IML656 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARIES NOWADAYS

and expertise are thriving in this era. Successful institutions and organizations around the world have embraced formal knowledge management initiatives as a way to create value from their intangible assets. Creation of new knowledge through R&D, accumulation of existing knowledge through constant search and strategic use of this knowledge determine the creation of wealth. ISSUES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS Based on International Journal of Information Science and Management, the common problems of library and information science education in Asian developing countries such as Lack of independence, Lack of accreditation system, Multiplicity of departments, Inflexibility in education systems, Mere emphasis on Education, Lack of continued Education, Inadequate number of faculty members, Lack of collaboration among faculty members and not taking advantages of advanced technologies. The first common problems that facing by Asian developing countries is Lack of Independence. According to (Tang, 1999), by independence here mean financial independence and the permission to develop or modify curriculum. An independence university is better able to compete and keep up with the technical and scientific developments. State-run universities in Iran rely on the annual budget they receive from the government. They also have to go through a complicated bureaucratic procedure in order to change a curriculum or develop a new program. This has made the content of many programs out-dated. Under such conditions, it is not easily possible to establish new departments, laboratories and research centres, create and execute new program. Asian developing countries also have problems with the lack of accreditation system. Accreditation is a mechanism for quality control. Monitoring activities an organization is necessary if it is improve. Accreditation has several benefits. A qualified department is more likely to absorb students. It also helps applications choose the department at which they want to study. The organizations that are normally in charge of accreditation are scientific or professional societies and associations. National LIS associations have not yet been established or empowered in Asia, and therefore accreditation of departments rarely happens in Asian developing countries (Al-Ansari, Rehman & Yousef, 2001; Amin, 2003; Dutta & Das, 2001; Jakaria Rahman, Khatun & Mezbah-ul-Islam, 2008; Jeevan, 1999; Miwa, 2006; Mortezaie & Naghshineh, 2002; Premsmit, 1999; Rehman, 2008; Sarkhel, 2006; Satija, 1999; Siddiqui, 50

1996; Singh, 2003). The lack of quality control results primarily in an imbalance and dissatisfaction among graduates and in the job market. Consequently, graduates lose several job positions because they simply are not qualified for those jobs. From the accreditation viewpoint, there are many causes for the association’s weaknesses ranging from ethnical trends and issues to powerful personal relationship, lack of legal regulations, lack of awareness about the role of the associations and the importance of their functions. Next, Multiplicity of departments in the absence of an accreditation system LIS departments experience a mushroom growth (Rehman, 2008). This is one of the characteristics of LIS education in India and Iran (Mortezaie and Naghshineh, 2002). Bangladesh suffers from the same problem. If we compare the population living in Canada, USA and UK to the population living in some of the developing countries like Iran and India, we would be able to understand an imbalance between the growth rate of the population and the growth of rate of the LIS department in developed and developing countries. Besides that, inflexibility in educational system is one of common problems that facing by Asian developing countries. Flexibility in this case means that possibility of registering on part-time basis and then switching to the full-time mode or vice versa. Such a trend is seen among practitioners. Another meaning of the flexibility is being able to switch from a Master or an MPhil to the PHD course. Graduate students can usually enter directly to the PHD based on their supervisor recommendation. Flexibility also mean being able to register in an academic program without having its prior degree. In some cases, work experience substitutes the formal education. Interviewing with applicants and checking their qualifications substitutes to the degree. Switching is one of the attributes of LIS education in developed countries (Mortezaie and Naghshineh, 2002). Such a possibility is rarely provided by LIS department in Asia. The higher education system as a whole is not flexible and the same inflexibility is dictated to the subordinate departments. Mere Emphasis on Education, In Master, MPhil and Ph.D. courses doing an original research is the main requirement for awarding the certificate (Amin, 2003; Mortezaie & Naghshineh, 2002). In leading universities research is more important than teaching. For this reason, their courses are normally more effective than the courses executed in Asia. Inversely, teaching is the priority and there is little free time for research in Asia (Al-Ansari, Rehman & Yousef, 2001; Jakaria Rahman, Khatun & Mezbah-ul-Islam, 2008; Satija, 1999). Asian LIS departments admit a large number of students and faculty members have to allocate most of 51

their time to teaching activities. Furthermore, unfamiliarity with research methods is another major problem (Haidar, 1998; Satija, 1999; Xiao et al., 2008). An outcome is graduates who are not able to conduct proper research. Furthermore, the lack of continued education in Asian developing countries also the issues that needs to be faced by today. Changes and developments come very quickly to LIS. Thus, universities offer regular and diverse continued programs in order to refresh and update the knowledge of graduates. These are presented in the form of distance learning courses, summer courses and evening or weekend programs at different levels (Mahmood & Ajmal Khan, 2007; Premsmit, 1999). The above-mentioned scenario could easily be seen in European and American universities. LIS departments in these universities currently offer some educational contents through new media such as the Web to those who are far from the place the department has been located. On the other hand, Asian LIS departments face a wide range of shortcomings including lack of qualified persons to execute courses, inability to create content, lack of appropriate medium, lack of practical knowledge, lack of applicants, etc. These are reasons of criticizing LIS distance education in Asia (Al-Ansari, Rehman & Yousef, 2001; Bhatti & Arif, 2006; Haidar, 1998; Jakaria Rahman, Khatun & Mezbah-ul-Islam, 2008; Jeevan, 1999; Kanjilal, 1998). Adequate staff is one of the attributes of accredited LIS departments. There is usually more than one qualified person for teaching a given course and directing a given research project. Visiting and adjunct tutors are also invited form other departments and universities. Inviting faculty members from other countries is also accepted in graduate level. This diversity helps the departments optimize courses and provide students with a better experience. In contrast, there is a scarcity of qualified faculty members in Asian developing countries. Departments could be found that still use academic librarians as lecturers on a full-time or part- time basis (Butdisuwan & Gorman, 2002; Dayyani, 2006; Dutta & Das, 2001; Haidar, 1998; Jakaria Rahman, Khatun & Mezbah-ul-Islam, 2008; Johnson, 2008; Mahmood, 2003; Mortezaie & Naghshineh, 2002; Rehman, 2008; Sarkhel, 2006; Satija, 1999; Siddiqui, 1996; Singh, 2003; SulistyoBasuki, 1999; Tran & Gorman, 1999; Wijetunge & Wilson, 1998). Financial and legal . LIS education is widely capable of accepting new information and communication technologies (ICTs). To meet the complex information needs of end-users, a new group of 52

information professionals should be educated and to be educate new information professionals, new technologies should be manipulated in the process of education. This cycle is being flowed well in LIS departments of the develop countries and is a parameter of effective learning. There should be two prerequisites for taking advantage of advanced technologies. The first is familiarity of faculty members with new developments in technologies areas. It necessitates the willingness among faculties and continued education provided to them. The second factor is equipping the departmental laboratories with the latest information and communication technologies. The situation in different Asian developing countries is not the same. Unfamiliar faculty members and unequipped (Haidar & Mahmood, 2007; Jakaria Rahman, Khatun & Mezbahul-Islam, 2008; Mahmood, 1997) block benefiting from ICTs in education. Thus, a traditional mode of education remains as the only form of executing the program (Amin, 2003; Tang, 1999). According to (Mortezaie & Naghshineh, 2002; Satija, 1999; Tran & Gorman, 1999; Wijetunge & Wilson, 1998), LIS as an interdisciplinary field needs to establish strong links with interconnected fields such as mathematics, computation, communications, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, etc. In America and Europe, powerful relationships could be seen among faculty members of all disciplines. Collaboration among researchers in different universities and departments has been showed (Noruzi, 2008). Developing countries, in contrast, have another situation. There is not any scientific exchange and collaboration among faculty members in a given LIS department, among LIS departments and between LIS departments and other departments. CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWDAYS Based on Library Philosophy and Practice 2012, according to Ali & Bakshi explored that LIS profession is facing many challenges such as lack of finance, inadequate infrastructure, lack of knowledge and training, lack of high-quality teaching staff, lack of permanent faculty for distant programs, lack of admission policy and evaluation, absence of accreditation boy and supporting policy at national level, lack of global perspective and lack of library visits. It was suggested that admission test should be conducted before admission is LIS and practical hours should be increased. Besides that, attendance should be made compulsory and syllabus should be updated and availability of high staff should be ensured. 53

Academic libraries also facing various challenges in today’s environment of higher education and the challenges include an explosion of information resources, conversion from print into academic formats, services to diverse patrons and innovative technology. Open access resources, selection form wide range and variety offer access to library users are difficult to manage for libraries. Open access issues need expertise in organizing and searching contents, leadership needs to boost knowledge and skills and at the same time finding relevant resources can be challenged for both library and patrons. Library leadership needs up-to-date policy and procedure regarding maintenance and provide open access resources. Growing challenges of competition from other information providers just name few Amazon and Google are reason for decline the use of library resources, this trend has increased challenges for academic libraries. Simultaneously, diminishing spending limit of libraries is a major test for the authority and this is a proceeding with issue for libraries. Further, a significant choice inside restricted spending plan is additionally testing for academic libraries authority to accomplish the crucial objectives of the association. In addition, there are several other challenges for academic libraries and not only libraries but also leadership which is include innovative technology, storage and retrieval of information, developed healthy collection, limited budget, delivery of information and repository in digital formats. Keeping up with changing technical requirements. This is because technology and internet have a huge impact on the library and the way it delivers services. The rapid digitization of information as impacted operations and systems in libraries within a very short span of time, resulting in gaps in the skills needed to operate a digital library. Besides that, managing continuous transition from print to a digital-based collection. The transition of print to digital has been one of the longest standing conversations in the library. On the top of managing this transition, librarians are also participating in the dialogue around transforming the physical space in the library to foster better collaboration and accommodate other activities. Predicting all the challenges that might affect public libraries in 2050 is impossible but there are four major challenges that will clearly shape future library services which is continued technological advances, increased competition, demographic transformations and financial constraints (Levien, 2011) A lot of challenges are facing the successful implementation of e-learning in library which is e-learning’s time requirements challenge instructors and learners in the course of 54

