ຄຸນສົມບັດ ແລະ ໂລກອ້ອມຕົວ_MoralnWAU

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8;q 4;n kj 8kxdq dt8Fy c84j kh vkj o38g]d1c6j 4;lf5 mkh p38.f|’jb [w+ f4h ;n kj 8kzfy xdq dt8Dy czoj cmdlkp8k ;ymucmdlkp8k &D rtpkf8kcf’ 7qogxaortpkf8kcf'ltcf'vvd.shgsaoco;.fL vkdkoG zm6h gju ],ju gxoa rtpkf8kcf’9tIlh6 db 7oa F oE8kwsF^ 8k0k;,lu cu f’ c]t ,0u 8U ksk^ pD dko8yf8+0v’rtpkf8kcf’G rtpkf8kcf’8yf8+wfh3fpmk’dq’ c]t mk’vhv,F g,nvj 8kg[Nv’|’bj gxaoc]h;,ad9t8yf.l8j kvudg[nhv’|’bj c]t 8yf9kdzh6|’bj wxskzh6vnoj 1kj ’w;D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxhv’dao c]t xyjoxq;rtpkf8kcf’ { [+.sgh vkq ,ln 8u k I6[ ;ymu1vf8k { [+.-zh kh g-fa |kh I;j ,d[a 7oq mguj xoa 8kcf’ { 4kh gxoa 8kcf’8vh ’wxskcrfgrvjn xojy x;q { ;ymu1vf1kmu4j nd8vh ' .sgh xuf|'a 8kg[Nv'],j5 c];h 1vf1k.lDj 7e4k, !D 7oq gIkq g[’jy gsoa l’jy 8kj ’Mwfch o;.fL @D .shoadIPopqd8q;1kj ’;ymuIadlk8kxt,ko ${& 1kj ’D #D 4kh 8k4ndv[5 fa gsf 7;oxt8y[fa 8oq co;.fL 49

[qfmu @ s60v’7qogIqk !D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’s6 .[s6 vtw;pt;t-q'8q; g9hps6 m+];j 'da[I6fa' c]t 7= I6s6 s6-Ao.o s6-Aodk' ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ 37'xtdv[lhk'0v's6 s06 v’7oq gIkq xtdv[,Gu .[sF6 Is6 F6 g9ph s6 F m]+ ;j ’d[a If6 ’a c]t I76 D= s6 c[’j vvdgxoa # l;j o7nG -AoovdF -Aodk’ c]t -Ao.oD s6,uI6[Ikj ’7nsvp30’j D { -AoovdG gIaf|hkmujIa[lP’ g-y’j xtdv[,u.[s6F I6s6 c]t g9hps6D dkoloaj ltgmvn o0v’7oN lP’gIfa .sgh 9ph sl6 oja l’jq 7oN lP’g0kQ lsj6 -6 oA dk’D { -Aodk’G gIaf|hkmu0j tspkp7NolP’ g-y’j xtdv[fh;pdtf6d7hvoF dtf6dm’aj c]t dtfd6 3doD 7NolP’mu0j tspkpc];h 4ndl’jq g0kQ sl6 ;j om,uj uI[6 Ikj ’7kh p7n svp30’j g-y’j gvUo;kj 0vfdP;c]h;l’qj 8+sklt\\v’D { -Ao.oG gIaf|hkmjucx7NolP’.shgxaolP’ 3fp95]a’xtlkfc]h;lqj’8+sk lt\\v’D ovdoAo 16js6-Ao.opa’,um+ # m+8A’lkddaoF g-y’j rkp.o[ao95oE c]t dhvosuox6ogIaf|hkmduj Pj ;da[dko-q’8q;0v’Ikj ’dkpD 50

@D |hkmju0v's6 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ sg6 xoa vtw;pt;tle][a I[a 2’a lP’ F gIfa .s7h oq gIkq g0kQ .9 c]t I[a Ilh6 P’8kj ’MwfDh #D rtpkfgduf0Boda[s6 rtpkfgduf0Boda[s6,uG s6|v'F s6|;dF s6vadgl[ c]t vnoj M s6|v'G gduf9kddkogxaortpkf[k'1jk'.oI6fa' c]t 7=D g-NvrtpkfoAo 9tg0kQ wxlsj6 -6 oA dk'wfDh g,nvj g-Nvrtpkfg0kQ wx9trk.sgh dufdkovda gl[gxoa |v'0Bo c]t rk.shIh6lbdg9a[x;fD 4hk,uvkdkooU7;owxskcrfD d=]touc,'w,hg0Qks6 7;ogvqkoEvo5j s^n oE,aornf.lj grnvj .shc,'w,hs^5fvvd,kD 4hkc,'w,hpa'[+vvd .shwxrq[crfD $D dko[q;]t[afIadlks6 gIkq 7;o[;q ]t[fa s06 v'gIkq f'ja oGU { [+.-;h fa 4c5 0’7;fa s6 { g;]kvk[oEF ltz,q 7;o]t,fa ]t;’a [.+ soh Eg0kQ sg6 xoa voa 0kf grkt4kh oEg0kQ s6fqowxvkf9trk.shs6gxao|v’ s^n g9hps60kfD { vafs6g,nvj g;]k,ulP’fa’cI’F [+7;o8q[s6 c]t Ihv’lP’fa’.lsj 6daoD { g,nvj gxaos;af[+7;ol’aj oE,6dcI’ s^n [+vaffa’c|ho grkt9trk.shvkdkffao g0Qkwxs6l;j odk’F vkf,ug-nhvrtpkfg0Qkls6j 6 c]t rk.shs6vND { 4hk,uvkdkozyfxqddt8yda[s67;owxxbdlkcrfD 7e4k, !D gIkq wfph yolP’8kj ’Mwfch o;.fL @D oadIPo9t,u;ymuxhv’daos6wfhco;.fL #D grvjn [+.ssh g6 xoa |v’gIkq 7;ogIfa co;.fL 51

[qfmu # fa’0v’7qogIqk glAoxtlkfIa[dyoj !D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’fa’ x,5j Ia[dyoj 95]a'Ia[doyj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0qovvj o I6[ 37'xtdv[lhk'0v'fa' fa’ gxaovtw;pt;tIa[I6hdyoj c]t gxaomk’g0Qkvvd0v’]q,skp.9D fa’xtdv[ ,u @ ID6 3z’h fa’9tgxoa 3z’h g]ydg0kQ wx c]t ,us^kp3z’h mu,j u]da ltotc8d8kj ’daoD 16.j o 3zh’fa’,u0qofa’F 8vj ,oEg,nvdle]a[8v’vkdkfmujgIqkskp.9g0QkwxF glAoxtlkf Ia[dyoj c]t ,uI68yf8+da[s6l;j o.o c]t 8kD phvoco;oAo g;]kgIqkla’j oE,6dcI’M 9’jb rk.ssh v6 DN g,vjn 7oq gIkq skp.9F vkdkfg0kQ l3j6 z’h f’a c];h 9t4dn l’jq wxlsj6 v^ f],q ]’q wx skxvfD dkoskp.9mk’fa’c,oj ;ymumIuj a[xtdaofumulj 5f grkt;kj g;]kvkdkfg0Qkwx 136j z’h f’a 9tgIfa .svh kdkfv[q voj5 dvj o c]t f’a d9= t-,j5 -ojn c];h vkdkf9’jb 9t]’q lxj6 vfD @D rtpkfmuj,adgduf0Boda[fa’ rtpkfm,ju da gdfu 0oB d[a f’a g-oja G gxoa s;fa F gxoa 8,5j F f'a vda gl[ c]t vojn MD 4kh skd,u vkdkof’aj dkj ;gduf0Bo7;owxskcrfgrvnj xoyj xq;D 52

#D dko[q;]t[af ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko[;q ]t[fa 7;oxt8y[fa f'aj oUG { [7+ ;o.-oh ;Y ,Fn g][a ,Fn ;fa 4c5 0’cpfj ’a grkt9tgIfa .sgh pvjn g,vn d.of’a vda gl[ gxoa [kfcz { [7+ ;o8fa 0oq f’a grkt0oq f’a ,xu t3spf.odkodoja 8v’0/U oj5 c]t g-vN rtpkf { 9’jq skp.9mk’f’a F 1kj skp.9mk’xkdgrktvkf9tI[a gvkq 0U/o5j c]t g-vN rtpkfg0Qklx6j vfwfh’kj pD { [.+ sfh ’a 4dn dtm[q dtgmvn ogrkt9tgIfa .sgh ]vn ff’a vvdD 4kh g]vn ff’a vvd7;o xt[fa f’ja oGU .soh ’ja .omkj d,Q |kh ]’q |vph |’jb F gvkq ,[n [u f’a X[[u c];h ;k'? xt,ko @{ & okmu c]t gvkq oEdvh og8’a dtfoQ F |kh zkd sn^ oEg1oa .l[j ]= gy ;odvj ’f’a c]h;vkdkod=9t7vj pfugv’D c84j hkvkdkoskd[+fu.shoel’jq 3I’\\=D { skh ,cs'o|kh 0Bo I6[ 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[afg;]kg]nvffa'vvd dko,ug]nvffa'vvdgduf9kdglAog]nvf/vp0v'gspNvg,nvd.o3zh'fa'c8d s^n gduf9kfrtpkf7;k,faog]nvfl6' Xz6h.sp?j F w0hl6'9kdrtpkf-b,g-Nv.ogfadohvpD 7e4k, !D fa’gxaovtw;pt;tle7aoco;.fL @D g,vjn gxoa s;fa gIkq 7;oxt8[y fa 8oq co;.fL #D .od=]tou,uz6h.f|'bj g]nvffa'vvdgIqk7;o9tgIafco;.fL 53

