ຄຸນສົມບັດ ແລະ ໂລກອ້ອມຕົວ_MoralnWAU

[qfmu !( rtpkf c]t laf86mjugduf0Boda[rnf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D rtpkfgoqjk c]t g]t vkdko0v’rtpkf 3fpltgrktc,jornfzadmju,u]adltot[;,oEF ]adltot mruj [q m;jq wx,7u Gn 9tgdfu gxoa cz-Elou E8koF 8+,kcz9tgokjq gxvjn p 9kdooah 9tdkpgxoa czlugs^nv’vvj o c]t vkdkogokqj oU9tgduf0Bo1kj ’w;F cz9tg,nvd c]t l’qj dyoj g\\aoF c]h;gIaf.shrnfzad8kprkp.o @{# ;ao c]t [k’7A’9t,ug-Nv]kg0Qkme]kp8,nj D I6[ rnfgxaortpkfgokqj c]t g]t @D rtpkfsjP; rnfmuj gxaortpkfsPj ;gduf,k9kdg-Nv]k g-y’j ,us^kp-toyf0v’rtpkf c8]j t -toyf ltcf’vkdko8jk’daoD [k’7A’rtpkfoU ,ulkgsf,k9kdg-Nv[adg8uiu s^n 0Udtgfnvo/vpme]kp g-oaj G 8Qo\\kdg]oaj g,nvj gxaomevyf9trq[gsao1[6j =]yg;ogs’Qk 0v’]e8QoF8+,k.[ c]t d’yj dhko9tsPj ;F c84j hk,aogduf0Boda[8Qo\\kdgzaf 9trq[;kj 98

.[mk’],j5 ,lu gu svn^ ’-fu c]t cr]j k,wxm;jq m’a 8oQ F 9kdooA .[0v5 vddvj odeofq F lf5 mkh pສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8Qo\\kdgzafd=9t8kpD I6[ rnfgxaortpkfsPj ; #D rtpkf.[csh, rtpkfoU ,adgdufda[rnfm5d-toyf g-oaj G g0QkF dt]exuF zaddkfokDDD vkdko rtpkfoU ,]u da ltotgxoa 9f5 feMF cz9f5 lfu e9t0tspkpd;h k’vvddkpgxoa cz;’q ,oq luoE8ko-hvodao s^kp-AoF 9kdoAo cz9txPj ogxaolugs^nv’D I6[rnfgxaortpkf.[csh, 99

$D rtpkf.[fjk’ c]t .[d6f ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vkdkovkf.[fkj ’c0[.[gxoa l0u P;vvj o sn^ lgu svn^ ’D ovd9kdooA p’a ,]u da ltot vnoj mujltcf’vvd gonvj ’9kdg-Nvw;iafg0Qkme]kp7n .[[yf’=F ,h;og0Qk s^n IP;cs^,S 4kh rtpkfgxoa sk^ p9tgdfu ,Iu vplou E8ko1]j6 e8oQ F 4kh gdfu 1oj6 e.[cd,j da cs’h 8kpwxF 4hkgduf1o6j e8Qovvj o9tltcf’vkdkog8hpF c0’csh’F [+gxao\\kdD ovd9kdrtpkf mudj kj ;,koUc];h rnfd=p’a ,ulfa 8m6 u7j vpme]kp[Pf[Po18j6 ts^vfg-oja G gIkq gsoa 18j6 k, .[rnf,u9er;dc,’w,h-toyf8kj ’M7nG { [’Q g9kt]e8oQ { [Q’dafdyo.[ { grhp I6[ 9er;dc,'w,hg9ktdyornf 100

&D dkoxhv’dao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { g,vnj rq[vkdko0v’rtpkf.sh4vo8Qo4Y, s^n gzqk4Y,maomu { .-h1klt\\6owrrNo[hkog-oaj G 8QodtgfqkF c2[ s^n 0Ugmkqj 3Ip.lj s^n .-hmkfg7,u mujg\\ktlq, c]t [+gxaoryfIhkpcI’-uf0hk[Q’ c]t c,’w,h8kj ’MD { dvj ox6d7;oxYofyo8kdcffgxaog;]koko grnjv-;j p]qfxt]y,ko0v’g-Nv rtpkf.ofyowfhD { gvqk.9.l[j q;]t[afIadlkrnf c]t 9af]t[q[oE.shfu c]t [+7;osqfoEcI’ grkt9trk.shrtpkfcrdj t9kpl68j Qovnoj wfhD 7e4k, !D oadIPoI6h9adrtpkf.fcfmj ujgduf0Boda[rnfL @D grvnj Iadlkzqo]tx6doadIPo9txhv’daolaf86rnf7nco;.fL 101

[qfmu !) laf[+,udtf6dlaos^a’ c]t ,udtf6dlaosa^’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lfa .ome,t-kf,su k^ p-tofy F r;d,oa fe]’q -;u fy 1j6 [dq F .ooEF m’a [dq c]t .ooE c]t vkwl1o6j eIkj ’dkp0v’lafvnoj M g-y’j ];,ma’Ikj ’dkp7qoD .odko9afr;dlaf 8kj ’Mmuj,u16.j o3]dF 4hkgvqkdtf6dlaos^a’gxaogdolk,kf c[’j gxaolv’9er;d.sp7j nG laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ c]t [+,udtf6dlaos^a’D !D laf[+,udtf6dlaos^a’ lfa [+,udtfd6 loa s’^a gxoa lfa m]uj e8;q [+,u37’dtfd6 g-oja G xF6 d’5h F svpF [’Q F c,’w,Fh c,rj tpkfDDD laf9er;doU gxaolaf0Ao8ej F fe]q’-u;yfc[[’kj pfkpF Ikj ’dkp s^n ]e8q;vvj oF 37’lhk’rkpovdIkj ’dkp|P; s^n ,udk[c0’s5h, c]t ,us^kp0kD @D laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ 102

laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ gxaolaf-Aol6'muj,udtf6dgxaocdo0v’]e8q; s^n .o]e8q;,u 37’dtf6d c]t ,uvtw;pt;t8kj ’Mg-oaj G sq;.9F glAoxtlkfDDD #D 7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’laf[+,udtf6dlaos^a’ c]t laf,udtf6d laos^a’ 95fryglfmuxj P[mP[ laf[+,udtf6dlaos^a’ laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ ! dtf6d [+,udtf6d ,udtf6d @ 0t|kf ohvp .spj # 9eo;o0k s^kp0kX*{s^kpd;kj !W0k? @{$ 0k $ 7;k,c0’cI’ [+,u7;k,c0’cI’ ,u7;k,c0’cI’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ & s,5h s8+ oq 38 l;j os^kps5h,fh;pgxnvdc0’ l;j os^kps5h,fh;p0qo 7e4k, !D w]-j ljn fa m,ju du tfd6 loa s’^a c]t [,+ du tfd6 loa s’a^ 1kj ’|vh p.swh f1h kj ’]t &-tofy D @D ]adltotm;qj wx0v’laf[+,udtf6dlaosa^’gxaoco;.fL #D roa ]tok7;k,c8d8kj ’]ts;kj ’lfa ,udtfd6 loa s^a’ c]t [+,udtfd6 loa s^a’L 103

