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dkoxhv’dao { [+4Y,lyj’glfgs^nv8jk’M]q’cs^’j oE { sf5^ zvj odko.-mh kfg7,u X1k0kh lfa 8r6 fn F 1k0kh spkh F /oj5 g7,?u .odkodtldy eD { 7;[75,dko[e[afoEgxNvo0v’3I’’ko8kj ’MD { [+xjvpoEgxNvo9kdgInvo-ko]q’cs^’j oED @D lyj’glfgsn^vd+.shgduf,qo]tryfmk’vkdkf vkdkfgxaoryf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ lyj’glfgs^nv8kj ’mujxvj pl6vj kdkf 7;aoF ]tvv’ c]t vkp]tgsup8kj ’M gIaf.shgdufvkdkfgxNvo c]t gxaoryf s^n gvUo;jk ,qo]tryfmk’vkdkfD 211

,qo]tryfmk’vkdkflqj’zqodtmq[faj’oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gxaovao8t]kp8+]t[q[skp.9D { gxaovao8t]kp8+dkog[y’j gsaoD { gIaf.sh3]dIhvoD #D lyj’glfgs^nvd+.shgduf,qo]tryfmk’fyo I6[ dko4Y,ly’j glfgs^nv.ljfyo zqodtmq[ dko4,Y l’jy glfgsvn^ 8kj ’M]’q foy d+.sgh dfu ,oq rfy mk’foy g-oja G foy glnjv,75otrk[ gIaf.shfyolQ,F fyog7a, [+g\\ktle]a[dkox6d/a’D ovd9kdoUpa’gIaf.shfyo,ug-Nv rtpkf c]t mkfryf g-y’j gxaovao8t]kpcdj-u;yf0v’ 7qoF laf c]t rnfvudfh;pD ,qo]tryfmk’oEF fyoF vkdkfc,joltrk[0v’oEF fyoF vkdkf,udkoxPj o cx’phvo,uly’j glfgs^nv s^n mkf8kj ’Mg9nvxqogduo,kf4komujwfhdeoqfw;h g-y’j gxao 212

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດlkgsfgIaf.shgxaoryf c]t lq’j zqoltmhvovao[+fu8+l50trk[F -u;yf0v’7qoF lafF rnf c]t 8+ly’j c;f]hv,D gIqklk,kfxhv’daooEF fyoF vkdkf[+.shgduf,qo]tryfwfh3fpdko[+.-h;af45muj [+9egxaoF s^5fzjvodko.-h;af45[k’1kj ’F .-h;af457no.\\jF gvqklyj’mju.-hc]h;wxzt]yf 7no.\\Dj 7e4k, !D ly’j glfgsn^v 8jk’M gIaf.shgduf[aosk8+lyj’c;f]hv,co;.fcfLj @D ly’j glfgs^nvvao.fcfj gIqklk,kfoe,k.-h7no.\\wj fhL #D ly’j glfgs^nv vao.fcflj k,kfoewxzt]yfgxao;af45.\\wj fhvudL $D ,uspa’cfj gIqklk,kf.-h|hvp]q’wfhL &D ,uspa’cfj gIqk[+9egxao8hv’.-hd=wfhL 213

[qfmu &$ w22hklt4yf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D w22hklt4yfc,jospa’L mqf]v’ !G { 9a[gvqkm+f6foEs;kocxt.lj/kshv’IPo mujd+ c]t 3[dc]h;D { 46m+f6foEs;kooAo.lcj rou]q’ s^n crw\\ 3fp46wxmk’fP;dao ${& gmjnv c]h;9a[cxt.lj/kvudgmnjv|jb’D mqf]v’ @G { 3Ipglfg9ph ,oj5 sn^ g,fa 32,.l|j kh 38t c]h;9a[gfjlQo|jb’0v’[aomafx^kl8yd g0Qk.dhg9hp,j5o s^n g,af32,oAoD { 46lQo0v’[aomaf.ljzhkou]q’ s^n zhkw\\ s^n zq, c]h;9a[gfjlQomju46oAog0Qk.dh g9hp,5oj s^n g,af32,oAovud7A’|bj’D { gIfa dkomfq ]v’7dn oa d[a [oa mfa xk^ l8dy c8.j -mh c6j d;h F dkh o[dy Fw,fh ;Y D T m+f6foEF [aomafx^kl8ydmju46.lcj rw\\c]h;8kj ’da[g;]k[+mao46co;.fL phvospa’9jb’gxaoco;oAoL T .opk,|k;F g;]kcdhglNvc]aovvd9kd38gsaoxtdkpw2 c]t wfhpyo lP’fa’c8a[Mgduf0BoD phvospa’9jb’,uxtdkpw2 c]t lP’co;oAoL T 2hkgs^Nv, s^n 2hkc,[ c]t 2hkIhv’9tgxaoxkdqfdko]adltotfP;daoda[ xtdkpw2 c]t lP’c8d.og;]kcdgh lvN c]oa vvd9kd38gIkq ooA sn^ [+L ;af45[k’1kj ’ g,njv4nd46da[;af45vnoj c]h; ,aofb’f6f s^n ph6;af45vnjowfhD ]adltot fa’j dkj ;gduf9kd;af454ndI5d46oAo8yfw22hkDgonjv’9kdw22hkmjugduf0BooAoF,aogduf0Bo c]t 1j6ltgrktc8j[vj o,aogduf0Bogmqkj oAoS gryjogvUo-njw22hkco;oU;jk<w22hklt4yf< 214

