ຄຸນສົມບັດ ແລະ ໂລກອ້ອມຕົວ_MoralnWAU

[qfmu ## -a[rtpkdvoxjkw,h c]t [+cIj0v’]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D -a[rtpkdvoxjkw,h g,vnj dvj ogovN mxuj kj w,0h v’xtgmf]k;,xu t,ko !!F@ ]kh ogIda 8kg-’jy d;,gvkq $(: 0v’govN mmuj ’a \\fq .oooA ];,,xu kj f’q f[y F xkj l’q Xxkj xtl,q sn^ xkj g7’jy 8[b ? c]t xkj 37dD xkj fq’fy[,us^kp16cj 0;’;P’9aoF -P’0;k’F s^;’oEmkF [=]y7ew-F 7e,;j oF lk]t;aoF g-dv’ c]t 9exkladD xkj fq’fy[,u8Qow,hs^kp-toyf7nG w,hpk’F w,hp5’F w,hc7oDDD xjklq’,us^kp1j6c0;’s^;’oEmkF w-pt[6]uF [+cdh;F s^;’rt[k’F ;P’9aoF -P’0;k’F sq;raoF [=]y7ew-F lts;aootg0f c]t lk]t;aoD .oxkj lq’,uw,h.spsj ^kp -toyfg-oaj G w,hc8h0kj F w,hcf’F w,hf6Fj w,hgxnvpF w,hladF w,hcxdDDD xkj 37d,u16cj 0;’G 9exkladF lts;aootg0fF lk]t;aoF vaf8txnF ot7vos^;’ ;P’9aoD xjk37d,uw,hltc['F w,hd5’F w,hg-nvdF w,h9ydF w,hIa’F w,h-kfDDD ovdoAo 16]j k;pa’,uxkj w,hxvj ’16mj k’rkdg|nvg-oaj G w,hgIhpF w,hIqdF w,hrk’DDD 16rj kddk’ c]t rkd.8h,uw,hwzFj w,hw]Fj w,h[q’DDD xkj w,,h u7o5 xt3spfs^kpmulj f5 .sch dlj ’yj mu,j u-u;yfg-oaj G .shvkskoF .s;h fa 4I5 [a .-Fh .s/h o5j me,t-kfF gIfa .svh kdkflfq -ojn F ff6 -,n oEw;.h ofoy F 8kh o],q rkpF5 gxoa [vj ovkwl 0v’lafxkj F gxao[vj oradzvj o1vj o.90v’7qoF cs^’j 1kxq;rtpkfF c]t .shvqd-uc-o skp.9DDD f’aj oAor;dgIqkm5d7qo7;o,u;ymuxqdxadIadlk1kj ’4nd8hv’7nG [+7;o8afw,h -t-kpF [+7;o4k’xkj c]t 96fxkj F 7;o9af8A’dkox6d8Qow,hmqfcmo c]t oe.-h xkj w,h1kj ’xt1afD 4hk[+fa’j oAo 9tgIaf.shxkj w,hoa[,Noa[l6oglpF gdufwrcsh’c]h’ c]t oE4h;,F ly’j muj,u-u;yf9t0kfvkskoF 0kfmuj16vj kwlDDD c8.j oxt9[5 oa goNvmxuj kj w,0h v’]k;s^f5 ]’q s^kppvh odko9tg]uog8u[38mk’fkh o glf4tdfy {l’a 7,q g-oja G dkogr,ju 0oB 0v’9eo;oxt-kdvoF dkoxd5 vk7kolt4komuj gInvo-ko[hko-jv’F lhk’4t|qosqomk’F lhk’g0njvow22hkF dko4k’xjkgIafwIjF dko8fa w,]h e]kpxkj 1kj ’-t-kpD 148

@D -a[rtpkdvo[+cIj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xtgmf]k;,u-a[rtpkdvo[+cIjs^kp-toyfg-ajoG [+gsa^dX1j6c0;’-P’0;k’F sq;rao?F [+dq;j X16j[+c|’j {3ro8U;c-;’7e,;j o?F cdh;xtgluf Xc0;’[+cdh;?F 7e Xc0;’lts;oa otg0f? gdnv Xc0;’zQ’lk]uF v5fq,w-F ;P’9ao? suox6o X16[j aofkc0;’ rkdg|nv c]t rkddk’?F suodk; X16cj 0;’7e,;j oF lts;aootg0f c]t c0;’ ;P’9ao?F 4jkosuo Xc0;’;P’9ao c]t c0;’[+cdh;?DDD cImj kf,uxt3spf1jk’ ,tsklko8d+ korfa mtokglf4tdfy { l’a 7,q g-’jy lk,kfoe.-gh 0kQ .o3I’9da 3I’’koF dkodtlydeF zt]yfg7nvj ’.-hlvpIa[ .-h-u;yfxt9e;aoF zt]yfg7nvj ’gvhma’gxaolyo7hk 0kvvdmujoe]kpwfh,k.shcdxj tgmf-kfvudfh;pD f’aj oAo gIqk7;ooe.-h1kj ’xt1afF 4dn 8vh ’grvjn .sgh dfu xt3spfl’6 lf5 F 7;ooe.-3h ]st[k’-tofy 7on .\\j grkt;kj cImj kf [k’-toyf[+lk,kfgduf0Bo.\\j c]t mfq cmo[+wfgh -oaj G g’yoF 7eF oE,oa g-Nvw2F ,kfDDD g4’y ;kj cImj kf8kj ’M9t,zu oq xt3spf1kj ’,tsklkod8= k,c8dj ko0f5 7oQ [c+ Ij p’a ,zu oq dtm[q 8+l’jy c;f]vh , c]t l’jy m,uj -u ;u fy g-oja ;kj G xkj w,4h dn me]kpF r,6 loa 4ko,u dkoxPj ocx’F laf0kfmuj16vj kwlF rk.sh,u,qo]tryf8kj ’Mgduf0BoD 7e4k, !D xkj w,h.oxtgmf]k;.og,nvj dvj o c]t xaf95[aogxaoco;.fL @D xkj w,,h 7u ;k,le7oa co;.f8l+ ’jy m,uj -u ;u fy c]t gIkq 7;oxdq xda Ida lkco;.fL #D [+cI.j oxtgmf]k;,uspa’cfj c]t ,u75oxt3spfco;.f8+dkofe]q’-u;yf 0v’7oq gIkq D $D dko0f5 7oQ -[a rtpkdvoxkj w,h c]t [c+ I,j zu oq dtm[q co;.f8l+ ’jy c;f]vh ,L 149

[qfmu #$ dko7q,,tok7q, c]t dkolnjlko !D dko7q,,tok7q, 9uo z'Q lk]u ,Po,kg,nv'w- ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ s;^ 'rt[k' ( g,vn 'cxd !# ok,vjk;s;Pfok, s;Pf oE 0v' wm lts;oa tg0f g7njv'\\kp !# _ gloA -kpcfo xkdg- c,oj E vaf8txn gloA mk's;^ ' lt|k,[oy dex6g9p ,kf8kl;j o !G & WWW WWW 150

!D!D dko7q,,tok7q,0qolqj’mk’[qd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko7q,,tok7q,mk’[qdwfh0tspkp8q;1kj ’;vj ’w; c]t 4ndoe.-hs^kpd;kj \\.6j oxtgmfD .oxfa 9[5 oa dkolkh ’lk c]t 0tspkpgloA mk’de]’a fegoou sk^ pgloA mk’ wflh vh ,cx’7on .\\j lk,kfgIfa .smh d5 c0;’ c]t c8]j tmvh ’4ojy ,gu loA mk’g-vjn ,8.+ ldj oa D glAomk’s^;’mujle7ao0v’]k;,u7nG glAomk’g]d !F glAomk’g]d @F glAomk’g]d $F glAomk’g]d *F glAomk’g]d (F glAomk’g]d )F glAomk’g]d _F glAomk’g]d !# glAomk’faj’djk;gxaoglAomk’g-njv,8+]ts;jk’c0;’ c]t [aofkxtgmfmju.dh7P’ grnvj c]dxPj omk’fhkoglf4tdyfF la’7q,DDD ovd9kdoAopa’,uglAomk’vnoj Mvudg-aoj G glAomk’g]d !WF glAomk’g]d !*F glAomk’g]d !)F glAomk’g]d @# DDD rhv,da[ dko0tspkp8q;0v’glAomk’F rkstot0qolq’j mujmaoltw\\F ]qf[aom5d0t|kf.spj d+wfhoeg0Qk,k-q,.-h1kj ’d;hk’0;k’D !D@D dko7q,,tok7q,mk’oE dko7,q ,tok7,q mk’oEgxoa ,o6 g-vN 0v’xt-k-oq ]k;,kc8[j I6 kootdkoD ,kg4’y xt95[aopyj’,udko0tspkp8q; c]t ltf;d;jv’w;d;jkc8jdjvo grkt,urkstot mumj aoltw\\g-oaj G dkooe.-hgInv9ad c]t dexoaj mu[j aom5dwfh &W g4y’ @WW 38o .og0fmuj [+,ucdh’s^kp3fpltgrktc8cj ,oj E0v’g0f;P’9aog4y’lts;aootg0fD l;j olk0k 8kj ’M 0v’,oa l;j osk^ p9toE.-gh Ivn 4F+ gIvn 9da 0t|kfovh p c]t gIvn rkpgxoa 8oQ c,oj 1m6j k’rkdg|vn D pvh o9f5 rgy lfr,6 loa 4ko0v’xtgmfc,oj El;j osk^ pgxoa c,oj E1g6j 0f rf6 vp,ou Ewsc^ I’ c]t ,cu d’h ,8u kfsk^ p9'jb gIfa .s[h k’[vj o.-wh fch 8.j o]tf/6 oq gmkjq ooA D dko7,q ,tok7,q mk’oE4kh mP[.lmj k’[dq c];h p’a -da -kh c]t [l+ tf;dxko.fD !D#D dko7q,,tok7q,mk’vkdkf dko7,q ,tok7,q mk’vkdkf,7u ;k,le7oa .odkoxdq xda Ida lk c]t rfa mtok xtgmf-kfD .o-5,xuzjko,k]af4t[ko]k;wfhvto5pkf.shoadm5]tdyfF [=]ylaf dko[oy 8kj ’xtgmfg0kQ ,k]’q mob g-’jy gIfa .sdh ko[oy ]k;lk,kfgfou loa 9vowfgh r,ju 0oB c]t ltf;dd;kj gdkjq D ]fa 4t[ko]k;d= wf]h ’q mob .odkodl+ kh ’ c]t x[a x’5 lt|k,[oy 151

1c6j 0;’8kj ’Mg-oja G lt|k,[oy s;^ ’oEmkF w-pt[]6 Fu vf5 ,q w-F lts;oa otg0fc]t vojn MD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lt|k,[yo;afw8mjuot7vos^;’;P’9ao gxaolt|k, [yomjule7ao]tfa[-kf c]t gxaolkpdko[yolkdqorhv,daooAowfhoegvqkrkstot dko[yomujmaoltw\\g0Qk,k.-h oa[,Noa[s^kp0Bo g-y’j lk,kfgxuflkpdko[yo16rj kp.o c]t 8kj ’xtgmf g-oaj G 9uoF dex6g9pF wmF iafg-pF ly’dt3xF cvgvg-p c]t pa’wfhgxaolt,k-ydvq’dkodko[yo rqo]tgInvo0v’lkdqoD dko7q,,tok7q,mk’vkdkf 0v’]k;l;j os^kppa’c,oj dkoI[a .-9h t]k9vo7oq 3fplkoF dko8fy 8+ d[a 8kj ’xtgmf c]t dkor;q roa ]ts;kj ’ lo6 dk’d[a mvh ’4ojy gxoa 8oQ 8F= l;j odko0oq l’jq loy 7kh ooA c,oj ,du kooe.-|h vh ppvh o7kj [=]ydkocr’d;kj dko7q,,tok7q, mk’[qd c]t mk’oEs^kpD @D dkolnjlko.oxtgmf]k; dkolljn koc,oj ;Pd’ko|’jb m,uj 7u ;k,le7oa g-’jy ,|u kh mluj ’jq 0,h= o6 0kj ;lko8kj ’M wfh1jk’ltf;dF ;vj ’w; c]t maodkoD dkolnjlko,u7;k,9egxao8+dkorafmtok xtgmf-kf.opd5 xt9[5 oa D f’ja ooA ]fa 4t[ko]k;wf0h tspkp8kokj ’3m]tl[a ]ts;kj ’ lo6 dk’d[a mvh ’4ojy F mvh ’4ojy d[a mvh ’4ojy F 3m]tl[a mk’wdF 8kokj ’wxlto1u r6j kp.o c]t 8kj ’xtgmfD dkodl+ kh ’]t[[q lljn ko 3m]t7,q wfIh ;j ,,n d[a 8kj ’xtgmfg-oja G s;Pfok,F 9uoF wmF /i’aj F g1p]t,aoF puxj 5oj DDDxtgmf]k;.oxt95[aowfhoe.-hdkolnlj ko3m]t7q, 1kj ’d;hk’0;k’ 3fpltgrktc,oj dkooe.-h3m]tla[8A’38tF3m]tla[,n4nF dko.-h ]t[[q loa pkomk’3m]trk[F dko/kdg7vjn ’ c]t l’jq g7vjn 'mk’wxltoFu dkooe.-h vyog8ucofa DDD #D 7;k,le7ao0v’dko7q,,tok7q, c]t dkolnjlko dko7,q ,tok7,q c]t dkolljn ko,|u kh m9uj ]= t9voloy 7kh F 0oq l’jq z36h fplko c]t l’jq 0,=h o6 0kj ;lko9kd[vj o|’jb wxlvj6 ud[vj o|’jb grvnj 8v[lt|v’8k, 7;k,IPdIvh ’ 8hv’dko0v’la’7q, c]t dkorq;raodko7hkF dkolnlj koda[8kj ’xtgmf.shmaoda[ 152

ltrk[dkoD dko7q,,tok7q, c]t dkolnlj kooa[,N oa[0tspkp8q; pyj’gIaf.sh ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkorfa mtokmk’fkh oglf4tdfy { l’a 7,q f0u oB gxoa 8oQ c,oj dkoc]dxPj oloy 7kh F g8da ody F zqozt]yf c]t 0=h,6o0kj ;lkomuIj a[.-h.sh0tc|’dko8kj ’MD 7e4k, !D dko7,q ,tok7,q 0oq l’jq 0v’]k;c8]j txtgrfgxoa co;.f9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’L @D dkollnj ko.oxtgmf]k;wf0h tspkp8;q co;.fL #D dkollnj ko.oxtgmf]k;,u7;k,le7oa co;.f8+dkorfa mtokxtgmfL 153