[qfmu !_ dkoln[rao0v’laf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oadIPo7yf;kj laf,udkoln[raoc[[.fcfLj dkogduf.\\0j v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfmjupa’Iadlk]adltotrao0v’r+ c]t c,j gvUo;jk dkoln[raoD dkoln[rao0v’laf,ulv’c[[7nG dkoln[raoc[[[+vkwlgrf c]t dkoln[raoc[[vkwlgrfD !D dkoln[rao0v’lafc[[vkwlgrf dD ]adltot0v’laf8q;z6h c]t 8q;c,j laflj;os^kpF grfz6h c]t grfc,j 8jk’daomk’fhko0t|kf c]t lulaoD g,vnj lfa .spgj 8,a mcuj ];h F lfa 8;q z,h6 uoEg-Nv .ooEg-Nv,u9]5 ’a grfz6h s^n gvUo;kj vtl95 y c]t laf8q;c,j,u95]a’grfc,j s^n gvUo;jk w0jD vtl59y0v’8q;z6h,u9eo;os^;’s^kp c]t ,u0t|kfohvp g4y’0Ao[+lk,kfg[’yj gsaofh;p8kgxkqj D w00j v’laf[k’-toyf.spj c]t gxnvdc0’ Xw0gj xafF w0sj kj o?F w00j v’laf[k’-toyfohvp c]t gxbvdvvj ooh5, Xw0,j qf?D dkol[n roa c[[vkwlgrf0v’lfa c,oj dkol[n roa mguj dfu 9kddkoxtl,q ]ts;kj ’ vtl59y0v’8q;z6h Xvtl59y? c]t w0j0v’8q;c,j c]h;95]a’xtlq,oAowfh,udkoc[j’8q; s^kpgmvnj 9’jb gdufgxoa lfa 8;q vvj oD 104

0D dkoln[rao0v’c,’w,h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c,’w,mh d5 -tofy gdfu ]d6 gxoa w0j c];h g[ktvvdgxoa 38vvj oD ]d6 vvj o0v’c,’w,h [k’-toyfg[ktvvd,kc]h;,uI6[Ijk’7nda[r+c,jg]up g-ajoG c,’lk[F c,’,hkDDD c8[j k’-toyfzkj odkoxPj ocx’s^kp0Ao8vo g-oaj G ,hvoF p5’F c,’;aoDDD 7D dkoln[rao0v’dq[ c]t xk laf9er;d dq[ c]t xk ,uw0mj uj,ugxnvds5h,vvj oo5h,D w0lj af9er;doU 95]a’ln[rao grfz6hlk,kfg0Qkwxxtlq,da[w01j 6oj vdIkj ’dkp8q;c,wj fhD g,vnj 8q;c,;j k’w0gj xao/hk w;1h |6j kh oEc];h 8;q z9h6 ’bj xvj poEg-vN .lDj g,vjn w04j dn xtl,q c];h zkj ow]pt2da 8;q ,oa c8d gxaoxk s^n I;d Xdq[F 0PfF 7ao7kdDDD?D dkoxtlq,0v’oEg-Nvda[w01j o6j vdIkj ’dkp 0v’grfc,j gvUo;kj G dkoxtlq,raorkpovdIkj ’dkp Xdkoxt8ylqomyrkpovd?D 105

'D dkoln[rao0v’wdj c]t g8qjk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lfa 9er;dwdj c]t g8kjq gxoa lfa vvdw0Dj w0lj fa 9er;dwd,j gu xvn dc0’S l;j ow0lj fa 9er;dg8kqj ,ugxnvdgxaog9hpD w00j v’laflv’9er;doU oEg-Nv0v’8q;z6h[+lk,kfg0Qk wxxtlq,da[w01j 6jovdIkj ’dkp0v’38c,wj fhD f’aj oAoF 9’bj 8hv’gIaf.shoEg-Nv0v’38zh6 xtlq,da[w0j1.6j oIkj ’dkp0v’38c,cj ]h;9’bj w0vj vd,kD dkoxtlq,rao muj.shoEg-Nv 0v’38z6hg0Qkwxxtlq,da[w0j16j.oIjk’dkp0v’38c,j gvUo;jk dkoxtlq,raorkp .oIjk’dkp Xdkoxt8ylqomyrkp.o?D 9D dkoln[rao0v’laf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq, lfa ]Ph ’]d6 f;h poEo,q F w04j dn oEg-vN 0v’38z6h g0kQ wxxtl,q 1.j6 oIkj ’dkp0v’38 c,jc]h;0tspkp8q;gxao|+]6d{9qog4y’gxao38lq,[6oc]h;9bj’gdufvvd,kD 38vjvo mujgdufvvd,k,uI6[Ijk’7hkpda[r+ s^n c,j0v’r;d,ao c]t dyooEoq,c,j 9qo,ao skdyogv’wfhD 106

@D dkoln[raoc[[[+vkwlgrf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ dkoc['j 8q;0v'vk,y[ I6[ dkoczgj -Nv0v'3x]y[ dkoln[rao0v’laf[k’-toyf gxaodkoln[raom[uj +wfhxtlq,]ts;kj ’oEg-Nv38z6h c]t w0Fj r;d,aoln[raofh;pdkoc8d|+ X3x]y[F wIfikDDD?F c[’j 8q; Xvk,y[[k?F 0kfvvdgxao0=h Xw0cj ,mj hv’cx?D 7e4k, !? dkoln[rao0v’c,’w,hF xkF \\k 8kj ’daoco;.fL @? dkoxtlq,raorkp.o c]t xtlq,raorkpovd,u7;k,\\kpco;.fL Xw]-j njlafxtlq,raorkp.o c]t rkpovd.shwfh1kj ’]t & -toyf? #? dkoxtlq,raoc[[,ugrf0v’laf ,u9adc[[ L c[[.fcfj L $? dkoln[raoc[[[+vkwlgrf,u9adc[[L c[[.fcfj L 107

[qfmu @W dkoxa[x5’raolaf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxa[x5'raolafc,jospa'L dkox[a x’5 roa lfa c,oj dkogIfa .swh flh fa gdfu .\\j gxoa wx8k,7;k,8vh ’dko0v’ 7qogIqkg-oaj G .sh-Uos^kpF .spFj c0’cI’F lulaol;p’k, c]t vnoj MD 8q;1kj ’G gvqklafr+raomujgxaoraofu,kxtlq,raoda[lafc,rj aorNog,nv’.shwfh]6d -vfmcuj 0’cI’F ,ru ,6 8kh omkol’6 F .szh oq zt]fy X-oU F o,q F w0Dj DD? l’6 D gvkq lfa -tofy |’bj wxxtl,q roa d[a lfa -toyfvonj .o8tdo6 fP;doa wf]h d6 -vfgxoa lfa -toyf.\\j c8]j d6 -vfoU [+lk,kfln[roa 8+wxD dkoxa[x5’raolaf,us^kp;ymu7nG dkog]nvdr+rao c]t c,rj aomfuj uS gIaf.shgdufdko xtlq,raomuj,u75otrk[ c]t dko[e]5’]hP’mujfuD !D dkog]nvdr+rao c]t c,jraomujfu dkog]nvdraolafmufj ugxaoxafw9le7ao0v’dkoxa[x5’raoD grnjv.shwfhlafgduf.\\j gxoa wx8k,7;k,8vh ’dkoF dkog]vn drr+ oa c]t c,rj oa .sgh ]vn dgvkq lfa 9kdlkproa fu ,ks^kpIo5j g-oaj G I6[Ikj ’rkpovdfuF .spwj ;F gduf]6dfuF 8hkomko8+g-NvrtpkfwfhfuF .szh oq zt]fy 8k,7;k,8vh ’dkog-oja G oEo,q sk^ pF w0sj k^ pF -oU sk^ pF 0oq fdq c]t ’k,DDD 108

