ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR

(to be killed ເຎຌັ Infinitive ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ເຎັຌ Objective Complement) The sun keeps us warm. ຑະຬາ຋ຈິ ເອຈັ ໃຫ້ຑວກເອົາຬົຍຬຸ່ຌ (warm ເຎັຌ Adjective ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Objective Complement) ຂໄເໍ ຫສ້ ຄັ ຽກຈ: ຃າໍ ຋຅ໆ ະຓາເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Objective Complement ໄຈຌ້ ຌັ໇ ໄຈ຃້ Adjective, Noun, Participle, Infinitive,ເ຋ໆົາຌຌ໇ັ Intransitive Verb ຊາຓ : Intransitive Verb ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ? ຂືໄຌຆໃວື າໞ Intransitive Verb ຾ລ້ວຍໍຉຬໟ ຄຓກໍາຓາອຍັ ຋ກຸ ຿ຉແຎ຾ຓຌ່ ຫືົ ຍໍ ຂໍເຫຍ້ ຬກເຫ້ຫາງສ຺ຄແສ຾ຈ່ ຅ະຂຬຍເ຅? ຉຬຍ : Intransitive Verb ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຃ຍ຺ \" ແຈ້຃ື \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໃຍໃໍຉໟຬຄຓກາໍ ຉາຓຓາ ຫົື ຓກາໍ ຓາອຬຄອັຍຽຑາະຓຽຌຬືໄ ຃ວາຓສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ດູເ່ ຌ຿ຉ຾ລວ້ ຒຄັ ຽຂໄ຺າເ຅ແຈຎ້ າສະ຅າກຂສໄໍ ຺ຄແສ\" ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇ ຅ຈັ ດໃ່ ຌຎະເຑຈ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຃ Go ໄຎ stay ຑັກ, ດ່ Sleep ຌຬຌ run ແລຌ່ Fly ຍິຌ stand ດຌ Inhale ຫາງໃ຅ເຂ໇ົາ dance ເຉ໇ັຌລາໍ Relapse ຊຬງຫຄັ regret ເສງໃ຅ Come ຓາ stifle ສາໍ ລັກ Sit ຌໆຄັ Exhale ຫາງໃ຅ຬຬກ etc. ເຆໆຌັ Light ແສຄສະຫວໞາຄ Who comes? ໃຏຓາ? (ຫັຄ comes ຍໆໍຉຬໟ ຄຓກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ເຑາະໄຈ້ເຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓສຓົ ຍຌ) My sister dances very much. ຌໟຬຄສາວຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເຉ໇ັຌລາໍ ໄຈຈ້ ຫາງ (ຫັຄ dances ຍຉໍໆ ໟຬຄຓກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ເຑາະໄຈເ້ ຌຬ໇ ຃ວາຓສົຓຍຌແລ້ວ ສວໞ ຌ very much ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄຌ໇ຌັ ຍແໆໍ ຓ່ຌກໍາແຉ່ ເຎຌັ Adverb) ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ຄັ ຫາງ຅ະດາ່ ຄໃຈກໆຉໍ າຓ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຃ົຍຍາຄໂຉ຅ະຍຉໆໍ ຬໟ ຄກາຌກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ໂຈງກົຄແຉກ່ ໍໆງຄັ ຉຬໟ ຄຬາ ໄສ຃ໍາ ຫ ກຸຓ່ ຃ໍາຬຌໆ ຓາຆໞວງຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫຄັ ດຬ່ ກຌຌ໇ັ ແລະແລ້ວ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຃ຍົ ໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ຅ໆຄ຅ະຒັຄໄຈເ້ ຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓຆຈັ ເ຅ຌງຄິໆ ຂຌ໇ ຍໍໆຉໟຬຄສົຄໄສແຉ່ຂໍໃຫ້ອ້ວາໞ ຃ໍາ຋ຓໆ າຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫັຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຃ົຍຌ໇ຌັ ຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ຓາໃຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ໂຉກໍາ (Object) ແຉ່ຓາໃຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ໂຉຆວໞ ງເກ໇ຬກຌຸ ໃຫ້຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຃ຍົ ໂຉຌັ໇ຌຒັຄເຂາົ໇ ໃ຅຃ວາຓໝາງກັຌໄຈເ້ ຆໆຄິ ຑາສາ ຬຄັ ກິຈເຬ໇ຌວໞາ\"Subjective Complement\" ແຎວໞາ \"຿ຉຂະຫງາງກໍາ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑືຬໃ ເຫ້ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄ ຎະ຿ຫງກຓເ຅຃ວາຓສຓ຺ ຍຌູ \" ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຃ຍົ (Infinitive Verb)຋ງໆ ັຄຉໟຬຄຬາໄສ Subjective Complement ແລ້ວເຌຬ໇ ຃ວາຓ຅ຄໆ ຅ະ ສົຓຍຌຌຌັ໇ ເ຋າໆົ ຋ໆຌິງົຓໃຆ້ກັຌດໄ່ ຈ້ແກ຃່ າໍ ກິລິງາຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ:໇ Get= ເຎັຌ, ຓ grow= ຅ະເລຌ, ຓ, ເຎັຌ Feel= ອສ້ ກ become= ເຎຌັ , ກາງເຎຌັ Look= ເຍິຄໆ ເໝຬຌ prove= ຑສິ ຈ, ສະແຈຄໃຫ້ເຫັຌ 95

Seem= ເຍິຄໆ ເໝຬຌ appear= ຎະກົຈວໞາ Taste= ໃຫ້ລົຈ, ຓລົຈ sound= ຓສຽຄ, ໃຫ້ສຽຄ, ຓ຋ໞາ Turn= ກາງເຎັຌ, ຎຽ່ ຌເຎັຌ remain= ງັຄ຃ົຄດ່ຉໄໍໆ ຎ Stay= ດຉ່ ໍໄໆ ຎ show= ສະແຈຄໃຫ້ເຫັຌ Verb to be= ເຎັຌ, ດ,່ ຃, ແຓ່ຌ Verb to have= (ສະເຑາະ຋ແໆ ຎວາໞ ) ຓ (຋ແໆ ຎໄວຌ້ ແ໇ ຎຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ໆຌາໍ ຓາໃຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຃ົຍ຋ໆເຬ໇ຌວໞາ Subjective Complement ເ຋າົໆ ຌັ໇ຌ) ຉວົ ດາ່ ຄຎະໂຫງກເຆໆຌັ : John looks unhappy. ຅ຬຌເຍຄໆິ ຃ຍສໍໆ ະຍາງ The milk in that glass is bad. ຌຓົ ໃຌ຅ຬກຌັ໇ຌຍໍຈແລວ້ Your plan proved useless. ແຏຌກາຌຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າໃຆຍ້ ໍໆໄຈ້ That policy sounds practical. ຌະໂງຍາງຌັຌ໇ ຒັຄເຍິຄໆ ຓ຋ໞາເໝາະແກກ່ າຌຎະຉຍິ ຈັ She seemed sleep. ລາວເຍໆິຄ຃າໟ ງກັຍຄໞວຄຌຬຌ The sky turns grey. ຋ຬໟ ຄຒາ້ ກາງເຎັຌສເ຋ົາ Apasara remains beautiful. ຬາຑັຈສະລາງັຄ຃ຄົ ສວງດ຃່ ເກົໆາ. He felt good. ລາວອສ້ ກສະຍາງຈ ຃ໍາ຋ຑໆ ິຓຈາໍ ໄວ້຋ຄັ ໝົຈຌເ໇ ຍຄິໆ ແຍຍຏວິ ເຑຌິ ເໝຬຌເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Object ແຉ່ຫາໄຈເ້ ຎັຌເຆຌັໆ ຌ໇ຌັ ຍໍ ແ຋້຋຅ໆ ິຄແລວ້ ຓຌັ ກໍໆເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Subjective Complement ຋ໍາຓະຈາຌເ໇ ຬຄໃຫ້ກຍັ ໂຉຎະ຋າຌ຋ດໆ ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ຓ຃ວາຓສົຓຍຌ ເອັຈໃຫຒ້ ຄັ ຍໆໍສະຍາງໃ຅ ຫວັຄວາໞ ຋ໞາຌ຃ົຄເຂາົ໇ ໃ຅ຉາຓ຋ຬໆ ະ຋ິຍາງຓາຌ໇! Finite Verb ຊາຓ : Finite Verb ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແຈ຾້ ກ່ Verb ຾ຍຍເຈ? ຂໍເຫຬ້ ະ຋ຍິ າງຽຊິຄ຃ວາຓສໍາ຃ຌັ ຂຬຄ ຓຌັ ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : Finite Verb ແຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຾຋້\" ໝາງເຊຄິ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ໃຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌສວໞ ຌສາໍ ຃ຌັ ຂຬຄ ຎະ຿ຫງກຬາຈຽວາ຺ໄ ແຈວ້ າໞ ຋ກຸ ຂ຃ໄໍ ວາຓ຋ຽໃ ອາ຺ ຽວ຺າໄ ຫືົ ຂຼຌຬຬກແຎຌຌໄັ ຫາກຂາຈຽຆິຄໃ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋້ (Finite Verb ) ຾ລວ້ ຂ຃ໄໍ ວາຓຌໄຌັ ຅ະຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຂຌໄື ຓາຍໃໍແຈ້຿ຈງຽຈຈັ ຂາຈ ຽຑາະສະຌໄຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາ ຓະ຾຋້຅ໃຶຼຄຽຎຌັ ຫວ຺ ເ຅ ຫົື ສໞວຌສໍາ຃ັຌຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ໃຈຼວ ຾ລະ ເຫ້ສັຄຽກຈແວຬ້ ກດາ່ ຄໜໃຄຼຶ ວໞາ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຌ຅ໄ ະຓກາຌຎຼ່ ຌ຾ຎຄແຎຉາຓ Tense ຉໞາຄໂຉະຫົຬຈຽຊຄິ ຿ຉຎະ຋າຌ຋ໃແຎກະ຋າໍ ຫືົ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຌຌໄັ ໂຌໍາ\" ເຆຄິໆ ຅ະງົກໂຉດ່າຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ \"Comes = ຓາ\" ໃຫ້ເຍຄໆິ ສກັ 1ໂຉດ່າຄເຑໆຬ ຎະກຬຍ຃ວາຓເຂາ໇ົ ໃ຅ເຆັໆຌ: Who comes? ໃຏຓາ? They came early. ຑວກເຂາົ ຓາແຉ່ເຆົ໇າ That boy is coming early. ເຈກັ ຃ົຌຌັ໇ຌກໆຓໍ າແຉ່ເຆົ໇າ The girls are coming early. ເຈັກງຄິ ກໆໍຓາແຉເ່ ຆ໇າົ We have come here early. ຑວກເອາົ ໄຈ້ຓາ຋ໆຌ໇ແຉເ່ ຆາົ໇ She has come here together. ລາວກໍໆຓາ຋ຌໆ ເ໇ ໝຬຌກັຌ 96

(come ຆໆຄເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກຂາໟ ຄເ຋ຄິ ຌ໇຅ະເຫຌັ ວໞາໄຈ້ຓກາຌຎຽ່ ຌແຎຄໄຎຉາຓ Tense ແລະ ຎະ຋າຌ ຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກຌັ໇ຌ໅຋ຄັ ຌກ໇ ເໆໍ ຑາະວໞາ come ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະແ຋້ (Finite Verb) ຌຌ໇ັ ເຬຄ) Non-Finite Verb ຊາຓ : Non-Finite Verb ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ ຅ກັ ຆະຌິຈ຃ືຫງັຄ? ຉຬຍ : Non-Finite Verb ແຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍໍ຾ໃ ຋້\" ໝາງເຊຄິ \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໃຍໍແໃ ຈ້ຌາໍ ຓາເຆດ້ ່າຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋຾້ ຉ່ຊືກຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ດ່າຄຬຌືໃ ຽຆຌໃັ ຽຎຌັ ຌາຓຍໍ, ຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍໍ, ຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຍໍ, ຫົື ຽຎັຌຼືຶໃຌເຈແຈ້຋ັຄຌຌັໄ ຂໍດາ່ ເຆດ້ ່າຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋ກ້ ຾ໍໃ ລວ້ ກຌັ \" ໃຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈແຍຄ່ ຃ໍາກໍາ ຓະຍແໆໍ ຋(້ Non-Finite Verb) ຬຬກເຎັຌ 3 ຆະຌິຈ຃: -Infinitive = ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ຓໆ To ຌາໍ ໜາໟ (To + Verb1) ເຆໆັຌ to walk etc. -Gerund = ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໆຉຓໆ ing(Verb + ing) ເຆຌໆັ walking, sleeping, smoking, etc -Participle = ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໆຉຓໆ ing ເຆຌັໆ eating, coming, etc . ຫ ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຆໞຬຄ 3 ເຆັໆຌ Eaten, come, cleaned, spoken, etc. ລັກສະຌະຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉໃຈເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້(Finite Verb) ຫ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຍໆໍແ຋້ (Non-Finite Verb) ຌຌ໇ັ ສັຄເກຈໄຈ຋້ ຉໆ ໍາແໜຄ່ ກາຌຎະໄວ້ໃຌຎະໂຫງກເວ໇ົາ຃ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉ຋ໆຎະດໜ່ ໟາສຈຸ ຅ະເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແ຋້ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະສາໍ ຃ຌັ ຫ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໃຫງໞ ສໞວຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໂຉ຋ໆຎະເຎັຌຬຌັ ຋ສໆ ຬຄຉໆໍໄຎເລໆຬງ໅຅ະເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຍແໆໍ ຋ເ້ ຆຌໆັ : We want to develop our country in many ways. ຑວກເອາົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຑຈັ ຋ະຌາຎະເ຋ຈຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ ໃຌ຋ຸກກໍລະຌ (want ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ to develop ເຎັຌ Infinitive ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຍໍແໆ ຋)້ She likes reading poetry. ລາວຓກັ ຬໞາຌຍົຈກະວ (likes ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະແ຋້ reading ເຎຌັ gerund ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຍໆໍແ຋)້ He heard me shutting the window. ລາວໄຈງ້ ິຌສຽຄຂຬໟ ງຬຈັ ຎຬ່ ຄດຽ້ ຓ (heard ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ shutting ເຎັຌ participle ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຍໆແໍ ຋້) ໝາງຽຫຈ: ເລໆຬຄຂຬຄ Non-Finite Verb ຅ະໄຈເ້ ວ໇ົາໃຫລ້ ະຬຽຈຬກເ຋ຬໆ ໜຄໆ ໃຌຫົວຂ໇ວໍ າໞ ຍຈົ Non-Finite Verb ໂຈງສະເຑາະ ຋ໆຌໆ໇ເຎັຌກາຌກໞາວຑສໍ ັຄເກຈເ຋ົາໆ ຌ໇ຌັ ໃຌຊາຌ຋ໆ Non-Finite Verb ເຎຌັ 1 ໃຌ 5 ຆະຌິຈ ຂຬຄໝວຈ Verb ເ຋າໆົ ຌ໇ັຌເຬຄ ຫວັຄວາໞ ຃ຄົ ເຂົ໇າໃ຅ຉາຓຌ໇ Auxiliary Verb ຊາຓ : Auxiliary Verb ຾ຓ່ຌຫງັຄ? ຽຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ຅ໃຄຶຼ ຽຬໄຌ຾ຍຍຌ?