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D xkdqfdkow22hklt4yfmujgduf0Bo.ome,t-kf xkdqfdkow22hklt4yf.ome,t-kfmujltcf’.shgsao,uG2hkgs^Nv,F2hkzkj D.ooAo 2hkgs^Nv, gduf9kddko4vo\\afw22hk.ljdao0v’dhvog,d @ dhvo muj8yf w22hk8jk’ -toyfdaoS lj;o2hkzkj gduf9kddko4vo\\afw22hk]ts;kj ’dhvog,dmu8j yfw22hkraf zkj o.dh|hkfyo c]h;]q’.lfj yomuj8yfw22hk8jk’-toyfda[dhvog,dD I6[ 2hkgs^Nv, #D dkoxhv’daovao8t]kp9kd2hkzjk 2hkzjkF ,adzkj ]q’.ljfyomujgxao3rol6’F 8Qow,hl6’mju16jxPj ;M c]t lyj’d+lhk’mujl6’MD faj’oAoF grjnvxhv’daovao8t]kp9kd2hkzkj g;]k/qo8qdF 2hkgsN^v,[+7;owx16jdhv’ 8Qow,hl6’ 3fpltgrkt8Qomju1j6xPj ;MS 8yf8A’lkpdao2hkzjk Xlkp]h=2hk? .llj jy’d+lhk’ mujl6’M g-aoj G gInvoF glqkva’c8olt4kou;ymtp5F glqkva’c8o3m]tla[DDD I6[ 2hkzkj 7e4k, !D w22hklt4yfgduf0Bowfhco;.fL @D 7;k,\\kp0v’w22hklt4yfc,oj co;.fL #D 9qj’[vdxkdqfdkogduf9kdw22hklt4yf.ome,t-kf $D grjnvxhv’daovao8t]kp9kd2hkzjk7;ogIafco;.fL 215

[qfmu && w22hkdtcl ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dtclw22hkc,oj spa’L mqf]v’!G { gvqklkpw22hkF sq;mPo # vF xyo ;k’.dhdao la’gdfg[yj’sq;mPo { gvkq lkpw22kh 8s+ ;q mPo.lxj oy ! dvh o.sgh xoa ;’q 9voxfy l’a gdfg[’yj s;q mPoD { 8+sq;mPo.ljxyo @ dhvo.shgxao;q’9voxyfla’gdfg[yj’sq;mPo I6[ ;q’9voxyf { sq;mPomju;k’w;h.dhxyoda[ sq;mPomuj8+.lxj yogxao;q’9voxyf8kj ’daoco;.fL phvospa’9jb’gxaoco;oAoL { sq;mPomju8+.lxj uo ! dhvo da[8+.lxj uo @ dhvo I5j’8kj ’daoco;.fL mqf]v’ @G { gvqklkpw22hk8+ sq;mPo # v .lj da[\\h=xajow2]qf4u[ .shgxao;q’9voxyf { xyjosq;0v’\\=hxaoj w2-hkM c]h; xyjow; 0BoD la’gdfg[jy’7;k,I5j’0v’sq;mPo 7;k,I5j’0v’sq;mPo.og;]kxyjosq; \\=hxaoj w22hk-hkMF w; c]t w;M 8jk’daoco;.fL phvospa’9jb’gxaoco;oAoLD I6[ w22hk9kd\\=jxaoj w2]qf4u[ 216