@D dkoxtlq,rao8k,me,t-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxtlq,rao8k,me,t-kf c,joxtxjvp.shlafmjug]nvdgvqkgxao r+{c,jrao xtlq,raodaogv’D grnjv.shwfhlafmugj duf.\\j ]hP’’kj pF .spwj ; c]t c0’cI’S dko g]nvdr+{c,j rao 8hv’g]nvdgvqk38c0’cI’F 16.j ow;9tg]uorao X[+|5,j s^n g4Qkgduowx?F [,+ lu kpg]vn f.d7h P’doa grkt4kh .slh fa lkpg]vn ffP;doa xtl,q roa doa g-oja G ]d6 c,fj P; dao s^n r+F c,j da[]6d0v’r;d,ao9twfh]6dgduf.\\[j +c0’cI’ D #D dkoxtlq,raomP, dkoxtl,q roa mP,c,oj dkooe.-;h my tpklkfg0kQ -;j p grvnj .sdh koxtl,q roa ,u xtlfy mry k[l’6 f;h pdkogvkq oEg-vN 0v’38zh6 wxxtl,q d[a w01j .j6 o sn^ ovdIkj ’dkp0v’ 38c,j D dkoxtl,q roa mP,lk,kf gIfa wf8h k,9f5 xtl’q m8ju vh ’dko g-oja G grvjn sf5^ zvj odko 8yfg-Nvmk’grfF wfhI6[Ikj ’]adltot8k,mu8j hv’dkoF 0tspkpraolafwfhs^kpDDD 109

dkoxtlq,raomP,,uzqofu7nG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gvqkoEg-Nv9kdr+rao,kc8wj dwfh { xt1afdko.-h9kj p.odko]hP’r+rao { 0tspkpwf9h eo;os^kprvh ,doa .odkoxtlq,rao8k,me,t-kfd=7ndkoxtlq,raomP,F grjnv.shwfhlafgduf.\\j 8k,7;k,xtlq’ 8hv’c,oj dkoxtlq,rao]ts;kj ’ r+rao c]t c,rj aomujfuD 8q;1kj ’G dkoxtlq,raowdGj c,rj ao8hv’g]nvdgvqk38muwj 0sj ^kpF ]hP’]6dfu c]t vojn MD $D dko[e]5’]hP’raolafD 110

g,vjn g]vn d rr+ oa c]t c,rj oa mfju u Xc0’cI’F vtw;pt;txdq dt8fy Fu doy vkskowffh Fu ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .spgj 8,a mFu lk,kf4kj p4vf]da ltot.sIh oj5 8w+ xwfh c]t ,7u ;k,rvh ,.odkoxtl,q roa wfhc]h;F 7;o[e]5’]hP’fh;pdko.shvkskomugj \\ktlq,da[c8]j t-toyfrao g-oaj G .sh vkskomgju xoa xt3spf c]t rP’r= rvh ,doa ooA d8= vh ’xvh ’doa rtpkf c]t lfa 886 kj ’M .sch drj r+ oa c]t c,rj oa g-oja G Ida lk7;k,ltvkf7vdF ]Ph ’w;.h o[vj omvju kdkf4kj pgm ltf;dF lda 1kxvh ’doa rtpkfF [+.slh fa vonj mguj xoa lfa 8d6 yo s^n me]kp c]t [+xvj pxt.sh r;d,aoxtlq,raodaogv’D 7e4k, !D lafr+rao c]t c,rj aomufj u ,u]adltotco;.fL @D dkoxtlq,raomP, c,oj dkoxtlq,c[[.fL ,u95ffuco;.fL #D 4hk.shoadIPogxaoz6hg]nvdraolaf 9tg]nvdgvqklafco;.fgxaor+{c,j raoL Xpqd8q;1kj ’dkog]nvdr+{c,rj aowd?j 111

[qfmu @! rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[laf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rtpkf.fcfj mu,j adgdufda[laf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq,L rtpkfm,uj adgdufda[laf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq,,uf’aj oUG { rtpkfmu,j adgdufda[’q; c]t 7;kp,uG 8kpIkj F g[a’mhv’F xkdgxnvj pF ]q’ g]a[F ’q;[hkF g8Qk3I,g]nvfDDD { rtpkfm,ju da gdfu d[a \\,6 Gu 8kpIkj F g]vn fdkh ,F xkj ,-EF vts;y kF [kh x;j ’F lkoDDD { rtpkfmu,j adgdufda[\\k,urtpkf;=h { rtpkfmuj,adgduf0Boda[ma’\\6F \\k c]t |6 ,uG rtpkf]=-= !D rtpkfw0hg]nvffe rtpkfw0gh ]vn ffec,oj rtpkf8fy cxfmguj dfu 9kdg-vN 9]5 oy --u tofy |’jb D rtpkf w0gh ]nvffelk,kf8yf8+l7j6 oq wfDh lkgsfG gduf9kddyosphk muj,ug-Nvrtpkf8yf16j s^n dyooq,c,mj u8j yfg-NvrtpkfD vkdkoG rkps^a’’q; s^n 7;kp wfhIa[g-Nvwfh !{!& ;ao 9b’j gduf,uvkdkoltcf’ vvdf’ja oGU -,b glkQ F [+doy spkh F [+7Ph ;gvvN ’F |k;loja F vo5 str,6 $W{$! =CF skp.9sv[F Iu,lq[,uIvp-ES ,Nmevyf[+4kj p c8,j N8+,k4kpj gxaooE[k’7A’,ug]nvfxqoF pPj ;feD 112

;ymudkoxhv’daoG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { lfa m8uj kppvh ortpkfw0gh ]nvffeoU8vh ’.s9h f6 4Y, { skh ,gvkq lfa 8kpmulj ’q wl;kj 8kppvh ortpkfw0gh ]nvffe,kdyogffa 0kf { gIafvtokw,7vd c]t 0hkg-Nv sn^ 3Ipx6o0k;.lj { cpdlfa mguj 9[a vvd9kd/’5 { lda 1kxvh ’doa .slh fa 38mupj ’a [+moa 8yfg-Nvrtpkf @D rtpkfxkdgxnjvp]q’g]a[ rtpkfxkdgxjnvp]q’g]a[gduf9kdg-Nvw;iaf -toyf|jb’mujmqo8+7;k,-j5,wfhfuD rtpkfxkdgxnvj p]q’g]a[ ,adgduf0Boda[laf]hP’ g-oaj G ’q;F 7;kpF c[hF \\6F cdtFDDD gxaortpkfxkdgxvnj p]q'g]a[oU lk,kf8yf8+.l7j qowfh 3fpltgrktc,oj gfadohvpD lkgsfG rtpkfo8U fy 89+ kd38 mguj xoa rtpkfwxsk38vojn Mwfh 3fpmk’G oE]kpF oE1k’ gs^nv’mujws^vvd9kd85j,F oEpjP; c]t vk9q,D g-Nvrtpkf2ad8q;16joelafc8j]t -toyf8kj ’dao g-oaj G ’q;F 7;kp @{( ;aoF \\6 @{# ;aoD vkdkoG lfa mgju xoa rtpkfxkdgxvjn p]'q g][a mevfy 9tvkdko w0Ih vh o vo5 str,6 $W =CF 9kdoAo *{!@ -;qj 3,’ v5ostr6,9ts^5f]q'gxaoxqddt8y c8lj afvvj ogrpF gs’qkF [+dyosphkF ,uoE]kpgxao/vfws^vvd9kdxkdF ,u85,j 1[6j =]yg;oxkdF fa’ c]t 8k, z;u |’a ]ts;kj ’g][a D s’a^ 9kd8,j5 .sp0j oB wfh @{# ;oa dc= 8d c]t ,ou E1k’gsvn^ ’wsv^ vd c]h;7vj p8qdgdafD lafmugj xaortpkfoU 9vj pzv,F pkj ’[+wfhS 4hkgxao’q; s^n 7;kpohvp ,ad8kpphvo[+,u7;k,8hkomkor=S le]a[ |6F gxao8,5j 1]6j ts;kj ’’kj ,8uoF xkd c]t 0;oA o,q D ;ymudkoxhv’daoG { lad1kxhv’dao m5d * gfnvo { skh ,g7vnj opkh plfa vvd9kdg0fmruj tpkf]t[kf { cpdlfa mpuj ’a c0’cI’vvd c];h lda 1kxvh ’doa D 113