ໄ ຾ລະ ຓ຋ັຄໝ຺ຈ຅ັກ຿ຉ຅ຄ຺ ຍຬກ ຓາເຫຽ້ ຂໄ຺າເ຅຅ະຽຎຌັ ຂຬຍເ຅ດາ່ ຄສຄູ ? ຉຬຍ : Auxiliary Verb ແຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະຌຽຸ ຃າະ (ຍາຄຽ຋ໃືຬກໍໃຽຬຌໄ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງ (Helping Verb), ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈ (Anomalous)\" (ຽຫຈ຋ໃແຈຽ້ ຬໄຌວາໞ ຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌຽຸ ຃າະ ຫົື ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ ຆວໞ ງຌຌັໄ ກໍໃຽຑາະວາໞ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຽຫ຺ໃົາຌໄແຎຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຆໞວງ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ຽຑຬືໃ ເຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຓາລາ (mood) ວາ຅ກ຺ (Voice) ຾ລະ ກາຌ(Tense) ຫເວົາ໇ ໃຫ້ຒັຄຄາໞ ງຂຌ໇ ຬກກໍໆ຃ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະເຫໆົາຌ໇ໄຎເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆຆໞວງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໂຉຬຌໆ ເຑໆຬໃຫ້ຎະໂຫງກຌຌັ໇ ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓ, ຎະຉິເສຈເຫຈກາຌຉາໞ ຄ໅຋ັຄໃຌຬະຈຈິ , ຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ ແລະ ຬະຌາ຃ຈົ ກາຌ຃າຈ 97

຃ະເຌໃຫ້຃ໍາໝຌ໇ັ ສັຌງາຉະຫຬຈອຬຈເຄຬໆ ຌໄຂຉໞາຄ໅ ສິຄໆ ເຫໆົາຌ຅໇ ະເຎັຌຎະໂຫງກຂຌ໇ ຓາໄຈກ້ ຉໆໍ ໟຬຄຬາໄສ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຌຸ ເ຃າະເ຋ໆົາຌັຌ໇ ເຂ໇າົ ຓາເຎັຌໂຉກາໍ ໜົຈ Auxiliary Verb ຓດ຋່ ັຄໝົຈ 24 ໂຉ຃: Verb to be = is , am, are, was, were Verb to have = has, have, had Verb to do = do, does, did = will, would = shall, should = can, could = may, might = must = need = dare = ought to = used to (ຍາຄຉາໍ ລາກໆໍຍຬກວາໞ ຓ 28 ໂຉ ໂຈງເຑຓໆ ເຂ໇າົ ຓາຬກ 4 ໂຉ຃: = had better = would rather = should (຋ຓໆ ຃ວາຓໝາງເ຋ົໆກຍັ ought to) = have to (຋ໆຓ຃ວາຓໝາງເ຋ກົໆ ຍັ must) ຊາຓ : ອຍູ ຫງໍໄຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ 24 ຿ຉຽຂໄ຺າກັຍສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Contraction with Pronoun) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ ຽຓໃືຬເຈ? ຾ລະ຅ະຂຼຌຫງໍໄຽຂໄາ຺ ກັຍສັຍຑະຌາຓແຈດ້ າ່ ຄເຈ ຂເໍ ຫງ້ ກ຺ ຿ຉດ່າຄຌໍາ? ຉຬຍ : ອຍຫງຂໍ໇ ຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ 24 ໂຉເຂົ໇າກຍັ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ຅ະຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ຉໍໆເຓຬໆ ຂຽຌ຅ຈົ ໝາງເຊໆິຄເຑຬໆ ຌ຋ໆສະຌຈິ ຫ ຃ໍາສຌົ ຋ະຌາ(ເວົ໇າ ຫ ຂຽຌ) ເ຋ໆົາຌ໇ັຌແຉ່ກາຌຂຽຌໂຈງ຋ໆົວໄຎຌຬກ຅າກ຋ໆເວ໇າົ ຓາຌຌ໇ ງິ ຓົ ໃຆ້ອຍເຉຓັ ເຆັຌໆ I am, You are, He is, She has ເຎັຌຉຌົ໇ ອຍຫງໍ໇ເຂົ໇າກຍັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຓຈຄັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ:໇ -am ຫງເ໇ໍ ຎຌັ ’ m ເຆໆຌັ I’m ໄຬຓ ຓາ຅າກ຃າໍ ເຉັຓວາໞ I am Is ຫງເ໇ໍ ຎຌັ ’s ເຆັຌ he’s ອຆ ” he is, he has Has she’s ຆຆ ” she is, she has It’s ຬ຋ຆ ” it is, it has Where’s ແວອຆ ” where is What’s ວຬ຋ຆ ” what is Who’s ອຆ ” who is There’s ແຈຆ່ ” there is -are ຫງໍເ໇ ຎັຌ ’re ເຆຌັໆ we’re ວເຬ ” we are (was,were ຍໍຓກາຌຫງ໇ໍ) you’re ດເຬ ” you are They’re ເຈເຬ ” they are There’re ແຈ່ເຬ ” there are -have ຫງ໇ໍເຎຌັ ’ve ເຆັຌໆ I’ve ໄຬຒ ” I have (do,does,did ຍຓໍ ກາຌຫງ)໇ໍ you’ve ດຒ ” you have 98