[qfmu $ ]Uo0v’7qogIqk !D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’]Uo ]da ltot0v']oU gxoa co;.fL ]qf0q, ]oU ,]u da ltotvvj oo,h5 F xtdv[f;h p8,j5 ovh pMI[a ]fq -kf s;koF 0q,F IboF lQ,F g7a, c]t vnoj M dt9kj p 1m6j ;jq ]UoD ]qfg7a, @D |hkmju0v']Uo ]oU -;j pspE c]t 7oq vksko.s]h tvPfF -;j p.odko zoa lP’xkdg;kQ .s-h fa g9o c]t gIfa |kh muIj [a ]fq -kf vkskoc8]j t]fq wffh ;h p8,j5 I[a ]fq -kf1gj6 0fltgrkt ]qflQ, 0v'.z,aoD ]qfs;ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ 37'xtdv[lhk'0v']Uo #D rtpkfmju,adgduf16j]Uo ,urtpkfspa'cfjmju,adgduf16jxkd c]t ]UoLD rtpkfmujgduf0Boda[]Uo,us^kp1kj ’ g-oaj G ]Uo3r’F ]Uogxao8,5j F ]Uogxao/hkDDD rtpkfmujgduf0Bo1]6j Uo vkfgduf,k9kds^kplkgsf g-oaj G { gduf9kdg-Nvw;iaf { gduf9kd0kfdkovtokw,xkdF ]Uo c]t c0h;1kj 'lt\\Oltg\\u { gduf9kdc0h;daf]Uo s^n lq[.og;]kspEvksko { gduf9kdc0h;mujx'qj vvdzyfxqddt8y s^n [+gxao]t[P[ gIaf.sh,udkolP[cm' c]h;dkpgxao[kfcz.oxkdD { gduf9kddkodyof,nj vkskomuIj hvocI' s^n dyovkskog7a,gduowxD { gduf9kddko0kfvkskoD 54

vao8t]kp0v’rtpkfmjugduf0Bo16j]Uo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { rk.sgh dfu vkdkog9[a cl[3fpltgrktg;]kdoy vksko m,uj ]u fq gzfa c]t g7,a D { rk.shdyovkskowfh|hvp grkt7;k,g9a[x;f.og;]kdyovkskoD { rk.shgdufvk]q,s’5fs’yfD { 4hkxtxvj pw;hfqooko vkfrk.shgxao,tgIa’wfhD #D dkoxhv’daoIadlkxkd c]t ]Uo dkoxhv'daoIadlkxkd c]t ]Uo 7;oxt8y[affa'j oUG { Iadlkxkd.shltvkf g-aoj G 46c0h;.sh4nd;ymu c]t gxaoxt9e.o8vog-Qkg,nvj 8noj ovoF s^a’dyovksko c]t dvj og0QkovoD { 8hv’Iadlk]Uo.shltvkf g-aoj G m5dMg-Qk.sh7vj p06f]Uo c]t \\oaj vq,gdnvD { [+dyovkskogzaf c]t g7a,gduowxgrkt,ao9tgIaf.sh]UofhkoF vkf9t[+Ia[I6h ]qf-kf0v’vkskowfhD ovd9kdoAoF dkodyovkskogzaf c]t g7a,pa’rk .shdtgrktpvj pvksko[+wfhltf;dfuD { Ida lkl05 trk[.sch 0’cI’1lj6 tg\\u grkt4kh Ikj ’dkpc0’cI’ ,oa lk,kf 8hkomkortpkfwfhfuF [kfcz8kj ’Mmujgduf0Bo.oxkdd=9tfuw;D { ]t;’a 1kj .smh vh ’zd6 g]NvpMD { g,vnj cz.oxkdcrdj t9kp 7;owxskcrfgrnvj xoyj xq;D 7e4k, !D ]oU ,|u kh msuj p’a L @D gxaospa’9’bj xhv’daoIadlkxkd c]t ]UoL #D 9’qj [vd;ymuxhv’daoIadlkxkd c]t ]UoL 55

[qfmu & zy;|a’0v’7qogIqk |a'-Aoovd |a'-Aocmh !D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’zy;|a’ z;y |’a 0v’7oq ,du koxtdv[lkh ’co;.fL 0oq I6gsnvj glAoxtlkf -AooE,ao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ 37'xtdv[lhk'0v'zy;|a' zy;|a’0v'7qoxtdv[,uG |a’-AoovdF |a’-Aocmh c]t -AooE,ao dD |a’-Aoovd X|a’derhk? |a’-Aoovdgxoa |’a [k’xtdv[f;h p9]5 ’a -vh og8’a doa F g-’jy 9]5 ’a mk’|kh 8kpwx c];h 0v5 vd,kgxoa 0wU 7F l;j o9]5 ’a 1-j6 oA ],j5 ,kcmomDuj 7;k,|k0v’|’a derkh c8]j tl;j o 0v’Ikj ’dkp[+gmkjq doa D l;j o[k’mluj f5 7[n ]= gy ;o|’a 8k c]t s’^a sS6 l;j o|kmluj f5 7n /jk8ou c]t /kj ,Dn 0D |a’-Aocmh |a’-AocmhoUxtdv[fh;pcr95]a’F ,uglAog]nvf/vpF glAoxtlkfF 8jv,gsnjvF 8vj ,w0,aoF 0qo c]t Ikd0qodt9kpmq;j wxS 1I6j kd0qo,udhk,mujgIaf.sh0qo]5dD 7D -AooE,ao -AooU xtdv[fh;p95]a’w0,aos^kpF 7;k,|k0v’-AooUpa’0Boda[vkp5F ]adltot 0v’Ikj ’dkp c]t g0fvkdkfD 56

@D |hkmju0v’zy;|a’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { s+s5h, c]t xhv’daovtw;pt;trkp.o [+.shwfhIa[vao8t]kp c]t [+.sh g-Nvrtpkfg0kQ lIj6 kj ’dkpD { I[a 7;k,Ilh6 db 8kj ’M XIvh oF |k;F g9[a x;fDDD ? c]t ]kp’kowxp’a lt\\v’D { xa[vo5j str6,0v’Ikj ’dkp.sh7q’muj c]t 0a[gsnvj D { gxaocs^’j ltlq,w0,ao c]t oEw;h.-hg,nvj 9egxaoD { lk,kflkh ’;8y k,oy XD? .sch dIj kj ’dkp3fpvkwlcl’vo5 8ikw;3vg]f (UV) 9kdcl’cffD { gxaovtw;pt;t0a[4kj pmkfryfvvd9kdIkj ’dkpvudmk’|’bj { -;j p.sIh kj ’dkp,7u ;k,l;p’k, #D rtpkf c]t 7;k,zyfxqddt8y mjugduf0Boda[zy;|a’ z6hmuj,ul50trk[0v’|a’fu zy;rao9tgx’j xa’lqf-noj [+gxaortpkf c]t [+,uIvp fkj ’fe8kj ’MD l;j oz6hmu,j ul50trk[|a’[+fu d+9tgdufgxaortpkfzy;|a’s^kp1kj ’ g-oaj G 0UsyfF dkdF dhPoF ly;F /noj 7aoDDD rtpkf c]t 7;k,zyfxqddt8y0v’zy;|a’vkfgduf,k9kds^kplkgsff'ja oUG !? gduf9kdzy;|a’[+wfhIa[dkovtokw,D @? rtpkfzy;|a'[k’-tofy gxoa ,kc8dj egofu sn^ rkps’^a degoufd=,u g-oja G w/F xkj oF 0cU ,’;oa DDD #? gduf9kddko]t[kf0v’rtpkf g-oaj G rtpkf\\kdl5dF \\kdwlDDD $? gdfu 9kdz;y |’a wfIh [a voa 8t]kp g-oja G 4dn ,fu [kfF lfa dfa F dko],Q sn^ vojn MDDD $D dkoxhv’daoIadlkzy;|a' rtpkfz;y |’a [k’-tofy lk,kfxvh ’doa wfh 3fpxt8[y fa g-oja G me7;k,ltvkf Ikj ’dkpF \\oja vk[oE3fpll5 t[6 c];h ]kh ’f;h poEltvkfF ltz,q 1kj ’|vh p vkmfy ]t @ 7’A F o’j5 g7vnj ’mulj tvkfF dyovkskoxtgrfzda c]t \\kdw,h grvnj [e]’5 zy;|’a c]t \\aoj vvdde]a’dkp.shlt\\Oltg\\uD 7e4k, !D rtpkfmuj,adgduf1z6j y;|a’,uspa’cfLj @D rtpkfmugj duf9kd0v’cs^,7q,[kf c,oj rtpkfzy;|a’[+L #D 9’qj [vd;ymuxhv’daoIadlkzy;|a’.shltvkfL 57

[qfmu * ]t[q[]t]kpvksko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D vtw;pt;t]t]kpvksko vtw;pt;t]t]kpvkskoxtdv[,uG xkdF m+vkskoF dtgrktF wlhvvj oF wlhcdcj ]t I6mt;koD ovdoAopa’,u8vj , oE]kpF oE[uF ,hk,F 8vj ,oE dtgrkt c]t wlvh vj o mgju Ifa |kh m-ju ;j ppvj pvkskoD dtgrktvksko wlhvvj o wlhcdj wlh8'yj I6[ vtw;pt;t]t]kpvksko @D dkopjvpvksko dkopvj pvksko0v’7qogIqkg],uj 9kdxkdF 3fpc0h;gIaf|hkmsuj p=hk.sh]tvPf c]t ,uohe]kpmuzj t]yfvvd9kd8vj ,oE]kp,kxqoda[vksko grnvj ltf;d.odko spE c]t dnowfh’kj pD g,nvj vksko4ndpvj p16jxkdc]h; ,aog7nvj o]q’8k,m+vksko wxldj6 tgrktD 1.6j odtgrkt,ou Epvj pmkf-oU c]t w0,oa 9eo;o|'jb -;j ppvj pD vksko mpuj vj p1d6j tgrkt c]h;g7vnj ophkpwxl]6j ewlhvvj oD dkopjvpvkskolYol5f1j6]ewlhvvj oD vkskomu4j ndpvj pc]h;dkpgxao3,g]d5o ohvpmluj 5f g-'yj ]ewlhlk,kff6f-b,g0Qkl6jdtclg]nvf c]h;ws^;Powx]hP’Ijk’dkpD 58

vkskompuj ’a gs^nv]ewlvh vj off6 -,b [+wf\\h fq ,oa 4ndl’jq wxsk]ewlch dDj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 16]j ewlhcdwj fhf6f-b,vud c]t l’qj glfvksko vvdD g,vnj glfvkskog7vnj owxg4y' l;j oxkp0v’]ewlhcdrj k.shgdufdkosqf8q;0v’]ewlhcdj c]t I6hlbdx;f4kj pD ]t[q[]t]kpvksko,u|hkmulj e7ao7nG pvj pvksko.sh]tvPf c]h;f6f-b,gvqk vkskommuj puj vj p c]h;wxld6j tclg]nvfgrvnj wx]+]hP’Ikj ’dkpD #D dko[q;]t[af grnjvs^udg;Ao[+.shgxaortpkf c]t 1kd.shIkj ’dkp,ul50trk[c0’cI’gIqk 7;oxt8[y fa f’ja oGU { 7;odoy vksko.sgh xoa g;]kD oda IPo7;odoy vkskog-kQ md5 ,dN vj owx3I’IPo grnvj .sh,urt]a’.odkoIOIPo|a’lnD { rtpkpk,Iadlkvk]q,.shfu [+7PfD 4hk,u[aosk.shwxxbdlkcrfD { 7;ospEvksko.sh]tvPfdvj o9’bj dno c]t dyovkskomxuj 5’c8’j l5dfuD { [+xvj p.s8h oq gv’sy;gduowxD { [+7;odyovkskomu,j u]qfgzaf s^n g7a,s^kpgduowxgrkt9trk.shoEpvj pdaf dtgrkt c]h;rk.shg9a[dtgrktwfhD { 8vog-Qkxt,ko & g4y’ ( 3,’gIqk7;o8onj ovo c]t g0Qkshv’oE grvnj 4kj p vk9q,vvdgrkt-j;’g;]koUgxaog;]kgIaf;Pd0v’]ewlhcdjD 4hk[+faj’oAo 9tgIfa .s]h ewlfh f6 -,b oE.ovk9,q 7on gIfa .svh k9,q cs’h c]t mkfrfy m1ju .6j o vk9,q 9t4dn ff6 -,b g0kQ skg]vn f c];h 9t0oB sklt\\v’rk.s,h zu oq Ikh p8d+ ko gIaf;Pd0v’lt\\v’D $D rtpkfmuj,adgduf.o]t[q[]t]kpvksko rtpkfmugj duf.o]t[q[]t]kp,us^kp-toyfg-oaj G ]yf-tf;’mt;ko|adF cz.o dtgrktvksko c]t wlh8y’j vadgl[D ovdoAopa’,urtpkfvnoj Mvudmugj duf9kddkodyo vkskomu[j +ltvkf c]t [+4nd8hv’D 59