#D rtpkf;=h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rtpkf;=hgduf9kdg-Nvw;ialF gxaortpkf8yfcxfmuIj hkpcI’lk,kf8yf.l7j qo c]t lafvnoj MwfhF rtpkfoU,adgdufda[lafdyo-Uo g-oaj G \\kF c,;DDD lkgsfG dko8yfrtpkfgduf9kdlfa m,uj ug-Nv;=hdfa F g,nvj lfa mguj xoa ;=hdaf7oq s^n lfa d=9twfhIa[g-nNv;h=.ooE]kplafmujgxao;h=g0Qkl6Ij kj ’dkp8k,IvpdafoAoD vkdkoG g,njvg-Nv;=hg0QkIkj ’dkpgIaf.sh]t[q[xtlkfzyfxqddt8y 3fpltcf’ vkdkovvd @ ]adltot7nG 114

{ vkdkomIju kh pcI’G Ikj ’dkp-f5 3-,F [d+ oy vkskoF .9Ikh pF dt;oq dt;kpFສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k8ujF 1hkocl’F gsqjk c]t svolP’pk;MF dafwx3]g]F oE]kpgsupF c]oj [+,u95fS g,njvvvdvkdkofaj’dkj ;c]h;9t8kprkp.o @{# ;aoD { vkdkogxao]jvpG ]5d[+wfh phvodhk,-Uogxaove,trkfF cl’8kw0;jdaoF oE]kpgsupF [+gskqj [+svo 9kdoAo9t8kprkp.o @{# ;ao D ;ymudkoxhv’daoG { ]t;a’1kj .shlaf]hP’xtgrf \\k c]t c,;wfhdafD { 0hklafgxao;=h c]h;gzqk.shw\\h\\qfD { g,vnj r[q gsoa -kdlfa 8kp.sgh zkq 4Y, { lad1k;ad-yoxhv’dao;=h.shgxaoxqddt8y { 7qoz6hm4uj ndlafdaf.sh]hk’Ivp[kf c]h;oel’qj 3I’\\=D 7e4k, !D oadIPogsao laf]hP’xtgrf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq, gxaortpkfspa’cfLj @D rtpkfw0hg]nvffe s^n xkdgxnjvp]q’g]a[ ltcf’vkdkovvdco;.fL #D grnjv[+.sh ’q;F 7;kp gxaortpkfw0hg]nvffe9tgIafco;.fL $D grnvj xhv’dao[+.sh’q;F 7;kp gxaortpkfxkdgxvnj p]q’g]a[9tgIafco;.fL &D lafmujgxao;=h ltcf’vkdkovvdco;.fL ;ymuxhv’dao[+.sh8yfrt[kf;=h gIaf co;.fL 115

[qfmu @@ rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[lafxud ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rtpkfmugj dufda[lafxud,u-toyf.fcfLj rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[lafxud,us^kp-toyf g-ajoG vtsy;klafxudF ou;7afg-yoF 0Upk’0k;F w0hs;aflafxudF DDD !D vtsy;klafxud rtpkfvtsy;klafxud gxaortpkf8yfcxfmjugduf9kdg-Nv95]yo-u-toyf|jb’ mmju oq mko8+ltrk[c;f]vh ,.o00U v’lfa c]t .ofoy wffh Du rtpkfoU gdfu d[a lfa xdu md5 -toyf c]t ,adgduf.o]tf6c]h’8+.l]j tf6/qoD lafgxaortpkfoU,uvaf8kdko8kpl6’D 116

lkgsfG 8yf9kdlaf38vnjoF fyo c]t vksko mu,j ug-NvrtpkfD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vkdkoG gs’qk-b’F ,uoE,6dws^vvdfa’F skp.9/nfF lq[,u/vfF svo c]t 8hk’-EF v5ostr6,l6’ $# =CF 0Ugs^nv’,oqj xqog]nvfF [+dyovksko c]h; 8kprkp.o #{$ ;aoD [k’d=]tou,uvkdko-egINv g-aoj G wvF 9k,F 0Ucs^;F 8hk’.7Fj 9vj pzv, c]t .omluj 5fd=8kpD ;ymudkoxhv’daoG { gIafvtokw,7vdgxaoxt9e { lad1k;ad-yoxhv’dao.om5d * gfnvo { cpdlafmugj xaortpkfvvd9kd/6’ c]t xyoj xq; { 38.f8kp8hv’gzqk s^n /a’.shg]yd &W cm 0Bowxrhv,ma’3Ipx6o0k;.l.j o05, /a’ c]t [=]yg;o05,/a’D @D w0hs;aflafxud w0hs;aflafxud gduf9kdg-Nvw;iafvyo2^6 gvo1k gv mqo16wj fh.o7;k,g1ao c]t -5,j l6’D 16j.o v5ostr6, W{@@ =C ,ao,u-u;yf16jwfhrP’ $ ;aoS 16j.ov5ostr6, W =C ,ao,u -u;yf16wfhg4y’ #W ;aoS ,ao9t8kpg,njvv5o str6, (W =C 0BowxD ovdoAo cl’cffF 7;k,cs’h F oElt[F6 gskQ^ dl= k,kf0kh g-vN w;ifa owU fDh rtpkfw0sh ;fa lfa xdu gxoa rtpkf 117

8yfcxfIhkpcI’-toyf|b’j g-y'j gdufda[lafxudm5d-toyf c]t lk,kf8yf8+7qowfhD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko8fy 8G+ g,vjn 8fy g-vN F mevfy 9t[,+ vu kdko.fMltcf’ vvd,kF c89j t 0[a 4kj p g-Nvrtpkfvvd,kda[vk9q,F sa^’9kd8yfrtpkfwfh #{& ;ao 9bj’ltcf’vkdko vvd,kD dko8yf8+0v’rtpkfoU c,jo9kdG dyovksko,ug-Nvrtpkfmuj8yf16joeF lerafda[oE8k c]t oE]kp0v’lafm8uj yfg-Nvc]h;D rtpkfoU8yf8+9kdlafl6j7qo c,jog-Nvrtpkfmju8yf1j6oeoE,6dF oE]kp c]t 0U0v’lafg0QklI6j kj ’dkp 3fpmk’fa’ c]t mk’8kF gonjv’9kddkolezaflafmugj 9a[ c]t 8kp sn^ pvh odoy vkskom,ju gu -vN rtpkf8fy 1Sj6 dko8fy 8g+ -vhn rtpkfoU ]ts;kj ’7oq d[a 7oq c,oj zkj omk’skp.9F vksko c]t dkolezfa D zmh6 lju Pj ’ 8d+ ko8fy g-vN rtpkf oUs^kpd;j k\\c6j ,oj zh6mujrq;raoda[lafxudg-aoG z6h]hP’F z6h0kpF z6h0qolq’j c]t z6h7q;dyoD vkdkoG lafmuj8yfg-NvrtpkfoU vkf[+ltcf’vkdkovvd.shgsao-afg9o c8j mjurq[ gsaom;qj wx,uf’aj oUG gs’qkF [+dyovkskoF ,adovo95h,sq;daoF 0qospv’F svo c]t |P’ -EF wvF 9k,F skp.9pkdF 8k[;,F gspnjvg,nvd0v’8k c]t zQ’fa’vadgl[D 4kj pgxaooEF 8kp1kj ’dtmaosaoD ;ymudkoxhv’daoG lafxudmguj xaortpkfoU[+lk,kfxq;wfh c8lj k,kfxhv’daowfhD le]a[7qogIqk,u;ymu xhv’dao9kdrtpkfw0hs;aflafxudf’aj oUG { gvqk.9.lxj t8y[afs^advtokw, # ltvkf { 8hv’]hk’,n.llj t[6m5d7A’sa^’dko9a[[kp-UoF w0j c]t 38 0v’lafxud { .-hzhkvafxkd c]t fa’F .l4j q’,nF .lgj du[ .og;]k]hP’f6lafxud { [=]y3rd-Uo c]t w0lj qf mujwfhzkj odkod;fIa[Iv’9kdlaf8t;tcrf { x’5 vksko9kdlfa xud.slh d5 fu { shk,gfad9a[lafxud s^n lafxud8kp 118