developing and maintaining e-learning courses, much time is required. This is because often times, instructors may need to spend substantial time and effort reengineering the course to adapt it for online delivery. Next is a technical issue. When adapting e-learning courses, there are several technical issues facing instructor’s activities. The lack of course prototypes and software standards raise the need for a common course development platform. Staff lack of technical expertise is also a challenge to e-learning. Technology can hinder instructor’s ability to monitor student activities. Designing e-learning courses, instructors must consider student’s technical limitation also bandwidth and computer hardware. Limited bandwidth can causes downloading to be very slow and that can have a negative effect on the learning process of the learner (Takalani, 2008) Limitation/lack of resources also challenges in e-learning on libraries. Institution may have the vision and goal to execute an e-learning program, but lack of finances will pose threat to the actualization of that big dream (Zake, 2009). One the barriers to e-learning in South Africa higher education institutions is the lack of resources to partner the commitment and the specific challenge facing e-learning besides money and money (Czernierwicz et a., 2006). To save the costs, one can just put the content on a CD and give it to the learners because learners will still get the same information. According to Ezeani (2009) writing on “University libraries and distance education in Nigeria” wrote that lack of funds to fully acquire most of the resources needed to run an effective distance education program is the reality in many libraries in Nigeria. Based on article Challenges Faced by School Library Developing Countries, regarding to (Agyekum & Filson, 2012), poor staffing practices. Almost all the studies reviewed lamented that there is poor staffing. It is either there is no qualified librarian or there is only one qualified librarian. Lack of professional staff in the library leads to further challenges such as irrelevant library collection, uncatalogued and poorly organised books. Malanga (2017) aver that poor staffing leads to lack of information literacy among students. Unprofessional staff also results in inadequate marketing of library services and raising awareness on its role. Poor ICT infrastructure, in today era it is vital to have robust technological infrastructures within the education system. Unfortunately, the situation is most school library in developing countries is disheartening. As a result, opportunity for students to use ICT for information access is limited. Lack of ICTs in school libraries results in continuous provision of outdated information resources. 55

Lack of adequate funding and library policy. Poor funding lead to inadequate resources and poor staffing. The issue of school library budget and funding need to be addressed within the school library policy and the National school library policy within the Ministry of Education. Regarding to Mojapelo (2018) affirm that lack of funding is a major stumbling block in school library development. Meanwhile, lack of library policy is supposed to offer guidelines for actions and decisions to be taken within the library. Thus, without written guidelines it would be difficult to have effective school library programs. Next is a poor library facility. For your information, in some cases school do not even have a school library. But in cases where the library is available, the facilities are outdated and not in good condition. Because of that, need to build libraries which are purpose build in order to provide adequate reading, ICT and discussion space required by students. In addition, lack of awareness also challenges in libraries. Libraries are not marketed and therefore users are not aware of their significance in education. Due to lack of marketing, school principals and headmasters do not appreciate the essential role of school libraries in the teaching or learning process. In china, financial problem also challenges in their library. It is no surprise that in the face of an escalating number of published books and journals in print on the one and an electronic resource on the other, a balanced budget is the main issue and challenge for Chinese studies librarians. The cost of the dual print and electronic journal and the dual print and E- book could conceivably campuses in a USA, state or private; anticipate challenging financial declines at both the state and federal levels have also prompted library administrators to re- evaluate and realign resources and to strategically invest in teaching and research materials where the needs are greatest. In this point, Chinese studies librarians are looking forward to working closely with books vendors and information’s providers in China to provide the best practice in supporting China studies faculty and students and to minimize the impact of shrinking dollars. More importantly, Chinese studies librarians are looking forward to collaborating with Chinese libraries to establish programs such as the University of Pittsburgh Gateway Service Centre (2001). Regarding to (Ravi and Kumar, 2004), in library digital age also brought with it the challenges of information privacy information security, copyright, censorship and data preservation. It is important to note that the concerns for information privacy, information 56

security and copyright. Through digitization would enable the speedy flow of information to various users at various geographic locations, but there is a growing concern for ever increasing digital. Besides that, the access to digital documents is dependent on the presence of infrastructure and financial affluence. With the challenges ahead, the library professionals must focus to enhance the visibility of their services among the community. Till lately, the nation of being visible did not grab their attention. They would rely on the hereditary sacredness attached to libraries for getting respect and funds. At the same time, competitive age requires to show some tangible and intangible value against the input they get in terms of money and other resources. Being visible has become more important in the age of end-user’s direct access to the locally and remotely held digital resources. Furthermore, the professionals need to be innovative in order to meet the challenge of creating the visibility of library services and themselves In Pakistan, the immature culture political of the country badly affects the growth of public service institutions. This is because political interest makes libraries suffer as the funding priorities and support for them might change with the political change at the higher level. Libraries face the challenge of growth due to lack of consistency in aims and policies of various government, higher authorities and bureaucracy. It may result in the discontinuation of any development plans including ICT adoption. That significantly affects the working environment of libraries from recruitment of professionals to the delivery of services. Challenges ahead can be met only through the sustainability in policies, constant support of authorities and supremacy of merit at every level instead of vested interest. CONCLUSION In conclusion, library today’s and information professionals a confronted with broad range of challenges and issues to improve the effectiveness of their libraries which is technical issues, financial problem, poor staffing and etc. Also, to respond better to the information needs of their communities and to provide leadership in the libraries environment. Besides that, innovative, original and scientific research in library and information science not only increase the quality of services also solves the practical problems of library. The emerging areas of research in an electronic and digital environment have posed serious challenges to library and information profession paving a way to entirely transform and meet the challenges and issues of library. 57

REFERENCES Aslam, M. (2019). Leadership in challenging times of academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/gkmc-03- 2019-0038 Cooke, I., & Wallace, M. (2014). African Studies in the Digital Age: Challenges for Research and National Libraries. African Studies in the Digital Age. doi:10.1163/9789004279148_003 Johnson, C. A. (2007). Library and information science education in developing countries. International Information & Library Review, 39(2), 64–71. doi: 10.1080/10572317.2007.10762734 Kaur, T. (2015). Challenges and Concerns for Library and Information Science (LIS) Education in India and South Asia. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science Online, 56(S1), 6–16. doi: 10.12783/issn.2328-2967/56/s1/3 Nneka Eke, H. (2010). The perspective of e‐ learning and libraries in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Library Review, 59(4), 274-290. doi:10.1108/00242531011038587 Satija, M. (1999). Chemical Librarianship: Challenges and Opportunities993Arleen N. Somerville.Chemical Librarianship: Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Haworth Press 1997. 240 pp, ISBN: 0789003880 also published as Science and Technology Libraries, Vol. 16 No. 3/4, 1997 US$49.95 (hardback). Asian Libraries, 8(5), 175-176. doi:10.1108/al.1999.8.5.175.3 Sinclair-Jones, C. (2018). DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP IN PAKISTAN – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES. INTED2018 Proceedings. doi:10.21125/inted.2018.1516 58

LIBRARY TODAY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES By: Hazatul Fitriah & Farehan ABSTRACT The word of Library no longer foreign in the world but today the library organization occurs some issues and challenges in order to stay relevant to keep up with the world today. The world today evolving with the digital and technology, the issues and challenges that need to confront by the library and librarian related to it. This article discusses in wide range of issues and challenges that frequently occurs in the library organization. It also explains, how can the library remain relevant in the challenging era. INTRODUCTION The libraries exist in all over the world. comes with variety of stocks and format for their materials collection. The organizations and people set up the library for different missions. The people offered to go through the materials that have been kept for centuries which make them knowledgeable about the world in which they live. From traditional libraries to digital libraries that can be seen and use for all the online users. It can be accessed anywhere and anytime. But the traditional libraries still exist and moving along with the digital libraries. Libraries are an imperative fraction of the community part. But it does not mean that all the community want to be a part of the libraries. Some people don’t even go near to the library nowadays. The roles of the library not only to have books that contain information and provide services for users but the library also need to plan to facing the difficulties of issues and challenges that occurs. KEYWORDS: Issues and challenges, digitization, libraries, digital libraries, trends. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARIES 1. Copyright and Licensing Issues Entering this new era, all information become open access in just using our finger only. Everything that been doing have their own copyright and licenses to publish something that own by themselves. All of the digital content including copyright materials can be access and 59

retrieve immediately and spontaneously in anywhere and anytime. It is possible because the advances technology makes it to be quickly and easily copied by users in any form without copyright owner’s knowledge. It also can be use by multiple users, without the use of intermediaries and transmitted. Copyright issues have been in the forefront all times even when digital libraries stated to emerge. According to Abdullah (2008), the academic and research community members care about copyright because it affects every aspect of their academic life. The previous study presented that the copyright has been the excessive barriers for the libraries mission to publish the digitization information in the context of ‘digital libraries’ (Shamos, 2005). Librarian also facing the issues as the publisher suddenly put a restriction for their open access licensing for the digital information. The restriction to the digitize works may generate the hurdle and deficiency for the affairs management in the libraries. This may be caused by unawareness, vague statutes, limited rights and imbalance law that may deprive libraries from having a balance level of standing when negotiating with publishers. In fact, that the libraries didn’t hold any copyright and licenses for information themselves, they can simply just to digitize the works because it can cause harmful to the organization and the owner can sue and put the restriction of their copyright to the libraries. In the libraries, librarian has the right to digitize and publish the works of the digitization information. As long as the libraries have the copyright agreement and licenses, they can digitize the works but they need to ask the permission from the copyright owner to publish it as an open access for all. Without permission, the library and librarian can be sued as they violated the terms and regulations in the agreement. In the previous study showed that there were three copyright can be misuse by giving them to other people that didn’t have connection with the library, systematic downloaded and going beyond the purpose and character of academic use. This happened to the students that they downloaded some amount of the journals from their library and then they give to other student from other university. The second was when the librarian noticed that the student like to downloaded the journal systematically for every article in recent issues of specific e-journals while ignoring the warning signs shown on the website of e-journals or libraries. Then the last case was the students who give the digital library resources for the student who studied and working at the same time. 60

