, with helping of the plan for possible future changes and various activities planned in the best possible way. The process of planning in future activities are planned in order to achieve objectives. Moreover, library planning should include the long-term and short- term planning. Failure to plan will damage the effectiveness of the organization and can even lead to complete break-down (Silver, 2018). The plan should also include a list of \"to-do\" certain to make sure everyone knows about the actions and resources they need, as well as a list of who is responsible for all tasks. Hence, the proper planning for the organization of library it will really help to overcome this issues and challenge. 164

6. Funding and Financial. The issues and challenges the library has to face are about the funding as well as finance. Cash flow issues will inevitably occur if the organization does not plan properly for where and when funding is needed. Generally, any operation is successful and runs a good financial need to purchase material like books, online databases, hardware, software and other ICT equipment associate to the library. According to Intahchomphoo, Jeske and Vellino (2016) tight budget directly affect acquisition and collection management, the range of service provided and the number of staffs. The lack of financial that available is due to the transition and also introducing of uncertainties for the library. In addition, poor estimation of library budgets the potential scenarios that might occur are many and all of them have negative consequences. Libraries must have the ability to prevent unnecessary costs and to allocate the right amount of budget for each and every need. Moreover, budget constraints that have been cut by the government have also affected the library to buy materials and resources. Libraries do not have enough money to get the material they want because it is too expensive. For example, libraries in rural area are usually allocated smaller. Therefore, it is difficult to develop a library with attractive materials and facilities due to financial constraints. 7. Lack of Resource and Technology Most of the library encountered that the library work affected due to problem of insufficient awareness of current technology like hardware and software issues. Libraries clearly define the goals and objectives of library provide extensive access to digital library collections, using computer-based skills to deliver library services to end users. The lack of materials and technology makes it difficult for users to get information. Libraries should provide users with complete materials and facilities for access to information. According to Mirsha, Thakur & Singh (2015) library management decides on application software that could support integrated library management system. The application software to select must be assessed to determine its scope and capacity that will be suitable to achieve library goal. Some of these software like are UNESCO micro CDS or ISIS, TINLIB, Konlib pro-library manager, X-lib, Alice for window, Koha Integrated Library Software, 165

Greenstone and many more. This is to ensure that the library can support the request from the users. Moreover, today's generation are prefers to use technology to find information rather than to use material in physical form. As a result, some libraries still lack digital resources such as e-books, e-journals and others. This will make it as a challenge and an issue for libraries due to the users are reluctant to use the library as they are unable to provide the latest materials and technologies and accessible materials. In addition, when using digital systems and infrastructure for supporting their services, the library has focused on digital archive service. Other technologies like the computers and tablets that placed around the libraries for patron to access as well as used it to make easy to them to retrieve the information. The librarians need to consider the library is a place that needs to provide equal access to technology. Hence, the librarian must seriously take into account whether new technologies can alleviate or overcome the resource constraints or otherwise, there is a clear risk that new technologies will not be adopted. 8. Career Competent Another problem is the lack of trained and less skilled workers. This is because a scarcity of librarians who could plan, design, program and implement various information projects. It is also true that the vast majority of the present generation of librarians have inadequate knowledge about computers and their potential in library and information work (Mirsha, Thakur & Singh, 2015). Furthermore, competence can include the knowledge and skills needed to solve quadratic equations. It can also be made up of clusters of skills, or greater efficiency and more diverse, which is necessary for leading a multinational company. That issues very important to the library to ensure that the staffs will have a good knowledge and skill for the development of library. This is because to ensure that to identify and express staff's skills, strengths, knowledge and experiences relevant to both the desired position and career goals, and identify areas necessary for professional growth. Then, it is also to demonstrate personal accountability and effective work habits such as punctuality, working productively with others and time or workload management as well as understand the impact of non-verbal communication on professional image. 166

The librarians also it must can be a critical thinking and make problem solving. The librarians can exercise sound reasoning to analyze issues, make decisions, overcome problems, address ambiguity and find relevant information. It also the librarian can obtain, interpret, and use knowledge, facts, and data to resolve problems. Lastly, it should to demonstrate the creativity, originality and inventiveness as well as easily to adapt new technologies and applications to address work challenges and apply computing skills to solve problems. CONLUSION The library must take these issues as serious matter to ensure that the development of library will grow rapidly. Besides, to ensure that the users like to come as well as use the library as the main source to retrieve the information. So, the libraries must to overcome all the issues and challenges to make sure easy to the users get the knowledge. The librarian also should have a good knowledge and skill for the development of library. This is because to achieve the goals and objective of library to give the best service to the patrons. 167

REFERENCES Anderson, J. D. (1974). Foreign Language Barriers in Information Transfer. Journal of Education for Librarianship, 14(3), 171. doi:10.2307/40322290 Ben-Jacob, M. G., & Liebman, J. T. (2009). Technophobia and the Effective Use of Library Resources at the College/University Level. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 38(1), 35–38. doi:10.2190/et.38.1.d Czetwertyński, S. (2018). Importance of copyrights in online society. Managerial Economics, 18(2), 147. doi: https://doi.org/10.7494/manage.2017.18.2.147 Digital Libraries: Functionality, Usability, and Accessibility. (2010, May 27). Retrieved October 25, 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280049262_Digital_Libraries_FunctionalityUs ability_and_Accessibility Intachomphoo, Channarong & Jeske, Margo & Vellino, Andre. (2016). Coping with budget: How Canadian libraries compare with other countries. Canadian Law Library Review, 41. 17-23. Retrieved October 21, 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316790160_Coping_with_budget_cuts_Canadi an_libraries_compare_with_other_countries Massis, B. E. (2011). Academic libraries and information technology. New Library World, 112(1/2), 86–89. doi:10.1108/03074801111100481 Mishra, Ajay & Thakur, Santosh & Singh, Tarseem. (2015). Library Automation: Issues, Challenges And Remedies Author. Times International Journal of Research. Retrieved October 21, 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277668181_LIBRARY_AUTOMATION_ISSU ES_CHALLENGES_AND_REMEDIES_AUTHOR Silver, Freddie. (2018). The Effects of Lack of Planning in an Organization. Retrieved October 27, 2019 from https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/effects-lack- planning- organization-11394.html 168