dD ]yfltf;’mt;ko|ad ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lkgsfG ]fy ltf;’mt;ko|da gdfu 9kdg]vn f.ogloha g]vn ffe,kv’ja .omt;ko|da F g,nvj ,ao,kv’aj v=s^kpd=9t0tspkp8q;s^kp0Bork.sh,uvkdkomhv’z6dD g,nvj 4kj p|ad ,udkog[a’j d=rk.shgduf]yfltf;’mt;ko|adwfhD vkdkoG ,uvkdkog9a[F 7aofhko.o c]t fhkoovd0v’mt;ko|ad D [k’gmnvj vkf9t,ug]nvf-b,vvd,krhv,da[vk9q,D 0=h7;oxt8y[afG { f,jn oEsk^ pM { dyozad c]t \\kdw,h.shs^kp { 4hk,uvkdko.shxbdlkcrfgrvnj xoyj xq;.sh4nd8hv’ 0D cz.odtgrktvkskoG lkgsfG gduf9kdoEpjvpvkskovvd,k c8j[+,uvkskorP’r=muj9tpjvpF oEpvj p9'bj pvj pdtgrkt c]t [k’l;j o0v’]ewlhvvj oD vkdkoG g9a[x;f|hkmhv’l;j ogmy’F g9a[Ihvo s^n 7hkpda[;kj 4ndg9ktD vkdkooU gduf0Bo.og;]kmvh ’;kj ’D 7D wlh8yj’vadgl[G wlh8yj’8A’1j6[=]yg;o]ewlhvjvo c]t ]ewlhcdj8+daoF ,u7;k,pk;xt,ko #{$ -a’8uc,af wlh8’yj [+,u|hkmuj c]t xt3spfspa’c8,j aovkf9tgxaovao8t]kp8+7qogIqkD lkgsfG l;j os^;’s^kp9t[+7vj prq[lkgsfmucj mh9y’F c8j[k’7A’,uly’j 8qd7hk’ 16wj lh8y’j 9'bj rk.shgdufdkovadgl[ c]t gxao|v’wfhD vkdkoG mevfy Ilh6 db x;fmvh ’m;jq Mwxdvj oF 8,+ k9tg9[a 1m6j vh ’g[vN ’0;k8vo],j5 F vkf,uvkdkoIkdF ,uw0hF g9a[|a’mhv’s^kpF g;]kgvqk,ngoAo9tg9a[cI’F g;]koU g,fa g]vn f0k;9tgr,ju 0oB sk^ pd;kj xdq dt8y X4kh d;fg]vn f? [k’7oq ,vu kdkoIkh pcI’ g4y’0Aowfhzkj 8afvvdD 60

0=h7;oxt8y[afG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { 4kh ,u7oq g9[a 7kh p7nvkdkof’ja dkj ;.sIh u[2kh ;oel’jq crfmoa muD { [+7;o.sh1k]t[kp s^n l;omhv’.og;]kmpuj a’g9a[16Dj { xt8y[fa 8k,7ecotoe0v’crf 7e4k, !D .shoadIPola’gdfI6[rk[ c]h;0Po-n.j lvj tw;pt;tf’aj dkj ;.sh4nd8hv’D @D oEpvj p9kdl;j o.fgIaf|hkmpuj vj pmkf-Uo c]t w0,aoL #D dkopvj pvkskoloY lf5 1.6j lL $D rtpkfm,ju da gdfu d[a ]t[[q ]t]kpvksko,su p’a cfLj ,lu kgsf c]t vkdko co;.fL &D grvnj xhv’dao[+.shgxao3]ddtgrktr;dgIqk7;oxt8y[af8qoco;.fL 61

[qfmu ( rtpkf4vdmhv’F vtsy;k c]t mhv’[yf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D rtpkf4vdmhv’ rtpkf4vdmvh ’ ltcgf'vvdf;h pdko4kj psk^ pgmvjn 8;+ oa sn^ sk^ pgmvjn 8-+ ;jq 3,'S vk9,q m4uj kj pvvd,]u da ltotcs;^ F l;j osk^ pgxoa oED 4kh ,vu kdkoIkh pcI’g4’y 0oA glp -u;yfd=gxaowfhD lkgsf gduf9kddkodyo fn,j vkskomuj[+ltvkfF vkskogxaoryf s^n ,ug-Nvrtpkfg0Qk 1.6j o]ewlh c]t 1.6j oltrk[c;f]hv,muj[+ltvkf d=rk.shgxaortpkf4vdmhv’wfhD vkdko zmh6 guj xoa rtpkf4vdmvh ’9tmP;4kj psk^ pgmvjn 1kj ’8Oxt,ko &{!W gmvjn sn^ vkf 9ts^kp gmnvj d;kj oU8+,NF vk9q,l;j os^kpgxaooElugs^nv’ s^n ludtg[qkF [k’gmnvj d=9t,u ,6dxqog]nvfvvd,kD gIaf.shIkj ’dkpglpoEs^kp c]h;vvj ogrpw;F [k'7qovkf9t gxaow0hoeF 4hkskdxq;[+maovkf9tgxao-ad9qo[+I6hg,vnj 7u' s^n 8kp1kj ’dtmaosaoD @D rtpkfmhv’0UIkd Xvtsy;k? rtpkfmhv’0UIkd c,oj rtpkf4vdmhv’IhkpcI’mugj duf9kdrtpkfmu,j u-;nj kj G [iuvq’3dg]ikD rtpkfoUlk,kfcr]j t[kf1kj ’w;;kD lkgsf gduf9kddkodyovkskomu[j +ltvkfF vksko,uc,’;ao8v, s^n fn,j oEmuj,ug-Nv rtpkfxqo1o6j eD 62

vkdko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ z6hgxaortpkfmhv’0UIkdmju[+maoIhkpcI’ vkf9t7nrtpkf4vdmhv’mqj;wxF le][a zmh6 guj xoa rtpkfmvh ’0IU kdIkh pcI’ vk9,q 9tcs^;F gxoa oEl0u k;0oh5 7kh p7n oE ,;dF g;]kx;f4kj p9tvfq doA [1+ j6 c]t vkf9t,Iu kdoeF gIfa .sIh kj ’dkp0kfoE1kj ’ Io5 cI’ 4kh x;q [+moa 9tglp-u;yf1kj ’w;D #D rtpkfmhv’[yf mhv’[yf c,oj rtpkf-toyf|’bj mujgduf,k9kdg-Nvvk,y[ rtpkfoU cr]j t[kf 1kj 'w; c]t IhkpcI’g4y’0Aoglp-u;yfD lkgsf lkgsfmruj k.sgh xoa rtpkfmvh ’[fy gdfu 9kddkodoy f,jn m[uj l+ tvkfF []+ kh ',dn vj o 9a[dyovkskoF dyovksko[6fgokjq F ,uc,’;ao8v,DDDD ovd9kdoAo vkdkfvq[gvQkF l’jy c;f]vh ,gxvN ogxy c]t 0kfdkovtokw,Ikj ’dkp dr= k.sgh xoa rtpkfmvh ’[fy wfDh vkdko 7qomjugxaortpkfmhv’[yf9t,uvkdkog9a[mhv’F mP;4jkpg]NvpMF .o,N|bj’ mP;4jkpxt,ko !W{&W gmnjvS 4jkpc8j]tgmnjvvk9q,9tvvd|hvpfP;F vk9q,[k’ 8jvogxaodhvoc0’,u,6dxqog]nvf7hkp7nda[0Udtgm8uj yf3v[F g,nvj 4kj pc]h;[+fqo9tx;f 4kj pvudD rtpkfoUgduf0Bo1kj ’dtmoa soa vkfgIfa .s7h oq g9[a gxoa w0oh evdu F 4kh gxoa |da vkf9t8kprkp.o $) -;jq 3,’F 4hkgxaog[qkxyoj xq;1kj ’8O|’bj vkmyf9’bj g-qkD $D dko8yf8+0v’rtpkf4vdmhv’F vtsy;k c]t mhv’[yf rtpkf4vdmhv’F vtsy;k c]t mhv’[yf lk,kf8yf8+l67j qovnoj wfh 3fp7qomuj,u g-vnh rtpkfwx4kj p-t-kpF rtpkfd9= tcrwj x8k,foy F 8k,rfn zda 8kj ’M sn^ ,cu ,’;oa 8v,ly’j gxNvogxy c]h;wx8v,vksko s^n 7qo,ug-nhvrtpkf4kj p.l.j ooEc,rj tpkf d9= tcr1j oj6 ecs’j^ oE g,vjn 7oq vojn doy zda ]kh '[l+ tvkf sn^ vksko,cu ,';oa 8v, sn^ f,jn oE muj,ug-Nvrtpkfd=9trk.sh8yfg-Nvrtpkffa’j dkj ;D 63