In other case, the librarians also have to sensitize the user following the license term and conditions to make them literate and aware so that there is no violation of copyright in general and also specifically about the agreement honoured. It is difficult task for librarians as this matter concern the organization. As for students that always search for references to fulfil the task given always need to be remember about the copyright issues. It is because In Malaysia, it is allowed if there is any copyright works from other author or publisher been use without permission or compensation. But, the profit must not have derived there from and there is no such a charge for the admission and it is for the use of the public interest only. The copyright works use included the activities that government use in their program or something that may benefits to the public. Others such as conduct workshop, lectures, courses, forums, exhibitions, screenings and others. It only permitted for the use that will not harming the copyright owner and avoids from making profit from it (Ratnaria Wahid, 2017). But, it is not for other than public libraries. Malaysia seems to limit the beneficiary of library exceptions to only public libraries and unlikely that the library exceptions will apply to libraries owned by private colleges or universities in Malaysia which may be more well equipped in their own niche areas and resources. This copyright issues always be a problem for librarians and digital libraries to handle. It is always emerging librarians can be one of the key resources in this area for universities and colleges. Indeed, the awareness toward copyright law need to be raise up and promote among the users especially for the student such as the librarian must always do the training for new users, promotional activities and policy guidance. 2. Planning and Budgeting for Digitization work Digitization of information materials is the process of changing the printed information to a digital format. This is already become a developing digital library so that all the users can access the information anywhere and anytime they want. It also very convenient and easy access for users especially for the students. They don’t have to go to the library every time they need the information. The information technology has assisted in making information accessible to people even in their home. They can just open the portal serve by academic libraries and search the information. Academic libraries especially provide the open access of e-journal for their students to view and use the information wisely. But, to build the digitization format required a lot of cost when comes from it planning and budgeting. It is the most essential 61

and crucial to set up a planning committee that will draw and plan budget for the digitization exercise. There are many categories need to be considered when do the digitization project. All libraries facing the same problem when it comes to the digitization of information. The categories that very important is build a team for staff training. For staff training, it already cost a lot of budget as library need to send them to the training workshop for digitization of information. Or the library itself can call the trainer to teach them the skills and training. Lack of professional librarian’s system make difficult for library to spend the expenses. Staff training itself increased the organization expenses. But it is requirement for library to send their employees to training session about the system that they have to build for digital information. The staff need to be trained and educated about digitization and use of latest tools and technology to make sure that work environment can be optimized and its errors reduced. These make the staff have to do a lot of works and put them additional works aside from their original workloads. After that is about equipment, supply and maintenance. The physical management of electronic books requires a robust ICT hardware infrastructure (servers, network links), equipment with proven reliability to manage the technical obsolescence inherent of a digital environment (Brindley et al., 2004) and appropriate software such as operating systems, electronic repository application programmes and digital object identifier systems and web browsers (Green, 2009). The lack of fast, reliable network connections and reliable electrical energy supplies are issues of concern especially in developing countries (Suleman, as cited in Chowdury, 2013). There are so many materials that librarians need to collect in order to build digitization information. They collect the published information in many forms of materials such as books, CDROMs, journals, books, video tapes, discs and audio. Other than that, cost of the subscribe for copyright and license to open access for users. Especially for e-journal that need to updated to the latest work require for the library to cost the expenses for this format of digitization. But, not all the always used the information given by the library. The library needs to pay for it even though the materials that subscribed are not being used. The owner of the work may charge the library if there are any of their work being used without their permission. The library needs to responsible for the immoral etiquette they used. In conclusion, the library needs to have the contingency plans which they have to setting aside some of the project budget for unexpected expenses. It is to make sure that when it comes 62

to emergency, they have some easily accessible just in case for sudden events. Although the digital information can ease the users need, but the purpose of the digitization project, the source of fund and the amount available for the project should also be taken into consideration. The impressive outlining for digitization can bring together all types of libraries to improve to be better. But, for some reason, the library has to spend more expensive budget in order for the plan to be run and make it happen for the future generations. 3. Physical factors and infrastructure Nowadays, physical factors and infrastructure already become one of the issues in the library. Although there are already digital libraries, but the libraries still facing this issue because there is so many printed information in there. It is because some of the printed materials that had been digitized required charge for the license to view and read it. This especially for the academic libraries for the students who seek the information. But some of the library did not have the digital format for their collections. So, it takes a lot of spaces for the library to organize their collections. To build other spaces for the materials need more cost and the library had to spend more in their expenses. General enquiries, issues of equipment, registration, self-help stations, issues desks, general waiting lounge, security are all the activities that need to facilitate and expedite. The environmentally friendly should be include in the new facilities in term of all operations. They should be possible as environmentally stable and energy-efficient as possible. This is included the users that come from special needs groups. The library needs to considered for the new environment for clients with special needs. This group of clients also have the right to be treat fairly for them to use the facilities and services in the library. The task for librarian not only responsibility for the materials only but they also need to serve the users that need help. In the traditional library, the library also needs to renovate their building to make it look more interesting for users to go. It also needs to be more to its users than just a place to undertake necessary tasks that offers a desirable experience, a place that is inviting, comfortable, and refreshing. It should be supporting the users to enjoy of stopping, relaxing and thinking or reading for a while in a reflective space. The materials supposed to arrange in suitable for the users. For instances, the electrical and technology infrastructure should hold modern and future stations, equipment and furniture. Furthermore, the signage for the user also 63

need to be improve so that the users can be clear to read and notice the signage. The facilities in the library need to be user friendly for users to use it comfortably. Not only for traditional libraries but in the academic libraries also need the changes as the technology emerge in the education purposes to ease the students, academics researchers, lecturers and other users. The evolution of the information access and advanced technology that growing rapidly day by day opened the increasing expectations from the students and lecturers. As todays education and learning environment had been transform and diverse into new modes, it influenced the styles and approach students and academics discover the information they need. The meaning of the changes in academic library is about to transform all the information in variety format into the digital information. For academic’s libraries in this era, the huge and big capacity and size for library’s materials collection is no longer relevance as the information nowadays can be access anywhere and anytime. This might be easy for users but this is one of the challenges that library needs to face to rearrange the space in the physical library. Thus, this is challenging that library need to face and confront to organize suitable and comfortable place for users to come into the library. It is important for the library to know and understanding of the role physical environment on users’ preferences to make a better environment library for users. Although this is a challenge for the libraries but it is an opportunity for library to attract the people to come to the library and use the services provided. To create the advance and better design for library, there are variety of aspects in term of physical environment that need to consider when making the plan. The physical setting is one of the most outstanding and prevalent of the plan in the library (Suhaila Sufar, AnuarTalib & Haris Hambali, 2012). The library needs to play their roles in designing the physical environment that suitable for users need. 4. The avoidance in reading. The reading habit attitude of the people also could give impact to the library. As the library supposedly become a place where people practice and improve their knowledge by reading. With the decline in reading make the people avoid to read as well as to use the material in the library. Generation nowadays tend to do others activities rather than reading. They avoid reading when in free time, and place the reading activities with others. As for examples, before 64

this people usually read in order to fill their free time and enjoy reading materials, but today people change the activity which something that more fun and involving with the technology. According to the Tan Sri Muhyiddin in the (The Star Online, 2009) state the reading habits in Malaysia still not enough. The Malaysian, tend not to read the materials that enrich in knowledge but prefer something light such as magazines and newspapers compare to the intellectual books. This is show that even some Malaysian still do reading but the quality of the reading materials is at less. In the study by (Annamalai & Muniandy, 2013), they study about the reading habits among the Malaysian Polytechnic reading habits and the results from the study indicate that the polytechnic student do not enjoy reading as compare to the other activity. The students tend to do others activities that involve with technology make them found the reading activity is something that are not enjoyable. The issues of decline in reading doesn’t only happen in Malaysia but also others country such as in the United Stated of America (USA). The article by (Smith, 2019) that include the study from the NEA (National Endowment for the Arts, 2017) where reported that the percentage of adult who read book in 2017 are reduced for 1.9 percent in the 52.7 percent of the population. This one of the mark that show how people avoid in reading activity. The book is one of the materials that have in the library, with the decline of the reading habit could give impact to the library as well. Due to the lack of people that want to read, make the presence of library not relevance to them. Various activities related to the reading be conducted in the library but still with the rejection from the people, could give huge impact to the function of the library as well. Even many others function of the library, but usually the people get to the library for reach the materials by read the book. Whenever the people decline to read make the library in the risk because the lack of users. The avoidance in reading should also be considered by the library management as the issues and challenges need to be faced. 5. The relevancy of the library in the digital era. The library status being questioned a lot lately, especially with the presence of the technology. People keep insist to know whether the library is still needed in the digital era. The library has been created way before the technology and people know how important the library function for the community. Since, the presence of technology like Internet make the information seeking easier. Some group of people found that the library not important as before. Most of the people today connected to the internet and have access to the network. They 65

still can search and retrieve the information even not in the library compound. The changes of social landscape make the library seem not relevant to them. According to the (Wyatt & Leorke, 2018),the library shouldn’t be in the traditional form in order for them to stay relevant in the digital era. The library needs to shift to another level so that it could match the user preferences. The library must be an organization that could be meaningful to the citizen rather than collect the physical materials. This make that some of the libraries digitized their collections for reach wide range of users. The installation of the computer also could help some of the population who did not own the access of internet at home. The adding up of free Wi-Fi make it more relevant to the user for use the library spaces. The library need create their own value in the citizen, so that the community know that the library an important organization that should be in the city or area. The library programs should inclusive more local citizen. While in the context of Malaysia, some of the library evolve for attract the people to use the library. To make the libraries stay relevant the paradigm shift need to take, even with the low budget some changes need to be done. In the article that wrote by (Zulita Mustafa, 2019) the role of the library in this digital era have been view in different perspective, the users more keen to use the material in online form because they tend to get the information easily and did not required to hassle for looking the material elsewhere. The library space that use by the users mostly due to high-speed of internet and the atmosphere of the library itself. The users in this era no longer hope to use the physical materials in the library, most of them use the library space because the convenient of the area and the facilities that offers by the library. The library also need to improve their services and facilities for face the challenges in the future. The services and facilities must fixed with the society need, mostly the client of library being immerse with the technology. That’s why the library need to take initiative in order to keep the relevancy. According to (Nursuraya Zulkifli, 2018) in the Bernama News that cite from Dr. Rashidah Bolhassan, the library must provide the best services and facilities to the citizen due to the change of landscape in searching information this make a huge challenge for the library to keep up to date to the new era. 66