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Eve Maureena & Jessica Sebai ABSTRACT This purpose of this paper is to reflect to a crucial point on issue and challenge in library nowadays. Era changing in globalization and digitization urge the library institution to provide more accessible information to user. To achieve excellent library services and provide many valuable collections, there will be some challenges and issue regarding that. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the major challenges and issue that keep bothering the emerging of library nowadays. KEYWORDS: Challenges in library nowadays, user perception in library, library technology, library, library issue, library nowadays. INTRODUCTION A library plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge. There's a lot of people who love reading. But because book prices are expensive, they can't afford to buy books. So, if you become a library member, you can borrow valuable books. A member can borrow two books at a time and will be able to keep two weeks with him. Even better off people just can't afford to buy all the books they need for their studies. For example, it is impossible to buy invaluable books such as Encyclopaedias and large dictionaries. Libraries also play an important role in society as gates to knowledge and traditions. The resources and services that they provide establish learning opportunities, support literacy and education, and help develop the new ideas and perspectives that are central to a creative and innovative society. They also assist in ensuring an authentic record of knowledge that past generations have created and accumulated. It would be difficult to pursue research and human knowledge in a world without libraries, or to protect the accumulated knowledge and heritage of the world for coming generations. (Ben White, 2012) With the advancement developing of communication and information technology, library today has become more essential than ever before. The information that we are dealing with today is overloading or blasting, leaving us with insignificant or excess information. Thus, 169

comes into play the role of libraries. A library not only gathers and classifies information, but also ensures that when necessary, the information is reachable to the user. The digital library is a library's modern icon. However, the information supplied by search engines comes from a huge resource, but it is not a trustworthy assortment as it shows us what it wants. If you search for shoes, for example, it will show the shoes of a brand that paid for the search engine to show their results at the top. But you'll get the information in the library that has an assortment of results based on a classification system. Yet to achieved an excellent library services and access for user, library institution can’t avoid some challenges and issue regarding it. ISSUE IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS 1. Copyright It is also possible to integrate copyright restrictions in the use and reproduction of material into such a policy. For example, in the Canadian context, for personal, scholarly, or educational research, authorized users may download, copy, and print single copies of an article in a journal (and not the whole issue). It is important for users to understand that licensing agreements are separate from copyright laws and varying rights and obligations. Links to the copyright policy (if separate) from the access policy would help to illuminate the context. If copyright issues are hard for us to grasp, imagine the first-year high school fresh student! This is essential for students who need to know what they can and cannot copy, and for faculty who need to know how to make print and electronic library materials available to their students. For example, in Canada, in recent years, the copyright law has undergone several phases of review. Students and faculty need to know that there are still no \"fair dealing\" provisions for the reproduction of digital material in copyright legislation and that permission is required. In the US, the highly charged issues surrounding the Digital Millennium Copyright Act make it imperative that access issues be linked to copyright and new technology. 170

2. Access policy Providing an access policy through the library website suggests to the publisher or vendor that the library is serious about educating its user community about limits on access to collection management, just as libraries have identified and published copyright policies to warn and sensitize their patrons on this important issue. This is all the more important when considering students who believe that all information is available free of charge on the internet. It can also promote awareness of the process of scholarly communication by highlighting the research value of the licensed digital content. Several other goals can be accomplished by an access plan. It can help patrons understand the availability of their favourite site or paper because the library has signed an agreement based on specific terms and conditions with a publisher or supplier. It can create awareness that librarians have new roles including negotiating with publishers to ensure that the variety of needs of patrons are met. With the continued development of the partnership between faculty and librarians in academia, the visibility of this role can only improve our campus image. 3. Preservation issues A lot has been written about digital preservation challenges. Rieger (2000) lists some of the factors that pose such challenges to digital preservation – technological obsolescence, legal issues, high digital preservation costs, and lack of institutional commitment. Whether material is primarily digitized for access or preservation, the technological obsolescence problem threatens the digital collection's long-term access. Astle and Muir (2002) point out that some functionality and data may be lost with each migration. Several authors discuss the advantages that institutions have digitization preservation policies. The Technical Advisory Service for Images (TASI, 2005) recommends that institutions have in place a strategy for digital preservation to ensure that images are captured in accordance with appropriate standards. TASI further advises that the conservation plan should have a technical element to tackle technological changes and an administrative component to ensure that the personnel of the institution will have the resources and training necessary to keep up with changing technology. 171

4. Staffing Technology and higher education changes have created a need for a variety of skill sets. In Jamaican academic libraries, there is no concern about the leadership gap and memory loss associated with the retirement of librarians, unlike their American academic counterparts. This may mean that succession planning is in progress and that prospective candidates are waiting to fill the retirees ' positions. There is also no suggestion that there is a growing number of non- Master of Library Studies (MLS) professionals employed in academic libraries, unlike the increase stated by the ACRL Committee (2010, p. 287). Despite this positive response, the response of Library No. 4 should not go unnoticed, although not representative of Jamaican academic librarianship. Library No. 4 as follows: […] the staffing here is very limited. For all iur centres we only have three (3) certified Librarians and three (3) Library Technical Assistants. We have a library consultant but she does not have any formal training in librarianship or information studies hence there is a gap between her and the lower level staff members would have the expertise in the field. This raises concerns and identifies the LIAJA's role in ensuring that all libraries meet minimum staffing complements and qualifications. 5. Communication value Jamaican academic libraries are expected to prove their value to the academic enterprise, as in American and UK academic libraries, and there is a growing demand for accountability and evaluation. ACRL's (2010) Report on the importance of academic libraries, which aims to provide library resources to illustrate their value, may be worth exploring the possibilities and directions for attracting additional funding to academic libraries in Jamaica. A scan of the publications on academic libraries in Jamaica shows a lack of dedicated publications on their value and monetary impact on university business. These areas can be useful for exploring. Library No. 1 stated: \"The library took the initiative to define various forms of quality exchange.\" If the particular ways in which this library communicates its importance are comprehensive, it would be a useful addition to the literature. 172

6. Mobile environment There is a high expectation of students for mobile access to materials, as in American academic libraries. Access to library services and content is provided via mobile devices in line with this requirement. According to Jamaica's Planning Institute (PIOJ, 2015; p. 13) in the communications field, the overall number of mobile subscribers rose by 3.9% to 3.3 million, led by an increase in the number of fixed lines (up 0.7% to 256,269) and cell lines (up 4.2% to 3 million). An empirical research investigating the number of university library students with mobile devices, a data plan, and using library services and content via a mobile device would give a sense of the service's scope. In addition, quantifying \"high student expectations\" would be insightful and directional, particularly among the different user groups of the university library. 7. Information literacy Jamaican academic libraries provide IL practice, as in American academic libraries. IL is popularly delivered at the program level through mandatory foundation courses that provide students with greater reach. There is analysis of important topic areas at the content level, including plagiarism, referencing, searching for archives, and identifying and reviewing sources. Nonetheless, this curriculum includes the addition of dedicated critical thinking elements, increased faculties demand for more integrated IL sessions and further structuring and assessment of the IL system. It would also have been insightful to have explicit comments from the respondents on how ACRL's framework or other frameworks inform what is being offered, and on a broader agenda for the future. A follow-up study of IL would give more detail about the IL programs offered in academic libraries in Jamaica. CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS According to Gould, Elizabeth and Gomez, Ricaldo (2009), their study revealed three major challenges that libraries are facing as they revisit their public service mandate and embrace the information age. These challenges have to do with each other. There are: Perceptions matter: User and government perceptions shape actual library services uses. 173