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດg,jnv8+sq;mPo.lxj yo.shgxao;q’9voxyf c]t g;]kxjyosq;\\=hxajow22hkmju8+.lj sq;mPoF sq;mPoIj5’D oAophvo;jk ,udtclw22hkc]oj zjkosq;mPoS g;]k8+sq;mPo .lxj yo @ dhvo c]t g;]kxjyosq;\\=hxaoj w22hkw;M sq;mPoI5’j d;jk ooA pvh o;kj ,du tcl w22kh m.uj spdj ;kj c]oj zkj os;q mPoD dtclw22kh gxoa l’yj mgju [’yj [+gsao c8j,aoltcf’.shIh6g,njv,aoc]jozjkofvdw22hkF ;ymtp5F 3m]trk[F raf]q,F DDD fvdw22hkI5j’F ;ymtp5 Ia[laopkolP’9kdlt4kouwfhF raf]q,xjyoF mkf]t]kpg’yo s^n 7e8yfg7nv[da[g’yo s^n 7emju-kj ’gvqk]q’phv,F g8qk]uf s^n g8qkw22hkIhvo0BoDDDD xyoF \\=hxaoj w22hkF 9adw22hkF g0jnvow22hkDDD gxao[jvozt]yfdtclw22hkgryjo gvUo;kj cs^j’degoufw22hk s^n [+w22hkD [+w22hk.f,ucI’faow22hkl6’ X3;ol6’? gmqjk.fF ,aod=lk,kfzt]yfdtclw22hk.spj Xvecx.sp?j gmqjkoAoD g’njvow0mujgIaf .shgdufdtclw22hk,uG [+w22hk c]t ]ts;kj ’lv’0Q;0v’[+w22hkoAo8+.ljdaogxao ;q’9voxyfD dtclw22hk,uxt3spf7n.sh7;k,IhvoF c,gj sa^d c]t xt8ydy]ypkg7,uD dkozt]yfw22hkmuj,ucI’faol6’Mg-aoj G g0njvow22hk grjnvc9d9jkpw22hk.-h8k, [hkogInvoF 3I’’ko c]t lt4komju8jk’M d=.-h\\=hxajow22hk7ndaoda[\\h=xajow22hk.o ]qf4u[F c8gj rjnv.shwfhw22hkmu,j ucI’faol6’s^kprao3;oF grjyogIafgxao\\h=xajo0t|kf .spj c]t .-hs^kp|;j prhv,daoD @D ;af45oew22hk c]t [+oew22hk ;af45-toyf.foew22hk c]t ;af45-toyf.f[+oew22hkL mqf]v’G { gvqklkpw22hk8+sq;mPo.ljxyo .shgxao;q’9vogxuf la’gdfg[y’j sq;mPoD AB I6[ ;q’9vogxuf 217

I6[ dko-adoew22hk0v’;af458kj ’M ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gvqk];fmv’F ];fgsa^dF ];fvk]6,uouvv,F w,hfY;w,hcsh’F lkpg-nvd/hkpF lkp1k’1nfF dhko[ydF DDD 8+.ljlv’lQo 1-2 gmnvj ]tvao rhv,ma’la’gdf7;k, Ij5’0v’sq;mPoD { gvqklv’lQolkpw22hk1-2 9,j5 ]’q .o9vdoE[]= ly f5 FoE]t]kpgdvn FoE]t]kp oE8koDDD T g;]kgvkq ;fa 4c5 8]j tvoa ,k8]+ ts;kj ’loQ 1-2 s;q mPogxaoco;.fL pvh ospa’ 9jb’gxaoco;oAoL T g;]kgvqklv’lQo 1-2 9j5,]q’.ooE s^n oE]t]kpmkfvjnoF sq;mPogxao co;.fL phvospa’9bj’gxaoco;oAoL T oadIPo9tlts^5[dPj ;da[dkooew22hk0v’;af458kj ’Mco;.fL T g,vnj gvkq ;fa 4m5 guj Ifa f;h p3]stFwllh f= ec]tmkf]t]kp[k’1kj ’8]+ ts;kj ’ lQo 1-2 sq;mPoI5j’S c8jg,jnvgvqk;af45muj[+c,jo3]st c]t oE[=]yl5f8+ ]ts;jk’lQo 1-2 sq;mPo[+I5’j D oAoltcf’.shIh6;jkdtclw22hkc]oj zkj o 3]stm5d-toyfF wlhl=fe c]t oE]t]kpmkf[k’1jk’wfhS c8j[+lk,kf 218

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c]oj zjko;af45muj[+c,oj 3]st c]t oE[=]yl5fwfhD gryjogvUo;af45mujdtcl w22hkc]jozjkowfh;kj ;af45oew22hk c]t gvUo;af45mjudtclw22hk[+lk,kf c]jozkj owfh;kj ;af45[+oew22hkD 7e4k, !D gIafco;.f9jb’9tIh6;jk ,udtclw22hkc]oj .o];flkpw22hkglAo|jb’L @D ;q’9voxyf c]t ;q’9vogxuf8kj ’daoco;.fL #D .shdtclw22hk9kd[+w22hkmuj.-hxyow2lkp # dhvo c]t $ dhvo 8+8k,dao c]jozjko sq;mPo * V fvd|jb’D 4k,;kj d=]tou.f,udtclw22hkc]jozjko sq;mPooAo.spjd;kj L phvospa’L $D gxaospa’grjyo[+gvqklkpg-nvdxjko s^n g-nvd/hkpgIaflkpw22hkL 219

[qfmu &* ;q’9vow22hk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D ;q’9vow22hk ;q’9vow22hkc,oj spa’L .o[qfmu &&F oadIPowfhmqf]v’8+ sq;mPoF xyo s^n \\h=xajow2 .shgxao;q’9vo,kc]h;D ltoAoF ;q’9vow22hk|jb’ xtdv[fh;pG [+w22hk Xxyo s^n \\h=w2 s^n 9adw22hk?F g7jnv’ .-hw22hk Xsq;mPoF fvdw22hkF ;ymtp5F 3m]tmafF raf]q,DDD?F v5xtdvow22hk X0q;w22hkF dq’8adF 2y;DDD? 8+.ldj aofh;plkpw22hkgxao;q’Iv[|jb’ grjnv.shdtclw22hk c]jovvd9kd0Q;[;d0v’[+w22hk wxzkj og7njv’.-hw22hk c]h;da[g0Qk0Q;]q[D .ooAo 4hk;kj gxao;q’9vo9vfdao gvUo;kj ;q’9voxyf s^n c9[S 4hk;kj ;q’9vo[+9vfdao gvUo;kj ;q’9vogxuf s^n [+c9[ @D ;q’9vow22hkmuj8+g7jnv’.-hw22hk]Podao c]t 0t|kodao ;q’9vow22hk,u9adc[[L mqf]v’G { gvqksq;mPow2lkp @ fvd 8+.ldj a[xyo @ dhvomuj8+8k,daow;h.oda[.ljxyo s^n .o[A’gIafco;.f.shsq;mPoma’lv’fvdI5j’rhv,daoD { g,njv8+;q’9vomujgIaf.shsq;mPoma’lv’I5j’rhv,daoc[[|bj’c]h; .shc8h,I6[ ;q’9vow22hkc[[oAow;hD 9kdoAo xjPo;ymu8+.shgxao;q’9voc[[.\\Dj { .oc8j]t;q’9vo g,jnvsq;mPoma’lv’Ij5’c]h; .sh]v’xqffvd|bj’vvdD T ;q’9vow22hkmju.shsq;mPo @ fvdI5j’rhv,dao,u9adc[[L c8j]tc[[gxao co;.fL T .oc8j]t;q’9voF g,jnvxqfsq;mPofvd|jb’vvdsq;mPofvdmjugs^nvgxao co;.fL phvospa’L 220

.odko8+sq;mPo @ fvd .ljda[xyo.shgxao;q’9vow22hk mjugIaf.shsq;mPo ma’lv’fvdI5j’rhv,daovkf9t8+gxaos^kp;q’9vomuj8jk’daoD c8gj ,jnvla’];,c]h; ,ao,urP’ @ c[[ 7nG c[[mu !G gvqklQo0v’lkpw22hk mju8+.lj0Q;8jk’dao0v’sq;mPo c8j]tfvd8+.ljdao c]h;gvqklv’lQomjupa’gs^nv8+.ldj a[xyo.shgxao;q’9voxyffaj’I6[grjyogvUo;q’9vow22hk c[[oU;jk ;q’9vow22hkmuj8+g7njv’.-hw22hk]PodaoD c[[mu@G gvqklQo0v’lkpw22hkmuj8+.l0j Q;fP;dao0v’sq;mPoc8]j tvao 8+.l0j Q;fP;dao 0v’xyo fa’j I6[gryjogvUo;q’9vow22hkc[[oU;jk ;q’9vow22hkmju8+g7njv’.-hw22hk 0t|kodaoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ ;q’9vow22hkmju8+g7njv’.-hw22hk]Podao I6[ ;q’9vow22hkmju8+g7njv’.-hw22hk0t|kodao dko8+;q’9vog7njv’.-hw22hk]Podao c]t 0t|kodao,u95ffuF 95fvvj o8jk’dao fa’j oUG ;q’9vow22hkmuj8+g7njv’.-hw22hk]PodaoGw8hwfhfqod;kj grkt,aoxvj pdtclw22hk vvdohvpd;jkS c8[j +I5j’fu c]t 4hkfvd|bj’0kf s^n xqfvvdF fvdmujpa’gs^nv9t[+I5’j grkt;q’9vodkpgxao;q’9vogxufD ;q’9vow22hkmuj8+g7njv’.-hw22hk0t|kodaoGI5’j fud;kj c]tg,nvj xqffvd|bj’vvdF fvdmujgs^nvd=pa’Ij5’1j6 c8jxyo\\qfw;d;kj grkt,aoxvj pdtclw22hkvvd.spjd;kj D 221