6. Inadequate of marketing or promotion. The lack of promotion in the library make the people not aware about the service and facilities in the library. People not recognize how the library can help them in the access of information. This is due to the marketing or promotion from the library that not in widely spread. The library service and facilities are wide in range it should fix the need of the users, it must be conveying to the users how they can use all the services and the facilities. The study that conduct by (Ekwueme & Ilo, 2019) in the Nigeria, shows that the librarian need to encounter the challenges in marketing the library. The various kind of facilities and services in the library need to be widely known by others so that it can be use. Some of the challenges that being highlighted in the study includes lack of fund from the top management, the internet connection coverage is slow, the funding management was poor, the negative reaction of the users to the library and the services itself, also the poor marketing plan. According to (Roziya Abu, 2014) the marketing in the public library services is all about receiving the opinion and ideas from the publics also express the awareness of the advantages in using library services and facilities. The public library usually did program for attract the public to come to the library and use all the services and facilities that provide for them. In the library it is definitely important to have one department that focusing in library public relations. They will focus to conduct the marketing and promoting the library to the users and potential users. The marketing plans is something important need to be prepared beforehand. There are a lot of platform that allow for free marketing especially social media like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Since, today most of the people engage with the social media more rather than refer to the official websites of the organizations. The librarian could take an initiative for using these platforms in promoting the library. The literature that write by (Choi & Joo, 2018) explain some of challenges that occurs for apply the social media marketing in the library landscape. The challenges that happens such that there are lack of human resources need to handle the library social media account since the social media need an effort to control. Besides, not all librarian has skills and expertise to handle the social media in order to attract the public to access to the library social media account. Other than that, the library is an organization that being control by other body. In order, to work on something it need to get approval from the upper management. It is also hard to get attention from the users, the engagement between the user and social media hardly to gain. 67

7. Cut in library budget. The budget cutting in the library also one of the challenges that need to face by the librarian these day. The tighten in budget become an issues for the library to expand and improve their service and facilities for attracting the users. The cut of budget in the library make the librarian hard to do purchasing of materials in the library while to keep the maintenance of the library as well. Usually, the budget of the library come from the upper management or the government depends on what kind of library. The librarian need to cope with the budget that have been assign to them, if the budget is tight then the librarian need to spent according to it. In the article that wrote by (Siti Fatimah Mohamed Anwar, 2019) the library fund also could affect the book industry in Malaysia. If the budget of library being cut the library couldn’t have the power to buy the book this could bring bad impact to the book industry. This make that the library collection will expand a little due to tight budget. Other than that, (Siti Haliza Yusop, 2017) stated the National Library of Malaysia experienced the budget cutting in the library that show in 2016 the National Library of Malaysia only did book purchasing around RM2 millions compared in 2015 they spent RM5 millions for purchasing. According to (Eichler, 2018), based on the CIPFA’s annual library survey the spent of government to the public library budget fall by £30 million within year 2017 to 2018, the effect of the budget cutting make the full time employees need to stop from working, The lack of funds also make the visitor drop, since there are less program that being held by the library. (Pound, 2019) also state in the article that the lack of fund in the library could make the library to disclose, The Twin Lakes Library System (TLLS) Director Stephen Houser said that the fund from the government drop more than $300,000 annually to $28, 575. The huge cut from the government become such issues in the library sector because it could affect to maintain the management of the library. CONCLUSION In this modern technology era, libraries face many issues and challenges in operating the library. These happened because the technology always be up to date and they are growing rapidly from day to day. The copyright and licensing issues contributed the work for library to confront as the libraries need the permission to open access the work of the author. Moreover, the library needs to keep up with the technology that involve all field. Library professionals 68

need to keep abreast of the latest development in the field involving the facilities and services in the library. Especially in this digital age that required librarians to make themselves more skills and pertinent in order to catch up with the technology that introduced for the library. In order to make it happen for new digitization era for staff, the library face the planning and budget issues to build it. Sometimes, it needs to team up with other associated professionals to develop new technologies that help libraries to improve to be a better place for users to come for information. Physical factors and infrastructure also become crucial part for libraries to maintain Many feel libraries do not have a role in social networking. In addition, many people nowadays are avoiding in reading to make it as a habit. Some only go for books for searching materials purpose only. Especially the students in the colleges and universities. Other issues are some may think whether the physical library still relevance or not. It is because the existence of digital libraries that contain all of information needed. Moreover, there is no promotion from the library to attract the people to go to the libraries. Lastly, the library budget also been cut as mentioned that make library lost power to buy books. But for all types of libraries in the world now are moving to this path as they use it as platform to communicate with the users 69

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Zhejiang University Science, Vol. 64A No. 11, pp. 1179-1187. Siti Fatimah Mohamed Anwar. (2019, October 3). Baucar buku, dana perpustakaan antara “talian hayat” industri. Berita Harian, pp. 1–7. Siti Haliza Yusop. (2017, February 15). Pengurangan dana buku bantut budaya ilmu, pp. 1–6. Smith, M. (2019). Top Ten Challenges Facing Public Libraries. Public Library Quarterly, 38(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2019.1608617 Sufar, S., Talib, A., & Hambali, H. (2012). Towards a better Design : Physical Interior Environments of Public Libraries in Peninsular Malaysia. 42(July 2010), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.174 The Star Online. (2009). Malaysians still not reading enough,says Muhyiddin. The Star Online, 2016, 2019. Retrieved from http//thestar.com.my Wahid, R. (2017). Libraries and technology : Canadian and Malaysian copyright exceptions. 38(8), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-02-2017-0022 Wu, H., Chou, C., & Wang, M. (2009). College students ’ misunderstandings about copyright laws for digital library resources. 28(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471011033576 Wyatt, D., & Leorke, D. (2018). Technology hasn’t killed public libraries - it’s inspired them to transform and stay relevant. The Conversation, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817738235 Zulita Mustafa. (2019). An ideal library is at the heart of everything. New Straits Times, 32– 33. 71

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Rahil Asyiqah & Fatine Naddia ABSTRACT A library is a place collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in which such a collection is kept. The libraries nowadays have a lot of the initiatives by them in terms of providing the things that makes the libraries well-known, popular, and successful along with the era of technology and information. But, there are issues and challenges that be faced by all this particular that related in the libraries have their own roles and responsible in overcome this matters. The issues and challenges nowadays are explained in details and the overcome this problems also are made clear in this study. Keywords: library, libraries, challenges, issues INTRODUCTION Library, traditionally, collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in which such a collection is kept. The word derives from the Latin liber, “book”, whereas a Latinized Greek word, bibliotheca, is the origin of the word of library. Libraries are a collections of books, manuscript, journals and others sources of recorded information. They commonly include reference works, such as encyclopaedias that provide factual information in other sources; creative works, including poetry, novels, short stories, music scores, and photographs. Libraries were involved early in exploiting information technologies. For a many years, libraries also have participated in a cooperative ventures with other libraries. Also they link with other organisations to perform some events. The emergence of digital content nowadays has disrupted industries and institutions that have enjoyed relatively stable practices, policies, and businesses for decades. So have libraries. Libraries around the world as we know facing many challenges that makes they have to overcome this problems. It is include the increasing number of sources, inadequate budgets and also changing user needs and expectations. Providing a good quality service has been a special target or goals for every library to fulfil. 72

Libraries nowadays are at a crucial juncture. Approaching the turn of the millennium, there are so many handwringing that we heard about libraries would become obsolete. We are also faced constant questions about how will libraries can remain relevant in the age of online information. Actually, libraries have successfully transformed themselves from being chiefly about materials to being community anchors for formal and informal learning, technology access, workforces development, and also for the community engagement. Other than that, the field of libraries also in a constant state of change. Libraries is an organizations that provide resources including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity and to ensure the persistence over time of collections of the particular organizations that is library. “Libraries are, at present, only superficially open to all. They provide mainly passive “access” to materials and resources and they have service priorities and resourcing strategies which work in favour of existing library users rather than excluded or disadvantaged communities or groups” (Muddiman, 2001, p. 4). However, to meet the expectation from community, and also to satisfy their needs, it look likes libraries faced many issues and challenges to kept library still relevant to community especially for the younger generations nowadays. ISSUES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS. 1. Issue towards on from third industrial revolution to the fourth industrial revolution. Referring to (Vaidya et al.., 2018), industrial 4.0 or also known as fourth industrial revolutions is a term used to define as a new level of organization and control over the entire value chain of products. It is aimed at the increasingly requirements of individual customers. This term is adopted from the previous study, stated that nowadays we are living in an era of technological revolution that has changing the way we learn, live, communication and work in our daily lives. In other words, information technology (IT) has changing the future library with the latest technologies in the library to perform all the aspects development in the library’s process to become successful. Industrial 4.0 revolutions are more focused on artificial intelligence that has changed in every aspects of development in the libraries to ensure that the libraries have opportunities to change their new trends of technologies and make things more easy and fast in their libraries’ 73