&D dkoxhv’dao c]t xyjoxq;0Ao8QodPj;da[rtpkf4vdmhv’F vtsy;k ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c]t mhv’[yfD T grnjvxhv’dao[+.sh8yfg-Nvrtpkf.shxt8y[affaj’oU G { f,nj oEltvkf s^n oE8Q,l5dgxaoxt9e { 4kj p.l;j yf X[+4kj p-t-kp? { dyovkskol5dF ltvkf c]t [+[6fgokqj { ]hk’,ndvj o9a[dyovksko s^n s^a’9kd4kj p|adD { Iadlkvtokw,Ikj ’dkp c]t l’yj c;f]hv,.shltvkf { gfadgduf.\\7j ;o.shf,nj oq,c,9j tgxaodkofumulj 5fD T dkoxyjoxq;0Ao8Qo rtpkf4vdmhv’F vtsy;k c]t mhv’[yf gxaortpkfvao8t]kpIhkpcI’ vkfrk.shglp-u;yfwfh gonvj ’9kdIkj ’dkp0kfoED ltoAoF dkoxyoj xq;0Ao8Qo8hv’ mqfcmooEg0QkIjk’dkp.shlq,f6oda[oEmjuglpwxD dkoxyjoxq;c8jsq;mule7aomjul5f 3fpf,nj oExtl,q 3vik]fy sn^ x’5 c8’j oEgdvn cIfj n,j D 4kh [,+ .u sfh n,j oE\\kdrkh ;vvj oF oE-kvvj oF oE8Q,g0QkD I6[ dkox5'c8'j oEgdnvcIj ;ymudkox5'c8'j oEgdnvcIj gvqkoE8Q,ltvkf ! ]yf xtlq,da[ gdnv ! [;j ' c]t oE8ko @ [;j 'dkg2 ]t]kp.shg0Qkdao c]h;fn,j grnvj mqfcmo oEcdIj kj 'dkpD 64

I6[ oE8Q,l5d I6[ fn,j oEltvkf c]t l5dfu 7e4k, !D 9’qj [vdvkdko0v’7qomujgxaortpkf4vdmhv’F mhv’0UIkd c]t mhv’[yfD @D 9t,u;ymuxhv’dao9kdrtpkf4vdmhv’F mhv’0UIkd c]t mhv’[yfwfhco;.fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 65

[qfmu ) rtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ rtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ ,u]adltotgxaoco;.fL rtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ gduf,k9kdg-Nvrtpkf-toyf|bj’ muj,uI6[Ikj ’7hkp7n.[w,h rtpkfoU crsj ^kp.oxtgmf]k;gIqkD g,nvj 7qo8yfrtpkfc]h;,aome]kp8a[gIaf.sh vadgl[ c]t gxaovao8t]kpcd-j u;yfD I6[ g-Nvrtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ lkgsf g-vN rtpkfoghu 0kQ lIj6 kj ’dkp0v’7oq gIkq 3fpdkodoy vkskof[y Xx’5 c8’j [l+ d5 f?u g-oaj G d5h’F xkF svp c]t rnfoE Xzad8q[F zaddtglfDDD muj]hk’[+ltvkf c]t zad1[6j qd .-hoEmuj,ug-Nvrtpkfsqf s^n ]hk' g,nvj gvqk,kdyo d=rk.sh8yfrtpkfoUwfhD vkdko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7oq mguj xoa rtpkf.[w,.h o8[a w]pt8oQ ,vu k I6[ 7qogxaortpkf.[w,h.o8a[ dkop’jn mvh ’F g,vjn 8[a 4dn me]kpsk^ p0oB vkdko p’jn |da 0oB 8k,]ef[a g-'jy ltcf'vvd7n z;y |’a gsvn^ ’F mvh ’.7gj ovjn '9kd8[a c0’ sn^gxoa ,tgI'a 8[a D dko8yf8+ rtpkf.[w,h.o8a[lk,kf8yf8+wfh3fp g,vnj 7qo8yfg-Nvrtpkfwx4kj p w0j0v’c,j rtpkfd=9tvvd,koevk9q,S 4hkz6h,urtpkfoUwx4kj p.lcj s’^j oEF w0fj 'aj dkj ;d=9tcr0j tspkpwx8k, c]t 2adgxao8q;vvj o]vpwx8k,oE I6[ ;q'9vodko8yf8+0v'rtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ 66

cs^'j oE c]h;wx8yfgdktvkwl1o6j exkF x6F d5h'F svpFzad1o6j EDDD g,nvj 7qovqklaf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c]t rnfoEmu,j ug-Nvrtpkf,kdyo3fpltgrkt c,oj dyofy[ g-Nvrtpkfd=9tg0kQ lIj6 kj 'dkp c]t 9tg]uog8u[381.j6 o8[a 3fpcxt1fj6 kh o.o0v’4'q I86 [a g,vnj foq wx 9tgIaf.sh8a[vadgl[ c]t gxaortpkf8a[c0'wfhD ovdoAoF rtpkfoU9tvkwl1.6j om+oE[u c]t 4q'oE[uF m+,hk,Drtpkf.[w,h.o8a[ lk,kf9tg]uog8u[38 c]t vkwl1.j6 o8a[gxaog;]ks^kpxuD $D dkoxhv’dao grnvj xhv’dao[+.sh8yfrtpkf.[w,h.o8a[8hv’xt8y[afs^advtokw, 7nG { [d+ oy vkskof[y sn^ vkskold5 Mf[y M xtgrfG xk c]t lfa oE9fn -tofy 8kj ’MD { fn,j oEltvkf c]t 8Q,l5dD { dyozad c]t \\kdw,hmuj]hk’ltvkf fucmh.shc-fj h;poEgdnv s^n oE]t]kp cxd,a’dkoafD { 4hk,uvkdkolq’wl.shwxskcrfgrvnj xoyj xq;D I6[ dkox5'c8'j vksko.shl5dfu 7e4k, !D pvh osp’a 7oq gIkq 9’jb gxoa rtpkf.[w,.h o8[a L @D grnvj [+.shgxaortpkf.[w,h.o8a[ 9t,u;ymuxhv’daoco;.fL 67

[qfmu _ ]t[q[4jkpgm ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 37'xtdv[lhk' c]t |hkmju0v']t[q[4jkpgm ]t[q[4kj pgmxtdv[fh;pG \\kdw0sj ^a'F rqdpPj ;F zy;|a'F xvf c]t ]ewlh.spj \\kdw0js^a’ c]t rqdpjP;gxaovtw;pt;tmujle7ao.odko0a[4jkplyj’glfgs^nv mugj xoa oEpPj ;D z;y |’a 0[a 4kj pl’jy glfgsvn^ mguj xoa gsvjn 3fp0[a vvdmk’8vj ,gsvjn m1ju [6j ]= gy ;oz;y |’a D xvf0a[4kj pdkJldkd3[oyd c]t oEvvdovd3fpxqoda[vkdkfg;]kskp.9vvdD ]ewl.h spgj Ifa |kh m0uj [a 4kj pvk9,q vvdmk’mt;ko|da D vtw;pt;tgsk^jq ooA gIfa |kh mruj ;q roa doa 1kj '8+govnj ’8ts^vfg;]kD @D muj8A’F I6[Ijk’ c]t |hkmuj0v’\\kdw0js^a’ r;dgIqk,u\\kdw0js^a’ @ |j;p s^n ! 76j g-yj’8A’1j6lv’0hk’0v’dtf6dlaos^a’ [=]yg;ocv;D \\kdw0sj ^a’,uI6[Ikj ’7hkp7ng,af4;qj F pk;xt,ko !W{!# -a’8uc,af c]t d;kh ’xt,ko & -’a 8cu ,fa F |da xt,ko !&W dik,D 8+9kd\\kdw0sj ’^a ,mu +mgju -vjn ,8+d[a rqdxaflt;t XrqdpjP;?S 1j6fhko]5j,0v’rqdpjP;,um+mujgIaf|hkmuj]e]P’oEpjP; vvdovdIkj ’dkpD |hkmluj e7ao0v’\\kdw0sj ^a’c,oj gIaf|hkm8uj v’l’yj glfgs^nv 9kd g]nvf c];h 0[a 4kj pvvdovdIkj ’dkpgxoa oEpPj ;ooA gv’D g,njvgIqkzjk8afmk’.o\\kdw0js^a’9tgsaogxaoglAoI;,8q;dao,u]adltot7n9;p gvUo;kj 9;p\\kdw0sj ^’a D gloA m0uj t|kodoa .o9;pgxoa m+.soh EpPj ;ws^,k3I,doa c]t 8v’gvqkgdnv c]t mkfryfvvdD \\kdw0sj ^a' m+\\kdw0sj ^a' rqdpjP; I6[mu8j A’ c]t I6[Ikj ’0v’’\\kdw0sj a^’ 68

#D rtpkfmujgduf0Boda[\\kdw0js^a' ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rtpkf|U;\\kdw0sj ^a’G zh6mguj xao|U;\\kdw0sj ^a’lkgsf,k9kddkodyovksko [+wfhlafl;j og-oaj G dyovksko[k’1kj ’s^kpgduowx c]t dyo[k’1kj ’|hvpgduowxD $D dkoxhv’dao c]t [e]5’\\kdw0js^a’ \\kdw0sj ^a’gxaovtw;pt;tle7ao grnvj xhv’dao[+.shgxaortpkf|U;\\kdw0sj ^a’ r;dgIqk7;oxt8y[aff’aj oUG { f,jn oEltvkf.ssh k^ p c]t I[a xtmkovksko7[q \\;f 3fpltgrktzda c]t \\kdw,hm5d;aogrvnj -;j p.sh\\kdw0sj ^a’0a[4kj pl’yj glfgs^nvltf;dp’yj 0BoD { [d+ oy vkskogzfa c]t g7,a gdou wx grkt9trk.s\\h kdw0sj ’a^ gIfa ;Pd|da { [+f,nj g7vnj ’f,jn ,ob g,kq { g;]kIlh6 db x;fpPj ;[+vfq 7;odoA { vvdde]’a dkplt\\Oltg\\u c8[j 7+ ;o.s[h ]= gy ;ocv;4dn dtm[q dtgmvn ocI’D { 4kh ,u[oa sk.odko0[a 4kj pxfa lt;t7;owxxdb lkcrfD 7e4k, !D |kh mlju e7oa 0v’\\kdw0cj ,oj sp’a L @D ,vu tw;pt;t.fcfj m-ju ;j p.odko0[a 4kj pl’jy glfgsvn^ vvdovdIkj ’dkp0v’ 7qogIqkL c8]j tvtw;pt;tgIaf|hkmsuj pa’L #D vkskoxtgrf.f-;j p.shdko0a[4kj pltf;dL $D oda IPo7;og/yd8oq gv’.s0h [a 4kj p|da pk,.ffumluj f5 L dD g-kQ 0D l;kp 7D 8vo7O ’D dvj oovo 69

[qfmu !W ]t[q[xtlkf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t |hkmuj0v’]t[q[xtlkfD lt\\v' glAoxtlkf vvdcvdlaos^a' I6[ ]t[q[xtlkf ]t[[q xtlkf.oIkj ’dkp0v’7oq gIkq ];,,Gu gloA xtlkfF vvdcvdloa s’^a c]t lt\\v’D lt\\v’ c]t vvdcvdloa s’a^ c,oj xtlkflo6 dk’F r;d,oa gIfa |kh m[ju oa -k dkog7vnj ows;0v’Ikj ’dkpD ]t[q[xtlkfgIaf|hkm8uj Qo8=f’aj oUG { gloah xtlkfI[a gvkq 0,h= o6 9kdvtw;pt;t8kj ’M wxsklt\\v’ c]t vvdcvdloa s’a^ D { gloA xtlkfI[a gvkq 0,h= o6 9kdlt\\v’ c]t vvdcvdloa s’a^ wxskvtw;pt;t8kj ’MD 70