[qfmu #& [aofkxtgmfvk-Po ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D [aofkxtgmfvk-Po (ASEAN Countries) lt,k7,q vk-Poc,oj [oa fkxtgmf8’A 1g6j 0fvk-u8kg;oa vvdlP’.80h v’mt;u[ vk-uD lt,k7q,oUwfhlhk’8A’0Bo.o;aomu ) gfnvo ly’sk xu !_*(D dkolhk’8A’vk-Po wflh kh ’g’vjn ow0 c]t -d5 foa glf4tdfy 0v’[oa fkxtgmf.o0’q g0f0tspkp8;q D lt,k7,q vk-Po,ult,k-ydma’\\qf !W xtgmf7nG ]k;F wmF ,Po,kF ly’dt3xF vyo3fgog-pF ,kg]g-pF s;Pfok,F dex6g9pF [i6okpF 2u]y[xyoD !D!D lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k; ( Lao People’s Democratic Republic) xtgmf]k;8A’16jrkddk’0v’cs^,vyof69uoF .og0fvk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h 0v’mt;u[vk-u c]t ,u-kpcfo8yfda[ & xtgmf7nG myfg|nv8yfda[xtgmf9uoF myf.8h8yfda[xtgmfdex6g9pF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[xtgmfs;Pfok,F myf8kg;ao 8qd8yfda[wm c]t myf8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv8yfda[xtgmf,Po,kD xtgmf]k;[+,u-kp cfo8yfda[mtg]F c8jgxaoglAomk’zjkomk’[qd]ts;jk’xtgmf.orkdrNovk-u 8kg;oa vvdlP’.8Dh xtgmf]k;,ugoNvmumj ’a \\fq @#* )WW 8k]k’dy3]c,fa Xd,@? .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf & *W_ __( 7qoD xtgmf]k;,uot7vos^;’-n;j kj ;P’9aoF lDxDxD]k; g0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po .o;aomu @# gfnvod=]tdqf xu !__(F roq ]tg,vn ’]k; l;j osk^ p4ln klt|krf5 F .-rh klk]k;gxoa rklkdk’ c]t .-lh tdo5 g’yodu[ (Kip) gxaodkoc]dxPj o-N0kpD xtgmf]k;,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrou gxaogvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^j’mjv’mjP;mk’fhko;afmtotme c]t me,t-kf sk^ pcs’j g-oja G rtmkfs;^ ’F ;fa rtcd;h F ;fa llu tgdfF ;fa lgu ,vn ’ Xot7vos;^ ’;P’9oa ? ;af-P’mv’F oE8qd8kfd;k’-u Xs^;’rt[k’?F mqj’wssuoX-P’0;k’?F ;afr6F 7vortgra’ X9exklad?DDD xtgmf]k;lt4kxtokgxaoxtgmflkmk]tot]afxt-kmy 154

xtw8xt-k-qo]k;.o;aomu @ mao;kxu !_(&D f’aj oAo 9’bj wfhdeoqfgvqk;aomu @ mao;k ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gxao;ao-kf0v’]k; c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’m5dMxuD !D @D ]k-tvkok9adwm ( Kingdom of Thailand) xtgmfwmdc= ,oj xtgmf|’jb m8uj ’A 1.6j og0fvk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.80h v’mt;[u vk-u c]t ,u-kpcfomk'G myfg|nv8yfda[xtgmf,Po,k c]t ]k;F myf8kg;aovvd 8yfda[]k; c]t dex6g9pF myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,Po,k c]t myf.8h8yfda[,kg]g-pD xtgmfwm,gu ovN mxuj t,ko &!$ WWW Xd,@?S .oxu @WW( X#!}!@}@WW(? ,9u eo;oxt-kdvo ma’\\qf *# W#) @$( 7qoS ,uot7vos^;’-n;j kj [k’dvdxtgmfwm g0Qkgxaolt,k-yd vk-Po .o;aomu ) gfnvoly’skxu !_*(F rqo]tg,nv’l;j os^kp4nlklt|kr5fF .-h rklkwmgxaorklkdk’ c]t .-hltd5og’yo[kf (Baht) gxaodkoc]dxjPo-N0kpD xtgmfwm,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxaogvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^’j mvj ’mPj ; mk’fkh o;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfsk^ pcs’j g-oja G -P’.\\Fj [k’dvdF vtpf5 mtpkF ot7voxt4q,F rafmtpkF gdktlt\\5pF r6gdafF DDD ;ao-kf0v’wmc,oj ;aomu & gfnvo mao;k 0v’m5dxu c]t wfhltgsu^,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D #D ltstrk[,Po,k (Union of Myanmar) xtgmf,Po,kdc= ,oj xtgmf|’jb m8uj ’A 1.6j og0fvk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.80h v’mt;[u vk-u c]t ,-u kpcfomk'G mfy g|vn 8fy d[a 9ou F mfy 8kg;oa vvd8fy d[a wmF mfy 8kg;oa vvd lP’g|nv8yfda[]k;F myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[c7;ho vafle0v’vyogfp c]t [a’d^kgmfF myf.8h8yfda[,tsklt\\5fvyogfpD xtgmf,Po,k,ugoNvmujxt,ko *(( WWW 8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf $) (_) WWW 7qoD xtgmf,Po,k,uot7vos^;’-nj;kj goxuf=F xtgmf,Po,kg0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po .o;aomu @# gfnvo d=]tdqf xu !__(F rqo]tg,nv’l;j os^kp4nlklt|kr5fF .-hrklk rt,kh gxoa rklkdk’ c]t .-lh tdo5 g’oy 9kH f (Kyat) gxoa dkoc]dxPj o-0N kpD xtgmf ,Po,k,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxaogvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^j’mjv’mjP; mk’fkh o;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfsk^ pcs’j g-oja G [kdkoF c,ofkw]F 1k’d’5 DDD 155

xtgmf,Po,k4ngvqk;aomu $ gfnvo,a’dvoxu !_$) gxao;ao-kf0v’8qooa[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c8oj Aogxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D $D lkmk]tot]afly’dt3x (Republic of Singapore) xtgmfl’y dt3xgxoa xtgmfm8uj ’A 1g6j dkt.og0fvk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.88h ’A 16j mk’ .8hl5f0v’cs^,,kg]F 16mj k’.8h0v’]afpt3I0v’xtgmf,kg]g-p c]t 16mj k’g|nv 0v’gdktigu 1kq 0v’xtgmfvoy 3fgog-pD xtgmfl’y dt3x,gu ovN mxuj t,ko *WW 8k]k’ dy3]c,af Xd,@? .oxu@WW(X@(}_}@WW(? ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf $ *)! WWW 7qoD xtgmfly’dt3x,uot7vos^;’-;nj kj ly’dt3xD xtgmfly’dt3x g0Qkgxaolt,k-yd vk-Po.o;aomu ) gfnvoly’sk xu !_*(F roq ]tg,vn ’l;j osk^ p4ln klt|krf5 F .-rh klk,kg] gxoa rklkdk’ c]t .-lh tdo5 g’oy 3f]kly’dt3x (Dollars Singapore) gxaodkoc]dxjPo-N0kpD xtgmfly’dt3x,u ;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxao gvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^j’mjv’mjP;mk’fhko ;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfsk^ pcs’j g-oja G c-o38-kF l;olfa l’y dt3xF sr= ry my troa 9k’9y DDD xtgmfl’y dt3x4gn vkq ;oa mu _ gfvn ol’y skxu !_*& gxoa ;oa -kf0v’8oq o[a c8oj oA gxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D &D lkmk]tot]afvyo3fgog-p (Republic of Indonesia) xtgmfvoy 3fgog-pgxoa \\g6j dktm.uj spmj luj f5 .o3]d 8’A 1]6j ts;kj ’cs,^ vk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.8h c]t mt;[u vfq lt8ik]u c]t ]ts;kj ’,tsklt\\f5 voy gfp c]t xk-2u dy S ,-u kpcfo8fy d[a xtgmf,kg]g-pgm’y gdkt[o= P; Xvoy 3fgog-pG dk],u oa 8oa ?F xtgmf xkxq;oy;dyougmy’gdktoy;dyou Xvyo3fgog-pG vuiPo? c]t xtgmf8u,=8kg;aovvd gm’y gdkt8,u D= xtgmfvoy 3fgog-p,xu t-kdvosk^ pd;kj \\6j .ovk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.8Fh ,ugoNvmujxt,ko ! _!_ WWW 8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;oxt-kdvo 156

ma’\\qf @#! *@( WWW 7qoD xtgmfvyo3fgog-p,uot7vos^;’-n;j kj 9kdkd8k c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po .o;aomu ) gfnvoly’sk xu !_*(F rqo]tg,nv’lj;os^kp 4nlklt|kvylt]k,F .-hrklkvyo3fgog-pgxaorklkdk’ c]t .-hltd5og’yoi6xu (Rupiah) gxoa dkoc]dxPj o-0N kpD xtgmfvoy 3fgog-p,;u fa mtotmeF Ifu 7v’xtgrou gxaogvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^’j mvj ’mPj ; mk’fhko;afmtotme c]t me,t-kf sk^ pcs’j g-oja G skf-kp[ksFu^ sr= ry my troa mk’fkh ol]y txtm[uj ksu^ DDD xtgmfvoy 3fgog-p 4ngvqk;aomu !( gfnvoly’sk xu !_$& gxao;ao-kf0v’8qooa[c8oj Aogxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D * ,kg]g-p (Malaysia) xtgmf,kg]g-pc[j’gxaolv’g0f7nG ,kg]g-p8kg;ao8qd c]t ,kg]g-p 8kg;oa vvdD ,kg]g-pm’a lv’g0f1s6j kj ’doa g4’y &#W d3y ]c,fa 3fp,mu tg]9ou .80h oA 1D6j g0fm|u ’jb 7cn s,^ ,k]k1,6 -u kpcfomfy g|vn 8fy d[a wm c]t mfy .88h fy d[a xtgmfl’y dt3xD g0fmlu v’7n mk’g|vn gdkt3[oP;,-u kp cfomfy .88h fy d[a voy 3fgog-p c]t ,-u kpcfo vhv,Iv[[i6okpD xtgmf,kg]g-p ,ugoNvmujxt,ko ##W WWW 8k8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW* X#!}!@}@WW*? ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf @( $&@ W_! 7qoD xtgmf,kg]g-p,uot7vos^;’-;nj kj dq;]k]egxuD xtgmf,kg]g-pg0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po.o ;aomu ) gfnvoly’sk xu !_*(F roq ]tg,vn ’l;j osk^ p4ln klt|kvly t]k,F .-rh klk,k]kpg6 xoa rklkdk’ c]t .-h ltdo5 g’oy i’y dfy (Ring git) gxoa dkoc]dxPj o-0N kpD xtgmf,kg]g-p,;u fa mtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxaogvdt ]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^j’mjv’mjP;s^kpcsj’ g-ajoG 3d8k doy k[k]F6 3d8k[kIkiF6 d;q ]k]egxu DDDD xtgmf,kg]g-p 4gn vkq ;oa mu #! gfvn ol’y skxu !_&( gxoa ;oa -kf 0v’8oq o[a c8oj oA gxoa 8oQ ,k c]t wflh tgs,^u lts^v’ ;oa -kfmd5 MxDu 157