{ shk,.-hxkdf6foE,6dF oE]kpwd8j u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { 4kh ,7u oq gdfu vkdkol’q wl;kj 8fy g-vN w0sh ;fa lfa xdu .sIh [u l’jq wx3I’\\3= fpf;j o { skh ,pkh plfa xud9kdrNomouj UwxrNomvuj onj { skh ,4,Y lfa xdu 8kp-t-kp { 4hkgsaolafxudltcf’vkdkovvd .shme]kp4Y,fh;pdkogzqk s^n /a’.o 05,g]yd c]t gmx6o0k;.lrj hv, { 0kh g-vN rtpkff;h pdko3Ipxo6 0k;.l[j ]= gy ;o7vd sn^ roqj mkfg7,.u l7j vdlfa F [=]yg;ovhv,7vdlaf c]t [=]yg;odadlafF rkstot0qol’qj lafD 7e4k, !D rtpkfmu,j adgdufda[lafxud ,urtpkf.fcfLj @D lafxud mu8j yfg-Nvc8]j t-toyfltcf’vkdkovvd.shgsaoco;.fL #D pvh osp’a 9’bj gIfa .slh fa xdu 8fy g-vN c8]j t-tofy ooA L $D ;ymuxhv’dao [+.sh8yfrtpkflafxudc8]j t-toyf 7;ogIafco;.fL &D 4hkgsaolafxudgs’qk s^n 8kp oadIPo9tgIafco;.fL 119

[qfmu @# dkorq;raolyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf !D lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf dyf9tdeG -vdskly’j mu,j u-u;yf c]t ly’j mu[j +,u-u;yf 9q’j 7Qosk-nj0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t [+,u-u;yf .ogfuoj sphk ! 8kc,af c]h;0Po -nj0v’r;d,ao.lj 8k8t]k'.sh4nd8hv’D ]}f l’yj m[ju +,-u ;u fy l’jy m,uj u-u;yf dkorq;rao ! vkdkf c,’w,h skp.9 @ foy DDD DDD # DDD DDD DDD $ DDD DDD DDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ly’j mu,j u-u;yf gxaoly’j 8hv’dkodyovksko c]t skp.9 F ,udkog8u[.spFj ,udko crrj ao c]t g7njvog|a’wfhfh;p8qogv’D ly’j muj[+,u-u;yf [+8hv’dkodyovkskoF [+,udkog8u[.spjF [+,udkocrrj ao c]t g7nvj og|’a f;h p8oq gv’[+wfDh @D dkorq;rao]ts;jk’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf dyf9tdeG 7Qoskdkorq;rao0v’ly’j mu,j u-u;yf c]t ly’j mu[j +,u-u;yf les^;fsk ly’j mu,j u-u;yf c]t [+,u-u;yf .ogfuoj sphk 0v[g0f ! 8kc,af rhv,le s^;fg[yj’dkorq;raog-yj’dao c]t dao0v’r;d,aoD 120

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .ome,t-kfF l’jy m,ju -u ;u fy c]t l’jy m[ju ,+ -u ;u fy r;q roa g-’jy doa c]t doa c[[ 8vj ’3lh c]t [+lk,kf8afcpdvvd9kddaowfhg-oaj G { rnflu0P; oe.-hcl’la’g7ktoE c]t dkldkd3[oydgxaovkskoD { rnfgduf0Bo c]t vkwl16oj efyo c8rj nfd=gIaf.shfyo,u7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o3fp mk’dq’ c]t mk’vhv,vudD { xafw90v’dko,u-u;yfg-ajoG vkskoF muj16jvkwlF vkdkfskp.9 c]t oE l;j o.spwj fh,k9kdl’yj m[uj +,u-u;yfD 8;q 1kj ’G d[q 1|j6 v’ c]t .o|v’ooA d,= lu ’jy m[uj ,+ -u ;u fy g-oja G oEF foy F sou F vkdkfF cl’8kg;ao c]t ly’j vnoj MvudD 7e4k, !D l’yj m,uj u-u;yf c]t l’yj m[uj +,u-u;yf,u7;k,c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL @D lyj’mu,j u-u;yf c]t ly’j mu[j +,u-u;yf,udkorq;raodaoco;.fL 121

[qfmu @$ dkorq;rao]ts;jk’lyj’muj,u-u;yffh;pdao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dkorq;rao]ts;jk’ljy’mju,u-u;yffh;pdaoD lyj’muj,u-u;yf,udkorq;raodaoco;.fL @D I6[c[[dkorq;rao]ts;jk’lyj’muj,u-u;yffh;pdao 16.j olyj’c;f]hv,me,t-kf,uly'j ,u-u;yfs^kp-toyf16jI;j ,dao,udkorq;rao g-y'j dao c]t daofh;pI6[c[[8kj 'Mg-oaj G { dkogry'j rkvkwldaoD { dkorq;raomk'vkskoD { dko1I6j ;j ,daoD @D!D dkogryj’rkvkwldao dkogr’jy rkvkwldoa 0v’l’jy m,ju -u ;u fy ,Gu dkor;q roa c[[]Ph ’-[u c]t c[[gdvN do6 D { dkorq;raoc[[]hP’-u[G c,jodkorq;raomju8jk’/jkp8jk’wfhxt3spf g-y'j dao c]t daoD dkorq;raoc[[]hP'-u[ ,uG dkogry’j rkdaoc[[-;qj 7k; c]t 8ts^vf-u;yfD T dkorq;raoc[[]hP’-u[-qj;7k;,uG c,’w,hda[fvdw,h Xc,’w,h8v, fvdw,hF c,’w,hwfhoEs;ko9kdfvdw,hS rhv,fP;daooAoc,’w,hd=-j;p xtlq,rao.shfvdw,h?D oqdvhP’da[7;kp Xoqdwfhdyogsqkg,ao16oj e7;kpF l;j o 7;kps^5frQo9kddko4ndgsqkg,aodaf? 122