@D dkogIaf;Pd0v’lt\\v’ lt\\v’0v’7qogIqkgxaodhvo.spFj ,u[vj os^5[F [vj o3ooD ,aoc[’j vvdgxaos^kp l;j oF c8]j tl;j ogIaf|hkm[uj ao-kdkogIaf;Pd0v’7qogIqk8kj ’daoD lt\\v'.spj xtlkf8k lt\\v'ohvp sq;vvdcvd I6[ l;j oxtdv[0v'\\v' c]t dkogsaoI6[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g,njvvtw;pt;tI6hlbdwfhIa[lyj’.f|bj’ ,ao9t]kp’kowxsklt\\v’ 3fpzjko gloA xtlkf c];h lt\\v’9t[vd7;k,Ilh6 db ooA vvd,k 3fpl’ja .svh tw;pt;tdPj ;0vh ’ g7vjn ows; grvjn 8v[8l+ ’jy ooA D 8;q 1kj ’G dkoI[a [koF lt\\v’9t7kf7tgo[vj o\\kd[ko 8dq c]t l’ja .s0h k{dkh ,-oU c]t l;j ovojn M g7vjn ows;D g,vjn gIkq gsoa odq ,oa 9t]kp’ko wxsklt\\v’ c];h lt\\v’9t[vd;kj ooA c,oj odq F rvh ,m’a [vd]da ltotI[6 Ikj ’0v’ oqd c]t vnoj MvudD [k’xt8ydy]ypkmuj,adrq[.o-u;yfxt9e;ao dD .shoadIPoxt8y[af8q;9y’3fpgvqk7hvo1k' s^n loa ,n g7kts;q g0kjq ;kj .z9t,xu t8dy ]y py kw;d;j kdoa D 71

0D la’gdfI6[ mhk; fu 1P[cdh;c[[[a’gvuo]k;9t,uxt8ydy]ypkco;.fL oadIPogfg7upwfhrq[ly’j oAo,k[=L I6hlbdco;.fL g,vjn ,du kodtm[q c[[[’a gvou 9kdrkpovd g-’jy ,du kodtm[q 3fpd’q ocU ,oj dko l’ja dko0v’vvdcvdloa s’^a #D lt\\v’[ao-kF 7;[75, c]t xtlkodaoco;.fL { g;]koadIPo0Pom;kpc,oj vtw;pt;t.f0v’Ikj ’dkpgIaf;PdL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g;]k0Pom;kp lt\\v'[+rP'c8jgxaozh6[ao-kdko rkdl;j o.f0v' c,oj .-hs62a'F lt\\v'9nj g7vnj ows; c]t 7;[7,5 dkogIfa ;Pd ]t[q[xtlkfgxao c]t ,n0PoD 0v'Ikj 'dkpgmkqj oAo ,aopa'-;j p.sh zh67;[75,8uoF ,ngIaf;Pd gIqkwfhIPo c]t 9n9j ewfhD rhv,daoD lt\\v'[r+ P'c8gj Ifa |kh m[uj oa -kdkog7vjn ows;0v'Ikj 'dkpF ovdooA p'a -;j p .odko99jn eIPoI8h6 kj 'M 72

$D dko[q;]t[afIadlk]t[q[xtlkf { g9Qk7yf;kj dyf9tde.f],5j ouh gxaoxt3spf c]t dyf9tde.f[+gxaoxt3spf 8+]t[[q xtlkfL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { la’gdfI6[rk[ X.[|hk? .fltcf’g4y’zqoglp8+]t[q[xtlkfL .9Ikh p ,;j o-noj da';qo 1hkodq; 73

{ I[6 rk[],j5 olU ’jy .fgxoa zoq Ikh p8+]t[[q xtlkfL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cz'1k { .slh ’a gdfI[6 c];h [vd;kj ,ug’nvj ow0.fcfmj guj Ifa .sgh Ikq ovos^[a wffh uL g;]kgIkq ovos[a^ fu c,oj lt\\v’0v’gIkq wfIh [a dkorda zvj oD gfda ovh p7;oovo .shs^kp.o,N|’bj .shwfh ( sk ) -;qj 3,’D 74

{ 9’qj 0Po;Pdxt9e;aomguj 9QkwfhgIaf.oc8]j t,N.l8j k8t]k’8+wxoUD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkog7vnj ows; g;]k X3,’? dkog7nvj ows; ;Pdmugj Iaf g-kQ { ovo8noj F dyog0Qk{wx3I’IPo l;kp DDD c]’ DDD 7O DDD gfyd ovos^a[ { g;]k.fmugj 9QkI6hlbdvyfg,nvj p c]t 1kdovomulj 5fL { g;]k.fmguj 9kQ IPo|’a lnwffh umluj f5 L dkodoy F ovos[a^ F IPoF gIfa ;PdF zda zvj oF soY^ gxoa dfy 9tdexdq dt80y v’7oq gIkq D gIkq [+7;o.s9h yf.9g7'ja 8'b F [+.9Ikh p c]t [+.-lh ’jy gl[8yfS l'yj mudj kj ;,koU gxoa ;ymudko [;q ]t[fa lt\\v'mfuj umluj f5 D 7e4k, !D .o]t[[q xtlkfIkj ’dkp0v’7oq gIkq xtdv[,usp'a .fcfLj @D pdq 8;q 1kj ’dfy 9tde}dkodtmemguj xoa zoq fu c]t gxoa zoq Ikh p8]+ t[[q xtlkf ,kxt,ko &{* 1kj ’L #D .soh da IPog]kjq xtl[q dko8q;9y';jk 8qogv',u;ymudkofc6 ]grnjv[+.shg7ja'8b' co;.fL $D .soh da IPoc8]j t7oq 0Po8k8t]k’-u;yfxt9e;oa 0v’8oq gv’c];h l’jq .s7h D6 75

[qfmu !! ]t[q[ln[rao0v’7qogIqk !D 37’xtdv[lhk’0v’]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp c]t py’ ]t[q[ln[rao-kp 9’jq l’a gdf]t[[q ln[roa -kpxtdv[,usp’a cfLj 8vj ,lkh 'oE]Ph 'vtl95 y rqdpPj ; 8vj ,]6d\\kd m+lqj'oEpjP; |;j pvaomt 4q'vaomt ]t[[q l[n roa -kpxtdv[f;h pvoa mtF 8vj ,]d6 \\kd c]t 8vj ,lkh ’oE]P’h vtl95 Dy ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |j;pvaomt gIaf|hkmujzt]yfvtl59y c]t Iavd3,ogrf-kpD 8jv,lhk’oE]Ph’ vtl59ygIaf|hkmuj zt]yfoE]Ph’vtl59yD vtl59ygxao95]a’ ln[raogrf-kpD 8vj ,]6d\\kd gIfa |kh mlju ’jq mkf[k’-tofy g0kQ wx.om+xfa lt;t.sxh oq d[a oE]P’h vtl95 Dy z-6h kp9tg],ju zt]yf8q;vtl59y vkp5]ts;kj ’!@{!# xuD ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’G { oadIPo9’qj la’gdf]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’xtdv[,uspa’cfLj rqdpjP; m+oelq'j w0j mt;ko|ad I;pw0j ,qf]6d -jv'7vf ]t[q[ln[raopy'xtdv[,u-vj ’7vfF ,qf]6d c]t I;pw0Dj I;pw0]j ;,,u @ vao 16lj v’0hk’0v’,qf]6dD I;pw0gj Iaf|hkmuzj t]yfw0Dj w0gj xao95]a’ln[raogrfpy’D 76

@D dkogxaoxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ dkog],ju gxoa xt9egfvn o0v’grfp’y \\kpg4’y rfa mtokdkomk’fkh o Ikj ’dkp 0v’gfadpy’;kj wfhdhk;g0Qklw6j ;\\5,j c]h; c]t [vdg4y’7;k,rhv,mu9j t.shdegoufgfad s^n 4nrkwfhD dkogxoa xt9egfvn o0v’grfp’y o[a g],ju c8vj kp]5 ts;kj '!@{!$ xFu c8,j [u k’7oq vkf9tgxoa -kh sn^ w;d;kj ooA D d’q doa 0kh ,z.6h fvkp5 !( xu c];h c8xj t9egfvn o[,+ k.swh x xdb lkcrfD dkogxoa xt9egfvn o3fpxdq dt8cy ];h 9t,k.omd5 M @) ;oa F c8[j k'7oq vkf 9t,udko7kfg7nvj o-hk s^n w;d;kj ]ts;kj ’ @!{#& ,ND dkogxaoxt9egfnvoc8]j t7A' 9t,ug]nvfvvd8yf8+dao #{& ;aoD dvj ogxoa xt9egfvn o c]t s’a^ dko,xu t9egfvn o9t,vu kdkosk^ p1kj ’ltcf’vvd g-ajoG I6hlbdvyfg,njvpF vjvogrpF g9a[sq;F vk]q,s’5fs’yfF 7Pf’jkp c]t vnjoMD vkdkogskjq^ o4U ;n kj gxoa g]vjn ’me,t-kfF c84j kh ,vu kdkog9[a mvh ’ovh p.s.h -4h ’q oEIvh o g8a’[=]yg;og9a[ s^n 4hkg9a[cI’.shxbdlkcrfD #D dko4nrkD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8q;vtl59y 8q;vtl59yg9ktw0j sk'vtl59ys^5fvvd cdjovtl59y cdjo95]a'w0j I6[ vtl59yxtlq,w0j 77

& gfnvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $ gfnvo # gfnvo I6[ c,4j nrk #F $F & gfnvo dko4rn k c,oj gdfu 9kddkoxt8ly oq m]y ts;kj ’38vtl95 0y v'z-6h kpg0kQ wx xtl,q d[a w00j v’grfp’y g-’jy ,du ko];,8;q doa gxoa w0mj lju eg]fa dkoxtl,q roa c];h g],ju ,du ko c[’j 8;q c]t g7vjn o]’q wx/’a 8;q 1,6j fq ]d6 c]t g8[u .spj 0tspkp8;q gxoa ]d6 9oq Ivf,gN dfu D ltoAo c,jpy'4nrk7;owfhdyovksko.sh7q[\\;f\\6j grnjv.shl50trk[c,j c]t ]6d c0'cI'fDu d]= to,u du ko4rn kc8vj kpp5 ’a ovh p9tgxoa co;.fL 4hkzh6py’vkp58+d;j k s^n !( xu 4nrk9t,uzqoltmhvofa’j oUG Ikj ’dkppa’[+mao0tspkp8q;g8a,l;j oF ,u7;k,lPj ’8+dkogduf]6dpkd c]t lPj ’8+dko8qdg]nvfS vkfgxaortpkfg]nvf9k’F vvj ogrpS ]6dgduf,kvkf,uoE|ad 8Od;jkxqddt8y sn^ gfadvkfgdufdjvodeoqf c]t ,u[aoskmk’fhkodkorafmtok lt\\v’0v’gfad D ovdoAopa’,uzqoltmhvo8+vk]q, { 9yf.9F glf4tdyf c]t 0t|kf 78