!D ( lkmk]tot]afla’7q,oypq,s;Pfok, (Socialist Republic of ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ Vietnam) xtgmfs;Pfok,d=c,joxtgmf|bj’muj8A’1j6.og0fvk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h0v’ mt;u[vk-u c]t ,u-kpcfomk'G myfg|nv8yfda[9uo c]t ]k;F myf8kg;aovvd 8yfda[vkj ;8q’cd’F myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[]k; c]t myf.8h8yfda[dex6g9pD xtgmf s;Pfok,,ugoNvmjuxt,ko #@_ #WW 8k8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf )( #(& WWW 7qoD xtgmfs;Pfok, ,uot7vos^;’-;nj kj Ikj 3ohp xtgmfs;Pfok,g0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po.o;aomu @) gfnvod=]tdqf xu !__& rqo]tg,nv’l;j os^kp4nlklt|kr5fF .-hrklks;Pfok,gxaorklkdk’ c]t .-h ltd5og’yofq’j (Dong) gxaodkoc]dxPj o -N0kpD xtgmfs;Pfok,,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxoa gvdt]da 0v’8oq gv’F ,ucs’^j mvj ’mPj ;mk’fkh o ;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfs^kpcsj’g-ajoG -kxkF Ijk3ohpF Ijk]v’g[F gs;F 3sJpvkoF w-’jvoDDD xtgmfs;Pfok,4ngvqk;aomu @ gfnvodaopk xu!_$& gxao;ao-kf0v’8qooa[c8oj Ao gxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u, lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D )D ]k-tvkok9addex6g9p (Kingdom of Cambodia) xtgmfdex6g9pd=c,oj xtgmf|b’j muj8A’16j.og0fvk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h 0v’ mt;u[vk-u c]t ,u-kpcfo8yfda[xtgmf7nG myfg|nv8yfda[]k; c]t wm F myf 8kg;aovvd8yfda[s;Pfok,F myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[wm c]t vjk;wmF myf.8h8yfda[ s;Pfok, c]t mtg]9uo.8hD xtgmfdex6g9p,ugoNvmujxt,ko !)! WWW 8k8k]k’ dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;o xt-kdvoma’\\qf !$ $$$ WWW 7qoD xtgmf dex6g9p,uot7vos^;’-nj;jkrtoq,gxao c]t g0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po.o;aomu #W gfnvog,lk xu !___ rqo]tg,nv’lj;os^kp4nlklt|kr5fF.-hrklk0tc,gxaork lkdk’ c]t .-h ltd5og’yoiPo (Rien) gxaodkoc]dxPj o -N0kpD xtgmfdex6g9p ,u;afmtot meF Iuf7v’xtgrougxaogvdt]ad0v’8qogv’F ,ucs^’j mvj ’mPj ;mk’fhko 158

;afmtotme c]t me,t-kfs^kpcsj’g-ajoG rtoq,gxaoF ]af8tot7uiuF -P,iP[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ Xva’d=;af?DDD xtgmfdex6g9p4ngvqk;aomu _ gfnvort9yd xu!_&# gxao;ao-kf0v’8qooa[c8oj Ao gxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D _D godkik[i6okpfki6lk]k, ( Negara Brunei Darussalam) xtgmf[i6okp 8A’1j6mk’rkd8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’gdkt[=oP; .og0f vk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8hD fyocfo0v’[i6okpc[’j gxaolv’l;j o 3fp,urNomuj0v’]af -kik;ad 0v’,kg]g-p 0Aow;hgxaorkd8kg;aovvd c]t 8kg;ao8qdD xtgmf[i6okp ,ugoNvmujxt,ko * WWW 8k8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW& ,u9eo;oxt-kdvo ma’\\qf #_W WWW 7qoD xtgmf[i6wo,uot7vos^;’-n;j kj [aofkgliug[dk;aoD [i6okpg0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po.o;aomu ) gfnvo,a’dvo xu !_)$ rqo]tg,nv’ l;j osk^ p4ln klt|kvly t]k,F .-rh klk,kg]gxoa rklkdk’ c]t .-lh tdo5 g’oy 3f]k [i6okp ( Dollars Brunei ) gxaodkoc]dxPj o-N0kpD xtgmf[i6okp ,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxoa gvdt]da 0v’8oq gv’F ,ucs’^j mvj ’mPj ; mk’fkh o;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfsk^ pcs’j g-oja G sr= ry my troa [io6 kpF oE8dq ]k[Fu l;olkmk]totg9if6 v’DDD xtgmf[i6okp4ngvqk;aomu @# gfnvo d5,rk xu!_)$ gxao;ao-kf0v’8qooa[c8joAo gxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u,lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD !D!WD lkmk]tot]af2u]y[xyo ( Republic of the Philippines ) xtgmf2]u [y xoy dc= ,oj xtgmf|’jb m8uj ’A 1.6j og0fvk-8u kg;oa vvdlP’.8h 0v’mt;[u vk-Du 2]u [y xoy xtdv[f;h p\\g6j dktovh p.spgj -’jy ,-u kpcfo8fy d[a ,tsklt\\f5 xk-2u dy c]t mtg]g-]ug[D xtgmf2u]y[xyo c[’j gxaolujl;j o7nG gdkt]6-voF gdkt,yofkgoqkF \\j6gdkt;ylkpao c]t gdktxk]k;aoD xtgmf2u]y[xyo ,ugoNvmjuxt,ko #WW WWW 159

8k8k]k’dy3]c,af Xd,@?D .oxu @WW(X!})}@WW(? ,u9eo;oxt-kdvoma’\\qf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ )) &($ *!$ 7qoD xtgmf2u]y[xyo,uot7vos^;’-n;j kj ,tou]kD xtgmf2u]y[xyog0Qkgxaolt,k-ydvk-Po.o;aomu ) gfnvoly’sk xu !_*(D rqo]tg,nv’ l;j os^kp4nlklt|k7iyf Xg1-6?F.-hrklk2u]y[xyogxaorklkdk’ c]t .-h ltd5og’yogx3- (Peso) gxaodkoc]dxPj o-N0kpD xtgmf2u]y[xyo,u;afmtotmeF Iuf7v’xtgrougxoa gvdt]da 0v’8oq gv’F ,ucs’^j mvj ’mPj ;mk’ fkh o;fa mtotme c]t me,t-kfsk^ pcs’j g-oja G g,vn ’-kovko38o3u vF l;olfa -kovko38o3u vF sr= ry my troa -kovko38o3u vF l;olkmk]totxk3dF gIvn o Xs?= rik-k-kosp5^ DDD xtgmf2]u [y xoy 4ngvqk;aomu !@ gfnvo ,y45okxu !)_) gxao;ao-kf 0v’8qooa[ c8oj Ao gxao8Qo,k c]t wfhltgs^u, lts^v’;ao-kfm5dMxuD @D dkoIj;,,n0v’[aofkxtgmfvk-Po dkoI;j ,,n0v’[aofkxtgmfvk-Po,u95fxtlq’8Qo8=grvnj l’qj glu,dkorafmtok glf4tdyfF la’7q, c]t ;afmtotme0v’rkdrNoS xqdxadIadlklt4Po]trk[ mk’fhkoglf4tdyf c]t dkog,nv’0v’rkdrNoS gxaog;mucdhw0 0=h0afcp’j rkp.o rkdrNo c]t l’qj glu,7;k,lk,ad7uD .od5,j lt,k-ydvk-Powfh-;j pgs^nvg-y’j dao c]t daoF xtgmfmju,udko0tspkp8q;w;d=wfh-j;pgs^nvxtgmfmju,udko0tspkp8q;-hk gxoa 8oQ 7Gn lkh ’;-y k-[u F c]dxPj o[fq IPoF x’5 c8’j lt[P’vksko grvjn I[a xtdoa lt|v’ 7;k,IPdIvh ’ 8vh ’dko0v’rkdroN c]t grvjn l’jq vvdD ovdooA p’a ,du kodl+ kh ’mk’ ]fq w2F mk’ ]fq F c8sj ;Pfok, skdexg6 9pF wmF ,kg]g-p c]t l’y dt3xS c8,j Po,k zkj o]k;wxls6 ;Pfok,D dkoI;j ,,ndoa .odko0f5 7oQ c]t xdq xda Ida lkc,oj E 0v’D dkog0QkIj;,vk-PoF xtgmf]k;,u3vdkfrafmtok mk’fhko glf4tdyfF g8adoyd;ymtpklkfF dkolbdlkF dkocrfF dko7q,,tok7q, c]t dkoI;j ,,n.o s^kpfhkog-y’j gxaoly’j mhkmkp c]t gxaodkomqflv[1kj ’.spsj ^;’3fpltgrktdko 160

sf5^ ]ojn 0v’]tf[a dkorfa mtokglf4tdfy {l’a 7,q F 7;k,c8d8kj ’mk’fkh odkog,vn ’F ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xtgrouF ;fa mtotmeF rklkxkdg;kQ DDD [oa fkxtgmfvk-Powfdh eofq loq myloa pkw,8u c]t dkoI;j ,,on edoa 7Gn g7kq ][q gvdt]kfF vtmxy tw8F 7;k,ltg\\ru k[F zon czoj foy vao7q[4h;o0v’dao c]t dao c]t 7;k,gxaogvdt]ad0v’m5d-kfD c8]j txtgmf ,ulyfgrnjvoerkxtgmf-kf0v’8qo 3fpxklt9kddkoc-dc-’9kdrkpovdF dkomeIhkp c]t dko0,qj 06Dj [+c-dc-’ g0Qkdyf9tdkorkp.o0v’dao c]t daoF cdwh 000h= fa cp’j 3fploa 8y c]t I;j ,,dn oa 1kj ’,xu tlfy mzy oq ]ts;kj ’[oa fkxtgmf lt,k-ydD 7e4k, !D [aofkxtgmfvk-Po,u9adxtgmfF 7nxtgmf.fcfLj @D 9’jq [vd-ojn t7vos^;’0v’[oa fkxtgmfvk-Po #D cs’^j mvj ’mPj ;mulj e7oa 0v’[oa fkxtgmfvk-Po,usp’a cfLj 9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’D $D dkoIj;,,n0v’[aofkxtgmfvk-Po,uzqofuco;.f8+dkorafmtokglf 4tdyf{la’7q,D 161

[qfmu #* ,=]tfqd;afmtotme0v’-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D [6Ikolt4ko [6Ikolt4koc,jolt4komjud+lhk’mju,u75o7jkmk’fhkoxts;aflkfF ly]txtF ;afmtotmeg-oaj G ;af;kvkIk,F rtmkfF decr’g,nv’ DDD g-y’j ,uvkp5Ihvpxu0Bowx c]t [+lk,kfg7nvj ophkpwfhD .oxtgmf]k; ,u[6Ikolt4komulj e7aos^kpcs’j g-oaj G s=rtcdh;F ;aflultgdfF ;aflug,nv’F rtmkfs^;’F ;afvq’8NF ;afgrp;af c]t ;af9ao1j6ot7vos^;’;P’9aoS ;af-P’mv’1j6s^;’rt[k’S rtmkfvu’Ia’1j6lts;ao otg0fS rtmkflu37f8t[v’167j e,;j oS m’qj wssuo16-j P’0;k’ DDD @D [6Iko;af45 [6Iko;af45c,oj ;af45s^n ly’j 0v’8kj ’Mmujlk,kfg7nvj ophkpwfhoa[ma’ly’j muj,to5f lhk’0Bo c]t me,t-kflhk’w;hg-oaj G rtr5fmtI6[F g7nvj ’xAofyogzqkF 37’dtf6d0v’ ,to5f[6IkoF g7vnj ’.-hlvp8kj ’M g-’yj ,uvkp5Ihvpxu0BowxD .oxtgmf]k;,u[6Iko;af45 sk^ p1kj ’g-oja G rt[k’ X1s6j ;^ 'rt[k'?F Ik;mPo X1;6j fa llu tgdf?F wsF 4;h p X0f5 7oQ r[q 16j 0v[g0f;fa okdot7vos;^ ’;P’9oa c]t [kh o-kj ’wsc0;’s;^ ’rt[k’?F g7vjn ’,gn Ifa fh;psuo c]t 37’dtf6d0v’7qo[6Iko16zj kc2oc0;’[=]y7ew-DDD #D x6-touptlt4ko x6-touptlt4koc,jolt4komjumju7qomqj;wxg7qk]q[[6-kg-ajoG ;af;kvkIk,F rtmkfg9fu8jk’Mg-yj’,uvkp5Ihvpxu0Bowx1j6.oxtgmf]k;0v’r;dgIqk,ux6-toupt lt4kole7oa sk^ pcs’j 7Gn rtmkfs;^ ’;P’9oa F ;fa sr= tcd;h F ;fa llu tgdfF ;fa lgu ,vn ’F rtmkflu37f8t[v’F rtmkfvu’Ia’DDD $D x6-toupt;af45 x-6 topu t;fa 4c5 ,oj ;fa 45 sn^ l’jy 0v’m7uj oq g7kq ][q [-6 kl[n mvfdoa ,kc8[j I6 kotdko g-y’j ,uvkp5c8Ij hvpxu0BowxD .oxtgmfgIqk,ux6-toupt;af45s^kp1kj ’g-oaj G rtr5fmtI6[ rt[k’ Xxk'shk,pkf?F rtr5fmtI6[okdxqdF rtr5fmtI6[vq’8NF Ik;mPoF lu]k9k]bd X16;j aflultgdf? DDD 162