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@D@D dkorq;raomk’vksko dyf9tdeG -vdsklkprq;raomk’vksko0v’ly’j mu,j u-u;yfD oadIPo9'qj lqomtokdkodyodao0v’ly’j ,u-u;yf c]h; gvqks;’j dkodyodao c8]j t 8vo,k8+doa .sgh xoa lkpmu,j us^kps;j ’8+doa D czo;kfdkodyovkskoG rnf lafdyornf lafdyo-UoDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkor;q roa mk’vkskoc,oj dko1Ij6 ;j ,doa c[[x]= txda g-’yj gxoa dkor;q roa m,uj u dko8+l6hpkf-u’g-y’j dao c]t dao 3fp/kj p|’bj wfhzqoxt3spf c]t vud/kj p|’bj glp zqoxt3spfD dkorq;raoc[[x=]txadoU ];,,uc[[dk/kd c]t c[[fa[l6oD { c[[dk/kd g-oaj G gsqk1s6j q;7qoF c,mj hv’1.6j oIkj ’dkp0v’7qo{lafD { c[[fa[l6o g-oaj G ’6da[0PfF c,;da[|6DDD 124

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{ m’jq rP’9exklda gxoa m’jq rP’m8uj +k c]t rP’d;kj \\,j6 7u ;k,l’6 ltg]pj c,oj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !WW c,af c]t gxaom’qj rP’d;hk’0;k’vaofa[lv’0v’]k;D phvogxaom’qj rP’fyofu 9bj’gxaog0fx6dg0Qk c]t rnfrao8jk’Mmju,u-njlP’F gxaog0fxjk fq’8b[|kd;hk’.spvj 5fq,lq,[6owxfh;p-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfD [oa fkm’jq rP’f’ja dkj ; ,gu ovN mfuj oy d;kh ’0;k’F vf5 ,q l,q [o6 F xkj f’q 8[b |kF ,cu s’j^ -a[rtpkdvome,t-kfs^kpg\\ktlq,.odkox6d/a’F ]hP’lafF c]t wx,kltf;d 9’bj gIaf.shglf4tdyf,udko0tspkp8q;D 7e4k, !D r,6 loa 4ko0v’xtgmf]k;,u]da ltotco;.fL @D r6 c]t lkpr6mujle7ao0v’]k;,ulkpr6.fcfj c]t ,u7;k,l6’gmkqj .fL #D r6rP’mujle7ao0v’]k;,ur6rP’.fcfLj $D m’qj rP’mujle7ao0v’]k;,um’qj rP’.fcfj L &D pvh osp’a glf4tdyf1g6j 0fm’jq rP’9’jb ,udko0tspkp8;q L 135

,Po,k[qfmu @) r6,vkdkf0v’xtgmf]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!D ]adltotr6,vkdkf0v’]k; 9uo ot7vos;^ ';P'9oa dex6g9p 136

xtgmf]k;,ur6,vkdkfIhvo-,5j c]t wfhIa[cl’8kg;aos^kprhv,oAo d=wfhIa[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ zqoltmhvo9kd]q,xt9e]tf68ts^vfxuD phvo95fryglffhkomu8j A’r6,lao4ko 9’bj rk.sh r6,vkdkfc8]j tmhv’4yoj 0v’xtgmf]k;,u]adltotc8d8kj ’daoD r6,vkdkf0v’ xtgmf]k;,u @ ]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD ]tf6c]h’g],uj c8dj k’ gfnvo 85]k sk gfvn o g,lkF gxoa ]tfm6 muj vh ’2kh c9,j .lF xt],y kocl’cffsk^ pF ,7u ;k,cs’h c]’h l’6 D ]tf/6 oq g],ju c88j oQ gfvn orfb ltrk sk8oQ gfvn o8]5 kS gxoa ]tfm6 muj vh ’2kh ,fn 7,B sk^ p c]t ,ucl’cff|hvpF ,uxtdqfdko2hk7tov’F ,uma’]q,F /qoF 2hkc,[F vkdkf-,5j g1aofuD @D ]adltotr6,vkdkf.oc8j]trkd @D!D r6,vkdkf1j6rkdg|nvG .o]tf6c]h’1j6rkdg|nv c]t g0fr6l6’vkdkf |k;g1aogxao8Qoc,oj c0;’ zQ’lk]uF -P’0;k’F sq;raoF s^;’rt[k’F v5fq,w-F s^;’oEmk g-y’j ,uv5ostr6,ltg]pj @W vq’lkc8[j k’[vj o]q’8Og4y’ W vq’lk Xco?D .o]tf6oU,u/qo8qd[k’g]adohvpF ,u\\vd[k’xqd75,.o8vog-QkDDD .o]tf6/qovkdkf Ivh o0oB vo5 str,6 ltg]pj @$ v’q lk Xco?F .oooA vkdkfIvh omluj f5 c,oj .ogfvn orfb ltrk c]t ]tf6/qocdpj k;IvfgfnvodaopkD @D@D r6,vkdkf16rj kddk’ c]t rkd.8hG .o]tf6c]h’mhv’2hkxvf3x’j c]t ,cu l’cffsk^ p vkdkf[|+ k;g1oa gmkjq rkdg|vn F vo5 str,6 ltg]pj xt,ko @& v’q lk Xco?D ]tf6oUv5ostr6,,udkos^5f]njodaos^kp]ts;jk’rkdg|nvda[rkddk’ c]t rkd.8Dh l;j o]tf/6 oq g],ju c8gj fvn orfb ltrkcdpj k;skgfvn o8]5 kD vkdkfIvh ov[q gvkQ F v5ostr6,ltg]pj @){#W vq’lk Xco?D .oxt9[5 oa r,6 vkdkf0v’xtgmfgIkq ,du koxPj ocx’g-oja /oq 8dq [4+ dn 8k,]tfd6 koF vkdkfIhvo c]t |k;zyfxqddt8yphvodkodtme0v’7qogIqk8afw,hme]kpxjkF dkoxvj p,qo]tryfl6lj ’yj c;f]hv,DDD 7e4k, !D ]da ltotr,6 vkdkf0v’]k;gxoa co;.fL @D ]da ltotr,6 vkdkf1r6j kdg|vn d[a rkddk’ c]t rkd.8,h 7u ;k,c8d8kj ’ doa co;.fL 137

[qfmu @_ c,joE.oxtgmf]k; !D c,joE0v’ c]t lkpoE8jk’M0v’]k; 9uo ,Po,k zQ’lk]u oE,hk oEmkg,nv’w- -eg|nv sh;p-kpoEco[ECmk oE0v’ oEogE-nv6v’ s;Pf w-pt[6]u s^;’rt[k’ oE-e vjk;s;Pfok, oE7ko g,nv’cxd oEgoou w-lq,[6o oE]ud oE j’n, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oE’P[ oE-ao oE3,h 3ro3I’ xkd-aooEdtgfmy’uosuo[6o oD7D;P’9ao ok, oE0v’ mkj c0d wm g-[A’w2 g7njv’\\kp lts;aootg0f glAo-kpcfo g-[A’sP’ c,joE vjk’oE g-3fo lk]t;ao ,kf8klj;o ! G &WWWDWWW xkdg- ]t,k, 9exklad vaf8txn g,nv’30’ g-dv’ dex6g9p oE0v’ c,oj E0v’,8u oQ degofu 9kdrr6 P’8gy [f Xxtgmf9ou ?F ,]u ;’pk;m’a \\fq xt,ko $D&WW d3y ]c,fa wsz^ kj o * xtgmf7Gn 9ou F ]k;F s;Pfok,F ,Po,kF wm c]t dexg6 9pD 138