#D ;q’9vow22hkmju8+[+w22hk]Podao c]t 0t|kodao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mqf]v’G { gvqksq;mPow2lkp ! fvd 8+.ldj a[xyo @ dhvo gIafco;.f .shsq;mPoI5j’D { g,njv8+;q’9vomujgIaf.shsq;mPoI5’j c[[|bj’c]h; .shc8h,I6[;q’9vow22hk c[[oAow;hD 9kdoAo xjPo;ymu8+.shgxao;q’9voc[[.\\Dj { .oc8]j t;’q 9vog,vnj s;q mPoI’5j c];h .s]h v’xfq xoy dvh o|’bj vvdD { ;’q 9vow22kh mjuxtdv[fh;p xyo @ dhvo 8+.ljsq;mPo ! fvd.shI5j’,u9adc[[L c8]j tc[[gxaoco;.fL { .oc8]j t;’q 9voF g,vnj xfq xoy dvh o|’bj vvdF s;q mPogxoa co;.fL pvh osp’a L { .odko8+sq;mPo ! fvd.ldj a[xyo @ dhvo .shgxao;q’9vow22hkvkf9t8+gxao s^kpc[[8jk’daoF c8gj ,jnvla’];,c]h;,ao,urP’ @ c[[ 7nG c[[mu !G 8+xyo8k,daofaj’I6[grjyogvUo;q’9vow22hkc[[oU;jk ;q’9vow22hkmuj8+[+ w22hk ]PodaoD c[[mu @G 8+0Q;fP;dao0v’xyo X0Q;[;d.l0j Q;[;d c]t 0Q;]q[.lj0Q;]q[? c]h;8+.lj0Q;0v’ s;q mPof’ja I[6 groyj gvoU ;’q 9vow22kh c[[o;U kj ;’q 9vow22kh m8uj +[+w22kh 0t|kodoa D I6[ ;q’9vow22hk8+[+w22hk]Podao I6[ ;q’9vow22hk8+[+w22hk0t|kodao 222

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ;q’9vow22hk8+[+w22hk]Podao c]t 0t|kodao,u0=hfu c]t [+fufaj’oUG { ;q’9vow22hk8+[+w22hk]PodaoGsq;mPoI5’j d;kj grkt,aowfhcI’faow22hk.spj d;kj S c84j kh xfq [w+ 22kh .f|’bj vvdF s;q mPo[I+ ’j5 grkt;’q 9vodkpgxoa ;’q 9vogxfu D { ;q’9vow22hk8+[+w22hk0t|kodaoGI5’j |hvpd;kj grkt,aowfhcI’faow22hkmuj ohvpd;kj S c8j4hkxqf[+w22hk|bj’vvdF sq;mPod=pa’I5j’ grkt;q’9vow22hkpa’ gxao;q’9voxyf16jD 7e4k, !D ;q’9vow22hkc,oj spa’L @D ;q’9voxyf8kj ’da[;q’9vogxufco;.fL #D ;q’9vow22hkmju8+g7njv’.-hw22hk]Podao8kj ’da[8+0t|kodaoco;.fL #D 0h=fu0v’;q’9vow22hkmu8j +g7nvj ’.-hw22hk]Podao8kj ’da[8+0t|kodaoco;.fL $D 0=h[+fu0v’;q’9vow22hkmu8j +[+w22hk8+]Podao8kj ’da[8+0t|kodaoco;.fL 223

[qfmu &( dko.-hw22hk.o-u;yfxt9e;ao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dko.-hw22hk .o-u;yfxt9e;ao oadIPo.-hv5xtdvow22hk-toyf.fcfjL dko.-hw22hk gxaoly’j |jb’mujle7ao c]t 9egxaole]a[dkofe]q’-u;yfmuj,j;o-njo c]t ltf;dlt[kp d=7ndkolhk’lkrafmtokfhko8jk’M.sh9tg]uodhk;|hk0Bo 1jk’w;;k9kddko.-hg7njv’.-hw22hk8jk’Mg-aoj G fvdw22hkF ;ymtp5F 3m]trk[F 3m]tl[a F rfa ],q F 3,g89u da sp[y g7vnj ’F d[q w22kh F lts;kj ow22kh F g7vnj ’[fq \\kdw,Fh 8h6g1aoF g8qkw22hkF DDD dko.-wh 22kh .o-;u fy xt9e;oa wfoh e.-gh 7vnj ’.-wh 22kh sk^ p-tofy c8lj ’a ];,c];h lk,kf9fa xtgrf8k,dko.sxh t3spfwffh ’ja oGU .sch l’lts;kj ’F .s7h ;k,Ivh oF .s7h ;k,cI’F .shlP’ c]t .shxt8ydy]ypkg7,uD { g7njv’.-hw22hkmju.shcl’lts;kj ’,uG fvdw22hk-toyf8jk’M g-y’j gxaog7jnv’.-h w22hkmujxPj ort]a’’kow22hkgxaort]a’’kocl’D 224