sakes. But, it also has their issues itself to make this revolution success in every process development for the future library’s sakes. For example, this revolution has transform from the industrial 3.0 revolutions which is this 3.0 revolutions involve automation and robotics opportunities. For example, this revolution provides bibliographical and digital format that can be able to solve their problems in the data storage issues. But, the industrial 4.0 involved the digital processes that all the data in the libraries are being stored in databases rather than bibliographical format in this age of revolution. The limitations of technologies have become a big problem in the age of industrial revolution 4.0 because we can imagine that this revolution will create unemployment in the librarianship job. This means that with the latest of technologies and artificial intelligent, the people with the help of the machine can able takes the job scopes in every departments because the needed of the technologies are better than hiring a job. For example, this revolution has replacing a few of jobs because people nowadays are falling behind from the technologies. The technologies that be implemented are also advancing so fast and people skills and organizations are not keeping up in this era of technologies. 2. Issue on the leadership to the future of libraries development. According to Schulte et al. (2018) stated that challenges in work environment today and higher education institutions force library leaders to redesign their responsibilities and roles of leadership, which are not appropriate to satisfy library patrons within and outside the campus. This statement study on the library leaders that facing the challenges and issues in the reshaping environment of the libraries. This means a library has played very importance roles to take an action in managing, determining and selecting the effective strategic development to their library value to become successful and well-known library. The revolution of innovation technologies that be implemented in the libraries nowadays makes the library patrons have higher expectations, demands and increasing satisfactions when they faced this technologies, services and facilities towards their needed. This factor makes the library leaders have to face this problem and solve it with the providing the advance of the implementing innovative technologies and facilities for the patron’s seeks. For example, the issues that be faced by the library leaders is when they have to decide and determine the good strategic in their management to make the patrons gets the opportunities 74

that they have provided such as the library leaders needs to implement the new and latest of the technologies along the era of 4.0 industrial revolution. Referring to O’ Corner (2014) describes that library leadership needs effective communication ability, collaboration, motivation and inspiration skills and diverse set of new skills along with out-dated skills because academic libraries have been experiencing a challenging period of development and extension, still the changes have not ended yet. This means that the library leaders have facing difficult problems when they have to take an action and be responsibilities in successful of the library itself to make the library achieve the library’s goals and mission. The library leaders need to boost their knowledge and effective skills to solve this issue. It is to make sure that the library leaders will have strong communication skills and develop good strategies for the development to the future of the library scenario itself. 3. Issue in the digital library management. According to E.A. Fox the digital library may be defined as the “New way of carrying out the functions of libraries encompassing new types of information resources, new approaches to classification and cataloguing, intensive use of electronic systems and networks and dramatic shifts in intellectual, organizational and electronic practices ”. This definition means that in this new era of digital age, a new initiatives by the libraries to improve their management along the growth of advancement of the technologies. With the availability and accessibility of the advancement of technologies nowadays, many issues and challenges that be faced by the librarians to maintain, develop and create the library management because the aim of the digital library management is to promote the delivery of information effectively and efficiently with low cost and provide long term learning opportunities to the users. The major of the problems that be faced by the digital library is the cost or financial that be implemented in the libraries to make sure itself be successful because this library needs of variety of the implements in advancement technologies, services and facilities. The digital library needs of the highest financial to support for managing and selecting the best of the technologies and facilities to ensure that the library will increased their target audience to come in the libraries. In the digital age librarian should be determine that the way to recover the constant costs incurred by the technologies used to run the digital library through increased funding or charging users. 75

Other than that, the important problems that be faced by the digital library is when the digital library needs a person who have technical knowledge for handling digital equipment’s as well as digital information. The library professional also have issue itself to constantly update their own knowledge and skills base as to work in today's rapidly changing digital environment. The new era of information technological will gives the huge impacts to the libraries and their library professionals to make the library well-known around the libraries in the world. So, it will have the challenges that be faced by the libraries itself when they have to hiring the persons that have the skills and ability to perform all the advance technologies. 4. Issue faced by librarians in implementing linked data (LD) technology. According to Eslami and Vaghefzadeh (2013), stated that the nature of data us becoming more complex, and effective management and sharing of large data sets are challenges for libraries. To make library data more accessible, organization and integration of these data are vital. This means that an implement linked data in every libraries nowadays is an opportunities and gives a benefits to the people because it provide easy and enhanced accessibility to the people’s sakes about this emerging technology. The most critical issue that be faced by the librarians is when they are lack of awareness of the implements linked data technologies in their libraries. It is the major barrier that make the libraries itself does not have the opportunity to implements this technology because the acknowledgement of how to implements linked data technology from the library’s staffs are not enough. For example, the librarians should make initiatives such as make training or seminars how to use on how implements the linked data in their libraries to the library’s staffs. The finding of LaPolla’s (2013) study is similar to the current study. It also highlighted the challenges to implementing Linked Data in libraries such as financial scarcity, lack of Semantic Web best practices and shortage of trained professionals. This study shows that financial and cost are the one of the critical problems and issue that be faced by the libraries itself because this technology makes the pricing become highest of cost because its pricing in maintenance to make sure that all the technologies can perform well as well as the digital library nowadays. 76

5. Issue on big data that be implementation in the library. In the process of data analytics, dealing with large data volume and growth is not a big problem. The main issues are associated with the types of data, the velocity of data and veracity of the data. Due to the different forms of the data, the choice and use of analytical tools are difficult. It is a time taking task to structure the data format in the implementation process of big data analytics in libraries, but sometimes the form of traditional unstructured data and online format are found in the random text such as voice data, videos and images. Organizing such type of open data format is difficult. From the perspective of the information industry, big data is a powerful driver of the next generation of information technology, based primarily on a third platform, focusing on data, cloud computing, internet the use of mobile and online social networking. The most complicated parts of big data analysis are context analysis, data organization and evaluation. Therefore, in business organizations, it is essential to define the potential of research economics and global industrial scale at the organizational level that is also related with the limitations of data protection and digital access models ( Jin et al., 2015). The challenges faced by libraries in big data analytics focus on the lack of support from parent organizations. Concerns in this regard include the lack of infrastructure to meet conservation needs, support for the provision of knowledge or literacy of data and the lack of conservation initiatives in libraries and information centers (Thomas and Urban, 2018). This means that challenges that be faced by the librarians about the lack of infrastructure to meet conservation needs, support for the provision of knowledge or literacy of data and the lack of conservation initiatives in libraries and information centres must be overcome this problems to make sure that the big data that be implements have their own benefits of security and less of the problems. CHALLENGES OF LIBRARY NOWADAYS. 1. Perceptions Matter The content are not so limited but the content used are mostly related to research. Therefore, students are the best matches for such venues. Changing the image of these venues from being part of a classical view of the library to ICT information access centres can help in two ways: one, building a new user base and second, relevant content that are used in these venues (Kuschu, 2008, p. 49). 77

-Turkey Public Libraries Every libraries goal is to help accessing information. Not just information itself but also the processes involved to find the needed information. But, in this new era of globalisations, the perceptions of users and governments shape the actual uses of the libraries itself especially in terms of their services. Libraries may be viewed as a place to study or store books, but this image should be removed from the perceptions of users and community. In order to provide a good quality of service to population libraries need to step beyond the scholarly usage and help everyone who needs to access the information, whether they know what is exactly they are looking for. To integrate technology into the changes is an essential part of the vision which is expanding the purpose of the library and how they suit the needs of their users. a building containing books serves a limited public purpose that if it serves only a select few, it has a little equipment, lacks of resources and content that are suitable for the local environment, whether it is too expensive for poorer segments of the population, and also it is not adapted to the everyday needs of the community aims to serve. When we look beyond the simple provision of information that being serve to the community needs, it is becomes more obvious that the purpose and the mission of libraries nowadays needs is totally to change from a narrowly-defined focus on term of circulations of book and also the printed materials collections. Nowadays, we can also see that libraries are no longer a place that simple for learning. It is because, more people becomes literate, both in the book sense and the digital sense. ICTs growth has significantly increased the demand for faster, easier ways to answer the information needs, and the producing of new means for people to utilize the technology to create an original and innovative content. Other than that, the way how users perceive a library and the usage has a large effect on if and how it was used. Library safety and trustworthiness can greatly affect who feels comfortable in a library. We can see that, gender, age, socioeconomic, religious, ethnic, and racial factors perception are influenced by cultural norms. Actual discriminations may be unrelated to the feelings of discrimination but sometimes it is included in the perception of library. Whether it is viewed or not, it can be assumed as an acceptable or even a cool place to go, and also whether is responds to user’s needs, such as providing the current information. 78

2. Users Matter User matters is a study that explained who is actually libraries need to serves. Libraries need to transcend the educational-system extension role. Therefore, they need to develop cultural activities that agree with the community’s (Alfaro & Camacho Jimenez, 2008, p. 63). Libraries around the world serve the needs of people whether both men and women, with disabilities, from various age of groups, urban and rural populations, the highly educated and the illiterate, people from impoverished areas, users unfamiliar and etc. This is a question that must be accurately answered if improving “public access” to information is a policy goals, particularly if underserved communities are to have an opportunity to gain access to information help to improve their lives (Camacho Jiminez & Gomez, 2009). Non-urban localities frequently possess fewer services than urban communities. This situation is interacted with the lack of prioritization and the resource, also it may be lack in infrastructure and lack of demand and appreciation for what the libraries organisations can provide. Regrettably, this often means that the less well-off communities are less served. Acknowledging user needs can be a priority element in helping the local communities utilize the information services. Lacking in training cut off staff capacity to serve the users in the best possible way. Moreover, in this technology era they need to increased training for both users and operators emerged as a domain factor in forbidding the use of ICT in libraries. According to the Library Association (2002), the skills and motivation of staff are crucial if quality services are to be provided to marginalised groups and communities. This must include consideration of how representative library staff are of the population make-up of their area. It must also include an acceptance that marginalised groups and communities are as entitled to a professional level service as more articulate and engaged sections of the community. Specific knowledge and skills may be required to meet the need of some groups who are socially excluded and each public library service will have to develop appropriate training strategies to meet those needs. 79