Users matter: this study helps to better understand who libraries actually serve. Power and money: the government's prioritization of resource allocation makes a difference in library success as a public place of information in society. 1. Perceptions Matter Libraries ' goal is to help access information — not only information itself, but the processes involved in finding the information needed. Libraries can be seen as places where books can be studied or stored, but this image should evolve with the population's information needs. To serve the entire population, libraries need to go beyond academic use and help anyone needing access to information, whether they know what they're looking for or not. Integrating technology into this change is a crucial part of the vision, broadening libraries ' purpose and how they meet their users ' needs. A building that contains books serves a limited public intent if it serves only a select few, has little facilities, lacks local environment-friendly resources and content, is too expensive for poorer segments of the population, and is not tailored to the daily needs of society it aims to serve. As we glance further than just simply providing information to serve community-based social needs, it becomes apparent that libraries ' purpose and mission must change from a narrowly defined focus on circulating books and printed materials. Libraries are no longer a simple place to learn as more people become literate, both in the sense of the book and in the sense of digital. The introduction of ICTs has substantially increased demand for faster, easier ways to respond to information needs and has created new ways for people to use technology to create original and innovative content. What people view a library and how it is used has a big impact on whether and how it is used. Safety and trustworthiness in the library can have a major impact on those who feel comfortable in a library. Through incorporating sex, age, social, religious, ethnic, and racial influences, cultural norms affect this interpretation. Actual prejudice may be contrary to perceptions of injustice. Included in a library's interpretation is whether it is considered an acceptable place to go or even a cool place to go, and whether it reacts to the needs of the client, such as having current information. Certain beliefs that prevent use by people who have not been exposed to them are the distrust of ICTs. Arias and Camacho Jimenez, (2008) stated that, ‘if we speak about services in general, the access is less limited, but if we talk about libraries that have ICT services, the 174

use is more restricted in adults, because of perceptions and fears of the technology. In this matter, those who possess more capacities are the children and young people. The restrictions are perceived by the adults as personal barriers, but if the adult population does not learn with the technologies, they will not develop suitable capacities.’ 2. Users Matter In areas that are underserved or not served by public libraries, several countries have created community libraries. These libraries are not supported by government, but are predominantly run by the community (in Argentina, Bangladesh, Nepal and Uganda, for example). This approach provides access to information in non-urban communities where public libraries can be difficult to reach, library hours are too limited, or where public interests are simply not met by public libraries. Ndaula, (2008) stated that the illiterates had no idea how libraries could improve their lives by accessing information, they believed that libraries were \"only for elites\" and were irrelevant to them. Non-urban communities often have fewer services than urban communities. This is associated with a lack of priority and money, a lack of infrastructure, and a lack of demand and appreciation for what libraries can provide. Sadly, this often means less support is provided to the less affluent communities. In order to help local people to use information services, answering to user needs can be an important element. As part of Kazakhstan's State Program for Information Inequity, the government intends to provide free access to future e-government services, especially in rural areas. Public libraries can also give students access to school books and a silent place to study. Wanasundera (2008), the provision of reading and study rooms is of particular assistance to those whose housing conditions are inferior. According to Library Association (2002), employee skills and motivation are key to delivering quality services to marginalized groups and communities. This must include considering how representative library staff are of their area's population composition. Lack of training impedes the capacity of staff to serve users in the best possible way, and the need for increased training for users and operators has emerged as a dominant factor in inhibiting the use of ICT in some libraries. Mongolia demonstrates a typical response from our research partners when discussing digital library staff capabilities that affect the use of library ICT. Library staff often lack the technical knowledge necessary to properly support users in using technology-based services or maintaining equipment. The need for increased practice for 175

users and operators has emerged as a major factor in preventing the use of ICT in libraries. (Pact Mongolia, 2008). 3. Resources Matter The level of political will and public support for Moldova's public library system is unsatisfactory and insufficient to meet its needs. This fact influenced public libraries very negatively. On the other hand, the poor socio-economic situation in the country dictates the inadequate political will for public libraries. The main goals of government are: improving the socio-economic situation, reducing poverty, etc. Authorities do not seem to perceive that public libraries can also contribute to achieving these goals by providing public access to information, which in turn offers concrete solutions to community problems. (OPINIA, 2008) It is not feasible to build and maintain strong public libraries without the support of local and national governments. Gould, Elizabeth and Ricardo Gomez stated that, according to their Philippines researchers, since each local government unit has its own priorities, it is also variable to support the public library. There are local government units that fully support the provision of ICT services to their users, and there are some that give priority to paving roads over personal computers and internet connection to libraries. What can be done to make public libraries a priority in terms of regulation and allocation of resources, apart from changes in government? This brings us back to the needs of the community and the responses of the government to those needs and demands. If the services that public libraries offer are not what users need, then it is not surprising that users will ignore these offers. At the same time, if governments do not prioritize discovering user needs, how can these needs be supported by service offerings? There is always the claim in developing countries that when people are hungry, how can knowledge needs be given priority, but this short-sightedness does not understand the underlying connection between data and poverty- related issues as seen in the above quote from the Moldovan Public Libraries. Many underserved communities have the facilities to access information but no useful information to access. According to Gould, Elizabeth (2008), their research teams referred to the lack of local language content for all types of library materials. This is particularly relevant to technology, since the Internet, like most digital content, is primarily an English-language medium. Literacy also affects the access of individuals. The content becomes inappropriate 176

without specific accommodations for the illiterate. Georgia exemplifies the state of availability of information in the former Soviet republics: Public libraries suffer from a lack of supply of books, but they also face the problem of overloading with irrelevant content, such as books of outdated political character from the Soviet era, and books with scientifically outdated information. The demand for ICTs shows further evidence of the need for government support. In several countries, it has been said that the number of ICTs available is not enough to meet user demand. This resource deficiency technology affects the use of libraries. Similar to the Riecken Foundation's approach to building library capacity in Honduras and Guatemala, it is essential to involve the community in making decisions about what services are needed to provide information services to all communities and populations. In our study of community-driven organizations serving underserved populations, there were several flourishing examples. The common element in all of these institutions is their ability to determine what is needed in the community and to involve the local population in implementing these projects. Argentina offers a fine example of how libraries in the city could help bring people into libraries. The nation blends government-supported public libraries and community-supported common libraries. Community engagement that responds to community needs, identifies barriers to access, and includes stakeholders shows the power of community libraries. As far as ICTs are concerned, this provides additional support needed to finance and sustain technology that is not available in many developing countries due to low library prioritization. Many people have used ICT-related tools and there is a trend to integrate the information services offered in their daily lives. Information policymakers need to review local needs ' successes and failures. If cybercafés and telecentres are more popular than libraries, then libraries do not meet the needs of public information, and it may be appropriate to re- evaluate a library's purpose and how public finances are used. Instead of leaving libraries as institutions, they upgrade and revise their function, usage and services. This must be based on the capacity and training of users and staff, the physical use of spaces, infrastructure, etc. Vassan Kumar. R (2016) then dealing with digital assets brings new challenges to academic libraries while enforcing complex operating systems, and digitizing library resources poses a major challenge to key stakeholders, namely library management, employees and library users. Not all in the collection is worth digitizing as the idea of digitizing a whole archive or library is a long process. Successful digital project is the result of careful collection 177