0v’7v[7;q vudf;h pD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $D dkovtokw, { g;]kgxoa xt9egfvn ogrfp’y 7;ovtokw,.sfh gu xoa rgy lfF \\oja xPj ozkh vtokw,F ]hk’fh;poEltvkf.ljlt[6 c]t g-af.shcsh’F lk,kfltzq, wfh8k, xqddt8yD { me7;k,ltvkfIkj ’dkpm5d;aoF ;ao]t @ 7A’7nG g-Qk c]t c]’ { 8vh ’]kh ’ sn^ g-fa 9kdmk’|kh wxsk0kh ’s’a^ odU g= rvjn sdu^ g;oA 9kdrtpkfg0kQ lj6 Ikj ’dkpD I6[ ;ymug-afdQo { le]a[grf-kpd=8hv’wfhIadlkvtokw,vtw;pt;tgrfg-Qk c]t c]’.sh ltvkfg-oaj daoD 7e4k, !D 95]a’ln[raogrfpy’ c]t grf-kpgvUo-n;j kj co;.fL @D dkogxaoxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’c,oj co;.fL c]t g;]kgxaoxt9egfnvo 7;oxt8[y fa 8oq co;.f9’jb 4dn 8vh ’L #D 4hk,uvkdkozyfxqddt8yda[vtw;pt;tgrfgIqk7;ogIafco;.fL 4hkxbdlk 9txbdlk.zL 79

[qfmu !@ 3]dgvf c]t dkoxhv’dao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 7;k,|kp0v’3]dgvf gvf c,jospa'L gvf c,oj rtpkfmujgduf9kdg-Nvw;iaf -toyf|’bj -nj gv9wv;u (HIV) ,aog0Qkwx me]kpIjk’dkp0v’7qoF gIaf.shr6,8hkomko0v’7qo8O rk.sh8yfg-Nvrtpkf 8kj ’Mwf’h kj pD I6[ g-Nvw;iaf gv9wv;u @D dko8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-Nvgvf Xg-Nvgv9wv;u? 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 ],j5 oU c];h [vd;kj rfb 8dy e.fmguj -vN gvflk,kf8fy 8w+ fh c]t [l+ k,kf 8fy 8w+ fh L I6[ vk[oEI;j ,dao I6[ dkovvdde]a’dkpI;j ,dao 80

I6[ ,hPog7nvj ’o'5j I;j ,dao I6[p6’daf I6[dkodyog0QkI;j ,dao I6[.-hg0a,lad1k ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[.-hg0a,lad1kgl[8yfI;j ,daoD I6[4nrk c]t .sh]6dfn,j oq,c,j muj[+wfh0hkg-NvD { g-Nvgvf[+lk,kf8yf8+wfh3fpmk’G dkoI[a xtmkovkskoI;j ,daoF f,nj oEI;j ,9vdF oE]kpF oE,6dF oE8kF wvF 9k,F 0UdtgmuFj xaflt;tF vk9q,F gsnvj F .-h3m]tla[I;j ,daoF.-hshv’oEF .-hg7nvj ’ 0v’Ij;,daoF vk[oE.olt s^n c,joEIj;,daoF gIaf;PdIj;,daoF lezafdaoF g;qhk]q,daoF p6’dafDDD g;Qk];,c]h; dkolezafrkpovd[+rk.sh8yf g-Nvgvfwfh grktg-vN gvf[l+ k,kfmoq 8l+ trk[ c;f]vh ,rkpovd Ikj 'dkp0v'7oq wfh c]t 7;k,-,j5 gxoa 8oQ D { g-Nvgvflk,kf8yf8+wfh3fpmk’G T grflerao T g]vn f T c,lj ]j6 d6 81

#D zqoltmhvo9kddko8yfg-Nvgvf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ z6hgxaogvf,uzqoltmhvo8+8qogv’F 7v[7q;F la’7q, c]t xtgmf-kfD zqoltmhvo8+8qogv’G { r6,8hkomkoglvnj ,F Ikj ’dkpvvj ogrp { 9fy .9glvjn ,3-,pvh og9[a x;j pxojy x;q [+g-kq D { loY gxvn ’g’oy 7e { glpvtok7qf zqoltmhvo8+7v[7q;G { 0kfcI’’ko-;j p7v[7;q { gr,uj 7kj .-9h kj p.o7v[7;q { gxoa rk]t.s7h oq .o7v[7;q 8vh 'g[’jy cp’D zqoltmhvo8+la’7q, c]t xtgmf-kfG { gduf,ugfadderhk gxaork]t.shla’7q, { la’7q,8hv’Ia[rk]t.odkoxoyj xq;Iadlk c]t 7kj .-h9kj pvonj M { glp’[q xt,ko.odkolkmk]totld5 gr,uj 0Bo { 0kfde]’a cI’'ko.odkolkh ’lkrfa mtokxtgmf-kf $D dkoxt8y[af8qo8+z6h8yfg-Nvgvf c]t gxaogvf g4’y ;kj gvf gxoa rtpkf8fy 8+ c8gj Ikq lk,kf1Ij6 ;j ,doa d[a z8h6 fy g-vN gvfwfDh f'ja ooA F g,vjn ,u z8h6 fy g-vN gvf1.j6 o[kh o sn^ gIvn oF 3I’IPoDDD r;dgIkq 8vh ’xt8[y fa 8oq 8+g0kq g9kQ 7Gn { .shde]a’.9 c]t -;j pgs^nvgmkqj mujlk,kfgIafwfhD { [+]a’dPf7qogxaogvf c]t 7v[7q;0v’g0qkD { .sh3vdkfcdgj 0qkg9Qkwfhxtdv[l;j o;Pd’ko.o7v[7q; c]t la’7q,D { cotoe.shz6h8yfg-Nv}z6hgxaogvfI6hIadlkl50trk[D 82

I6[ dko.shde]a'.9z6h8yfg-NvgvfD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &D dkoxt8y[af8qo0v’z6h8yfg-Nvgvf xfa 9[5 oa F p’a [,+ 1u kxojy x;q 3]dgvf.sfh u c8zj 8h6 fy g-vN dl= k,kf,-u ;u fy 1wj6 fph k;oko 4kh I9h6 da xt8[y fa 8oq 1kj ’4dn 8vh ’3fp g,vjn I;h6 kj 8oq gv’8fy g-vN gvfc];h [7+ ;o7fy me]kp 8;q gv’ c]t zvh6 ojn S 8vh ’xt8[y fa 8oq .s,h -u ;u fy lfq .lF ,7u ;k,ld5 gIfa .ol’jy mguj xoa xt3spf cd8j qogv’F r+c,rj uoj hv’ c]t la’7q,g-oaj G dyovkskomupj vj p’kj p c]t ,umkf[e]5’ [+fn,j 0v’,bog,qkF [+gl[l’yj gl[8yfF IadlkIkj ’dkp.shltvkfF \\oaj vvdde]a’dkpF [+wxmPj ;s^Yomk’grf-t-kpF I6hxhv’dao8qogv’ 3fps^udg;AodkoIa[g-Nvgr,uj S \\oaj wx rq[crf c]t -j;pcotoe0=h zyfrkf0v’8qogv’8+z6hvnjo grnjvgxao[qfIPo.odko xvh ’doa 9kddko8yfg-NvgvfD *D dkoxhv’dao[+.sh8yfg-Nvgvf r;dgIqkm5d7qolk,kfxhv’daodko8yfg-Nvgvfwfh3fpG [+gl[ly’j gl[8yf s^n .-h g0a,lad1kgl[8yfI;j ,daoF [+wxmPj ;s^Yomk’grf-t-kpF 8A’.9IPo|a’lnF 2a’7el’aj lvomujfu0v’r+c,Dj DD c]t s^udg;Ao9kdrbf8ydelPj ’8kj ’MD 7e4k, !D .zcflj k,kf8yfg-NvgvfwfhL @D 4hkr+c,gj xaogvfF vtok7qf]6d9tgxaoco;.fL #D 4hk7qo|,5j 8yfg-Nvgvf s^n 8kpphvogvfs^kpxtgmf-kf9tgxaoco;.fL $D 9txt8y[af8qoco;.f8+z6h8yfg-Nvgvf c]t gxaogvfL &D z6hgxaogvf7;oxt8y[af8qoco;.fL 83

[qfmu !# rnf,ufvd c]t [+,ufvd !D rnf,ufvd rnf-toyf.fcf,j ufvdL 3fpmqj;wxrnfmjugIqkgsao16j8k,l;oF xjkfq’8jk’M,us^kp-toyfF s^kpI6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kfc8d8kj ’daoS [k’-toyfgxao8Qow,h.sjpg-ajoG 8Qo,;j ’F 8Qo\\kd0k, 8Qo\\kd,UDDD [k’-toyfgxaor5,j F gxaog7nv g-oaj G \\kd4;qj F g7nv,aofhk’F g7nvr6DDD [k’ -tofy ovh p [,+ 8u oQ [,+ gu 7vn g-oja G 3\\dF w7 sn^ g-vN ]kS [k’-tofy 18j6 k,[;d|v’7v’[’b s^n 8k,|hkoE g-oaj G 9vdc|F gmqkF zad8q[F [voDDD dyf9tdeG lbdlklj;oxtdv[0v’rnf { 9’jq l’a gdfl;j oxtdv[0v’rfn 8kj ’M c];h [oa mdb .l8j k8t]k’],j5 ovU oa .f,.u sh 0ufg7nvj ’\\kp 3S 4hk[+,u.sh0ufg7njv’\\kp { .l.j oshv’mujdPj ;0hv'D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -toyfrnf l;j oxtdv[0v'rnf \\kpgsf 8oQ ,;j ' Ikd ]e .[ fvd \\kd 8oQ ]ewp 8oQ \\kd,U gsfa 3\\d 9kddyf9tdegsao;kj rnf[k’-toyf ,uIkdF ]eF .[F fvd c]t \\kd groyj gvUo rnf f’aj dkj ;;kj G rnf,ufvdD rnf,ufvd9t,uma’lu0P; c]t luvnoj MD rnf,ufvd ,us^kp -toyf g-aoj G 8Qo,;j ’F 8Qo]ewpF 8Qo\\kd,UDDD rnf[k’-toyf,ul;j oxtdv[[+7q[ 3fp ltgrktc,fj vdF gryoj gvUo;kj rnf[+,ufvdD 84