&D dkoxqdxadIadlk,=]tfqd ;afmtotme0v’-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [6Ikolt4koF [6Iko;af45F x6-touptlt4ko c]t x6-toupt;af45gxao,=]tfqd voa ]E7kj F gxoa -[a l,q [fa 0v’-kfF gxoa zoq ’komk’fkh ol]y txtF gxoa lt4kxfa 8tptde mju,u75o7jkmk’fhkoxts;aflkf c]t ;afmtotmeg-yj’ltcf’g4y’7;k,lk,kfF mk’fhkolt8yxaopk0v’[aort[6]5f]k;muxj tfyf c]t lhk’0Bo ma’[’qj [vdg4y’7;k, 9tg]uodhk;|hk0v’-kf.oc8]j tp5dc8]j tltw\\D r;dgIkq md5 7oq 8vh ’xdq xda Ida lk[I6 kolt4koF [I6 ko;fa 4F5 x-6 topu tlt4ko c]t x6-toupt;af45 0v’-kf.shpnopq’168j +wxf’aj oUG { [+,kh ’grme]kp { -;j pdaog[’yj cp’F 75h,7v’.shfu { [+gvkq gxoa -[a l,q [fa l;j o8;q { [-+ {N 0kp { g,vnj ,udkogxgj r8vh ’lvh ,cx’.s1h .6j oI[6 -’q gfu, { xtdv[l;j omboIvoF gsvnj cI’g0Qk.odkoxqdxadIadlkDDD 7e4k, !D [6Ikolt4ko c]t [6Iko;af458kj ’daoco;.fL @D .oxtgmf]k;,su p’a cfgj xoa [I6 kolt4koL #D .oxtgmf]k;,su p’a cfgj xoa [I6 ko;fa 4L5 $D .omvh ’4oyj 0v’oda IPo,usp’a cfmj ugj xoa [I6 kolt4ko c]t [I6 ko;fa 4L5 &D x-6 topu tlt4ko8kj ’d[a x-6 topu t;fa 4c5 o;.fL9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’.swh f1h kj ’]t#]kpdkoD *D r;dgIqk7;oIadlk[6Ikolt4koF [6Iko;af45F x6-touptlt4ko c]t x-6 toupt;fa 4c5 o;.fL 163

[qfmu #( 0t[;odko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8hkor;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/iaj’ !D 0t[;odko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo]k; oa[c8jr;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/iaj’g0Qk,kI5dIkoxtgmf]k;.omhkplt8t;afmu!_F r;dg0qkwfhfegouodkoxqd7v’ c]t dqf0ju06fIufxt-k-qo]k;1kj ’|ad|j;’ g-ajoG gda[rkluvkdvoF [a’7a[vvdcI’’koF gdowxgxaomtskoF gdowxgxao7qoIa[.-hF 05f7Qogvqk-a[lyo0v’]k;wxxtgmfr;dg0qk1jk’s^;’s^kp gIaf.sh-u;yfdkogxao1j6 m5dpkd0kfg0uoD l50trk[Ijk’dkpd=[+wfh4ndgvqk.9.ljF [+wfhg0QkIOIPo|a’lnF glf4tdyf[+0tspkp8q;D 8+gsfdkof’aj dkj ;gIaf.shxt-k-qo]k;[aofkgzkqj ,u7;k, 7Pfc7ho c]t [+pv,9eoqo9’bj wfhlk,ad7udao]5d0Bo8+lh61kj ’gxao0t[;o2qf2No c]t v’q vkfdkh skoF gfoja d;kj \\c6j ,oj G 0t[;o0v’ rd+ tf;f X1cj6 0;’lts;oa otg0f x7u Dl !_W!{!_W#?F vq’cdh;{vq’dq,,tfe X16rj 6rP’[=]tg;o c0;’9exklad?F rtpk7e]N X16jg,nv’ly’ c0;’s^;’ oEmk .oxu7Dl !_W)?F g9Qk;aootr6,xu !_W){!_!W c]t vq’clo.oxu !_!&{!_!( X1j6g,nv’ pvfv6c0;’zQ’lk]u?F g9Qk2hkxkw9 X1j6[aofk c0;’rkdg|vn .oxu !_!){!_@@?F okp776 e .oxu !_@W X1[6j kh oskfdoa -kF g,vn ’skf -kp2v’0Boda[ot7vos^;';P'9ao.oxaf95[ao? DDD 0t[;odko8+lh68hko/ia’j f’aj dkj ;wfhfb’f6fgvqkxt-k-qog0QkI;j ,1kj ’s^;’s^kp 3fp.-hw,h7hvoF svdF fk[F s^k;F |hk|hv’F xnocd[F xnogru’DDD gxaovk;5ffegouo dko8+lh6c[[dv’s^vo [5d39,8ulaf861jk’]Po8yfgIaf.shde]a'mtsko0v’/iaj’ xt]kw-wxsk^ p7’A D 8l+ trk[dkoooA r;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja wf-h vdmd5 ;my 3u 88h v[ c]t f[a lo6 0t[;odko]d5 I0hn oB 0v’7oq ]k;f;h ps^kpI[6 dko g-oja G ok[7F6j -9N kh ’F xfy ]vh , mk’fkh oglf4tdfy F [d5 39,8fu ;h pde]’a mtskoF 9f6 g]kQ g0kQ F gzkq zko[kh ogIvn o0v’ xt-k-oq 1kj ’3sfIkh pxkj g4vjn oD c8]j t0t[;odko8l+ 86h kh or;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja 0v’ xt-k-oq ]k;mwuj fph dq ,kooA wf8h l+ 16h kj ’g8,a 7;k,lk,kfc8pj vh o;kj de]’a mtskop’a vvj oohvpF vk;5fs^hkltw\\ c]t [+rP’r=F 0kfdkoxtlkolq,mq[ g-’yj dao c]t dao DDD ltoAo 9’bj [+lk,kfpkfgvqkw--totwfhD 164

@D 7;k,\\kpxts;aflkf0v’0t[;odko8+lh68hkor;d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]jkg,nv’0Bo/iaj’ g4’y c,oj ;kj 0t[;odko8l+ 86h kh or;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja .ow]ptooA [w+ fIh [a w--tot d8= k,D c8,j oa ,7u ;k,\\kple7oa voa g]dy g-’jy 8x+ ts;fa lkf]k;F gxoa [fq IPovoa ]E7kj .shcddj ko8+lh6.ow]pt8+,kwfhIa[w--totF rhv,oAowfhx5d]tfq, c]t gru,j mt;u oE.9 Iad-kfvaocI’dhk .shcdjxt-k-qo]k;[aofkgzqjk]5d0Boln[8+,6og-Nv8+lh6vaory]t vkfsko0v’[oa fk;y]t[]5 f5 c]t oda I[q muwj f9h k]db w;h .oxts;fa lkf c]t .o9yf.9 0v’7oq ]k;8ts^vfwxooA .slh ’6 0oB D dkoxtdv[vk;5f0v'xt-k-qo]k;.odko]5d0Bo8+lh6 8hkor;d]kj g,nv'0Bo/i'aj 7e4k, !D pvh osp’a xt-k-oq ]k;9’jb ]d5 0oB 8l+ 86h kh odkoId5 Iko0v’r;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja L @D 0t[;odko8+l86h kh or;d]kj g,nv’0Bo/i’ja ,u0t[;o.fcfLj #D pvh osp’a 0t[;odko8l+ 86h kh or;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja c8]j t0t[;o9’jb [w+ fIh [a w--totL $D 0t[;odko8l+ 86h kh or;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja ,7u ;k,\\kpmk’fkh oxts;fa lkf ]k;co;.fL 165

[qfmu #) dkoxtdkfgvdt]kf !@ 85]k xu 7Dl !_$& ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D g’njvow0mjuveo;p7;k,ltf;d g’vnj ow0muvj eo;p7;k,ltf;d.shcddj koxtdkfgvdt]kf.o;aomu !@ 85]k xu !_$& ,ufa’j oUG { r;d2k-yfxt]kw-.olq’7k,3]d7A’mu IIF 3fpltgrktc,oj 2k-yf pujxo5j mugj 7up,uveokf c]t vyfmyrqo16vj yof69uoD { 0t[;odko8+l86h kh odkoxdq 7v’0v’r;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja 0v’xt-k-oq # -kf vyof96 uo X]k;F s;Pfok, c]t dexg6 9p? r;,fegouo1kj ’c0’cI’D { 0t[;odko]d5 I0B oB pfb veokf1]j6 k;.ogfvn ol’y sk X)? x!u _$& wfIh [a w--totD @D dkoxtdkfgvdt]kf .oltrk[dkomjur;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/iaj’ r;,05ho0hP;2No26dkoxqd7v’]k; 7nooAoD |hkmujvaoIu[f;j o c]t le7ao0v’dkoxt8y;af]k;c,oj dkod+lhk’veokf dkoxdq 7v’m7uj [q 4;h oF g0,A c0’c80j oA lo6 dk’]’q Ivfmvh ’4ojy D f’ja ooA 7totde,tdko xt8;y fa ]k;9’jb wfdh tdP,9fa 8’A 7tot]fa 4t[ko0oB F 3fp7fa g]vn d gvkq z,6h [u fq [kf c]t vyfmyroq xtdv[gxoa 7tot]fa 4t[ko grvnj xtdkfgvdt]kf c]t vtmyxtw80v’-kfD ;aomu !@ 85]k xu !_$& -k;ot7vos^;’;P’9ao c]t -k; g,nv’8kj ’M.o c0;’;P’9oa X.o]ts;kj ’xu !_$& c0;’;P’9oa d;,gvkq _ 8;q g,vn ’m0uj oB d[a ot7vo s];’;P’9oa .oxfa 9[5 oa ? wfgh 8kQ 3I,doa 186j |+ kh svh ’dko c0;’;P’9oa D rtpk7e,kh ; g-’yj gxoa g9kQ c0;’;P’9oa wfvh kj o[fq xkwlmudj kj ; g4y’gsfdko xts;fa lkfvoa le7oa 0v’-kf8+muj-5,o5,D 9kdoAomkj o me w-ptlyfglok de,t dko.o7totde,tdko xt-k-oq vkj o7extdkfgvdt]kf c]t vfy ltst^ rk[cs’j xtgmf]k;F 7extdkf3I, znoczjofyo]k; g0Qkgxaovao|bj’vaofP;F 7e4tcs^’dkodjP;da[dkoxjPocx’ dkoxqd7v’F 7extdkf.-h]af4tme,to6o-qj;7k; c]t7extdkfc8j’8A’ 7tot ]af4t[ko 0v’xtgmf]k;gvdt]kfD c8oj Ao,k;aomu !@ 85]k wfhgxao;aoxtdkf gvdt]kfcs’j -kf c]t 7;k,gxaovyflts^trk[0v’xt-k-qo]k;D 166

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lt4komujxtdkfgvdt]kf xu !_$& #D 7;k,\\kpmk’fhkoxts;aflkf dkoxtdkfgvdt]kfcs’j -kf,7u ;k,\\kple7oa mluj f5 8x+ ts;fa lkf0v’ -kf ]k;D ,oa c,oj w--totvoa p’jy .sp0j v’xt-k-oq ]k;mwuj f3h 7oj ],Q cvdxdq 7v’0v’r;d ]kj g,nv’0Bo/i’ja c]t r;d0o5 glydpxuj o5j D pkfgvkq veokfdkoxdq 7v’,k,nxt-k-oq F lhk’7;k,gxaogvdtrk[rkp.o c]t xtdkf.sh3]dIa[I6h;kj ]k;d=c,oj -kf|b’j mu,j ugvdt]kf7q[4h;o 16oj e[aofkxt-k-kf.o3]dD 7e4k, !D phvog’nvj ow0vao.f9’bj gIaf.shxt-k-qo]k;wfhxtdkfgvdt]kf.o;aomu !@ 85]k xu !_$&D @D dkoxtdkfgvdt]kf !@ 85]k xu !_$& wfhfegouowxco;.fL #D dkoxtdkfgvdt]kf !@ 8]5 k xu !_$& ,7u ;k,\\kpmk’fkh oxts;fa lkf co;.fLD 167