3. Resources Matter Government preference in the allocation of the resources makes a difference in the success of libraries as a public information venues in society. The level of political will and public support for the library system in Moldova is unsatisfactory and inadequate to its needs. This fact has had a very negative impact on public libraries. On the other hand, the inadequate political will for public libraries is dictated by the poor socio- economic situation in the country. Main government objectives are: to improve the social- economic situation, reduce poverty, etc. it seems that authorities don’t perceive that public libraries also can contribute to realization of these objectives by offering public access to information, which in turn offers concrete solutions for solving community problems (OPINIA, 2008, p. 53). –Moldova Public Libraries We can see that, without any support from the local and national government, there is no such building and sustaining strong libraries in any country. It is undeniable that governments changes can enhanced the change of libraries priority in terms of regulation and resource allocation. This situation will take libraries back to society requirements and government responses to those needs and demands. It is also not surprisingly when the services that being offered by libraries are not what users exactly need. When this things happened users will only ignored these offerings. Perhaps the highest resource-related priority that needs to be addressed in global public libraries is the production of local content in local languages (Camacho Jimenez et al., 2009; Gould et al, 2009). Some countries mentioned that libraries failed to prepare available content in local languages for all types of library materials. This is particularly also can be the biggest challenges to libraries because, in order to meet the satisfaction of their users they need to know which level of education that communities or society that they will served. Other than that, literacy also affects people’s access. This can be explained when without a specific accommodations for illiterate people, the content becomes inappropriate. 4. The Disappearing Middle Class Last but not least, another bothersome trend that is growing income distinction and the disappearance of the middle class. We might not readily seeing why this is can be the importance matter of concern to library work specifically. But, recalling for a moment of the 80

foundational history of the public libraries, which has always been an institution rooted squarely in the aspirations of the middle class. Andrew Carnegie, who coined the phrase “palaces for the people,” believed that the potential power of libraries was not from the rich society but it can comes in any groups especially from the striving middle classes who sought to pull themselves from humble means through self-education, cultural enrichment, and civic engagement. This is due to the fact that, libraries can do serves those in poverty, but as their needs is growing due to era globalisation the burdens that falls to libraries may overwhelm the library’s capacity to respond. The proportion of the population that is considered middle class has declined dramatically since 1970. Moreover, in 2015 report entitled “The American Middle Class Is Losing Ground,” Pew has demonstrated that middle-income Americans are no longer in the majority and that happened between 1970 and 2014. The aggregate income that is going up make households increased from 29-49 %. Adults living share in middle-income households is falling. This is troubling trend for an institution built on the aspirations of the middle class but it is also has their implications. There some example for related problem which is the unaffordability of many urban areas, which can make it harder to recruit and retain the qualified library workers for the wages that libraries can afford to pay. The problem of high cost of property and construction in urban areas can also help to make building, renovation, or also could maintaining the buildings prohibitively expensive for some cities. 5. The Decline in Reading A startling report from the National Endowment for the Arts titled Reading at Risk documented the sharp decline in literary reading between 1982 and 2002 in 2004. Then, NEA chairman poet Dana Gioia set out to tour the country talking about his concerns about this trend. Gioia writes the introductions of the reports, “More than reading is at stake. As this report unambiguously demonstrates, readers play a more active and involved role in their communities. The decline reading, therefore, parallesl a larger retreat from participation in civic and cultural life” (Bradshaw and Nicholas 2004, vii). The situation continuing in 15 years. There is none contrary changes but remain losing readers. This is due to the fact that, the smartphone is always in our pocket and many people tend to read on it, but it is really easy to break people immersion when they get to a social media’s 81

notification. From that, we can see that society nowadays lack of reading interest or declining the book reading interest because of the technology growth that bring various types of application that could distract societies interest to read book. This situation is kind of worrisome because, the kids nowadays also tend to play gadget more than reading or studying. That is why, libraries faced a big challenge to kept survive because they facing a generations that love entertainment more than knowledge. CONCLUSION Libraries are much more than a place to read books and journals. It also provided the advanced electronic resources, including the internet, digital library collections, artificial intelligence, technologies, facilities and services to a wide range of technology and instruction along the rapid change in our era of technologies and information. Nowadays, we see that the community are really enjoyed with the advance of technologies such as social media platforms because they see that all this things make them get all the latest of news and issues about the today’s world, but they does not see that the libraries is one of the platforms that can makes the community have a lot of information benefits rather than the media platforms. Most of the libraries are using the new and latest technologies, facilities, services and system for their library to improve their department to become more organized, efficiently and effectively but with the advancement of the new and latest technologies have become an issues and challenges to the libraries nowadays in the development because they have to up-to-date their libraries with all the advancement of the things to be well-known and successful in term of to achieve the goals and mission of the libraries itself. Second, issues and challenges that be faced by the all profession that be related in the libraries should have their own responsibility in terms of takes an action to make the libraries nowadays have become popular and well-known among the community. Not just the advancements of the technologies itself that be libraries to be responsible but also the mentality of the community about the library, read or book and all things about learning environment because this problems we have to overcome in gives an awareness about the lifelong learning that can makes all the community have the intellectual when having the learning development that be provided by the libraries itself. 82

Lastly, the issues and challenges that be most important is the financial from the all the organization that can helps the libraries itself to make the libraries become more expand in terms of their advancement of the technologies, latest and new facilities and services, marketing and promoting the awareness about the lifelong learning benefits to the community which are in area rural area especially. It means that if the libraries have all the enough funds, costs, and finance, the libraries must be takes an opportunity to provide all the incentive that be attract the community to makes them will be interests with all the libraries provided. 83

REFERENCES Ahmad, K., JianMing, Z., & Rafi, M. (2019). An analysis of academic librarians competenciesand skills for implementation of Big Data analytics in libraries: A correlational study. Data Technologies and Applications, 53(2), 201–216. Aslam, M. (2019). Leadership in challenging times of academic libraries. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). Eslami, S. and Vaghefzadeh, M.H. (2013), “Publishing Persian linked data of national library and archives of Iran”, paper presented at, Future Libraries: Infinite Possibilities in Session 222, UNIMARC Core Activity (UCA), IFLAWLIC ‘13, Singapore. Gould, E., & Gomez, R. (2010). New challenges for libraries in the information age: A comparative study of ict in public libraries in 25 countries. Information Development, 26(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666910367739 Hussain, A. (2019). Industrial revolution 4.0: implication to libraries and librarians. Library Hi Tech News, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). O’Conner, S. (2014), “Leadership for future libraries”, Library Management, Vol. 35 Nos 1/2, pp. 78-87. Schulte, J., Tiffen, B., Edwards, J., Abbott, S. and Luca, E. (2018), “Shaping the future of academic libraries: authentic learning for the next generation”, College and Research Libraries, Vol. 79 No. 5, p. 685. Smith, M. (2019). Top Ten Challenges Facing Public Libraries. Public Library Quarterly, 38(3), 241–247. Vaiya, S., Ambad, P. and Bhosle, S. (2018), “Industry 4.0 – a glimpse”, Procedia Manufacturing,Vol. 20, pp. 233-238. Warraich, N. F., & Rorissa, A. (2018). Adoption of linked data technologies among university librarians in Pakistan: Challenges and prospects. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 23(3), 1–13. 84

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Alya Mahiroh & Ayu Zarina ABSTRACT Nowadays, the emergence of technology has changed the way the librarians work, their duties and role. The introduction to the digital era in libraries also has created the need to computerize most of the operations. The question remains, what are the issues and challenges that are confronting the libraries nowadays? This paper addresses the challenges and issues in library and also highlights some recommendations to overcome the problems in the future. Keywords: technology, issues, challenges, libraries, digital, librarian. INTRODUCTION Libraries exist everywhere throughout the world and they come supplied with different kinds of books which range from encyclopedias to thriller novels. With time, the estimation of libraries keeps on lessening in the general public, and more individuals put off making a beeline for the library for a visit. Libraries are confronting an emergency which need managing to benefit the ages to come. According American Library Association (2019), definition library can know as from the word \"library\" seems to be used in so many different aspects now, from the brick and mortar public library to the digital library. In the Librarian’s Book of Lists (Chicago: ALA, 2010), George Eberhart offers this definition. A library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is (1) organized by information professionals or other experts who (2) provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or intellectual access and (3) offer targeted services and programs (4) with the mission of educating, informing, or entertaining a variety of audiences (5) and the goal of stimulating individual learning and advancing society as a whole. Issues and challenges in library nowadays have several issues that described the libraries nowadays. Any of the issues and challenges from types of library itself such as from public libraries, academic libraries and many more. Pip Christie (2017) stated in the research paper that the biggest challenge facing in libraries and information services today regarding how library job titles had changed over time, as well as what goes on behind that title in the librarian’s role. 85

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS 1. Technological advances Based on the research by Pip Christie (2017), it is stated that the place where one goes to check out books is causing issues for library and information professionals fighting to achieve their organizational goals. From this research as a user that followed the development of technologies, the old fashioned stereotype of the library must erased because nowadays user more interested with the internet or to be exactly is technologies more forward rather than the past years. The librarians itself must knowing how to become the libraries itself to make interesting to user towards using sophistication of technologies nowadays especially to youngsters and youths to attracted them to visit and come to the libraries. Other than that, the challenges and the issues also written by Shakeel Ahmad Khan and Rubina Bhatti (2012) regarding the topic A Review of Problem and Challenges of Library Professionals in Developing Countries Include Pakistan. In the research paper, the result that the researchers found are the emergence of new information and communication technology, internet, World Wide Web pose new challenges for library professionals, therefore, it requires librarian to become positively energetic, equipped with greater skills and capabilities to survive and thrive in this new digital environment. Through this statement, the librarian itself was feeling that technologies make it as important role towards the libraries itself. From system that libraries using until the material in the libraries must follow the technologies nowadays. Without technologies that librarians must introduce in their libraries, the libraries will not be as libraries nowadays but it is become more odd school rather than followed the technologies evolution. New technologies with ever good range of facilities never failed to emerge that will shape our society and the way we deal and manage information. Information is being used on a just-in-time basis and the internet serves as a ready reference source at any time and anywhere. As the ICT continues to emerge, the way libraries acquire, store and provide information has changed. Therefore, the way of searching for information become too complex and the roles and expectations from the librarians also become very important. Hence, library professional have to focus in developing themselves according to the emerging changes in library environment in ICT era. 86