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ g7jnv’.-hw22hkmju.sh7;k,Ihvo,uG g8qkw22hkF g8qk]ufF \\=hs5’g0Qkw22hkF dt8yd 8Q,oEw22hkFDDD g-’yj gxoa g7vnj ’.-wh 22kh mxuj Pj ort]’a ’kow22kh gxoa rt]’a ’ko 7;k,IhvoD { g7njv’.-hw22hkmju.sh7;k,cI’,uG g7njv’9ad8jk’Mmjuc]jofh;p3,g8uw22hkg-ajoG raf]q,F lts;jkoF dq[w22hkF 3,g8u9adspy[F g7njv’[qf\\kdw,hFDDD gxaog7njv’ .-hw22hkmjuxPj ort]a’’kow22hkgxaort]a’’kodqo9adD 225

{ g7jnv’.-hw22hkmju.shlP’ c]t rk[,uG ;ymtp5F 3m]trk[FDDD g-jy’gxaog7jnv’.-h w22hkmujxjPort]a’’kow22hkgxaort]a’’kolP’ c]t rk[ Xcl’?D { g7vnj ’.-wh 22kh m.uj sxh t8dy ]y py kg7,Gu dkog7vn [l3u ]st 8;q 1kj ’ dkopvh ,g’oy F 7eDDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g7nvj ’.-hw22hk[k’-totoyfxtdv[ fh;p @ s^n s^kpxtgrf16joedaoD 8q;1kj ’G fvdw22hk.shma’cl’c]t7;k,IhvoF3m]trk[.shma’lP’ c]t I6[rk[ Xcl’?F DDD 226

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D dko.-hw22hkmjuxts1af 7;o.-hw22hkco;.f9b’j xvfwr c]t xt1afL dko.-wh 22kh mxuj tspfa ,oa r;q roa d[a dkog]nvd.-gh 7vnj ’.-wh 22kh mu,j 7u o5 trk[fu c]t .-h1jk’4nd8hv’D dko.-hg7jnv’.-hw22hkmujxts1af7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { g]nvd.-hg7njv’.-hw22hkmjug\\ktlq,da[]tfa[0v’dkooe.-hD { g]nvd.-hg7jnv’.-hw22hkmju,u75otrk[fuF [+dyow22hks^kp { \\jaod;fg[yj’v5xtdvo c]t g7jnv’.-hw22hkc8j]tvao Xg,njvla’gdfgsao,ao 0kfF gxgr8hv’Iu[lhv,cx’ s^n xjPo4kj p?D { .-h;Pdc]h; 8hv’xqfsq;lP[0v’,aovvd9kdg8QklP[ 3fpltgrktc,jo g7njv’.-hw22hkmuj.sh7;k,Ihvog-aoj G g8qkw22hkF g8qk]ufDDD phvo;kj g7jnv’.-h w22hkmju.sh7;k,Ihvom5dvaogxaog7jnv’.-hw22hkmujdyow22hks^kpD { [+w8hfvdw22hk.o[jvomjuc9h’rP’r=le]a[dkogIaf;Pdc]h;D { [+gxuf3m]trk[w;hg,njv[+,u7qog[jy’D 7e4k, !D w2lkp.-hgIafspa’L gxaog7jnv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.fL @D 7hvo9vfw22hkgxaog7njv’.-hspa’L gxaog7jnv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.fL #D 1j6gInvo0v’g9Qk,ug7njv’.-hw22hk-toyf.fcfjL g7jnv’.-hw22hkc8]j tvaooAo gxaog7njv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.fL $D grjnv.shdko.-hg7jnv’w22hk,u7;k,xt1af7;ogIafco;.fL 227

[qfmu &) v5xtdvow22hk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D v5xtdvow22hk v5xtdvow22hk,uspa’cfjL .odko.-hw22hk grnjv7;k,ltf;d c]t xvfwr 9t8hv’xtdv[v5xtdvow22hk [k’1kj ’g0Qk.o;q’9vow22hkmjugIqk.-hoAo g-jaoG lkpw22hkF 0q;w22hk Xd638 s^n 7afvHk;?F 2y;F g8QklP[w22hkF sq;lP[w22hkF lt;yfw22hk Xdq’8adw22hk?F DDD v5xtdvow22hkc8]j t-toyf.-hw;hgIafspa’L 228

lkpw22hkG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .-hle]a[8+ g7njv’.-hw22hk c]t v5xtdvow22hk.l[j +w22hk.shgxao ;q’9vo grnjv.shw22hk9kd[+w22hk c]jowxzjkog7jnv’.-hw22hkD 0q;w22hkG .-lh e][a gxfu sn^ xfy dtclw22kh c]oj zjko,aoma’lv’lkp rhv,daogrnjvltf;d c]t xvfwr.odko8fy 8’A s^n xPj o 4kj pvx5 tdvo sn^ g7vnj ’.-wh 22kh .o;q’9vomuj,ao7;[75,D 2y; s^n 0q;-noG .-hgrjnv8af;q’9vofh;pdko gxvnj p0kf g,vnj dtclw22kh .spj gdou deofq c]oj zkj o grkt ;jk2y;w22hkgIaffh;p3]stmju Ihvogxnjvp’jkpD 229