@D rnf[+,ufvd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gsaf 3\\d w7 gmqk { gsaf gxaornfmuj[+,ufvd g4y’9tgvUodao;kj fvdgsafd=8k, c88j q;9y’,ao[+c,oj grktmk’;ymtpklkf groyj 9afgxaornf,ufvd d=8+g,vnj fvd0v’rnfoAo,udu[fvd c]t gdlvoDDD gsaf[+,u7^=3i2yo 9b’j [+lk,kflhk’vkskogv’wfhF fa’j oAo ,ao9’bj 8hv’vkwl 186j k,-kdrnf c]t -kdlafmujgokqj gxnvj p.ofyoF 8k,8Qow,hF gxnvdw,h s^n 0vow,h3fdDDD { 3\\d [+,u7^=3i2yo7ndaoda[gsaf9b'j [+lk,kflhk’vkskogv’wfhS ltoAo,ao9’bj vkwl16oj eIkj ’dkpvnoj muj[6fgokqj g-oaj G g0Qk9u[j 6fF g0Qk[6f s^n [k’-toyf d=vkwl 186j k, zy;|a’0v’7qogIqk7nG8k,[jvomjugxaodkdFdhPoS 4hkgvqkc;jo0tspkp,kljv’g[yj’ 9tgsoa ;kj 3\\d,u]da ltotgxoa gloA 7nf’ja I[6 gmy’ooA D gIkq gsoa 3\\d gxoa lu8kj ’doa ooA d= grkt;kj ltx=0v'3\\d,us^kpluD { c|F gmqkF w7 d=,us^kplu8kj ’daoF [k’-toyf,ulu0P;F [k’-toyflucf’ s^n luvnoj M rnf9er;doU[k’-toyf g4y’;kj 9t[+gsaogxaolu0P; c8,j aod=,u 7^=3i2yo16j c]t lk,kflhk’vkskowfhF dkomugj Iqkg[’yj [+gsaolu0P;grkt4ndluvonj [a’w;h\\qfD 7e4k, !D 4kh gvkq fvdgxoa gdo.odko9ecod 9tc[’j rfn vvdgxoa 9da xtgrfF xtgrf .fcfj L @D rnfco;.f 9’bj gvUo;kj rnf,ufvd c]t rnfco;.f 9’bj gvUo;kj rnf[+,ufvdL #D 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’rnfmuj,ulu0P;c8[j +,ufvd .omhv’4yoj 0v’8qogv’1kj ’|hvp .shwfh @{# -toyfL $D rnfmu[j +,ufvdm5d-toyflk,kflhk’vkskowfhgv’[+ grktgsf.fL 85

[qfmu !$ lj;oxtdv[0v'fvdw,h !D lj;oxtdv[0v’fvdw,h l;j oxtdv[0v'fvdw,,h usp’a cfLj dyf9tdeG lbdlklj;oxtdv[0v’fvdw,h I6[l;j oxtdv[0v'fvdw,hD { la’gdfg[yj’fvdw,h-toyf8jk’M c]h; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xP[mP[lj;oxtdv[0v’r;d,ao;jk ,u]adltotI6[Ikj ’F dyoj F luF du[fvdDDD dhkofvd 7ndao s^n 8kj ’daoco;.fL fvdw,h,us^kp-toyf du[]hP’ c8]j t-toyf,uI[6 Ikj ’F du[fvd luF dyoj c]t 0t|kf c8d8kj ’dao c8rj ;d,ao gdlvoc,j ,ul;j oxtdv[le7oa 8kj ’M gdlvoz6h muj7ndaog-oaj G dhkofvdF du[]hP’F du[fvdF gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,jD du[]hP’G c,jolj;omju16j8yfda[0h;oF ,ulu0P;1o6j vdl5f0v’fvdD du[fvdG ,u]adltotgxaodu[[k’M,us^kpvao g-yj’c,jolj;omju4afdu[]hP’g0Qk wxmk’.oD 86

gdlvoz6hG 16mj k’.o4af9kddu[fvd s^n 1.6j 9dk'0v’fvdmuj ,udhko s^n ’;’pk; l;j omuj1x6j kpgxao|;j p gvUo;kj da[gdlvoz6hF .oda[gdlvoz6h9t,ugdlvoz6h1g6j 8a,D gdlvoc,jG 16j.9dk’0v’fvd,ulj;omju8b’0BogxaogxQk g-yj'8yfda[ cs;0;aho gvUo;kj g[Qkw0Sj g[Qkw0oj U[ao95g,afw0sj ^kpg,afD 8+9kdg[Qkw00j Bog,nv c,oj dhko s^n ’;’gdlvoc,j c]t l;j omujc[ovvd1x6j kpl5f0v’’;’ c,oj pvfgdlvoc,j g-y'j ,u mkf|P;8yf1D6j 8jv,oEs;koG gxao95]a’lhk’oEs;komuj16gj -y’j da[dqddu[fvd @D lj;oxtdv[0v’gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,j dyf9tde !D lbdlkl;j oxtdv[0v’gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,0j v’fvdw,h 0oA 8voxt8[y fa G !D 7vj pMcdtdu[]hP’ c]t du[fvd 0v’fvdc70k;F fvdlufk c]h;la’gdf ]adltotc8]j tl;j oxtdv[0v’gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,rj hv,ma’c8h,I6[D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ pvfgdlvoc,j da[]tvv’gdlvoz6h Ia'w0j ]tvv’gdlvoz6h dhko-6]tvv’gdlvo g,afw0j gdlvoc,j gdlvoz6h I6[G l;j oxtdv[0v’gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,0j v’fvdc7 87

@D g7ktgdlvoz]h6 ’q .lgj 9ph c];h .-ch ;oj 0tspkplvj ’g[’yj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D .-hxkpoY;-Uc8tpvfgdlvoc,j la’gdf]adltot c]t [aombdzqoD $D zkj gdlvoc,8j k,mk’pk; c8dj qdg4y’xkpla’gdffh;p8kgxkqj c]t c;oj 0tspkpF dyf9tde @G la’gdf c]t xP[mP[Ia’w0j c]t \\kd0v’rnf[k’-toyfD \\kds’5j 4q;j ]aog8qk \\kd[;[ 88

fvdw,ch 8]j t-tofy ,lu ;j oxtdv[8kj ’doa F [k’-tofy ,mu ’a gdlvozh6 c]t gdlvo c,j.ofvdfP;dao gryjogvUo;jkG fvdlq,[6ogrfD [k’-toyf,urP’c8jgdlvoz6h s^n gdlvoc,gj mqjkoAo gryoj gvUo;kj G fvd[+lq,[6ogrfD rnf[k’-toyf ,u fvdz6h c]t fvdc,j 1.6j o8QofP;F c8cj pddao176j qo]tl;j o 0v'rnf g-oaj G 8Qo\\kd[;[F 8Qolk]u ,ufvdgrfz6h c]t fvdgrfc,cj pddao1D6j I6[ fvd\\kd[;[z6h I6[ fvd\\kd[;[c,jສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fvdw,h c,oj l;j oxtdv[|’bj 0v’rnfmugj Iaf|hkmujdPj ;da[dkoln[raornf,ufvdD 7e4k, !D 9’qj [vd-nrj nfmuj,ufvdlq,[6ogrf,kxt,ko ${& -toyfL @D fvdrnf-toyf.fmujgxaofvd[+lq,[6ogrf L phvospa’L @D rnf-toyf.fmuj,ugdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,1j .6j ofvdfP;daoL #D 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’rnfmuj,ufvdz6h c]t fvdc,1j .6j o8hqofP;daoL 89

[qfmu !& dkoxtlq,rao c]t dkoxa[x5’rao0v’rnf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dkoxtlq,rao0v’rnf,ufvd { rnf,ufvdxtlq,raoco;.fL rnf,ufvd ,udkoxtlq,rao]ts;kj ’gdlvoz6hda[gdlvoc,j c]h;gdufgxao\\kd c]t cdoj D cdoj g,vnj cdcj ]h; d=lk,kf.-hgxaoco;le]a[x6dgxao8Qo.\\8j +wxwfhD { oadIPo7yf;kj gdlvoz6hwxxtlq,da[gdlvoc,wj fhco;.fL { c,’w,h c]t oqd8v,fvdw,h oAo,ao-;j pxtlq,rao rnf s^n [+L I6[ c,'w,h8v,fvdw,h dkoxtlq,rao0v’rnf,ufvdg]u,j c8jg,njvgdlvoz6hcdFj da[gdlvo9tc8dvvd ]tvv’gdlvo8qd s^n 4ndrafrkwx8qd.ljpvfgdlvoc,jmjude]a’cdj s^n l5dg8a,mju 0t[;odkooU gvUo;jkG <dkoxtlq,]tvv’gdlvo< c,’dtg[NvF c,’z6Fj gzY’ s^n oqdDDDD 8v,fvdw,h F 0totmujc,’w,h8v,fvdoU c]h;[yowxskfvdvnjo,aooegvqk ]tvv’ gdlvoz6h0v'fvdoU8yf8k,r;d,ao wxxtlq,da[gdlvoc,0j v’fvdvnoj rk.shgduf,udko xtlq,]tvv’0BoD 90

{ ovd9kdc,’w,h-;j pxtlq,]tvv’c]h; oadIPo7yf;kj pa’,uspa’vudmuj-;j p ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xtl,q ]tvv’rnfL I6[ dko-;j p.sh]tvv'gdlvoz6h wxxtlq,da[]tvv'gdlvoc,j ]tvv’gdlvozh6 g[kq c]t ovh p g,vjn sojq^ vvd9kdd[a gdlvoc];h d9= t4dn ],q rfa wx8k,[vj o8kj ’Mwf’h kj pF g;]k.fskdwx8dq 4dn pvfgdlvoc,mj duj e]’a cdj Xld5 g8,a m?uj d9= txtl,q doa wfmh oa mSu le][a rfn ,fu vdm1uj .j6 ooE sn^ 8k,|kh oE g-oja G fvd[;q F zda zry ;pF 9vdF zad8q[DDD g,nvj gdlvoz6hcd,j ao4ndoErafwx8yfda[pvfgdlvoc,Dj vudd=]tou |’bj pk,gIqksqfoErnf s^n /qo8qd s^n 4nddtmq[ dtgmnvo g,nvj lafzkj owx9tgIaf.shgdlvoz6h dtgfaowx8qd4ndpvfgdlvoc,j c]h;rk.sh,udkoxtlq,]tvv’gdlvogduf0BoD l’yj mudj kj ;,kohuc,oj dkoxtlq,raornfc[[me,t-kfD ovd9kddkoxtl,q roa rfn c[[me,t-kfc];h 7oq gIkq p’a lk,kf-;j pxtl,q raornf 3fpoegvqkgdlvoz6h wx3Ip.lgj dlvoc,mj ujcdj c]t l5dg8a,mujD 91