2. Financial constraints The budget itself is the biggest issues that making the librarians feel it is a challenges to build or create the libraries to be interesting as an attractive medium to attract the readers or user to come the libraries. The government also must make sure the budget and appropriations must relevant in alignment with technologies evolution nowadays. Nowadays, many libraries are forced to operate with the use of volunteers to prevent the closure of libraries. Librarians require money to maintain the resources in their hands and to get more resources to serve the users. Operating a library is all about creating and managing budgets and the librarian needs to understand finance and be cosy when dealing with budgets. This is very important in order to provide those library services in the most cost-effective way. Otherwise, the article from libraries in Nigeria by Okon E. Ani, Emmanuel U. Atseye and Jacob E. Esin (2005) stated that several of the challenges that Nigeria libraries faced are inadequate funding or financial support of libraries, provision of relevant IT infrastructures in libraries, human resources or capacity building programme in ICT and others. First point regarding the study are according from respondents to the research paper respondents’ comments, “government should encourage this type of project by providing adequate financial support”, and there should be “sustained financial grants”, maybe from governments and other stakeholders (e.g. government agencies, international organizations, private sectors and individuals). The revolution in the digital era has boosts the library user’s demand for accessing the wide range of library services at 24/7. Librarians have to face many kinds of financial pressures and at the same time they have to provide a good level of services. A good financial planning can be start with appropriate budgeting techniques. This is an effort to create a strategy in order to monitor the income and expenditure as well as to achieve financial goals. A librarian must understand what it means to be cost effective and cost efficient before managing the library budget. 87

3. Legal and copyright A legal aspect is the one of several challenges that academic libraries had been faced through day by days without any barrier. A major challenge for digital libraries is complying with copyright, intellectual property rights and related issues like plagiarism. (C. Warwick … et al, 2008: Prabhat Pandey, Roli Misra, 2014) From that research, it is show that the legal issues is very strictly and it is under control by government especially and also other publishing house. This statement strongly stated by Prabhat Pandey, Roli Misra (2014) there is an increasing unease among members of the library community that copyright changes will adversely affect the ability of libraries to provide digital collections and services. This is explained that legal aspect is important not just digital library but to all libraries that must knowing the legal aspect either with national library or school library. It expressed that a key component for digital libraries is fitting acknowledgement and security of legal rights for examples copyright, exposure, protection, matter of indecency, criticism licensed innovation just as less legalistic yet genuine concerns related with the morals of sharing or giving access to overlap or ethnographic materials. According to Cardi,(2015), the role of the information professional is to provide access to information at the lowest cost. As a information professional and also as a user, we must respect authors’ copyrights. The work of libraries is based on the sort of copyright rules in place in their country. Therefore, the legal framework of copyrights limitations and exceptions needs to be keep in current so that libraries can provide users with both historical and new services. Moreover, the users are becoming increasingly aware of their right to obtain accurate information and have a right to sue because of actions taken on the advice of librarians or based upon library data that proves to be faulty. 4. Digitization of library materials For academic library in the context of digitization of library materials is also face the challenges in digitization of the materials. Besides, the academic library has to face constant changing of software and hardware. One of the greatest issues facing the longevity of digital collections is not only the storage media deterioration, but the problem of rapidly changing 88

storage devices. Unlike analogue information which places emphasis on the preservation of physical artifacts, it is the informational contents of the digitized material that is preserved. It will therefore take a conscious effort of archivists to make sure that the digital information is preserved since “continuously change software and hardware creates headache for staff working on digital longevity”. (H. Basser., 1999: Prabhat Pandey, Roli Misra, 2014). This makes more noteworthy weight on archival organizations since protection of digital archival accumulations focuses on the break component for putting away the digital information, moving to new shape and giving long term to get to or access. Digital preservation means to make sure the content or materials remain accurate over time. As time rapidly passing by, there is a continued large amount of information readily being brought forth; some accurate and some inaccurate. Digital materials have seen a weakness of leadership, funding, and planning to fully preserve the accurate data. Digitization of library materials cause a great deal of challenge to the major stakeholders, that is, the library management, employees and library users. Despite the things that digitization can solved, there are some good reasons librarians and archivist in developing countries may regret involve in such project. Therefore, not all collection is worth to be digitized because the idea of an entire library or archives being digitized is a long way process. The management of digital assets brings new challenges to the academic library community in the contexts of administering complex hardware and software, but mass digitization has not changed the fundamentals of library services. However, digitization is an important aspect for libraries in 21st century. The library community will need to aware and be alert to the changing information needs of scholars and students of the humanities. 5. Technophobia Technophobia is the one of the challenges that librarian must face in digitization of material. The fear of technology, that also better known as technophobia, is the fear or dislike of technology advancement or computer. This phobia is known to affect many people around the world including some of the librarians. In the context of library, they are a few of them refuse to use technological aids to assists the users just because having a severe fear of technology. Due to lack of skills in information technology, many traditional librarians and archivists are conservatives and have phobia for computers. Because of generation gaps 89

between the new and old professionals, computers are defined as a threat to their status as experts. Thus, they find it difficult to cope or measure up with the requirements of the electronic/digital age, and are at the same time 'too reluctant to jettison the old practices for new one'. (A.O. Ayoku, 2008: Prabhat Pandey, Roli Misra, 2014). Effective utilization of information dealing with advancements requires a capacity to conquer staff and individual protection from such development. Knowledge is the best way to solve this fear. They should know that their phobia is not something they should feel afraid and that it is neither a reflection of their intelligence level. More comprehensive self-understanding in the midst of technological evolution is all we need. Technophobia that occurs among library staff is due to lack of training, lack of appropriate computer knowledge, fear and anxiety, network problems and learning unwanted skills. This issue if not properly solve could bring about poor performance, low productivity, lack of commitment and job dissatisfaction. Hence, the library staff should work on their level of confidence and determination and should stop the habit of resisting change or new development especially in the area of technology. 6. Technical expertise Libraries are increasingly looking for and employing librarians with significant technology skill sets. The transformation in the library, most of which have been brought on by the digital age, are reflected in the need for a good technological type of librarianship. The role of LIS education and the unstoppable questions regarding its direction and ability to prepare future librarians for the modern information professions of now and the future. If the IT skills is stronger, then it will be easier to grow data librarian career. In order for the organization to be effective and succeed in delivering its intended outcomes, its workforce needs to be skilled and competent. Technical expertise also stated in research paper by Prabhat Pandey, Roli Misra (2014). Researchers stated that inadequate technical expertise is prevalent in many developing countries. There is shortage of personnel/human capital. Few librarians with computer science qualifications (computer engineers) work in archives and libraries, hence the consequent frequent break down of ICT facilities and disruption of services in digitized libraries and archives. From that statement, it is can conclude that in many creating nations, human resources 90

with proper attitudes, skill and frame of mind are not promptly accessible to start, actualize and support digitization affect. The lack of appropriate skills and fail to meet information needs of the community member is the issue and challenge to the library. If the library expect the staff to gain expertise needed to gain excellence, so the library must develop and implement an effective staff training program. The knowledge and skills required for LIS professionals is a blend of discipline- specific knowledge, generic skills and personal competences that effectively practise in a digital era. LIS education and training in the library needs to evolve in order to meet the challenges of the new knowledge and skills requirements of the digital age library which is a major employer of LIS graduates. 7. Barriers of E-books E-books in academic library also one of the challenges that the librarian must faces. The acquisitions process is the first new challenges from research paper by Sarah Thompson & Steve Sharp (2009), the lack of a single ‘E-books In Print’ cross publisher portal that allows libraries to search for available e-book content means that it can be extremely difficult to find out which titles are available as e-books, which platforms they are available on and what they cost. In the absence of such a service, libraries are making use of book suppliers’ and aggregators’ databases, but these are restricted to the publishers that are currently available through that supplier, so often searches have to be duplicated across a number of sites. With publishers, book suppliers, serial agents and other intermediaries all selling to libraries, the picture can get very confounding and the accessibility of some titles as e-books likely could be missed by some libraries. E- books sometimes can be more expensive and cut into the budget. This kind of material may gives problems for users in terms of viewing, printing, and downloading if not properly converted. The formats of the e-book may not be compatible with the user’s device to access to it and making it as a problem to use the e-book effectively. E-Book licenses are changing from time to time, and many are negotiated confidentially by certain libraries. Furthermore, it is not possible to provide an updated enumeration of the terms offered by each e-book supplier. Nonetheless, the literature that have been published allows us to identify the most prevalent license restrictions. Copying, pasting, and emailing as an alternative ways of downloading content are also being prohibited by many e-book licenses. 91

Colleges and universities libraries normally face a number of significant challenges when adopting e-books on a large scale. The directs ways of responding to license restrictions are to get the e-books from vendors that put fewest restrictions on use, to work with other libraries in order to negotiate the intended license provisions, and also to avoid acquiring e- books altogether if no vendor can supply them on acceptable terms. As a group in the libraries that wants to serve the users efficiently, the librarians can decide whether barriers to e-book use and sharing remain in place, but only if we use our own money in ways that are consistent with our expectations and requirements. 8. Increasing competition As more information constantly becomes available electronically and systems become more user-friendly with personalized functionality, driven by the sophisticated use of artificial intelligence (AI) and social media networks, many users will choose to skip libraries. Competition is already exist in many areas such as books, e-books, audio books, videos, and other forms of multimedia(Levien, 2011). Amazon now store over three million e-books that are available for instant download with the internet. Google Books(2014) also, is scanning and making searchable collections of several major research libraries. Therefore, users have access to over 12 million hard copy of books on Amazon that can be purchased faster and easily before being delivered to a specific address. Audio books are available from numerous suppliers, such as Audible.co.uk that offer 100,000 titles to choose from. Rhapsody and iTunes also act as the competitors for the library because they both provide downloadable access to a huge library of digital music. Library as a community gathering place need to focus on the community and pay attention to them on why they do not use the library. Hence, we can make use of that information to solve the problems by improving the services. Library and its staffs need to focus on what the users’ needs so that we can provide a good service to them. It is important to think on how libraries can compete with Google and also Amazon that able to attract users in such a short time. Primary mission of a library would be to provide free access to the information and must include access beyond the library’s walls. The library is not considered as a place of preservation and consultation anymore. This is because the access to information goes beyond books or printed materials. In order to keep the users, it is very important to expand the knowledge and innovative skills. Good skills in 92