lt;yfw22hkG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .-hle]a[gxuf.sh s^n xyf[+.shdtclw22hk c]oj zkj owxskg7jnv’.-hw22hkmuj1j6.o ;q’9vofP;daoda[,aoD g8QklP[ c]t sq;lP[w22hkG .-lh e][a lP[gvkq w22kh 9kd8k|kj ’w22kh wxc]jog7jnv’.-hw22hk3fpltgrktg7jnv’ .-hw22hk[+wfh8yf8A’w;h7q’mju g-ajoG ;ymtp5F raf]q,F g7njv’[qf\\kdw,hF g8qk]ufDDD @D dkooe.-hv5xtdvow22hk 7;og]nvd.-hv5xtdvow22hkco;.f9bj’xvfwrL dkog]nvd.-hv5xtdvow22hkmjufu c]t ,u75otrk[gxaodkog]nvdgvqk7;k,xvf wr.odkooe.-hw22hkma’xtspafw22hkD dkog]nvd.-hv5xtdvow22hk7;ogvqk.9.lj fa’j oUG { g]nvd.-hv5xtdvow22hkr=g\\ktda[dko.-hw22hk0v’g7njv’.-hw22hk.oc8]j t ;q’9voD { g]vn d.-vh x5 tdvow22kh m,uj 7u o5 trk[fu Xlkpw22hkmju1k’s5h,vjvooh5,[+,uIvp [kfS 7ko0v’0;q w22kh F s;q 9[a 2;y w22kh 9[a d[a c|[|[u 0v’r;d,oa c|oh fDu D? { [+.-hv5xtdvow22hkmuj-e]5f Xlkpw22hkmuj1k’sh5,c0’ s^n z5 s^n ,uIvp[kfS 230

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0q;w22hkF lt;yfF 2y;w22hkg0Qk\\hP’ s^n 9a[da[c|[|u[0v’,ao[+c|ho s^n ,uIvpw\\hDDD ?D { \\ajod;fg[jy’ c]t gIafvtokw,v5xtdvow22hkc8j]tvaogxaoxt9eS 4hkla’ gdfgsao,aogxjgr.shcx’ s^n gvqkvao.\\j,kxjPo9bj’oe.-h8+D 7e4k, !D 16jgInvo0v’g9Qk,uv5xtdvow22hkspa’cfLj v5xtdvow22hkc8j]tvao oAo.-hgrjnvspa’L @D 9qj’[vd7;k,7ndao c]t 8kj ’dao.ofhkodkogIaf;Pd0v’0q;w22hk c]t lt;yfw22hkD #D 2y;w22hkgIaf;Pdco;.fL .-hgrnjvspa’L 231

[qfmu &_ vao8t]kp0v’w22hk !D vao8t]kp0v’w22hk w22hkgxaovao8t]kpco;.f4hk.-h[+4nd8hv’L w22hk g4y’;kj ,uxt3spf1kj ’,tsklkoS c84j hkzh6.-h[+Ih6.-h s^n .-h[+]t,af]t;a’ s^n .-h3fp0kf7;k,gvqk.9.lj[e]5’Iadlkg7jnv’.-hw22hkd=7nv5xtdvow22hk,aod=oe gvqkvao8t]kpIhkpcI’,kl6jzh6.-hwfhfa’j mujg7upwfhpyo0jk; s^n wfhgsaow2w\\h[hkophvo w22hk]af;q’9voF 7qo8kpphvow22hkf6fDDDD w22hk]af;q’9vogduf0Bowfhco;.fgrnjv sk7e8v[.shoadIPogIafdkomqf]v’faj’oUG { gvkq lkpw22kh ovh p @ gloA F c8]j tgloA xvd.s,h Iu vp[kf ! Ivp 8+s;q mPo * v .ljda[xyo # dhvo8+]Podao faj’I6[ Xd? la’gdfg[jy’sq;mPoD { gvqk];flkpw22hk1j6[vj ogIaf.sh[kf 16j.olkpw22hk @ glAooAocxt.ljdao fa’j I6[ X0? la’gdfg[yj’sq;mPo c]t [vj o];flkpw22hk8yfdao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ Xd? I6[ vao8t]kp0v’w22hk X0? g,njvgvqk];flkpw22hk1j6[jvo[kf.o @ glAooAo,kcxt.ldj aoF sq;mPogxao co;.fL [jvo];flkpw22hk8yfdaooAogxaoco;.fL phvospa’9jb’gxaoco;oAoL .odkomqf]v’oUF g,njvgvqk];flkpw22hkma’ @ glAo,kcxtdaoF sq;mPo,vfS [vj o8fy doa Ivh ocf’0oB D xkdfq dkof’ja dkj ;ltcf’.sIh ;6h kj dtclw22kh [+wfch ]oj 232