planning and evaluation and digitization of only those items which will provide users with the greatest benefits. Compliance with copyright, intellectual property rights and related issues such as plagiarism is a major challenge for digital libraries. This is an aspect that needs to be taken care of by librarians and researchers. Library community members are increasingly concerned that changes in copyright will adversely affect libraries ' ability to provide digital collections and services. Indeed, copyright could result in libraries being prevented from providing open access to the digital information they collect. Copyright issues must be managed to establish and distribute digital information across digital libraries in a measured way that is fair and equal for both information suppliers and users of information. Intellectual property rights might become an adequate solution to digital collections growth. Many traditional librarians and archivists are moderate and have crippling fear for computers due to lack of proper skills in computing. Computers are viewed as a threat to their status as experts because of the generation gaps between the new and old professionals. Thus, they find it hard to cope with or measure the demands of the electronic / digital age, which at the same time are all too unwilling to discard the old practices for new ones. In many developing countries, insufficient technical expertise is prevalent. Personnel / human capital is in short supply. Few computer science qualified librarians (computer engineers) work in archives and libraries, resulting in frequent collapse of ICT facilities and service interruption in digitized libraries and archives. Changing Nature's new version and updating to available software and hardware, this creates a greater pressure on institutions as preserving digital archival collections centres on the interim mechanism to store digital information, migrate to new form and provide long-term access. One of the biggest problems facing digital collections ' durability is not only the deterioration of storage media, but also the problem of quickly changing storage devices. Digital project funding is expensive. Archival / library automation digitization requires enormous funding due to frequent hardware and software upgrades, as well as increasing subscription costs to electronic databases. A herculean problem creates besides training of archivists in digitization and preservation of electronic format. A well-funded project for digitization ensures the project's new and improved services and sustainability. 178

Digital media deterioration is responsible for the long-term disappearance or inaccessibility of digital information. This is because within a few years after digitization, the media deteriorates or declines. Another challenge is that during disaster attacks or virus attacks digital media get lost. The reason why re-digitization is sure to happen is the probability that the digital resources developed in previous years may not be readily available or compatible with the new technologies. Next is, Refreshing allows the handover of digital files to new physical storage devices periodically in order to refresh the materials and keep them from the medium's physical decline and obsolescence, or the materials will be difficult to access. Because information is transmitted from program to program, information is lost when optical material is digitized, and information can also be lost as digital resources are refreshed or moved to modern computing environments. The emulation goal of emulation is to operate on contemporaneous computers for older data sets. Emulation may be similar to migration, but it focuses on the software for applications rather than the data files. It aims to develop new methods that create a situation under which to construct the original data. When imitating early operational systems and software applications, this can be achieved. CONCLUSION In conclusion, based on the article that we selected there are various types of issue and challenges in libraries nowadays. Each issue and challenge have different factors that cause the problem but there are several ways to address it. Libraries are the only place dedicated to serving everyone in the community's information needs. Every library should have its governing body's authorized collection creation policy. In addition to outlining the resource selection process and criteria, the policy should describe the procedure that will be followed by library staff when a user requests reconsideration of a resource. A policy and procedure will help library staff deal with users who express concerns confidently and fairly. 179

REFERENCES Burnett, P. (2013). 5.Challenges and Problems of LIS Education in Selected African Countries.LIS Education in Developing Countries. doi:10.1515/9783110355383.53 Harris, S. (2017). Information and Learning Science. 2016 Top Trends and Issues in Jamaican Academic Libraries, 118(1-2), 17–47. doi: 10.1108/ILS-10-2016-0069 Horava, T. (2005). Collecting Building. Access Policies and Licensing Issues in Research Libraries, 24(1), 9–11. doi: 10.1108/01604950510576074 Gould, E., & Gomez, R. (2010). New challenges for libraries in the information age: a comparative study of ICT in public libraries in 25 countries. Information Development, 26(2), 166-176. doi:10.1177/0266666910367739 Lopatin, L. (2006). Library Hi Tech. Library Digitization Projects, Issues and Guidelines: A Survey of the Literature, 24(2), 273–289. doi: 10.1108/07378830610669637 Naughton, T., & Ariunaa, L. (n.d.). Public Access ICT in Kyrgyzstan. Libraries, Telecentres, Cybercafes and Public Access to ICT, 344-355. doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-771-5.ch025 180

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Muhammad Jazly & Mohamad Ikmal ABSTRACT Library and Information Services (LIS) are being changed by technology, and they need to respond to these changes in order to fulfill the changing needs of their customers and growing concerns for technological change and information explosion. Furthermore, the growing demands of obtaining access to digital data resources allow librarians to change their roles from conventional librarian to information scientist by designing and applying new skills to understand the emerging technologies of handling and providing quality online information system to the consumer society. Although libraries today are equipped with advanced technologies and programs, there are still obstacles and challenges in enhancing service quality to accomplish the library's aim of meeting the needs of the customer. This paper will discuss about issues and challenges in Libraries which are language barrier, tecnnopedia and many more. Keywords: Challenges in library nowadays, Challenges, Issues, digital library INTRODUCTION A library is a space or room that holds sets of books, magazines, and sometimes movies and recorded music for people to read, borrow and find a piece of knowledge. Today the library is not just a building to read a book and find a material, but it has become a place for people to socialize, engage in activities, learn and create communities. The aim of the library was to help improve community education rates, with the library organizing reading courses, child education services and other teens, kids and senior citizens events. Moreover, libraries have always played an important role, allowing people to engage with all sorts of expertise and learning tools. However, the information technology (IT) revolution has changed the environment of how library staff perform their jobs and shaped the library's mission of supplying visitors with information and making it easier for users to navigate the library material. The technological development of electronic resources as a way for gathering, processing, maintaining and using widely distributed information resources has 181

become even more important in supporting library users. The technology's growth often impacts both individuals, organizations, and cultures. Over the past decade, IT and information and communication technology (ICTs) solutions have been introduced in libraries. Although there are many challenges and barriers, IT has also given advantages and accessibility for staff and users turning the traditional library into a digital library where all the content has been digitized and placed on the websites to make it easier for users and writers to see. As the whole collection is available online, the digital library can also save space in the library. There are no more books on the shelf where finding the material is difficult for users because it takes longer than online searching. The user only must type the material and information they need. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES The use of new technologies in terms of hardware, software, and even good applications is very sophisticated, as we know libraries today. Nevertheless, in terms of user facilities and the librarian himself, the library often poses many challenges. For example, technological advances are evolving rapidly, causing some problems in the handling of new applications Also consumers are facing the same problem for the elderly in general. Although the digital library definition increases the service's efficiency, it still has its challenges as follows: 1. Technophobia Technophobia is the distrust of advanced technology, or in its shape. Such individuals do not like utilizing devices like mobile phones, laptops or computers in general. As we know, every generation, from children to adults and the elderly, visits the library. According to, Ben- Jacob and Liebman (2010) demonstrated that fear of technology (technophobia) is still one of the most prominent factors in non-usage or low-usage of library resources. Moreover, the digital library was based solely on the search for information in the cyberspace where the machine and the internet are completely utilized. Students must also be willing to use the program to fulfill the task criteria. In order to provide students with the search for articles and research papers for reference purposes for their assignments, the library subscribed to the online data base. Students need to learn how to collect information from 182