c,joE0v’ws^zjkor6,lao4komjuc8d8jk’daork.sh,ucdh’,u8kfs^kpcsj’F ma’ws^ 7fq 37’h F ,[u vj oc7[F [vj og]dy c]t [vj od;kh ’DDD c,oj E0v’wsz^ kj oxtgmf]k; !)_) dy3]c,af gxaolkpoEmugj 8Qk 3I,gvqkoE9kdlk0k8kj ’MD ovd9kdc,oj E0v’ c]h; xtgmf]k;pa’xtdv[ ,uc,joEmjule7aos^kplkp c]t ma’gxaolk0k0v’c,joE 0v’vdu 7Gn oEvF6 oEmkF oEc['F oE7koF oEg-vn ’F oE’,jn F oE’P[F oE-oa F oEsou [o6 F oEdtfy’F oEg-[A’sP’F oEg-[A’w2F oEg-3fo c]t oEg-dv’D f’aj oAoxt]y,ko oE0v'9’jb ,1u kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p8tsv^ fxDu ovd9kdooA p’a ,cu ,oj E mwuj sz^ kj oxtgmf]k;c];h ws^l6mj tg]s;Pfok,7nG c,oj E,hkF c,oj E-e c]t c,oj Egouo X16cj 0;’sq;rao?D @D 7;k,le7oa 0v’c,oj E8d+ korfa mtokglf4tdfy c]t dko7,q ,tok7,q c,oj Ec,oj -[a rtpkdvome,t-kfm,uj 7u ;k,le7oa g-’jy ,7u ;k,zd6 roa 8d+ kofe]’q -;u fy c]t glf4tdfy 0v’7oq gIkq ,kc8[j I6 kootdkoD c,oj Elkp 8kj ’Mgxoa [vj ome,k skdyo c]t Ia[.-hdkozt]yf8kj ’Mg-oaj G dkox6d/a’F ]hP’lafF glAomk’7q,,tok7q, .odkowx,kskld6j oa ]ts;kj ’ mvh ’4ojy 8kj ’M c]t 0oq l’jq loy 7kh wxlg6j 0fc0;’8kj ’MD ovd9kdoAoc,oj Epa’gxao ly’j le7ao.odko zt]yfrt]a’’ko w22hkoE8qdmujwfh,k 9kdcI’oEg-oja G g0vnj ow22kh oE’,nj Xc0;’;P’9oa ?F g0vjn ow22kh gmuosuo[o6 Xc0;’ 7e,;j o? DDD f’aj oAor;dgIqk7;oxqdxadIadlkcs^’j oE.sh7q’168j ts^vfwxD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k, g0nvj ow22hkoE'n,j !D c,oj E0v’,u8Qodegouf,kc8.j lL @D lk0k0v’c,oj E0v’1]6j k;m’a gxoa c,oj Emujle7ao 0v’]k;,uc,oj E .fcfLj #D c,oj Emwuj sz^ kj oxtgmf]k; c]h; wsl^ m6j tg]s;Pfok,,cu ,oj E.fcfLj $D c,oj E,u7;k,le7ao8+glf4tdyf c]t dko7q,,tok7q,co;.fL &D .omhv’4yoj 0v’oadIPo,uc,oj E.fcfmj ujws^l6oj E0v’L 139

[qfmu #W dkodtlyde0v’]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dkox6d/a’ dkox6d/a’16]j k;,u # 0tc|’8Qo8=7nG x6drnfmaopkskoF x6drnfv5flkstde c]t x6drnf.sh\\kdD dkox6drnfmaopksko8Qo8=c,oj x6dg0Qk g-y’j ,uma’g0Qkok c]t g0QkwIDj g0Qkok x6ds^kp16jg0fmq’j rP’ c]t 8k,c7,c,oj E.sp8j kj ’MD le]a[g0QkwIoj Aox6ds^kp16j g0frf6 vpmk’rkdg|vn F g0frs6 ;^ ’ c]t rr6 P’8kj ’M1m6j k’rkd.8Dh ovd9kdxd6 g0kQ -k dkg2 lk]u /kh p 1kl[6 140

c];h p’a xd6 rfn moa pkskovojn Mvdu g-oja G lk]Fu ,oa 8oQ F ,oa fkh ’F gzvn dF zda -tofy 8kj ’MDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkox6drnfv5flkstde.o]k;xtdv[,u7nG \\kd4;qj fyoF 4;qj gs^nv’F \\kdrhk;F \\kd’kF \\kdI5’j lkF x=F xkj oF dkg2F -kF 7’aj F pkoF \\kdc|’j F 8Qo1k’F 8Qo/hkpF 8Qo,voDDD [aofkrnfv5flkstde9tx6d16mj 5drkd0v’xtgmfc8dj kg2 c]t -kl;j o s^kp9t1[6j oa fkc0;’mk’rkd.8Dh dkox6d8Qow,h.sh\\kd];,,u7nG \\kdrhk;F \\kd0k,F \\kd,;j ’F \\kd ]ewpF \\kd]t,5f Xx6ds^kp16cj 0;’;P’9aoF ot7vos^;’;P’9ao?F \\kddhP’ Xx6ds^kp16j c0;’s;^ ’rt[k’ c]t w-pt[]6 ?u F \\kdofa F \\kdm]5 Po Xxd6 sk^ p1c6j 0;’9exklda ?F \\kd9v’F \\kd\\AoF \\kd7kp Xx6ds^kp16cj 0;’-P’0;k’? DDD @D dko]hP’laf dko]hP’lafc,jo0tc|’|bj’mju,udkorq;rao1jk’lt|yfc|hoda[dkox6d/a’D 0tc|’dkooU.oxtgmf]k;,um’a lfa .spj c]t lfa ovh pD lfa .spmj u]j Ph ’m;jq wxg-oja G ';q F 7;kpD g0fmuj]hP’’q;F 7;kps^kpc,oj 16[j aofkc0;’-P’0;k’F ;P’9aoF 7e,;j oF lts;ao c]t 9exkladD le]a[lafohvpmujoypq,]hP’,u7nG \\6F c[hF gxafF wdFj oqddtmkF wd’j ;’DDD dko]Ph ’xkdg+ xoa mouj py ,q 0v’xt-k-oq ]k; .oooA ,xu ksk^ p-tofy g-oja G xkooy F xkf5dF xkwoF xkdyosphkDDD c]t [k’[vj od=]hP’dh5’F dq[F ]hP’,hvoDDD #D 7;k,le7ao0v’dtlyde8+dkofe]q’-u;yf c]t glf4tdyf dtldy egxoa 0tc|’|’jb mxuj t-k-oq ]k;g7pu ,,u o6 g-vN .odkozt]fy Xxd6 /’a c]t ]hP’laf? rqo]tg,nv’l;j os^kp,uvk-u[mk’fhkodtlydephvo;kj ,ao,u7;k,le7aoF 9egxao8+dkofe]q’-u;yf c]t 0tspkp8q;8+0tc|’dko8kj ’MD 0tc|’dtlyde wf8h v[lt|v’mk’fkh o;fa 4f5 [y .sch dj 3I’’kovf5 lkstdex’5 c8’j F lt|v’vksko .sh7qoF lafDDD f’aj oAo dkod+lhk’rNo 4ko;af45 c]t g8adoyd.shcddj tlyde9’bj -5dfao.sh 0tc|’saf4tdeF v5flkst deF dko7khF dko7q,,tok7q,DDD 0tspkp8q;D 7e4k, !D dkox6drnfmaopkskoF rnfv5flkstde c]t rnf.sh\\kd16]j k;,uspa’cfLj @D dko]Ph ’lfa 1]6j k;,su p’a cfLj #D dtldy e,[u fq [kfle7oa co;.f8d+ kofe]’q -;u fy c]t 0tspkp8;q mk’fkh o glf4tdyf0v’]k;L 141