[qfmu #_ dkolhk’8A’dv’ma[ c]t ;y]tde ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cs’j -kf]k; !D dkolhk’8A’dv’ma[xt-k-qo]k; [oq roN 4ko0t[;odko8l+ 86h kh or;d]kj g,vn ’0oB /i’ja wfgh 8[u .sp0j tspkp8;q 1kj ’ w;;kooA D |kh mvuj oa I[u f;j o0v’dkoxt8;y fa IPdIvh ’.s,h du e]’a xtdv[vk;f5 m,uj du ko 9af8A’vaoc|ho|kF gxaogvdtrk[F ,ude]a’cI’rP’r= grvnj gxaosa^d cs’^j .shcddj ko 8+lh6grnvj xqdxadIadlkgvdt]kf c]t lyfgl]urk[0v’xtgmf-kfD f’aj oAo [aofkrtoad’koF oadIq[9kd[aofk|;j pdv’s^vo c]t dv’37ltok xtdv[vk;5fwfhg8Qk3I,daog0Qkgxaodv’de]a’mevyf0v’dv’ma[]k;vyflts]tD dv’m[a ]k;vyflts]twfIh [a dkolkh ’8’A 0Bo.o;oa mu @W gfnvo ,’a dvo xu !_$_ 1g6j 0f mu\\j Ao-eg|nv 3fpc,oj mkj o wdlvo rq,;ysko gxaozh6[ao-kdkol6’l5fD 8+,kdv’ma[ ]k;vyflts]twfxh Pj o-,nj kgxoa dv’m[a xfq xvj pxt-k-oq ]k; c];h xPj o-gnj xoa dv’m[a xt-k-oq ]k;.oxt9[5 oa D dkolkh ’8’A dv’m[a xt-k-oq ]k; 0oB ,oa wfgh xoa 0fu \\kpvoa le7aomk’fhkoxts;aflkfcsj’dkog8Qk3I,gvqk[aofk de]a’xtdv[vk;5fmjuwfh lkh ’0oB 1m6j vh ’4ojy 8kj ’M.o0v[g0fm;jq xtgmfg0kQ gxoa dv’m[a xt-k-oq ]k;mguj 0,A c0’ lk,kflh6Iq[1kj ’gfaffPj ;vkfsko c]t wfhIa[w--ttotvao.spsj ^;’.ow]pt8+,kD @D ;y]tdecsj’-kf.oltw\\8+lh6dh6-kf grnjvIadlk7;k,gxaogvdt]kfcsj’-kfF vyflts^trk[ c]t 7;k,1j6g1ao gxaol5d0v’xt-k-qo]k;[aofkgzqkj D fh;poE.9Iad-kfvaol6’lq’j dv’ma[d=7n[aofk de]’a xtdv[vk;f5 0v’r;dgIkq wflh kh ’;]y tdevoa ]Eg]fu m9uj k]db w;.h o|kh xts;fa lkf 0v’-kfgxoa 9eo;os;^ ’sk^ pg-oja G dkozkj ;’q xfy ]vh ,0v’dv’roa mlu v’ 1m6j ’jq wssou F 8uwfh w-tot.oG [oA I[q dd6h PfF [oA I[q zk4uFj [oA I[q oE[kd c]t vonj MD zkj o[oa fk[oA I[q 8kj ’M ooA wfgh dfu ,du v’lI6h [q c[[1kj ’ c]t [d5 7oq lI6h [q fgu foja gdfu 0oB g-oja G ;]y t-oq lmu v’F ;y]t-qo mkj omhk;8h6 c]t oadIq[zh6vnoj MvudD 168

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k, !D dv’ma[xt-k-qo]k;lhk’8A’0Bogrnvj spa’ c]t lhk’8A’0Bo.o ;aomuF gfnvo xu.f 16j.lL @D ;y]tdecs’j -kf.ow]pt8+lh6dh6-kf,u[AoIq[.fcfj c]t ;y]t-qo,u.zcfLj 169

[fq mu $W dkolhk’8A’rad c]t dko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]k;8hko9addtrafvkg,]ydk !D dkolhk’8A’radxt-k-qoxt8y;af]k; 3fpln[mvfrk]tdyf8+lh6vaovq’vkfdhksko0v’raddv,,6oyfvyof69uo c]t grnvj .sh,udkooerk mujgxaogvdtrk[.odko8+lh6dh6-kf8hko9addtrafvkg,]ydkD rad xt-k-oq ]k;wfIh [a dkolkh ’8’A 0oB .o;oa mu @@ ,ou k xu !_&& g-’jy 7tot[]= sy ko lo6 dk’ rda xtdv[,u & mkj o7Gn mkj o wdlvo r,q ;sy koF mkj o |I6 da r,6 lts;oa F mkj o 7ecl’F mkj o llu ts;kf cd;h [o5 roa F mkj o [o5 r,q ,tskw- 3fpc,oj mkj o wdlvo r,q ;sy ko gxoa g]0kmdy ko.spDj o[a c8oj oA ,krda xt-k-oq xt8;y fa ]k;dw= foh erkx;’-oq ]k;m’a -kf 8l+ d6h -6h kf 9oq wfIh [a w--totgxoa 0oA M,kD dv’xt-,5 .sp7j ’A mlu v’0v’rda .o;oa mu # d,5 rk xu !_(@ wf8h dq ]’q xPj o-jn radxt-k-qo]k;,kgxaoradxt-k-qoxt8y;af]k; 9oq g4’y xt9[5 oa D dkolkh ’8’A rda xt-k-oq xt8;y fa ]k; c,oj ,7u ;k,\\kpvoa p’jy .sp8j d+ koxt8;y fa ]k; grkt;kj dkoxt8;y fa ,du kooerkmguj xoa ]t[[q c0’cdoj c]t gxoa ]t[[q gvdtrk[ g-’yj gxao0uf\\kpcs’j dko0tspkp8q;F gxao[kf]hP;vaop’yj .sp.j oxts;aflkf c]t gxaow--tot0v’dkoxt8y;af]k;[qorNo4kodkopbf4nmyfltfu ,kd{g]oyoD 170

@D dko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo]k;8hko9addtrafvkg,]ydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8tsv^ fw]ptm9uj da dtrfa vkg,]dy kfegoou l’q 7k,Id5 Ikoxtgmf]k;.o-;j ’-,5 xu !_*W g4’y xu !_(# ooA r;dg0kq wfmh e]kpgIvn o-ko[kh o-vj ’F -[a loy c]t -;u fy 0v’ 7qo]k;gxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD 8+gsfdkofa’j dkj ;,aowfhgru,j mt;uoE.9Iad-kf c]t 7;k,7Pfc7oh .sxh t-k-oq ]k; [oa fkgzkjq c];h g8kQ 3I,doa g0kQ gxoa de]’a |’jb mugj xoa gvdtrk[g0A,c0’]5d0Bo8+lh68hko9addtrafvkg,]ydk c]t ]6d,n .shxt]kw-]q’D 0t[;odko8+lh6wfh]tg[ufgduf0Bos^kpcsj’ rkp.8hdkooerkvaolvf7jv’0v’rad 9’jb gIfa .s,h us^kp[oA I[q wfIh [a w--totvoa .spsj ^;’7nG [oA I[q s^;’oEmkF [oA I[q oE[kd Xs^;’rt[k’?F [AoIq[zk4juXsq;rao?F [AoIq[3vgfcvo X-P’0;k’?F [AoIq[dh6dPf Xm’qj wssuo-P’0;k’?F [AoIq[mkj c8’Xlk]t;ao?F [AoIq[ lvografF [AoIq[mtoq’dPf X-P’0;k’?F [oA I[q xfq xvj p-emv’]vh ’c9’h X-P’ 0;k’?F [oA I[q ly’fe Xlk]t;oa ?F [AoIq[]k,g-uoXmk’g]d _ c0;’lts;aoot g0f? DDD w--tot0v’dv’ma[ c]t xt-k-qo]k;oa[c8jxu!_*W g4y’ xu!_(# gIaf.sh 9addtrafvkg,]ydk c]t ]6d,n xt]kw-1kj ’|ad|;j ’ c]t g9a[cl[ 3fpltgrkt [AoIq[oE[kdwfhfa[l6o c]t 9a[mtsko/kj p0;kwfhgdnv[ &WWW 7qoD rkpsa^’[AoIq[ oE[kd[aofk7hkp0v’ laf86wfh4nd8u.shxt]kw-1jk’]Po8yfD r;dgIqklk,kf 1fb gvkq foy cfos]kp[vj o mguj xoa 9f5 le7oa mk’fkh opf5 mtlkf8kj ’Mg-oja G oE[kdF zk4Fju myfg|nvzQ’lk]uF myf.8hc0;’-P’0;k’F 85h,]koF sh;p\\njoF rt]ko Xc0;’lt s;aootg0f? c]t vnjoMD ,u[k’[jvo mjur;dgIqkpbfwfhc,jo 1j6.og0fco;sa^’0v’ r;dg0qk 7nG mk’myf8kg;aovvd c]t myfg|nv0v’c0;’w-pt[6]u c]t [k’[vj o 1j6rkd.8hD o[a c8,j lN kh ’8’A dv’m[a xt-k-oq ]k; c]t lkh ’8’A rda xt-k-oq xt8;y fa ]k; wfh gIaf.shdko8+lh6,u7;k,gxaogvdtrk[F ,uzqoleg]afvao.spsj ^;’ .ork]tdyfxqfxvj p -kfpkfgvkq w--tot gmvjn ]tdkh ;dkpgxoa xfa w9roN 4ko .odkopfb veokf.o0v[g0f m;qj xtgmfD 171

172 ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k, !D rda xt-k-oq xt8y;fa ]k;wfIh [a dkolkh ’8’A 0Bo7nco;.fL @D dko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo]k;8hko9addtrafvkg,]ydk c]t r;d0kp-kf .ow]ptxu !_*#{!_(# gxaoco;.fL 173

[qfmu $! dko1bfveokf c]t lt4kxtoklkmk]tot]af ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xt-kmyxtw8xt-k-qo]k; !D ltrk[dko0v’]k; c]t dko1bfveokf @# ly’skxu !_(& rkpsa^’laopk;P’9aoF @! d5,rk xu !_(# c]t vto5laopk;P’9ao;aomu !$ daopk xu !_(# wfhgIaf.shltrk[dko0v’]k;,udko xPj ocx’F xtgmf]k;wfhsao 9kdl’q 7k,,kll6j oa 8ry k[g-’jy gxoa 7;k,,’5j ,kfxk4t\\kvoa cI’dkh 0v’x;’-oq ]k; ma’-kfD ,kIvf;aomu & g,lk xu!_($ ]af4t[koxtlq,-;qj 7k;cs’j -kf c]t 7tot ,qo8uxtlq,dkog,nv’csj’-kfwfhlhk’8A’0Bo3fpc,jo ltgfafg9Qk l5;aootr6,k gxoa okpdq c]t ltgffa g9kQ lr5 ko;5 ’q gxoa xtmko7tot,oq 8xu tl,q dkog,vn ’cs'j -kfD ,oa wfxh d5 ]tf,q oE.9Ida -kf0v’x;’-oq ]k;m’a -kfg-’jy gxoa zoq f.u sh dkoxt8;y fa ]k; g-oaj G dko]5dIn0Bocpd8q; 0v’dv’ma[]k-tvkok 9ad1s6j h;p-kp.oxu !_($ c]t dko8+lh6mk’fhkodkog,nv’0v’xt-k-qo.o0v[g0fmqj;xtgmf7nG dko3I,-5,o5, xtmh;’0v’xt-k-qo g,nv’|v’[qdF g,nv’mkj c0d c0;’7e,;j o c]t cs’j vonj M ,kIvf;oa mu @# gfvn ol’y sk xu !_(& wf,h 0u t[;o]d5 I0n oB 37oj ],Q veokfdkoxdq 7v’ gdkjq lkh ’8’A veokfdkoxdq 7v’ .\\1j o6j t7vos^;’;P’9oa D 8+9kdooA wf,h du koxtdkf ][q ]kh ’veokfdkoxdq 7v’ gdkjq 1kj ’loY g-’u 1m6j ;jq wx.og0f/kj p]k-tvkok9da xdq 7v’D xt-k-oq medkog]nvd 8’A gvkq 7totxdq 7v’0v’8oq c80j oA [kh oF 8kcl’F g,nv’ c]t c0;’1kj ’gxoa 0t[;o2fq 2NoD 174

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D dkolt4kxtok lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qo]k;D grnjv.shxt-k-qo]k;[aofkgzqjkwfhs^5frQo vvd9kdm5dI6[dkodqf0uj06fIuf grvjn gIfa .s-h ;u fy dkogxoa 1w6j fIh [a dkox[a x’5 1kj ’l,q [o6 D xt-k-oq IPdIvh ’.s,h du kolkh ’ 8’A ]t[v[dkoxdq 7v’.\\mj cuj ,oj xt-k-oq gxoa g9kQ c]t ,xu t-kmxy tw81kj ’ g8,a l;j oF grnjvlhk’g’njvow0ltf;d.shcdjdkooerkxtgmf-kfdhk;wxlj6glAomk’lao8yrk[F gvdt]kfF xt-kmyxtw8F gvdtrk[F ;afmtok4k;voD ,kIvf;aomu !{@ mao;k xu !_(&F wfgh xfu dv’xt-,5 .spzj c6h mom;jq xtgmf0oB muoj t7vos^;';P’9oa g-’jy ,8u ;q cmo 175

0v’xt-k-oq [oa fkgzkjq g0kQ I;j ,D dv’xt-,5 wfIh [a Iv’gvkq .[ltst^ ]k-t[oa ]’a 0v’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g9Qk-u;yflults;kj ’;afmtokF .[0=p5[8q;0v’7tot]af4t[ko c]t 0v’7tot,qo8u xtlq,dkog,nv’csj’-kfD dv’xt-5,wfhgxaogvdtlaodaozjko [aofk,t8yg-ajoG dko8dq ]’q ][q ]kh ’]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8musj ^kh ltw\\ c]t lt4kxtoklkmk]tot]fa xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-qoF lhk’8A’ltrkxt-k-qol6’l5fF c8’j 8A’xtmkoxtgmf c]t lkh ’8’A ]fa 4t[ko lkmk]tot]fa xt-kmxy tw8 xt-k-oq ]k;F deofq m’5 -kfF gr’ -kf c]t rklkmk’]fa 4tdkoD o[a c8oj oA ,k-kf]k;wfdh kpgxoa xtgmfgvdt]kf xt-kmxy tw81kj ’cm9h ’y 3fp,u mkj o lr5 ko;5 ’q gxoa xtmkoxtgmfF xtmkoltrkl’6 lf5 176