academic databases and one way to do this is by planned information awareness workshops designed to meet the demands of a course curriculum, questions submitted to research librarians, and in-depth reference inquiries. This issue is also one of the barriers that occurred in the library today, especially for the digital library. By holding in the library information literacy programs, the library can assist these inexperienced users. This not only provides the public with useful input, but it can also address among them the distrust of innovation. The patrons can therefore develop the skills to effectively evaluate and use the information. Librarians can attend training or sessions to learn about the latest applications that are being used in the library. 2. Language barrier The language barrier is one of the barriers that librarians face in academic, special, or public libraries as they deal with language materials. Librarians need to purchase, describe and catalog these materials for library collections at this institution. The material also needs to be indexed and abstracted. Librarians around the world need to handle materials from many languages. Although there was a process in this technological age that rendered cataloging items easier for librarians, they had to first recognize the book's substance and vocabulary. The execution of these tasks requires extensive knowledge of international bibliographic records, international book exchange and other information sources, the features of foreign personal and corporate writer titles, and the world's major languages and writing systems. Librarians also specialize in languages or bibliography in specific areas, but librarians need to manage a wide range of foreign language resources from many parts of the world in many cases. These are some of the problems that librarians need to tackle. In addition, the second language barrier is that in some countries, for example, Japan and Korea, the use of mother tongue is a priority. Many of them can't speak English. Visiting their library is an obstacle for users from other countries as they are afraid of having trouble communicating with local people. This form of problem is primarily addressed by students studying abroad. In fact, librarians will also find it difficult to share ideas and opinions with the country's librarians because not all of them can speak English well. Some of them will be able to speak or comprehend several English, but they might not be fluent. To stop utilizing code phrases and idioms if dealing with such circumstances. Using common words and sentences, whenever necessary, to make them clear. 183

3. Obstacles in using Online Databases There have been a variety of obstacles that cause inadequate use of online resources. In the process of using them, participants as well as workers in higher learning establishments had many issues. Ahmed (2013), noticed that faculty members use online databases extensively, but encountered challenges such as slow download rate, limited access to back issues, and inability to access tools from home. The main challenges confronting online database users as no access to online databases outside the university campus, many existing publications could not be readily downloaded, slow internet service, keys for some databases not operating, and others said it was time consuming to search the databases (Larson, 2017). Furthermore, challenges can also be categorized into direct and indirect factors. Direct factors are operationalized as the challenges faced by students utilizing online resources. These causes include incessant power failure, insufficient online resources, lack of online resource management abilities, and restricted access to online resources. the indirect variables are used to describe certain influences with interactive human characteristics that also lead to the problems of students with the use of online information tools. For example, if a student finds it difficult to access online services due to some specific reasons, there may be other indirect causes, such as lack of pedagogical or emotional support from peers and teachers, as well as the behaviors of students that also lead to this issue. Haris (1999) is of the view that libraries must play an active role in providing subject access to information on the internet, creating useful resources for users, and developing knowledge that will prove useful in providing reference and instructional services to the students. 4. Copyright and intellectual property Digitization violates copyright law because the content of information created by a writer can be used and transmitted by anyone without the author's consent or confirmation. Some original documents such as reports, theses and research papers submitted to the library by the author, the material's position is the property of the library and the library reserves the right to retain and view the material. Nevertheless, many libraries have provisions for requesting permission to digitize documents and for providing public access. This is designed to avoid future legal issues. Many other records for general usage can also be digitized, but they cannot be produced on the grounds of no copyright authorization. Payment rates of 184

receiving copyright approval from the author are also too high and the library cannot reach them. Next, the existence of copyrights is the fact that flows can have legal consequences in the online society. This relates to unauthorized trade that in some cases is illegal, even if the aim of those who generate trade is not to acquire financial gains. In this age of electronic libraries, many works by writers are only published on the Internet. This encourages the authors to publish themselves, but some irresponsible parties are stealing the artwork of someone else or known as plagiarism. They are also able to download, save and edit the author's original works. They are distributing information that is not theirs. Authors can request the library's permission to preserve their material's copyright before it is made public. 6. Lack of staff One of issues and challenges in Libraries is lack of staff. Most companies were deficient in resources. This is due to various factors that cause lack of staff. In fact, a library is one of a knowledge institutions dealing with this issue. Because of technological sophistication, this thing occurs to the library. Libraries lack the professional personnel to manage e-resources and provide knowledge community with the required e-information service leveraging advanced technology. In order, to satisfy the rising demands of the knowledge society, appropriate expertise workers should be recruited. Library should play its role in helping society to access the right information. In addition, most of the workforce of the librarian approaches retirement age, while young people enter the profession. The library should have added additional job opportunities to provide enough capacity to run the library. 7. Effective change The academics libraries have been continuously experienced change because of change by innovative technology applications diverse information or demand by library users. Ongoing change are very important for the growth of organization which have positive change on both organization and personal. Effective change process depends on the follower’s response and behavior. A healthy team environment is always created by leadership both skills and experience or personal qualities, which direct effect on institutional change procedures, while involvement of individual is vital toward an effective change in academic organization. 185

As a result, the following elements can be applied for an effective change are prepare individual, as well as organization, clear communication at all stages, develop willingness to adopt change, workshop and training programs, Input from stakeholders and every employee, assessment and review, minimize resistance and strategic plans for improvement. 8. Readiness of change Readiness of change is the key factors that make organization more effective and successfully at times of change. Change in an organization can be achieved if there is a consultative view, which is a right step toward effective change. Readiness can be developed when subordinates realize what they want to do and more significantly. 9. Understanding Understanding is a vital step to change that must be cleared and been understand by all the people. This step also could well be messaged by an effective leadership and understanding is complex subject which is related to the fear of losing control. 10. Adapting Adapting are being use by organization after the change have been made for the organization. This is because the organization have to adapt the new technologies or under a new management for being the best for the organization. 11. Willingness Willingness to accept change is feasible if the reason is valid and clear. It may take longer to overcome conflict of change unless adapted as predictable. In terms of willingness, it differs organization to organization and person to person. It can be keenness and desire, interest or even just a passive desire to achieve it over time, but arriving at this level is not easy to succeed. An effective leader creates willingness in groups and lead both organization and employees, at the time of managing organizational change as a whole and prepare everyone to achieve objectives and aims. Readiness to change requires to accept a new reality and way of 186