[qfmu #! dkosaf4tde c]t v5flkstde0v’]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dkosaf4tde dkosfa 4tde0v’]k;,su k^ p0tc|’dkog-oja G dko8kj= zkh mw= \\F 8gu sd^a F 9da lkoF xoA foy gzkq F 8,Q doja F g7vjn ’xkofu F DDD c8]j t0tc|’dkowf,h du ko0tspkp8;q rl= ,q 7;o 1m6j d5 rkdF md5 c0;’dko8Ozkh mw= \\ 0v’xt-k-oq ]k;wf,h u,o6 g-Nvgxoa gvdt]da 0v’ ]k;.oc8]j tmhv’4oyj 7nG lUo8k,5dc0;’-P’0;k’F lUo]kpokdc0;’sq;raoF lUo,uj xkdg-c0;’9exkladF dko4adcl;j 0v’gzqkj ,Q’DDD dko8ugsa^dd=gxao0tc|’|bj’mju Ia[.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;aos^kpgxao8Qoc,oj v5xtdvo grnvj Ia[.-hdkozt]yf7nG 9qdF -;hkoF lq[w4F ,ufF rhkDDD l;j odko9da lko 1c6j 8]j tmvh ’4ojy d,= du ko0tspkp8;q l,q 7;o9oq dkpgxoa loy 7kh F gxao8Qoc,oj lkos;fF 8y[g0QkF dt[5’F dt8kj F 75F lkfF g0y’F w-F l5j,DDD dkoxAofyogzqkxt-k-qo]k;g7up,u,6og-Nv c]t ,u7;k, -eoko.odkoxAo\\=hF s^+wsF cv’j oEF 4h;pF 7qdF DDD dko8Q,daoj ,u7nG 8Q,dajogsQ^kF 8Q,gdnvF 8Q,vhvpDDD dko8Q,dajomuj,u-njlP’.o]k; c,oj dko8Q,gdnv16[j hko[+ Xc0;’;P’9ao?F 8Q,gdnv16[j hko37dltvkf Xot7vos^;’ ;P’9oa ?F 8,Q doja gs^kQ 1g6j ,vn ’7’q g-3fo Xc0;’lk]t;oa ?F 8,Q vvh p c]t gs^kQ 1g6j ,vn ’7e c0;’-P’0;k’gxoa 8oQ D ovd9kd0tc|’dko8kj ’Mmudj kj ;,kc];h p’a ,usfa 4tdeg7nvj ’xkoufmu,j u-lnj P’ 3f’j fa’,kc8[j 6Ikog-oaj G dko8ug’yoF 7eF dko7;af];f]kpF dkoc8h,F ]t[kpluF dkozt]fy g7vjn ’foq 8ru oN g,vn ’ g-’jy ,7u o5 7kj l’6 mk’fkh o;fa mtotme c]t wfIh [a 7;k, oyp,q 9kd7oq rkp.o c]t 8kj ’xtgmf3fpltgrktc,oj g7vnj ’g’yoF 7eg-’yj gfoja d;kj \\j6 c,oj 16cj 0;’s^;’rt[k’F ot7vos^;’;P’9aoDDD @D dkov5flkstde vf5 lkstde.o]k;4kh mP[.lgj ,vjn dvj oc,oj ,du ko0tspkp8;q rl= ,q 7;o c8lj ;j o s^kp c,oj v5flkstde0t|kfohvpg-oaj G 3I’g]nvj pF 3I’lug0QkF 3I’’kozt]yf1kF 142

3I’’kog[pF 3I’’kooEs;koF 3I’’ko8afspy[F 3I’’ko1kl6[F 3I’’ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lt[6/5oj F 3I’’kolhv,cx’dqo9adF 3I’’kola’dtluF 3I’’ko4q’1k’ c]t vnoj MD [aofk3I’’kogsq^jkoAolj;os^kp8A’1j6ot7vos^;’;P’9ao c]t [k’8q;g,nv’.spjD le]a[3I’’kov5flkstde0t|kf.spj c]t ]q’mbos^kpd;kj \\6cj ,oj G 3I’’ko-u,a’ ;a’;P’F 3I’’kozt]yfw22hkG g0nvj ooE’n,j F g0nvj og-glafF g0nvj ooEgmuoDDD #D 7;k,le7ao0v’saf4tde c]t v5flkstde8+dkorafmtok glf4tdyf{la’7q, 3I’’kozt]fy g[p 143

3I’’kogsd^a gloA ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3I’’ko-,y 'a ;'a ;P' 144

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[qfmu #@ dko7hk c]t dko[=]ydko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dko7hk c]t dko[=]ydko dko7hkc,oj dko9e|kj p-N0kpc]d xPj olyo7hk.ola’7q, c]t dko[=]ydko c,oj dko8v[lt|v’ 8k,7;k,8vh ’dkol’yj .f|’bj 0v’la’7,q D dko7kh c]t dko [=]ydko,udkorq;raog-y’j dao c]t dao1kj ’lt|yfc|hoD @D dko7hk.oxtgmf]k; dko7hk,uma’dko7hkma’rkp.o c]t 8jk’xtgmfg-y’j wfh,udko0tspkp8q; rl= ,q 7;omk’fkh odko9fa 8’A c]t xtgrfloy 7kh 9e|kj pD 8kokj ’dko7kh wfIh [a dko gxfu d;kh ’ c]t dl+ kh ’0oB 1c6j 8]j tc0;’rvh ,ooA ]fa 4t[kowfvh top5 kf.sgh vdt-oq zm6h uj ,mu ob 9fa 8’A m]5 tdfy dko7kh 0v’8oq 0oB c81j .j6 8dh ko7;[7,5 -oU e0v’]fa D ltooA xtgrf loy 7kh m9uj ]= t9vo186j k,mvh ’8tsk^ f9’jb ,su k^ p-tofy S c8zj t]fy 8troa mzuj t]fy wf.h o]k; c,oj 9]= t9vo c]t -,q .-rh kp.oxtgmfS xtgrfmluj ’jq vvd,ru t]’a ’kow22kh F cImj kfF dkg2F w,Dh DD xtgmf]k;,u dkor;q roa dko7kh F dko]’q mob d[a sk^ pxtgmf 3fp]fa gxoa z6h z6d0kfs^kp0tc|’dkoD fh;pgsfoAo]tfa[dko7hk c]t xtgrflyo7hk1j6]k; 9bj’gruj,0Bo1jk’w;;kD l6odk’dko7hkmjule7ao.o]k;c,jo1j6ot7vos^;’;P’9aoF lts;aootg0fF 9exkladF s^;’oEmkF v5fq,w-F [+cdh;F s^;’rt[k’DDD xtgrflyo7hk mouj eg0kQ ,7u Gn xtgrf]fq F oE,oa g-vN w2F -,u ’a F rt]’a ’kow22kh F gsd^a gloA F g9ph F oE8koF oq,05hoF g0QkF czoj crF g7nvj ’o’5j s,qj F 1kxq;rtpkf DDD @D dko[=]ydko xtgmf]k;gxaoxtgmf|b’j muj,u7;k,l;p’k,mk’fhkome,t-kfF ,u7;k, vf5 ,q I’ja ,mu k’fkh o;fa mtotme{Ifu 7v’xtgrou c]t Ivj ’Ivpxts;fa lkfvoa gdkjq cdj 0v’xt-k-qo[aofkgzqjkD 7qo]k;gxao7qof5\\ajo0tspaorPoF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ov[ovh ,4v,8;q F l’a 7,q ]k;,7u ;k,lts’[q c]t gxoa ]t[P[IP[Ivh ppoy f8u vh oI[a c0d[hkoc0dg,nv’D 9kd95foU9bj’gIaf.sh-k;8jk’xtgmf.omqj;3]d,u7;k,lqo.9 146

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