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c]t mkj owdlvo rq,;ysko gxaookpqd]af4t,qo8uD gsfdkof’aj dkj ;wfhgxao0uf\\kp le7ao 8+xts;aflkf0v’-kf]k; c]t wfhw0-vj ’mk’0tspkp8q;.\\j 0v’dko xt8;y fa -kf xt-kmxy tw8F xt-k-oq [oa fkgzkjq gxoa g9kQ xtgmf-kf rkp.8dh kooerk 0v’radxt-k-qoxt8y;af]k;D 7e4k, !D ltrk[dko0v’]k;dvj odko1fb veokf c]t dko1fb veokf @# l’y skxu !_(& ,uspa’cfLj @D dv’xt-5,.spzj h6gmfm;qj xtgmf9af0Bo.o;aomu !{@ mao;k xu !_(& gryoj wfh I[a Iv’gvkq sp’a cfLj D 177

[qfmu $@ dqf\\kpcrj’ c]t dqf\\kpvkpk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dqf\\kpc,jospa’L dfq \\kpc,oj 0[h= ’a 7[a sn^ 0dh= eofq 8kj ’M m]uj fa ;k’vvd grvjn 7;[7,5 dkoxtrfb 0v’ rqo]tg,nv'm5d7qoD dqf\\kp,uzqo[a’7a[.-hmq;j la’7q, g-y’j rqo]tg,nv’]k;m5d7qo8hv’ xt8y[af8k,F 4hkzh6.f/kj /no s^n [+xt8y[af8k,d=9t4nd8adg8nvoF xa[.\\ s^n .l3j mf8k, mujdeoqfw;h.odqf\\kpD @D dqf\\kpcrj’ dfq \\kpcr’j gxoa 0tc|’|’bj .o]t[[q dfq \\kp0v’]fa g-’jy r;q roa g4’y -[a l,q [fa dkogxaog9qhk0v’F dko-q,.-h c]t dko7v[7v’D dqf\\kpcr’j gxao95f|b’j muj-;j p xa[x5’]t[q[dko7h5,7v’glf4tdyfF la’7q,F ;afmtotmeF ;ymtpklkf c]t g8adoyd .s,h du korfa mtok0oB 1kj ’[1+ f5 1’A rvh ,m’a xdq xvh ’lfy zoq xt3spfmk’fkh o;fa 45 c]t 9yf.90v’roq ]tg,nv’]k;md5 7oq D #D dqf\\kpvkpk dqf\\kpvkpk c,oj deoqf[aofkrbf8ydemujgxaodkodtmezyfF deoqfg’njvow0 dPj ;d[a dko;k’3mfF deofq lkgsfmruj oQ 9kd7;k,zfy mk’vkpk c]t dko ]’q 3mfD $D dqf\\kpcrj’ c]t dqf\\kpvkpk.o-u;yfxt9e;ao dqf\\kpcrj’ c]t dqf\\kpvkpk,u7;k,le7ao8+dkofe]q’-u;yfxt9e;ao 0v’rqo]tg,nv’]k;D dqf\\kp,u|hkmjuxqdxadIadlk]t[v[dkog,nv’F glf4tdyf ;afmtotmela’7q,0v’]afF ];,\\j6 c]t 0v’[5d7qo rhv,ma’xqdxhv’-u;yf c]t l50trk[0v’rqo]tg,nv’m5d7qoF 7;k,lts’q[0v’-kf c]t 7;k,gxao]t[P[ IP[Ivh p0v’l’a 7,q F lfy zoq xt3spfmk’fkh o;fa 45 c]t 9fy .9m’a ]’q 3mf8z+ d6h tmezfy f'aj oUG { zh6dtmezyfmugj xaovao8t]kp8+Ikj ’dkp c]t -u;yf0v’7qovnoj 178

{ zh6xv,cx’g’yo8kF dko.-hg’yoxv, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { zh6]adx5hogvqk-a[lq,[af0v’7qovjnoF 0v’]afF zh6xhvpfjkF zh6gxaooadg]’ vao8trkoDDD 7e4k, !D dfq \\kpc,oj sp’a L @D dfq \\kpcr’j c,oj sp’a L #D dfq \\kpvkpkc,oj sp’a L $D dqf\\kpcr’j c]t dqf\\kpvkpkc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL &D dfq \\kp,u7;k,le7oa co;.fL 179

[qfmu $# lyf c]t \\hkmju0v’rqo]tg,nv’]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D lyfc,jospa’L lyf\\kpg4y’ veokfvao-v[meg-yj’,k9kddkog7qk]q[oa[4ng-’yj dao c]t dao g-oja G g7kq ][q o[a 4ln fy m0y oA ronh 4koF 7;k,9egxoa 0v’-;u fy 7oq F dPflda lu c]t gl]ru k[F m5d7qo,ulyfgmqjkmP,daoF [+,u.zdqf0uj0qj,gsa’daowfh c]t m5d7qo,u|hkmjuIa[zyf-v[ .o4kotgxaorqo]tg,nv’.ola’7q,7ndaoF m5d7qo8hv’wfhIa[xtdao3fpdqf\\kp c]t ,,u kf8tdkoI[a xtdoa grvnj 7,5h 7v’xt-k-oq .s,h 7u ;k,gmkjq mP,doa F ,7u ;k,pf5 8my e c]t 16Ij ;j ,dao1kj ’,u7;k,lts’q[D @D |hkmju0v’rqo]tg,nv’]k; .o4kotgxoa roq ]tg,vn ’]k;8vh ’wfxh t8[y fa |kh m8uj k,7;k,I[a zfy -v[ mduj eofq w;h.o]af4tme,to6o0v’ lDxDxD ]k;D @D! |hkmjuglprkluvkdvo.sh]af rklu c,oj roa mtgxoa g'oy m,uj v[.s]h fa 3fp[d5 7oq F dko9fa 8'A F o8y [y d5 7oq mfuj egoou dko l'qj vvd{oeg0QkF dkozkj ocfo c]t dko9=]t9volyo7hkF g7vnj '0v'zkj ofkj orklu -kpcfo8k,vfa 8kmuwj fdh eofq w;.h oxB,lk]t[kovfa 8krkluD lj;plkvkdvo l;j plkvkdvo c,oj raomt0v'[5d7qo mufj egouodyf9tdko s^n me,kskdyo16j lkmk]tot]fa xt-kmxy tw8 xt-k-oq ]k; 8vh 'wfxh tdv[l;j og0kQ .ork]tdfy xdq xda Iadlk c]t lhk'lkrafmtokxtgmf-kfD dkoglprkluF vkdvo.sh]afgxaodkoxtdv[l;j olhk'lkrafmtokxtgmf.sh 9tg]uodhk;|hkD 180

@D@ |hkmju.odkog8Qk3I,7;k,lk,ad7u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7;k,lk,ad7uc,jodhvode]a’cI’vao,tsklkoF 4hk,u7;k,lk,ad7u c]h; 9tgIaf;Pd’ko.fd=,u7;k,leg]af c]t wfhIa[zqofu rhv,oAoxtgmf-kf d=,u7;k, 9tg]uog0,A c0’f’aj 7elr5 klyfmu;j kj G <w,]h efP;]vh ,I;Q [+w0;j wr[j +rvh ,cx’[kh o[+gIvn ’< f’ja ooA |kh mvuj oa le7oa 0v’ rqo]tg,nv’]k;m5d7qo8hv’g8Qk3I,7;k,lk,ad7uma’rkp.o c]t rkpovdD @D# |hkmjuxhv’dao7;k,lts’q[l5d rqo]tg,nv’]k;m5d7qo,u|hkmju c]t raomtxqdxadIadlkxtgmf-kf c]t znoczjofyovao7q[4h;o0v’-kfw;h.sh|Ao7q’ c]t xqdxhv’7;k,lts’q[l5d0v’ xt-k-oq D z-6h kpmd5 7oq g,vnj g4’y vkpd5 tlPo8vh ’,|u kh mguj xoa mtskoroa mt grvnj xtdv[ l;j og0Qk.odkoxqdxadIadlk c]t rafmtokxtgmf-kfD @D$ |hkmjuxqdxadIadlk,=]tfqd c]t ;afmtotme0v’-kfD -kf]k;gxao-kf|jb’mjugdqjkcdj ,u;afmtotmemjugxaogvdt]adxt9e-kf,k c8jfqooko7nG ,urklkF 8q;|a’lnF ly]txt;afmtotme c]t Iuf7v’xtgrougxao 0v’8qogv’D .oxaf95[aodko8yf8+rq;rao,u7;k,ltf;dlt[kp9’bj rk.sh;afmtotme 8kj ’-kfg0Qk,kc-d-b,g-y'j gIaf.sh;afmtotmel;j o|bj’[+wfhIa[dkogvqk.9.lj c]t xvj pxt]tg]pu D fa’j oAo ly’j le7aorqo]tg,nv’]k;m5d7qo9qj’rhv,dao xqdxadIadlk;afmtotme 0v’-kfw;h.sh\\Ao7q’ c]t 7;og]nvdg2Aooe.-h;afmtotme9kd8jk’xtgmf mju,u ]adltotfugfoaj F l;p’k,g\\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’0v’xtgmfgIqkD 181

#D |hkmjuIa[zyf-v[0v’oadIPo.ola’7q,]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |hkmjuIa[zyf-v[0v’oadIPo.o4kotgxaorqo]tg,nv’fu0v’-kfxtdv[,u # |kh mufj ’ja oUG #D! |hkmujxt8y[af1j6.o7v[7q;G { oda IPomd5 7oq ,u|kh mu8j vh ’xt8y[fa f’ja ouGh T g7qk]q[oa[4n c]t g-njv2a’r+c,j c]t zh6.spj T -;j p;Pd7v[7;q 8k,7;k,lk,kf0v’8oq T Ida lk-[a l,q [fa 0v’7v[7;q .s\\h oA 7’q { IadlkdPfladlu F -njlP’0v’7v[7q; { Ida lk]t[P[;y.o0v’7v[7;q { Ida lk7;k,lk,da 7u { ,,u k]tpkf8+md5 7oq .o7v[7;q #D@ |hkmjuxt8y[af1j6.o3I’IPo { oda IPomd5 7oq ,u|kh mu8j vh ’xt8y[fa f’ja ouGh T 8’A .9IPo|’a ln F Ida lk-[a l,q [fa 0v’3I’IPoF g7kq ][q o[a 4n c]t g-nvj 2’a 7el’ja lvo0v’7D6 T o’j5 g7vnj ’gxoa ]t[P[8k,3I’IPomudj eofq .sh T xt8y[fa dfq ]t[P[;ywo0v’3I’IPo T g/yd/qos^+s^v,8qogv’.sh7q[ & ,kf4ko0v’dkolbdlkG 75olq,[af lbdlkF xaopklbdlkF ly]txtlbdlkF rt]tlbdlkF cI’’kolbdlk D #D# |hkmju0v’oadIPo.ola’7q, oadIPom5d7qo8hv’xtrbfxt8y[af8qogxaorqo]tg,nv’fu1j6.ola’7q,g-ajoG ,u75o lq,[affuF g7qk]q[oa[4nF -;j pgs^nvg-y’j dao c]t daoF ,u7;k,g,f8kgvnhvgrNvg2nvj czFj 182

xt8y[af]t[P[dqf\\kp0v’[hkog,nv’1jk’g0A,’;fF ,u]t[P[c[[czo.odko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fe]q’-u;yfmuxj vf.lF oa[4nIuf7v’xtgrouvaofu’k,0v’-kf c]t xqdxadIadlk-a[lyo 0v’l;j o];, c]t Iadlkltrk[c;f]hv,.sh,u7;k,ltvkfl;p’k,D 7e4k, !D lfy c,oj sp’a L @D rkluF vkdvoc,oj spa’L #D |kh mIuj [a zfy -v[0v’roq ]tg,vn ’]k;,su p’a cfLj $D |kh muIj [a zyf-v[0v’oda IPo8+3I’IPo c]t l’a 7,q ,usp’a cfLj 183

[qfmu $$ ]t[q[dkoxqd7v’0v’]k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D ]t[q[dkoxqd7v’0Ao8jk’M rkps^a’xtgmf-kfwfhIa[dkoxqfxvj p1kj ’lq,[6ooa[c8xj u !_(& gxao8Qo,k D ]t[[q dkoxdq 7v’0v’]k;wfIh [a dkolkh ’8’A gxoa gvdtrk[0oB .o0v[g0fm;qj xtgmf oa[c80j Aol6odk’]q’Ivfmhv’4yjoD .oc8]j t0Ao,uzh6-uhoeF oerkmk’fhkodkog,nv’F glf4tdyfF ;afmtotmeF la’7q, c]t xhv’dao-kfxhv’dao7;k,lts’q[g-aoj G T 0Aol6odk',u xtmkoxtgmfgxaoxt,5d]afF okpqd]af4t,qo8ugxaosq;|hk ]fa 4t[ko .oooA ,[u oa fk]fa 4t,oq 80u v’dt-;’8kj ’M c]t v’q dkomP[gmkjq 0Aodt-;’D xtmkoltrkcs’j -kfgxaoxtmko0v’vq’dkooy8y[aopaf,ulyf 8qd]q’[aofk[oa skroN 4ko0v’xtgmf-kfF m’a gxoa v’q dko8fy 8k,d;fdk dkog7vjn ows; 0v’vq’dko[=]ysko c]t 85]kdkoD T l;j odkoxdq 7v’0oA mvh ’4ojy c[’j vvdgxoa # 0oA 7Gn 0oA c0;’F 0oA g,vn ’ c]t 0oA [kh oD { 0Aoc0;’,uG g9Qkc0;’F Iv’g9Qkc0;’F ot7vos];’,ug9hqk7v’ot7vo s];’ c]t Iv’g9Qk7v’ot7vos];’D { 0Aog,nv’G ,ug9Qkg,nv’ c]t Iv’g9Qkg,nv’ { 0Ao[hkoG ,uokp[hko c]t Iv’okp[hko @D [qf[kf c]t |hkmju0v’g9Qkc0;’F g9Qk7v’ot7voF g9Qkg,nv’ c]t okp[hko T [qf[kf c]t |hkmu0j v’g9Qkc0;’F g9Qk7v’ot7vo c]t g9Qkg,nv’ { I[a xtdoa dkoxt8[y fa ]fa 4tme,too6 F dfq \\kpF 9fa 8’A xt8[y fa md5 ,t87y el’ja 0v’0oA gm’y ;k’vvdD { -uhoe c]t d;fdkdkog7njvows;0v’m5d0Aomuj0Boda[0v[g0f7;k,Ia[zyf -v[0v’8oq D { ]q[]hk’ s^n pqdg]ud0=h8qd]q’mu1j 60j Ao0v’8qo s^n 0Ao]5,j mu0j fa d[a ]t[P[dfq \\kpD 184