thinking and working. Library leadership prepares individuals and groups to adjust with new technology and offer new services to the library patrons and create an eagerness to work with current trends. 12. Managing collaboration through change To build a collaboration in times of change in academic libraries and why is it important for leadership and libraries. Collaboration is one of the key abilities to manage change effectively. A number of academic libraries globally motivate library employees to engage with community outside the library. This component addresses the significance of collaboration and explores some notions of how to collaborate within and outside the library. In addition, many academic institutions have digitized programs and digital initiatives that need a close relationship between librarianship and information technology department of the institution, leadership needs to implement new technology to work with digital projects and library also needs a subject specialist. Digital initiatives demand academic libraries to work with informational technology (IT) department within and outside the library boundaries. Moreover, a new trend in research demands to develop a collaborative environment between library and research community of academic institution it may include the following things that will help managing collaboration through change are collaboration is mutually beneficial for individual as well as organization that provides the feedback and the impact of library. Find opportunities to create strong relationship with the university community because current trend in academic libraries need to assist in research activities and recognize the scope and manage research data. Current trend in academic libraries needs to assist in research activities and librarians are involved in the research data management and working with the faculty and students. 13. Current trends and challenges There are some common issues which are face by a majority of academic libraries today. Both academic libraries and leaders are facing challenges due to dramatic change in technological advancement. Academics libraries will have to offer services which are relevant, cost effective and well matched that will help the user at the organization. They are key challenges are noticed for the academic libraries today, some of them are discussed here are open access resources , selection from wide range and variety offer access to library users are difficult to manage for libraries. Open access issues need expertise in organizing and searching 187

contents , leadership needs to boost knowledge and skills at the same time finding relevant resources can be challenged for both library and patrons. Changing nature of scholarly communication needs a set of diverse skills for the librarianship and emerging new trends and issues are creating challenges for both librarian and leadership. In this shifting environment , learning resources centers are required reshaping in academic libraries as demand of innovative system of higher education pressures on libraries to provide facilities to library users. Growing challenges of competition from other information providers just a name that will help the organization and will help the users. For the librarian they have to know the new technologies that will apply at library. Academic organizations have more diverse community and it is growing faster than ever before, so academic libraries need more diverse leadership to deal with the current situation. In addition there are several other challenges and issues for a academic libraries and not only libraries but also leadership, which include innovative technology, storage and retrieval of information developed healthy collection, limited budget , delivery of information and repository in digital format. CONCLUSIONS Academic libraries are facing challenges similarly around the world because of shifting from traditional resources into digital formats the roles and responsibilities of library leaders in collaborative environment and to maintain the relevance and the library balance of both traditional and contemporary leadership and skills and abilities. Other than that the librarian also have to embrace the new technology and more focusing on help and assist the users by help them. 188

REFERENCES Ahmed, Z. S. (2013). Use of electronic resources by the faculty members in diverse public universities in Bangladesh. The Electronic Library, 31(3), 290-312. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EL-05-2011-0081 Aslam, M. (2019). Leadership in challenging times of academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). doi: 10.1108/gkmc-03 2019-0038 Haris, L.M. (1999), ‘Profiling the End-User: A Study of the Reference Needs of End-Users on Telebase system, Inc.’s Easynet’, National Online Meeting Proceedings – 1989. Larson, A. (2017). Faculty awareness and use of Library subscribed online databases in the University of Education, Winneba. Ghana: A survey.\" [Online] Available from Retrieved [February 13, 2018] 189

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Nur Afifah & Siti Nur Fithriyaani LIBRARY ISSUES Beginning in the 1940s through the 1970s, research about libraries was looked with an information explosion and the quick development pace of their collections. The issues facing library administrators during that period were primarily physical managements including shelving and weeding of materials, storage space, users in the house access to the collection, and preservation of the print materials. From 1980s to date, because of quickly developing information technology, approach of information in electronic format, electronic delivery of information and high user desires, the issues confronting library management has moved outside the limits of the physical condition to the following with setting up technology infrastructures to provide seamless remote access to information for users. Thus, library administrators wind up in moderately new fields, for example, grappling with new issues of licensing, authentication, digitization, user guidance inside electronic environments, and changing skill and competency requirements of librarians and staff. Moreover, creating approaches to arrive at technophile users who are advanced in their ability to use technology, are familiar with the comfort, speed, and huge recoveries from Google's and are unconcerned about the accuracy, authenticity, and currency of their information sources. Besides that, it convincing users who have enduring confidence in the Internet having the option to give all required information sources, that libraries cannot supply the information they need, however the information provided by the libraries are from sources that are valid, uncorrupted, and as complete, current, and legitimate. Reallocating financial resources to assimilate the expenses of upgrading and replacing hardware and software that consistently gotten out of date as new technologies that develop practically yearly. Library management issues in those prosperous times involved managing rapid growth that how can you buy materials fast enough to satisfy demand? Where do you find enough library subject specialists to understand and respond effectively to research-level questions? Few librarians were daunted at managing issues of prosperity. However some older librarians probably missed the calmer climate of prior days when time was not of the essence. Many librarians got energetic about the potential also, utilization of these devices to deal with 190

their work and information. It appeared computers could take out a lot of the dreariness of library work, leaving librarian more time for more elevated level scholarly exercises. Libraries had the option to work preparing capacities on the web and users had direct online access to library resources. The expanding accessibility of computer systems started a progressive move in library strategic an attention on accumulations to an emphasis on access to information. This move from building thorough privately possessed collections to providing access to information as required is a result of higher service expectations on the part of a technology savvy user community. Information technology and externally simple framework for electronic delivery of information prompted high user desires for comfort and speed, and this brought about scholastic libraries never again being the factor asset of first decision for information seekers, prompting library management to move centre outside the limits of the physical condition. Library management issues moved drastically away from the previous objective of acquiring and preserving the record of the past. Having perceived how profoundly library management issues have changed in our lifetime, we are enticed to pontificate about library management issues in the decades. We are seeing the rise of open get to publishers, for example Biomed Central whose articles from over 100 journals are immediately and permanently available online without charge or any other barriers to access. They are also available in PubMed and archived without delay in PubMed Central. If this unusual business model continues to be viable, the impact on library management will be significant. Another management issue later on is the proceeding with loss of individual contact among librarian and library users, as the last connect with the library nearly only through electronic implies for example, the World Wide Web and intuitive talk services, for example, LiveRef. Library users may never build up the kind of close relationships with librarians that have characterized research methods in the past. The first current issues in the libraries are cuts to budgets, not simply in libraries, for examples, instances of where immense political help campaigns need to be positive and not negative language and positives can help get message of what libraries really are. It also can use threats as fee publicity and always comment on news articles, but sometimes this comes across as a wave of negativity. It's smarter to stress on the positive things libraries do that will be remembered fondly if cut. Second issues are politicians and the public don’t know what libraries are about is a chief officer often doesn’t know. No central policy and co-locating other services with have been really successful in Kent, the registrars of births and deaths are now in 191