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດwxmq;j ;q’9voF ,aoc]oj ]af16j[jvo8yfdaooAogrjyo9bj’gvUo;kj w22hk]af;q’9voD g,vnj gdfu w22kh ]fa ;’q 9voF 4kh gxoa dtclw22kh .sp,j oa gIfa .slh kpw22kh .o;’q 9vo ]afIhvo9qo1k’sh5,lkpw22hkw\\hgxaocx;0Boc]h;8yf.lj;af45w\\h’jkpmju1j6.dh,aow\\h 8k,dkpgxaow2w\\hgInvoF 3I’’koDDD @D dkos^udg;Ao9kdvao8t]kp0v’w22hk grnjvs^udg;Aovao8t]kp9kddko.-hw22hk7;ogvqk.9.ljfaj’oUG { \\oaj d;fg[’yj vx5 tdvow22kh c8]j tvoa S 4hkla’gdfgsao,aozyfxqddt8y8hv’Iu[ lhv,cx’ s^n xPj o4jkp.shw;D { dko8l+ kpw22kh 7;o8f+ ;h p08h= + X3f,3u o?D 4hk8+3fpgvqk];f/Aodao8hv’raofh;p ltdHvfgm[sh5,.shfuD { dkolhv,cx’ s^n xjPo4kj pv5xtdvo c]t g7vnj ’.-wh 22kh 8vh ’.s-h kj ’w22kh sn^ z,6h 7u ;k,Id6h Pj ;d[a w22kh cx’ sxn^ Pj o 4jkp c]t djvo9txt8y[afdkocx’ s^n xPj o4kj p8hv’xqf0q;w22hk0v’ ;q’9vooAorhv,ma’8yfxhkp[vd;jk de]a’cx’w22hk.ljm5dgmjnvD 233

{ g7jnv’.-hw22hkc8]j tvaoF g,jnvg-qk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .-hc]h; 8hv’xyflt;yfc]h;4vf sq;lP[0v’,aovvd9kdg8QklP[ w22hkm5dgmjnvD { [+.-hg7jnv’.-hw22hks^kpvaomjulP[ sq;lP[0v’r;d,ao.ljda[g8Qk lP[vaofP;muj,us^kpI6rhv,daoD { g;]k4vfsq;lP[vvd9kdg8Qk lP[[+.shfb’lkpw22hkF .sh9a[ sq;lP[fb’vvd { [+9a[;af45.fMcspgj 0QkI6g8QklP[ w22hk 3fpltgrktc,jo ;af45muj gxao3]stD { [+9a[v5xtdvow22hk.fM .o0totmujIkj ’dkpxPd-5j,D 234

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ [+rkfg7jnv’ s^n g-nvd s^n w,h .llj kpw22hkD { g,njvgsaolkpw22hk0kf8qd ]q’fyo[+g0Qkwx.dhlQolkp w22hkoAoD { 4hkgsao7qode]a’4ndw22hk ff6 .sIh [u 2kh ;-;j pgsvn^ 3fp dvj ovonj c,oj .sxh fq 0;q w22kh s^n .-hw,hcsh’ph6 s^n .-hg-nvd mju[+oew22hk7hv’fb’gvqkzh6 oAovvd9kdw22hkdjvoD skh ,.-,h 9n [a 3fpd’q gffa 0kf grktvkf9tgxoa voa 8t]kp g4y’-u;yf0v’zh6muj-j;poAoD 7e4k, !D vao8t]kp0v’w22hk,u7nco;.fL @D g9Qkg7upwfhgsao7qo4ndw22hkf6f X-Hvf? [+L vkdkogxaoco;.fL phvospa’ ]k;9jb’4ndw22hkf6fL #D grjnv7;k,xvfwr.odko.-hw22hk7;oxt8y[afco;.f L $D g,jnvgsao7qode]a’4ndw22hkf6f g9Qk9t-j;pg0qkco;.f 9bj’9txvfwrma’g0qk c]t g9QkL 235

ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

gr’-kf -kf]k;8A’c8j.f,k ]k;m5dmq;j |hkg-uf-6l5f.9 I;j ,cI’I;j ,9yfIj;,.9 lk,ad7udaogxaode]a’fP; gfaffPj ;rhv,daodhk;|hk [6-k-6dPf0v’]k; lqj’glu,.-hlyfgxaog9Qk ]k;m5d-qogzqjkltg\\urk[dao [+.sh/6’9addtraf c]t r;d0kp-kfg0Qk,k]q[d;o ]k;ma’,;o-6gvdt]kf vyflts^trk[ 0v’-kf]k;w;h 8aflyo.9 l6h-u’gvqkw- rk-kfdhk;wxl6j7;k,;afmtokD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