@D zqofu c]t zqoglp0v’dkoxtlq,raornfc[[me,t-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oda IPo7fy ;kj dkoxtl,q roa rfn c[[me,t-kf,zu oq fu c]t zoq glpco;.fL dkoxtlq,raornfc[[me,t-kf3fpxqddt8y c]h;9tgIaf.shwfhraomu[j +fug]NvpM wx grktrnf[k’co; gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,j 186j kj ’8QodaoS [k’d=]tougdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,j 16j.o8QofP;dao c8j16jsjk’wddao s^n gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,j vkf9tl5dcdj [+rhv,dao ltoAogdlvoz6h9’bj [+,u3vdkfxtlq,raoda[gdlvoc,wj fh’kj p faj'oAoF 9bj’gIaf.sh gdlvoc,,j ad9twfhIa[gdlvoz6h9kd[jvovnoj ,kxtlq,D faj’oAoF 9b’j [+lk,kfdeoqfwfh;kj 8Qo.\\mj ujwfh9tgxaoraofu s^n [+fu D 8;q 1kj ’G lk]Fu fvdzh6 c]t fvdc,1j .j6 o8oQ fP;doa c8,j oa 1wj6 ddoa S fvdz1h6 gj6 m’y pvfl6’F lj;ogdlvoc,j16jpvf,kom5d,ko 9bj’[+,u3vdkfxtlq,raodaowfh’jkp s^n gdlvoc,0j v’lk]u8oQ |’jb vkfwfIh [a gdlvoz0h6 v’lk]u8oQ vonj mu1j .j6 d,h kxtl,q D #D dkoln[rao0v’rnf[+,ufvd rnf[=,j ufvd ,udkoln[raoc[[.fL rnf[+,ufvd9t[+,udkoxtlq,rao c8j9tln[raowfh3fpG dkoc[j’8q; X[adg8uiu? dkoc8d|+ Xg-Nvcxh’?F dkolhk’ltx= Xg-Nv3\\dF gsafF c|F w7DDD? c]t dko lb[raoc[[[e]5’]hP’ g-oaj G fh;p]e X,ao8QoF 0u’F 0kj F s;hko8kj ’MDD?S fh;p.[sq; Xzda [;jq F zda mP,DDD?F f;h p.[ X.[l,Q g-kQ F .[sg6 lvn DDD?S f;h pIkds;q X,oa fkh ’F ,oa /ij’a ?DDD I6[ dkoln[rao0v'rnf[+,ufvd 92

$D dkog]nvd c]t xa[x5’raornf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ r;dgIqk9tg]nvdrao c]t xa[x5’raornfco;.f grnvj .shwfhraornfmuj8hv’dkoL dkog]nvdraornfc,oj dko7afg]nvdgvqkrnfmu.j shzqozt]yfl6’F 8hkomkortpkf mqomko8+ltrk[c;f]hv, g\\ktda[fyo2hkvkdkf c]t 8k,95fxtlq’mu8j hv’dko mk’fhkoglf4tdyfg-oaj G raomuj.sh.[F \\kdF cdoj F fvdF ]qf-kfDDD lyj’mju7;ogvqk.9.lj.odkoxa[x5’rao !D 8vh ’7;[7,5 dkoxtl,q roa 7n G -;j pxtl,q ]tvv’gdlvoz9h6 kd8oQ mguj xoa roa cmh c]t fu wxxtlq,da[gdlvoc,mj ujgxaoraocmh c]t fu7ndaoD @D grnvj .shwfhco;rao.\\j g-y’j c8d8kj ’wx9kdco;raogdqkj 8hv’g]nvdgvqk gdlvozh6 roa .\\mj u8j vh 'dkowxxtl,q d[a gdlvoc,rj oa fumugj ]nvdw;h grvnj .sh gxao\\kdw;F c0’cI’F fvd.spj F lul;p’k, c]t dyoj sv,d;kj gdkqj D raofu muj7afg]nvdw;hoAo 8hv’x6d4nd;ymuF [q;]t[afIadlk.sh9tg]uo’vd’k,fu c]t .shwd9kdrnf8td5ofP;daomuj8kj ’lkpraoD 7e4k, !D gxoa sp’a gdlvozh6 c]t gdlvoc,1j 8j6 oQ fP;doa sn^ fvdfP;doa 9’jb ,da [w+ fh xtlq,raodaoL @D d]= tomu guj dlvozh6 c]t gdlvoc,lj d5 [r+ vh ,doa 9tgIfa co;.f gdlvoc,9j ’jb 9twfhIa[dkoxtlq,raoL #D dkoxtl,q roa rfn 8k,me,t-kfd[a c[[7oq -;j p.sxh tl,q roa F ;my .u ffdu ;kj doa pvh osp’a L $D rnf[+,ufvd,udkoln[raoco;.fL &D grvnj .shwfhraornfmufj u8k,8hv’dko9tgIafco;.fL 93

[qfmu !* dko0tspkpraornf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 7;k,\\kp0v’dko0tspkpraornf dko0tspkpraornf c,oj ;ymudkooegvqkl;j o.f|b’j 0v’rnfwxx6d grnvj .shwfh 9eo;orfn m8uj vh ’dko.oxt],y kos^kp0oB D @D ;ymudko0tspkpraornfc[[8jk’M oda IPo9’jq xt8y[fa dkomfq ]v’8+wxoUG dkoxda -eG gxoa dko0tspkproa rfn 3fp.-]h e sn^ d’jy ’kj 9kd8oQ c,wj x-e.lfj oy grvjn .sIh kdvvd c]t x’jq .[ c];h 9’jb pkh pwxxd6 .lfj oy m9uj txd6 .\\Dj [k’d]= tou vkfoed’jy -ewxc-oj Ew]pt|’jb grvjn .sIh kd’vddvj oD .odko-e.sgh ]vn d8fa gvkq ’kj mluj ,q [o6 ,k -e.ofoy mduj P,w;Sh foy mduj P,8vh ’vf5 ,q l,q [o6 grvjn gIfa .sIh kd c]t ’kj x’jq .\\0j tspkp 8q;wfhfuS dko-e8hv’vu’.lrj nfc8]j t-toyf 8k,me,tfkgryoj ,ad-e8Qo,voF vhvpF ,ao8QoF ,aofhk’F 9exkDDD I6[ dko-edy'j 'kj dkolP[dyj’’jkG gxaodko0tspkprao3fpdko8afdyj’’jkgfu,vvdc]h;gvqk dy’j .\\mj uj8hv’dko,klP[ g-’yj vkfgIafwfh3fps^kpl;j o.ornf8QofP;dao s^n lP[dy’j rnf-toyffP;dao muj176j qo]t8Qo s^n lP[dy’j da[rnf8kj ’-toyfD 94

dko8yf8k ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko8yf8k c,oj dkooegvqk8k0v’rnf8Qo|’bj wx8+.ldj a[vud8Qo|'bj mu8j vh ’dko 9tx6d8+ g-’yj ,u0Ao8voxt8y[aff’aj oUG 0Ao8vomu ! { .-hxkp,uf0uf c]h;cdtgvqkgxnvd 0v’]e8Qomuj9t,k 8yf.lDj { gvqkxkp,uf0ufgxao[kf @{# [vj o .sgh xoa Ivp[kfD 0Ao8vomu @ { xkfgvqk8kmu9j t,k8yfvvd9kd 8oQ 0v’,oa DD { ]vdgxvn dvvdF gvkq loa ,fu 0f6 gpvjn g,nvdvvdc]h;g-af.shltvkfD 0Ao8vomu # { gvqk8krnfmujxkf,kcxt.lIj vp muxj kf18j6 oQ m9uj t8fy .sch 9[fDu 0Ao8vomu $ { gvkq zkh 1k’7Poc8]j ,j5 0oB gm’y .sh c|oh D 9’jq xvj ’1[j6 vj o8km9uj tx’jq |+ 9kdoAo [q;]t[af9qod;kj 8kx’qj pvf c]t .[ c];h 9’jb 8fa zkh 1k’ c]t pvfgfu,vvdD 95

dkodkodyj’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkodkod’jy c,oj dkogIfa .sdh ’jy rfn vvdIkd c];h 9’jb 8fa gvkq wxxd6 g-’jy xt8[y fa 8k,0oA 8vof’ja oGU 0Ao8vomu ! { soja vvh ,’kj m9uj tdkogxoa @ Ivpskj ’ doa xt,ko # { $ -’a 8cu ,fa F c];h ]vd gxnvdvvdD 0Ao8vomu @ { gvkq gspvjn gxvn d\\kdrkh ;cs’h 9[5 oE r=-,j5 ,ks,h5 c]t 7Pof;h pczoj 1k’ 0k;.l.shc|hoxtw;h9qod;kj 9tgsao Ikdx’jq vvd,ks^kpc];h 9’jb 8fa gvkq wxx6dD dko8+dyj’ 0Ao8vomu ! { xkf’kj mu9j t8+.sgh xoa Ivplts^P’d[a ]e0v’,oa D 96

0Ao8vomu @ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { 8afdy’j muj9toewx8+.shlts^P’da[]e 8Qomuj9t8+D 0Ao8vomu # { gvqkdyj’mju8+xad.ljIvpxkf0v’8Qo8+ c]h;7Pofh;pg-nvd2k’ s^n ltdavf .sch |oh D dko0tspkpraornf3fpoe.-h;ymtpklkf c]t g8ad3o3]-uD xt9[5 oa wf,h du korfa mtokmk’fkh og8da 3o3]-0u v’dko0tspkproa rfn 3fpgvkq goNvgpnvj 0v’raomuj7afg]nvd c]t xa[x5’raoc]h; wx]hP’.ovkskola’g7ktc[[.\\j 3fp[+vkwlgrf 7Gn dkogrkt]Ph ’govN gpvjn S ;my du kof’ja dkj ;oU lk,kf0tspkproa wfh gxao9eo;os^;’s^kp.ow]ptg;]klAoF 3fp.-hrnfg]adohvpF 8Qornfmjuwfh.\\j9t,u ]adltotg\\nvoraogfu,D dko0tspkpraornfc[[.\\j g\\ktlq,.odko0tspkprao rnfglf4tdyfg-oaj G 8QofvdgzU’F 1kl6[F sq;dkiqfF g0QkF ,ao/i’aj D 7e4k, !D 9’qj [vd;ymudko0tspkpraornfc[[8kj ’M L @D 9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’dko0tspkproa rfn mouj da IPogsoa .omvh ’4ojy 0v’8oq #D ;ymudko0tspkpraornfc[[8yf8kF 8+d’yj 9t,uzqoglpco;.fL $D fh;pgsf.f gryoj 9’bj ,udko0tspkpraornf L 97