libraries and library staff tries to ensure they join. Early year’s membership and use is going up because of this. Bereavement work also now taking place. Third issues is the infrastructure is one of the current issues in libraries which means libraries might be in inappropriate places now on the off chance that they were constructed numerous years prior. For example, in Kent, a few areas have lots of libraries and some moderately few. There is a need to rebalance that as take general society with us. Terminations in Kent have just occurred where people in general has quit utilizing them. One ought not to protect against each conclusion however should challenge if only for sparing reserves. One should crusade for library services, not simply the structures. Leeds is a genuine model where defence occurred. Fourth issues is Societal change, it’s a different world now than in 1940. It’s need to shape the offer libraries give to the new times. According to Phi Bradley, “Society is moving to where things are coming to you not that go to the thing. To physically go to a place is an increasingly outmoded concept. Every library needs a Facebook and Twitter account. Libraries should do outreach in public markets and car boot sales and fairs. Canada library live on tour – van with computers and wifi. Go to where people are. Demonstrate libraries are not about printed books. Libraries go to the people.” Next issues is no public library standards, these were frequently \"Not important or relevant\". In Essex 51% of individuals utilizing libraries in any event once per year however just a quarter are dynamic individuals as book obtaining is certifiably not a key. Called attention to however that they were a valuable safeguard against cuts, quite in Wales where despite everything they have models in spite of the fact that it is noticed that these might be watered down soon because of spending cuts. More issues are E-Books also can change in reading habits are significantly reducing the quantity of printed books being removed from libraries. Lending out e-books is altering the course. E-books are the device and are unmistakably increasingly open. Physical loans decreasing however e-advertise going up. Advance the pleasure in perusing in the entirety of its structures. We don't train individuals to peruse however we enable them to rehearse the ability. A lot interest from schools is very intrigued by eBooks and on databases that will intrigue their students. Get membership of them and widen offer outside of print. Getting 192

increasingly evident as we go out into optional schools and so forth e-offer must be there must be some place. PLR to eBooks should be expanded. According to Valetta Cannon (2015): “eBook readers can have wonderful relationships with their libraries if they realize two things: Public libraries often offer them now as part of their lending collection, and there is much more to do at libraries than check out paper books! My director and I almost exclusively read on our Kindles, so we are perfect examples of devoted eBook readers. We do enjoy an occasional paperback or hardback book, but mostly stick to our devices. We are overjoyed to have an extensive Overdrive collection for loan through our library and often take advantage of it. As a result of our own experiences with eBook devices, we are well-equipped to assist our many patrons who also enjoy eBooks and sometimes need help getting their devices set up to receive their Overdrive or state library eBook loans and to convert them to the desired format”. Moreover issues are lack of marketing are libraries don’t market online and eBooks such as to reluctant readers. Issues with kindles and overdrive mean many not aware of online resources. Some people don’t even know we do DVDs. No fines for eBooks are a big attractor. Young people are put off fines and of being chucked out. Furthermore, advertising ought to be over the list. It can change perceptions and persuade spending holders and afterward their cash at that point can do all the rest. Absence of convincing account right now yet on the off chance that we get one universal offer at that point that is the most ideal approach to change conclusions. Use staff and others as backers for our service. Volunteers can be certain by the way they can do well to advocate for the service and can convey the mid-year perusing challenge as well. According to Gupta, Koontz & Massisimo (2013): “Marketing library and information service is an established sub-set of management practices which identifies customer wants and needs and meets those needs within the resources of the organization”. Last but not least, the next issues is lack of leadership are the action going on (ACE) however not straightforward enough. The SCL doing admirably with offers with the poor resources however some great practice, such as programmed library participation might be shared. We need a positive story around libraries like the SCL normal schedule of exercises will ideally give this snare. A solitary incorporated office would not have the option to do this as it would be too costly and never get off the ground. Should be progressively open about what is happening. Pro are investigating in the event that it is beneficial to direct research to 193

discover financial advantage of libraries. C. Jokitalo (2013) stated on the necessity of library leadership in the editorial of Scandinavian Library Quarterly, remarking that “the library is one of the largest organizations among public institutions, there are numerous staff members to supervise who are more heterogeneous than before and many of whom do more independent work than before” LIBRARY CHALLENGES First challenges for public libraries is perceptions matter. The goal of libraries is to help access information not just information itself but the processes involved to find the needed information. Libraries may be viewed as places to study or store books, but this image should evolve with the information needs of the population. In order to service the entire population, libraries need to step beyond scholarly usage and help everyone who needs access to information, whether they know what they are looking for or not. Incorporating technology into this change is an essential part of the vision, expanding the purpose of libraries and how they suit the needs of their users. A building that contains a books serves a limited purpose of its serves only a select few, has little equipment, lacks of the population and it not adapted to the everyday needs of the community it aims to serve. Libraries are no longer a simple place for learning, as more people become literate, both in the book sense and digital sense. The introduction of ICTs has significantly increased the demand for faster, easier ways to answer information needs, and produced new means for people to utilize technology to create original and innovative content. How users perceive a library and its usage has large effect on if and how it is used. Cultural norms influence perception by adding gender, age, and socio-economics, religious, ethnic and racial factors. Actual discrimination may be unrelated to feelings of discriminations included perception of a library is whether it is viewed as an acceptable or even “cool” place to go, and whether it responds to user needs, such as providing current information. Users are often discourages when they believe that libraries is lack of current content and only for students and the academic user. When they have other options, such as cybercafés or telecasters, these venues are preferred for information access because updated information is available, generally through ICTs. Community centres are also important information access venues because they are built to respond to local user needs. 194

Other perceptions that discourage usage are the fear of ICTs by people who has not been exposed to them. An example is presented from the Honduras Public Libraries (Arias & Camacho Jimenez, 2008, p.71): “If we speak about services in general, the access is less limited, but if we talk about libraries that have ICT services, the use is more restricted in adults, because of perceptions and fears of the technology. In this matter, those who possess more capacities are children and young people. The restrictions are perceived by the adults as personal barrier, but if the adult populations does not learn with the technologies, they will not develop suitable capacities.” Second challenges is users matter. Do libraries around the world serve the needs of all people, those with disabilities, various age groups, urban and rural populations, highly educated and the illiterate and others? This is a questions that must be accurately been answer if improving “public access” to information is a policy goals, particularly if underserved communities are to have an opportunity to gains access to information to help improve their lives (Camacho Jimenez & Gomez, 2009). A typical response from many countries was exemplified by the following quotes: “The illiterates had no idea how libraries could improve their lives through access to Information hence, they thought libraries were “only for elite” and they were Irrelevant to them” (Ndaula, 2008, p.72) Several countries have created community libraries in areas that are underserved or not serviced by public libraries. These libraries are not government supported, but predominantly run by the community such as in Argentina, Bangladesh, Nepal and Uganda. This allows access to information in non-urban communities where it can hard to reach by public libraries. Library hours are too restrictive or where public needs simply are not serviced by public libraries. Non- urban localities frequently possess fewer services than urban communities. This circumstance is correlated to lack of prioritization and resources, a lack of infrastructure and a lack of demand and appreciation for what libraries can provide. Unfortunately, this often means that the less affluent communities are less served. 195