managing the library are crucial to provide the better services to the users. Innovation of library services need to be done so that it can attract the users to come to the library. Systems also becoming ever more multi-functional but whatever might happen in the future, the libraries need to adapt to accommodate new function of system as well as new competitors. 9. Provision of relevant IT infrastructures in libraries Provision of relevant IT infrastructures in libraries can be a challenge to the library. Availability of relevant information infrastructures is crucial” to the globalization of library services in Nigeria. Nigeria is deficient in the acquisition of these technologies and lags behind the rest of the world in establishing a technological base to support the globalization of library services (Ani, 2003: Okon E. Ani, Emmanuel U. Atseye and Jacob E. Esin, 2005). Through this statement that another researcher concluded, it is showed that librarians from different universities and research institutes have communicated enthusiasm for computerizing their library errands and administrations. Be that as it may in spite of the fact that librarians partaking in these gatherings are approached to give writes about the ICT frameworks accessible in their libraries most of these report show that in many libraries and these foundations are either deficient or absolutely inadequate. IT need to have a place in whatever funds are available for a particular library, regardless how small those funds are. It must be given a priority in library budgets and thus this will enable the acquisition of relevant IT infrastructures at a micro level or within the limit of available financial resources. A study stated also the need to provide relevant IT infrastructures in Nigerian libraries is obvious: cataloguers need computers to conduct effective and efficient cataloguing; reference librarians need computers and telephones to attend to users both within and outside the library; library staff at the loan desks need computing facilities to check out books or trace their records. IT must have a spot in anything that assets are accessible for a specific library, regardless of how little those assets are. IT must be given priority in library spending plans which is this will empower the acquisition of pertinent IT framework at a smaller scale level or within the limit of accessible financial assets. 93

10. Human resource or capacity building programme in ICT The next point is human resources or capacity building programme in ICT. There is a low level of ICT skills among librarians in some country; most librarians have little or no skills to work with computers, the internet, etc. For globalization of library services to be meaningful, there is need for a paradigm shift in human resource development among librarians. There is a need to have librarians filling in as web designers, software engineers and frameworks investigators. The suggestions are that concentrated of human capacity building programme in ICT ought to be created to empower librarians to adapt to the difficulties of globalization. The implication is that intensive human capacity building programmes in ICT should be set up so that the librarians are able to cope with the challenges of globalization. The libraries should think of a way to accommodate the emerging ICT revolution in the provision of library services. This effort would help to solve the shortage of automation or systems librarians in the country. In conjunction with the basic principles of capacity building, LIS professionals must emerge with fresh ideas to restructure and refurbish the information infrastructure, systems, services and all kinds of library operations to accomplish needs of each and every user efficiently. Libraries do provide fundamental support to economic growth through direct job creation, contribution to cultural progress of the local area, education, training and skill development. Structures of the library actually play a vital role as it designates people and resources to the certain tasks and provides a mechanism for coordination. A venues for human capacity building in a digital era includes seminars, conference, workshops and many more. From the activities, new skills are obtained and old ones are sharpened that lead to better job performances. Human capacity building is faced with challenges development in this digital era due to lack of technological facilities in the ICT labs. For the librarians, the major challenges are how to keep themselves up-to-date with rapid changes in the things that related to ICT and how to guide the users to adapt effectively in a technology-driven economy. The solution to this often lies in continuing education or life-long learning. 94

RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations have become necessary in overcoming the above challenges. 1. To overcome the issues and challenges that are confronting the libraries nowadays, the librarian itself should acquire technical skills, IT skills, managerial skills and communication skills as a preparation to be future ready. 2. Continuous education and development programs(CEDP) should be organized by Library Associations to keep the librarian up-to date and well aware of the new trends in the profession. The Library Associations play a vital role in organizing valuable training courses, seminars and conferences which may help the librarians to be future ready. 3. The librarians also should be prepared with good financial management and be cost effective before dealing with budgets and financial of the library. 4. For those librarians or information professional that suffer from technophobia, it is important to reach out to those individual especially the dedicated technical support staff that may assist you with the difficulties that may be encountered with technology. 5. The management of libraries should practice Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat(SWOT) analysis from time to time to deal with the competitive edge. 6. The available bandwidth in developing worlds is complex and limited. Implementing a caching proxy and other bandwidth optimization techniques is necessary in order to be able to build a sustainable ICT projects. 7. Librarians should belong to professional bodies in their workplace to learn innovative librarianship so that they can be able to adapt with the new world of work experiences and the need of optimization of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The emergence development of technology has changed the way librarians work and interact with library users. Most of the librarians work by using digital technologies and they guide the library users on how to use digital material in a proper way. However, it cannot be denied that the digital technologies have affected the way librarians and the users interact. These technologies have prompted other challenges and issues that are facing by the libraries today. Librarians should rise to these challenges by preparing themselves with skills training 95

especially in the context of skills acquisition in ICT in order to promote effective and efficient utilization of new IT systems and to solve others rising problems in the future. 96

REFERENCES American Library Association. Retrieved on November 3, 2019 from www.ala.org/tools/librarybudgetfinance/budgetfinance Ani, O. E., Atseye, E. U., & Esin, J. E. (2005). Issues and Challenges of Globalization of Library Services in Nigeria in the 21st Century. Information Development, 21(3), 193 201. doi:10.1177/0266666905057336 Christie, P. (2017, April 26). The biggest challenge facing libraries and information services today. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://www.vable.com/blog/the-biggest challenge-facing-libraries-today. Jerome, Idiegbeyan-ose; Nikko, Christopher; and Ifeakachuku, Osinulu, “Value-added service to academic library users in 21st century: Using competitive intelligence approach”(2017). Library Philosophy and Practice(e-journal).1570. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1570 Khan, S. A., & Bhatti, R. (2012). A review of problems and challenges of library professionals in developing countries including Pakistan. Kostagiolas, P. A., Banou, C., & Evangelia-Maria Laskari. (2009). Strategic planning and management for the public libraries: The case of greek central public libraries. Library Management, 30(4), 253-265. Levien,R.E. (2011). Confronting the future. Strategic visions for the 21st library. ALA Office for information Technology. Police Brief No. 4, June 2011. https://www.ala.org/offices/sites/ala.org.offices/files/content/oitp/publications/policy briefs/confronting_the_futu.pdf. LibGuides: Definition of a Library: General Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://libguides.ala.org/library-definition Pandey, P., & Misra, R. (2014). Digitization of library materials in academic libraries: Issues and challenges. In Journal of Industrial and Intelligent Information (Vol. 2, No.2).doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/014351209109579 3 Technophobia is a fear related to the loss of control. Retrieved on November 3, 2019 from https://www.verywellmind.com Thompson, S., & Sharp, S. (2009). E-books in academic libraries: Lessons learned and new challenges. Serials, 22(2). Verma, Manoj.(2014). Information Communication Technology(ICT) challenges for library professional: a professional approach. Walters, W.(2014). E-books in academic libraries: challenges for sharing and use. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science.46.85-95. 97

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Wan Farahasikin & Nurul Hafizah ABSTRACT Libraries especially academic libraries play a role in the development of learning, teaching and research for knowledge seekers. Nevertheless, there are issues and challenges that library management faces in realizing the mission and achieving technological advances over time. Starting from the development of the material, the retention of the material until provide the services to the users which the problem of financial constraints and demand from consumers. This topic focus on academic library which involved physical library and digital library. Keywords: libraries, digital library, physical library, academic library, issues, challenges. INTRODUCTION Library is a building or room that provide the services including collections of books, periodicals, films and recorded music for borrow or use by the user. Libraries range widely in size up to millions of collections that can give benefits to the researchers and students for their academic works. The library is established in order to provide the resources and services of variety media to meet user’s needs. Libraries plays important role in the community that gives people information and knowledge to explore new ideas and provide a place for community to gathering and sharing their thoughts of their expertise. The resources and services offered by libraries able to create the huge opportunities of learning, support literacy and education environment in order to enhance the creativity innovative in the society. Nowadays, due to the rapid growth of new technologies, digital libraries seem more effective towards serving the information to the society. Digital library stored the whole information in digitized form and can access through computers using various electronic equipment. Digital library is a collection of documents that has been organized in electronic form for user easy to retrieve the information in the internet or on CD-ROM disks. Digital collections not required space in library as these can be stored in a computer locally or remotely so that users can easily access the information needed without boundaries. For example, electronic resources contain electronic journals, electronic books of online database in various digital formats. digital library gives user better access to the information, easy to preserve and extension of library collections. 98

Hence, librarians able to manage the large amounts of data, preserve unique collections, provide faster access to information, facilitate dealing with data from more than one collection and enhanced the digital learning environments in digital library. ISSUES IN ACADEMIC LIBRARY 1. Autism spectrum disorder (asd) ASD is a neurological and developmental disorder which cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. Academic libraries receive a growing number of students with ASD that enter higher educations. Students with ASD may face deficits in order to understanding and using their body language to communicate with other people, difficult to have a conversation and make eye contact with new people. The services that are available in academic libraries not focus on the needs of students with ASD. However, due to the difficulties in order to faced students with ASD, academic libraries gives accessible to the college students with ASD to feel comfortable with the surroundings in the library. First, Lack of research literature for college students with ASD experiencing the services provide by academic library. The research of the support services for students with ASD regarding their course work are limited in the academic library. However, Remy and Seaman (2014), provides strategies for librarians in academic library for instructing the college students with ASD in library instructions. The academic library has limited research of their services for students with ASD due to the services are not adequate for their needs. Services at institutions of higher learning not address the support services that needs by students with ASD of their learning environmental. Second, the lack of services in the academic libraries for students with ASD. According to the Anderson (2018), the suggestions were provided for the academic library to create a clear signage of the libraries areas for students with ASD so that they can use the services without monitor by the librarian. Third, the issues of library profession that has a lack of knowledge and training to deal with the college students with ASD in academic libraries. Librarians also has lack of knowledge and skills in order to provide adequate services and resources to the students with disabilities. According to the Burke (2019), libraries should educate neurotypical students about ASD and provides opportunities for students with ASD to experience the library services that provide by academic libraries. Hence, according to Cho (2018), the rejection from librarians that works at 99