{ 7,5h 7v’roq ]tg,vn ’F r9y k]tok c]t cdwh 07eIvh ’ c]t 7eltg|0u v’xt-k-oq D { xt8y[aflyf c]t |hkmujvnjoMmujwfhdeoqfw;h.odqf\\kpD T [qf[kf c]t |hkmu0j v’okp[hko okp[hko,u|hkmjuIa[zyf-v[9af8A’xt8y[af]t[P[dqf\\kp c]t ,t8y7elaj’ 0v’]afF xqdxadIadlk7;k,lts’q[F 7;k,gxao]t[P[IP[Ihvp0v’[hko c]t rfa mtok[kh o.s,h u7;k,9tg]uodkh ;|kh D #D [5d7qole7ao.o]t[q[dkoxqd7v’0v’]k;.ow]ptzjko,k .odv’xt-,5 .spzj c6h moxt-k-oq m;jq xtgmf ;oa mu !{@ gfvn o !@ xu !_(& wfch 8’j 8’A mkj olr5 ko;5 ’q gxoa xtmkoxtgmfF c8’j 8’A mkj owdlvo r,q ;sy ko gxoa okpdq ]fa 4t,oq 8u wfhoerkxt-k-qo]k;ma'-kf [6]tot c]t rafmtokxtgmf-kfwfhIa[zqoleg]af voa .spsj ];’.omd5 fkh o c]t 8,+ kd,= zu o6h esk^ pmkj owflh [n 8o+ erkxt-k-oq ]k;[oa fk gzkqj xqdxadIadlk c]t lhk'lkxtgmf-kfg-oaj G mkj o |6Iad r6,lts;aoF mkj o 7ew8 luraofvoF mkj o 96,,k]u w-ptlvoDDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mkj o l5rko5;q' mkj o wdlvo rq,;ysko mkj o |6Iad r6,lts;ao 7e4k, mkj o 7ew8 luraofvo mkj o 96,,k]u w-ptlvo !D ]t[[q dkoxdq 7v’0v’]k;xtdv[,uco;.fL @D [qf[kf c]t |hkmu0j v’g9Qkc0;’F g9Qkg,nv’ c]t okp[hko,uco;.fL #D [5d7qole7ao.o]t[q[dkoxqd7v’0v’]k;mujoadIPoIh69ad,u.zcfLj $D 9’jq [vd-znj o6h e0oA mvh ’4oyj muoj da IPovkwl1L6j 185

[qfmu $& |j;p3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D I6[Ikj ’0v’|j;p3]d T I6[Ijk’0v’|j;p3]dgxaoco;.fL T 0;hk0v’|j;p3]d1j6.lL I6[ |j;p3]d4jkp9kdpkovt;tdkf 7qo[6Iko,u7;k,leobd;jk |hk|j;p3]dgxaoczoj fyorP’ 8+,koad;ymtpklkf ryl6fwfh;jk ,aogxaoI6[|j;p,qocr[|hvp|bj’D |;j p3]d,uglAo]aflt\\ultg]pj G * #(W d,D goNvmuj|hk0v’|j;p3]dxt,ko &!W WWW WWW d,@ .ooAo gxao goNvmju0v’|hkoE c]t ,tsklt\\5fxt,ko ( l;j oF goNvmuj|hkfyoxt,ko # lj;oD 16jvhv,Iv[|j;p3]d,uvkdkfxqdsh5, g-y’j gvuho;jkG -Ao[aopkdkfD 4hkgIqkleobd ;jk |j;p3]dohvpgmqkj \\kd7kpF -Ao[aopkdkf9t,u7;k,|kgmqjkda[7;k,|k 0v’gxnvd\\kd7kpoAoD -Ao[aopkdkf-j;pxhv’dao]a’luvao8t]kp9kdf;’vkmyf c]t lt|v’vqd-uc-o g-yj’gxaodklmju0kf[+wfhle]a[lyj’muj,u-u;yfD 186

@D glAoleobd glAo0uf16|j hk|j;p3]d9e]v’c,joglAospa’L 0;hk3]dg|nv glAoc;’g7Qk glAol6ol6fສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0;hk3]d.8h g,njvg[y’j |j;p3]d9e]v’gIqkgsaomju8A’0v’,tsklt\\5f c]t mt;u[8jk’M rhv,oAogIqkd=gsaoglAo0ufgxao8kokj ’oAoc,oj glAomuj7qogIqkleobd0Bo,kGglAo8jk’M faj’djk;,uglAol6ol6fF glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’D T gloA lo6 lf6 Gc,oj gloA ,oq m1uj sj6 kj ’9kd0;kh 3]dg|vn c]t0;kh 3]d.8.h ow]ptgmkjq doa Xpk;xt,ko $WDWWW d,? ,oa c[’j |;j p3]dvvdgxoa lv’l;j ogmkjq doa g-’jy gvoU ;kj g2vN ’ 3]dg|vn c]t g2vN ’3]d.8Dh T gloA 0t|koG c,oj gloA ,oq 8kj ’Mm0uj t|kod[a gloA lo6 lf6 D T glAoc;’G c,oj glAo,qomuj0ufzkj o0Q;3]dma’lv’D glAoc;’g7Qk c,joglAoc;’ <diyo;y9< g-yj’c,oj -nj 0v’g,nv’ohvp|b’j 16j.dhda[d5’]vofvoxtgmfva’dyfD glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’ c,joglAomjuleobd;jk 0ufgmy’|hk|j;p3]dD glAo fa’j dkj ;-j;p.shgIqkdeoqfmuj8A’0v’95f.f|bj’F 7e4k, !D 9q’j [vd-nj c]t muj8A’mt;u[8jk’M.o3]d @D 9qj’xP[mP[goNvmuj0v’,tsklt\\5fda[goNvmju0v’mt;u[8jk’MD #D 9q’j [vd7;k,\\kp0v’glAol6ol6fF glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’D $D gryjodeoqf.sh,uglAoc;’ c]t glAo0t|ko0ufgmy’|hk3]dgrnjvspa’L 187

[qfmu $* dk’g;aoF dk’7no c]t g;]k.oc8]j txtgmf !D dkogduf,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noD gxaospa’9b’j gduf,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noL dk’g;ao dk’7no ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c8dj vj ogryoj ,u7;k,g-nvj ;kj f;’vkmyfxyoj vhv,|;j p3]dD 8qd,kltw\\0v’mkj o 3dcxadoyd Xoadxkf-k;3x3]p !$(#{!&$#? 9b’j Ih6;kj f;’vkmyf15f16[j vj ogdqjkF |j;p3]dxyjo8q;gv’vhv,cdoleobd Xcdozjkolv’0Q;3]d? c]t xyjovhv,f;’ vkmyf8k,glAo379vo|jb’ D f;’vkmyflq’j cl’vvd8ts^vfg;]k gIaf.shg7yj’|bj’0v’|hk3]dwfhIa[cl’ c]t c9h’S le]a[g7jy’|bj’0v’|hk3]d muj[+wfhIa[cl’,nfD phvo;kj |j;p3]dxyoj 8q;gv’vhv,cdoleobdc8jmyf8kg;ao8qd sk myf8kg;aovvdF gIaf.sh[jvomjuIa[cl’ 7jvpMspa[vvd9kdcl’ c]t dq’dao0hk,D fa’j oAo 16jgmy’|hk3]d9bj’,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noD |j;p3]dxyjovhv,8q;gv’|b’j Iv[.-hg;g]kxt,ko @$ -q;j 3,’ s^n |bj’,ND 188

!,@D g;]k.oc8j]txtgmf@,#,$,&,*,(,),_,!W ,!! ,!@ ,!# ,!$ ,!& ,!* ,!( ,!) ,!_ ,@W , @! , oadIPo7yf;kj g;]k.oc8]j txtgmf7ndao s^n 8kj ’daoF phvospa’L @! , @@ , gonvj ’9kd;jk |hk3]d[+lk,kfIa[cl’lts;jk’9kdf;’vkmyf wfhrhv,dao @# , m5d[vj o.og;]kfP;daoD ltoAo 16jc8j]t[jvomjuwfhIa[cl’gmy’|hk3]d9b’j gsaomuj8A’@$ , 0v’f;’vkmyf8jk’daog-aoj G 1j6xaddyj’gsaof;’vkmyfg-yj’sq;djvo16;j P’9ao|b’j -qj; 3,’D faj’oAo grnjv.shltf;d c]t .shg;]k.oc8]j t[vj o4nd8hv’F gryoj 9b’j c[’j |hkສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3]dvvdgxao @$ l;j ogmqjkdao8k,];’8A’ g-yj’gvUo;kj [q;3,’ Xg0f3,’?S c8j]t l;j ogmqkj da[|b’j -qj;3,’3fpwfhdeoqfgvqkglAoc;’g7Qk s^n d5’]vofvogxao95fg]uj, s^n l6o3,’ g;]k1j6c8]j tgloA c;’mk’mfy 8kg;oa vvd0v’gloA c;’g7kQ F groyj gvkq g;]k 1gj6 loA c;’g7kQ [;dda[g]d]efa[0v’[q;3,’D dq’dao0hk, 4hk1j6myf8kg;ao8qdgryoj d=gvqkg;]k1j6glAoc;’g7Qk]q[g]d]efa[0v’[q;3,’D 8q;1jk’G ;P’9ao16.j o[q;3,’mu ( 8kg;aovvdF \\kp7;k,;kj 4hk16j]vofvoc,jo W 3,’1j6;P’9ao9tc,jog;]k ( 3,’ s^n 4hk16j ]vofvogxaog;]k @ 3,’ 16j;P’9ao9tgxao _ 3,’D 7e4k, !D phvospa’16jg0f8jk’daogmy’|hk3]d9jb’,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no8jk’daoL @D pk,g-Qkg9Qkgsaof;’vkmyfrQo0v[2hkc]h;l6’0BoF 8k,7;k,9y’c]h;,ao c,oj spa’L 189

[qfmu $( dko379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’vkmyf !D |;j p3]dxyjovhv,f;’vkmyf I6[ |j;p3]dxyoj vhv,f;’vkmyf mqf]v’G { c0;ofvdw2w;h.dh|;j p 3]d9e]v’ { phkp|j;p3]d9e]v’ wxw;hg[Nv’dq’ 3fp.sh]tfa[l6’0v’fvdw2 16]j tfa[ dao0hk,mP[da[fvdw23fp [+.shmyf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g7y’j dk’0v’|;j p3]d9e]v’F gIaf 0v’cdo,aoxPj ocx’ c]h;xyoj |;j p g7nvj ’\\kp.l|j ;j p3]d9e]v’c]h;xyoj 3]d9e]v’rvh ,l’a gdf7on d]= togu m’y D |;j p3]d vhv,cdo0v’,aorhv,ma’ { phkpmju8A’0v’|j;p3]d9e]v’vvh , la’gdfrNomjumjuwfhIa[cl’gmy’|hk|j;p fvdw23fpIda lkmfy 0v’cdow;h7gn dkjq grnjv-vdskmuj8A’w]ptg;]kdk’g;ao 3]d9e]v’ c]t xP[mP[G T w]ptg;]kmujwfhIa[cl’Xdk’g;ao?c]t c]t dk’7nogmqjkdaoD [+wfhIa[cl’ Xdk’7no? 0v’[aofk95f T 16.j omu8j A’dq’dao0hk,daoFw]ptg;]kmuj mujgIaf g7njv’\\kpw;hoAoD gxoa dk’g;oa c]tdk’7on gxoa co;.fL T w]ptg;]kmujwfhIa[cl’Xdk’g;ao?c]t T 16jc8j]tmju8A’0v’|j;p3]d9e]v’F [+wfhIa[cl’ Xdk’7no? 0v’g2Nv’3]d w]ptg;]kmguj xoa dk’g;oa c]t dk’ g|nv c]t .8hD 7on 0v’c8]j t 0;kh 3]dgxoa co;.fL T 1m6j 8uj ’A .f0v’|;j p3]d9e]v’F w]pt g;]kdk’7on c]t dk’g;oa gmkjq doa L T g;]kmju0;hk3]dwfhIa[cl’,aogxao ]tf.6 fL 190