Finally, providing services to understand communities is greatly influenced by staff training, especially in the use of ICTs (Gould et al., 2009). According to the Library Association (2002), “The skills and motivation of staff are crucial if quality services are to be provided to marginalised groups and communities. This must include considerations of how representative library staff are of the population make-up of their area. It must also include an acceptance that marginalised groups and communities are as entitled to a professional level service as more articulate and engaged sections of the community. Specific knowledge and skills may be required to meet the needs of some groups who are socially excluded and each public library service will have to develop appropriate training strategies to meet those needs.” Next is challenges that been faced by digital library. First is resource discovery. Digital information on the Internet is characterized by the fact that digital documents can exist is several format, possibly in several versions, in locations that are not yet fixed. A document or resource may exist at one network location one day, and disappear the next. Services such as AltaVista, YAHOO, Google and other WWW services are increasingly popular. These indexing services provide an essential service in assisting users to find information but users are already noting that these services becoming overburdened and that obtaining meaningful results can be frustrating elusive. The indexing service developers are still trying to establish a cost recovery model that will allow them to match capabilities with the growth of information on the Web. But there is no guarantee that these services will provide high-quality service to the general public for indefinite return on investment. A reasonable expectations is that there will be levels of services established. At a base level, anyone can access the database without charge but the results will be of limited usefulness and good information will be swamped by a flood of the bad. Searching will not be efficient but a “higher” level of users who can pay for better service may get benefits such as search functionality, better algorithms for ranking information, or higher speed access. Second challenges is copyright and licensing. If libraries do begin to systematically collect digital information on a larger scale, the provision of effective access could be questionable. In fact, copyright could end up preventing libraries from providing open access to the digital information they collect. Copyright must be managed so that digital information can be created and distributed throughout “digital libraries” in a manner that is equitable for 196

both information producers and information consumers. Copyright could become an insurmountable barrier to the development of digital collections. There are indicators that content providers unhappy with the protections afforded them under copyright law, will turn to contract law and licensing for protection. Libraries are already experiencing the administrative burden of managing site licenses for electronic information such as CD-ROM s and data files. Licensing provide content provider with stronger mechanism to control the transmission and use of information. This has the effect of moving information from a realm where ideas are allowed to flow in the public domain, to one where this flow is controlled by the provider. There is an increasing unease among members of the library community that copyright changes will adversely affect the ability of libraries to provide digital collections and services. The discomfort librarians feel is justified. One has only consider the statement of the International Publishers Copyright Council on digital library collections to sense the challenge that librarians face: Many national and regional libraries contemplate digitizing their print collections facilitate a virtual library that can be provide service to patrons at remote locations and facilitate resource-sharing. Such a concept will destroy not only the incentive to create new copyrighted work, but the revenue from existing works that provides the investment in new works by authors and publishers. [I.P.C.C. 96] Under restrictive conditions of use, whether imposed by contract or some revised copyright legislation, “digital libraries” will not be able to satisfy many of the imperatives of information anywhere, anytime. Libraries will be required to provide reasonable assurances to content providers that the terms of their licenses can be maintained, and that distribution of copyrighted materials are restricted to particular users or locations. It is even likely that users will have to visit the physical building of the library since the digital collections may only available on particular workstations or require special equipment to access the materials. Last challenges for digital library is cost. Information has never been free. There is always a cost in its creation, its production and it dissemination. Freely-accessible public libraries, subsidized through taxation, largely hide the real cost of information from library patrons and this is appropriate where libraries are considered as a public good. “Digital libraries” introduce new and uncertain economic realities and relationships into libraries where 197

the costs of accessing information were once hidden to patrons, the digital era is likely to require who will be required to pay fees for access to digital services and collections. A major assumption of the information age, is that information will be available to all for a fee. This have been runs counter to the ethos that underlie libraries. It will be cruel irony that technology holds so much promise of providing access to digital information will end up restricting it to a few that can afford it. Digital libraries may be privately-owned corporate services and collections to which subscription, pay-per-use, or licensing fees may apply. Libraries are already having this future as they wrestle with restrictive licenses for the use of data tapes and CD-ROMs. Users a required to used digital materials on-site in order to satisfy the contract requirements of the information providers. School libraries also faced several of challenges because most school libraries a neglected though they play an important role in teaching and learning process. School libraries worldwide are being ignored and not adequately resourced as they should be. A school library is a resource centre located within a school where teachers and students have access to a variety of information resources. First, lack of a library policy. This is a major downfall in most countries. A library policy is supposed to offer guidelines for actions and decisions to be taken within the library. Thus, without written guidelines it would be difficult to have effective school library programs. The policy should be as roadmap to school library management. Next is, poor staffing practices. It is either there is no qualified librarian or there is only one qualified librarian. Lack of professional staff in the library leads to further challenges such as irrelevant library collection, uncatalogued and poorly organised books. Malanga, (2017) aver that poor staffing leads to lack of information literacy among students. Unprofessional staff also result in inadequate marketing of library services and raising awareness on its role. While qualified librarians can contribute greatly to information literacy wok in schools (Agyekum & Filson, 2012). Third challenges is lack of adequate funding. Poor funding lead to inadequate resources and poor staffing. The issue of school library budget and funding need to be addressed within the school library policy. Ministry of Education Mojapelo (2018) affirm that lack of funding is major stumbling block in school library development. This is for the development and maintenance of functional school libraries. Besides that, poor ICT infrastructure and library facility. In today’s era, it is vital to have robust technological infrastructures within the education system. But in some school the opportunity for students to use ICT information 198

access is limited. In some cases, schools do not even have a school library but in where the library is available, the facilities are outdated and in not good condition. There is need to build new libraries which are purposed build to provide adequate reading, ICT and discussion spaces required for students. Lastly is lack of awareness. Libraries are not marketed and therefore users are not aware of their significance in education. Due to lack of marketing, school principals and headmasters do not appreciate the essential role of school libraries in the teaching or learning process. CONCLUSION Conclusion, the role and impression of libraries keep on changing in the 21st century. In this manner important to assess the adequacy of library and information systems in the evolving situation. The changing situation calls for skills and abilities past the everyday operational skills. Therefore the schools of library play an important role in creating human resources thereby providing appropriate education and training This is clear from the study attempted by the researcher that library training needs to go far and there is a need to patch up and improve the expert abilities of the teachers and lecturers, students, researchers and staff to confront the new difficulties. Despite the fact that there are numerous library offices become over the time frame however barely the consideration has been paid towards infrastructure and labour advancement. Libraries need to adapt to changing times. Libraries are trusted institutions that represent a place to go for information, but content, services, adaption, accommodation and sustainability all go hand in hand to make a library the place to go, not just a place to go for information. Simply stated by Bossio & Sotomayour, Peru, (2008) “If libraries have updated content, students go frequently, especially if there are not other information sources in their community (such as cybercafés). If libraries have a collection completely outdated, they are empty; this situation is unfortunately very common.” It is clear from the writing that information technology has influenced the skills and responsibilities of the librarians as well. Technology has changed the essence of information as well as the information seeking conduct of the users. Technology requests elevated level of technical skill of abilities from library experts so as to make most extreme utilization of new 199