w]ptg;]kdk’g;oa c]t dk’7on ,du koxPj ocx’grkt;kj |;j p3]d g7vjn omxuj yjo vhv,f;’vkmyf8k,;q’,qo0t|kf.spjXglAo379vo? c]t 8ts^vfg;]kxyoj vhv, f;’vkmyfoAoF cdo0v’|;j p3]d16j.omyfgfu,ltg\\uD |j;p3]dxyjovhv,f;’vkmyf fh;p7;k,w;xt,ko !W)DWWW dy3]c,af}-q;j 3,’ c]t xuoj wfh|bj’Iv[.-hg;]k xt,ko #*& ;ao s^n |bj’xuD @D ]tf6dko glAol6ol6f glAol6ol6f f;’vkmyf glAol6ol6f ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ glAol6ol6f 4hkcdo0v’|j;p3]d8A’lkdda[|hkrP’0v’glAo379voF.og;]kmju|j;p 3]dxyjovhv,f;’vkmyf cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’vkmyf 9t8A’ lkd da[ glAol6ol6f8ts^vfxuF 95f8jk’Mgmy’|hk3]dpk,.fd=9twfhIa[cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo[+xPj ocx’F [vj omjuIhvod=9tIhvo8ts^vfwx c]t [jvomju|k;d=9t|k; 8ts^vfwxD gonjv’9kd;kj 8ts^vfg;]k379vovhv,f;’vkmyfwfhc8]j tIv[F cdo 0v’|j;p3]ds’jP’1j6.omyfgfu,ltg\\uF ltoAo 9bj’gIaf.sh[k’pk,g2Nv’3]dg|nv s’jP’g0Qkskf;’vkmyf c]t [k’pk,g2Nv’3]d.8hs’Pj ’g0Qkskf;’vkmyfvao gxaogsf.shc8]j tg2Nv’3]dwfhIa[7;k,Ihvo{g1ao xjPocx’ g-yj’gvUo;kj ]tf6dko c]t gIaf.shmuj8A’8kj ’Mgmy’|hk3]d,u[k’pk,dk’g;aopk;d;jkdk’7noF [k’ pk, dk’g;aolAod;jkdk’7no c]t [k’pk,dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nogmjqkdaoD 7e4k, !D 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 gm’y oU c];h [vdc8]j tm8uj ’A 0v’|;j p3]d1]j6 ts;kj ’gfvn o.fL @D .o0totm1uj gj6 2vN ’3]dg|vn gxoa ]tfI6 vh o1gj6 2vN ’3]d.8gh xoa ]tf.6 fL pvh osp’a L #D 16jxtgmf]k;gIqkF ]ts;kj ’gfnvo & g4y’gfnvo ( gsao;kj 8kg;ao0Bow; c]t oko8qd phvospa’9bj’gxaoco;oAoL 191

[qfmu $) dko379vo0v’f;’9aovhv,|j;p3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D f;’9ao T zy;|hk0v’f;’9ao c]t 0v’|j;p3]dc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL T f;’9aowfhcl’lts;kj ’,k9kd.lL I[6 f;’9oa f;’9oa gxoa fk;m[uj ,+ cu l’.o8;q c]t gxoa fk;m1uj .j6 ddh [a |;j p3]dmluj f5 X#*WDWWWd,?D .o7nogfnvos’kpgIqkgsaof;’9aogxao;q’,qomuj,ucl’oAo 8q;9y’,aogxao|;j p,qomuj,u 0t|kfohvpd;kj |j;p3]dD gIqkgsaof;’9aogrkt;kj f;’9aowfhIa[cl’9kdf;’ vkmfy c]h;ltmhvol;j o|b’j 0v’cl’oAo,kl6j8kgIqkD f;’9ao[+,u-Ao[aopkdkfF [+,uoES ltoAo 9b’j [+,ulyj’mju,u-u;yfD f;’9oa c,oj fk;mP,me,t-kf0v’|;j p3]dS ,oa xojy vvh ,|;j p3]d1kj ’lt\\ej ltg\\u .fh|bj’Iv[.-hg;]kxt,ko @_ ;ao s^n |b’j gfnvomk’9aomt]t7t8y 8+|jb’Iv[ c]t .og;]kfP;daooAo,aod=xyoj vhv,8qogv’wfh|bj’Iv[D fh;pgsfoAo gIqk9b’j gsao f;’9aoc8fj hkogdqjk8ts^vfD oadIPoI6h[+;kj 16j|hkf;’9ao oE|ad0v’gIqk9tg[qkd;kj 1j6gmy’|hk3]dsqdgmnjv c]t lk,kfg8Aowfhl6’d;jksqdgmjnvD 192

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D gfnvo0BogfnvocI, c8j]t7nogIqkgsaof;’9aoc8d8jk’daoco;.fL 4hkgIqkoa[g]ju,c8,j Ngfnvofa[ XcI, !$ s^n !& 7je? gxaow]ptg;]kmjuf;’9aoF |j;p3]d c]t f;’vkmyf 16j.oc];glAo-nfj P;dao 3fp,u|;j p3]d1j6mk’dk’F 7qogIqk muj16j|hk3]d9bj’co,[+gsaof;’9aoD s^a’9kdoAo,Ngfnvo0Bo ! 7je gIqkco,gsao f;’9aoc9h’gxaolhP;ohvpM1j6mk’0v[2hkg[Nv’8kg;ao8qdS ,N8+M,kgIqkd=9tgsao f;’9ao7vj pl6’0Bo rhv,ma’gsaogxaog2Nv’c9h’.sp0j Bo8k,]efa[S r=Ivf,N ({) 7ej gsaof;’9aoc9h’g7’yj f;’ c]t g,vnj g4y’ ,N !& 7ej f;’9aoc9h’g8a,f;’ g-’yj gryjogvUo;jk ,Ngra’D s^a’9kdoAo f;’9ao9tg0Qkl6j8ec|j’gfnvocI, c]h;g2Nv’c9h’ ohvpg0Qk8k,]efa[9qog4y’,NcI, !${!& 7ej s^n ,Ngfnvofa[D 9kdoAo ,aod=9tg]uj,8Qo gxaogfnvo0Bo c]t fa[gmnvj .\\j c]t gxaoIv[;Poco;oU8ts^vfwxD 193

#D 9aomt7kf |j;p3]d f;’vkmyf f;’9aoສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ 9aomt7kf pvh o;kj f;’9oa xojy vvh ,|;j p3]d c]t |;j p3]dxojy vvh ,f;’vkmfy D g,vjn .f f;’vkmyfF |j;p3]d c]t f;’9aog7njvowx16jgmy’glAo-njfP;dao 3fpf;’9aowx 1j6mk’s^a’0v’|j;p3]dgIaf.shgIqkco,[+gsaof;’9ao1jk’dtmaosaoD xkdqfdko faj’djk;gvUo;jk 9aomt7kf s^n 7qo]k;gIqk,adgvUo;jk <dq[dyogfnvo<D 9aomt7kf ,adgduf.o7no,Ngra’D $D l5]ypt7kf g,nvj .ff;’vkmyfF |j;p3]d c]t f;’9ao g7jnvowx16gj my’glAo-njfP;dao 3fp f;’9aowx16jmk’dk’gIaf.shf;’9ao[a’cl’0v’f;’vkmyf c]t g’qk0v’,ao9t 4ndlkp]q’l6j3]dD le]a[zh67qomjuvkwl16gj my’|hk3]d[=]yg;og’qkoAo Ih6lbd;jks^vo,nf 194

f;’vkmyf f;’9ao |j;p3]d I6[ l5]ypt7kfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .odk’g;aoxt,ko ( okmuF xkdqfdkofa’j djk;gvUo;kj l5]ypt7kf s^n 7qo]k;gIqk ,adgvUo;jk <dq[dyo8kg;ao<D xkdqfdkol5]ypt7kf,adgduf.o,Ngfnvofa[D 7e4k, !D 9q’j [vd]adltotmk’fhkoI6[Ijk’F cl’ c]t dkog7njvomuj0v’f;’9ao @D .ow]ptgfnvo0Bo gIqkla’gdfgsaog2Nv’c9h’0v’f;’9ao16jg[Nv’.fg,nvj mP[ .lj8q;gIqkL .ow]ptgfnvocI,gf ,ao16gj [Nv’.fL #D 9q’j la’gdfI6[Ikj ’0v’f;’9ao.og;]kfP;dao0v’c8]j t7no c]h;c8h,I6[ 8k,la’gdfgsaorhv,ma’\\kp;aomu.ljrhv,D $D 9qj’vtmy[kpxkdqfdko9aomt7kf c]t l5]ypt7kfD 195

[qfmu $_ ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko !D 7;k,\\kp0v’]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko \\kpg4y’spa’L fk;r5f fk;l5d |;j p3]fdk;va’7ko ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko c,jo fk;,t]bf8tp6 ]t[q[d5j,fk; g-yj’xtdv[fh;p fk;]bdXf;’vkmyf? c]t fk; g7ktma’ ) f;’ Xfk;[=]y;ko? fk;rtsaf fk;gdf I6[ fk;g7kt8jk’M.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fk;g7ktc,oj spa’L ,u9ad|j;pL c8]j t|;j p,uI6[Ikj ’co;.fL fk;g7kt c,oj d5j,fk;8kj ’M.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koF fk;g7kt,u ) f;’ 7nG fk;r5fF fk;l5dF |;j p3]dF fk;va’7koF fk;rtsafF fk;glqkF fk;,t]bf8tp6 c]t fk;gdfD { fk;g7ktm1uj .j6 dfh ;’vkmfy mluj f5 c,oj fk;sp’a L 1w6j dmluj f5 c,oj fk;sp’a L { fk;g7ktmuj16.j dh|j;p3]d,ufk;spa’cfLj dk’7no gIqkgsaof;’fk;ohvp.spoj a[gxaos^kpMf;’.omhv’2hkD fk;ma’\\qfoU gxaol;j o|b’j 0v’fk;.odk]ad-uXd5,j fk;gxao]hkoMf;’?0v’r;dgIqkDf;’vkmyf c]t fk;g7kt0v’,ao ) f;’ xtdv[gxao]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD f;’vkmyf ,uvkp5xt,koshkrao]hkoxu c]t ,ao d=c,oj fk;f;’|bj’.od5j,fk;fa’j dkj ;D |;j p 3]d0v’r;dgIqkgxao|b’j .ofk;g7kt 0v’]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koF gxaofk;g7kt f;’fP;mju,uly’j mju,u-u;yfvkwl1j6D fk;g7ktf;’vjno m5df;’ d=xyjovhv,8qogv’F 379vovhv,f;’vkmyf8k,glAo 379vo|b’j c]t wfhIa[cl’lts;kj ’9kdf;’vkmyf7ndaoda[|;j p3]d c]h;r;d,ao 196

ltmhvocl’ mjuwfhIa[lj;o|bj’,kl6j3]d 9bj’gsaor;d,aogs^Nv,py[pa[1j68k,mhv’2hkD .o[aofkfk;g7ktfaj’dkj ;oAoF ,ufk;g7kt9eo;o|b’j ,ufyo c]t 9eo;o|bj’[+,ufyo grktr;d,aorP’c8jgxaodhvodklD @D fk;g7ktmuj7hkp7n|j;p3]d fk;g7ktmuj1j6.dh|;j p3]d,u fk;r5fF fk;l5d c]t fk;va’7ko g-yj’gxaofk; mujxtdv[fh;pfyo c]t suo7nda[|j;p3]dS c8jfk;gs^qjkoAo[+,uc,joEF [+,umtg] c]t [+,urnfDDD fk;r5f gxaofk;[+,u-Ao[aopkdkfS dk’7nog1aos^kpF c8jdk’ g;aorafIhvos^kp Xv5ostr6,l6’d;kj #WW°c?D fk;l5dxqds5h,fh;p\\vd0v’vk-uf-6o26iyd Xmkfg7,mu guj xoa voa 8t]kpIkh pcI’?D fk;va’7ko gxaofk;g-yj’|hk0v’,aoxtdv[fh;psuo8kj ’M c]t /5jolugs^nv’S -Ao[aopkdkfxtdv[fh;pdkldkd3[oyd c]t ,u]q,1kj ’I5ocI’S 1j60Q;g|nv c]t .8h,uoEdhvo|kD #D w]ptskj ’9kdfk;g7kt8jk’M sk f;’vkmyf X]hkody3]c,af? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fk;r5f fk;l5d |j;p3]d fk; fk; fk;glqk fk;,t]bf fk;gdf va’7ko rtsaf 8tp6 &) !W) !&W @@) (() !$@( @)(W $$_& 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsaf !D 9qj’w]j-njfk;g7ktma’cxf .o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD @D 9q’j .-h9vdcmof;’vkmyfF .-h\\kdw,h ) |j;pcmofk;g7kt X3fp0Po -nfj k;g7kt|b’j f;’8yf.lj\\kdw,h|bj’|;j p?F9kdoAo;k’9vdc]t\\kdw,h oAo.l|j hk38t .sh4nd8hv’8k,]efa[0v’fk;.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD #D gxaospa’fk;g7ktf;’vnjo9bj’[+,ulyj’,u-u;yfvkwl1j67nda[|j;p3]dL 197