They’ve ເຈຒ ” they have We’ve ວຒິ ” we have Had ຬາງເຬິຈ ” I had, I would ຫງໍ໇ເຎຌັ ’d ເຆໆັຌ I’d Would you’d ດເຬຈ ” you had, you would They’d ເຈເຬຈິ ” they had, they would We’d ວເຬຈິ ” we had, we would He’d ອເຬຈ ” he had, he would She’d ຆເຬິຈ ” she had, she would It’d ຬິ຋ເຬຈິ ” it had, it would Will ຫງເ໇ໍ ຎັຌ ’ll ເຆຌໆັ I’ll ຬາງຬລໆິ ” I will, I shall Shall you’ll ດຬໆລ ” you will We’ll ວິຬລໆ ” we will, we shall It’ll ຬ຋ິ ຋ລໆ ” it will ຊາຓ : ອຍູ ຫງຂໄໍ ຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ 24 ຿ຉຽຂ຺ໄາກັຍ not ຽຓຬືໃ ຉໟຬຄກາຌເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຎະຉຽິ ສຈ຅ະ ຫງໍແໄ ຈ້ດາ່ ຄເຈ຅ຄ຺ ຍຬກຓາ? ຉຬຍ : ອຍູ ຫງຂໄໍ ຬຄກລິ ງິ າ 24 ຿ຉຽຂາໄ຺ ກັຍ not (Contraction with not) ເຫ້ຫງໍແໄ ຈຈ້ ັຄຌໄ Is not ຫງເໍ໇ ຎຌັ isn’t ຬສຆໆຌ຋ Are not ” aren’t ຬໟາຌ຋ Was not ” wasn’t ວຬສຆຌໆ ຋ Were not ” weren’t ເວຌ຋ (ສວໞ ຌ am not ຍໍໆຓກາຌຫງໍ໇ເຈ) Has not ” hasn’t ແອສເຆໆຌ຋ Have not ” haven’t ແອຒວໆຌ຋ Had not ” hadn’t ແອຈຈໆຌ຋ Do not ” don’t ໂຈຌ຋ Does not ” doesn’t ຈາສຆຌໆ ຋ Did not ” didn’t ຈິຈຬຌໆ ຋ Will not ” won’t ວົ໇ຌ຋ Would not ” wounldn’t ວຈຈຌໆ ຋ Shall not ” shan’t ຆາໟ ຌ຋(ຫ ເຆັຌ຋) Should not ” shouldn’t ຆຈຬໆຌ຋ Can not ” can’t ຃າໟ ຌ຋(ແ຃ຌ້ ຋) Could not ” couldn’t ຃ຈຬຌ໇ ຋ 99

May not ” mayn’t ເຓຌັ ຋ Might not ” mightn’t ໄຓ຋້ ຌໆ ຋ Must not ” mustn’t ຓສັ ຆຌໆ ຋ Need not ” needn’t ຌຈຬ໇ຌ຋ Dare not ” daren’t ແຈຌ້ ຬໆຌ຋ Ought not ” ounghtn’t ຬ໡ຬ຋຋ຌໆ ຋ Used not ” usedn’t ດສຬໆຌ຋ ໝາງຽຫຈ : usedn’t ຊໟາເຎັຌຑາສາເວ໇າົ ຫ ຂຽຌຍົຈສົຌ຋ະຌາຌງິ ຓົ ໃຆ້ didn’t use to ແ຋ຌຫາງກວາໞ ເຆຌໆັ : ຎະຉິເສຈ : I didn’t use to live in Russia. (= I usedn’t to live in Russia.) ຂໟຬງຍເໍ ຃ງໄຈ້ໄຎດ່ລັຈເຆ່ງ. ເຎຌັ ຉຌົ໇ ຃ໍາຊາຓ : Did you use to see an elephant in Surin? ເ຅າ໇ົ ເ຃ງເຫັຌຆໟາຄດສ່ ຸລິຌຍໍ? (ໃຆ້ did ຓາຆໞວງເຓຬໆ ເຎັຌ຃ໍາຊາຓ ແລະ ed ຋ໆ used ໃຫ້ຉຈັ ຬຬກກຬໞ ຌຎະໂຫງກຌຬ໇ າຈແຉ່ຄໂຈງໃຆ້ used ຂ໇ຌ ຉຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກກໆໄໍ ຈ້ເຎັຌ Used you to see an elephant in Surin? ແຉຍ່ ໆໍ຃ຬໞງເຎັຌ຋ໆຌງິ ົຓກຌັ ເ຋ົໆາໃຈໃຌ ຋ຈັ ສະຌະຂຬຄຌັກໄວງາກຬຌ(grammarian ສະໄໝໃໝ່) ໜາໟ ຋ຂໃ ຬຄ Verb to be ຊາຓ : Verb to be ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຆວໞ ງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬໃຌື ແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ຾ຈ຅່ ຄ຺ ຍຬກຓາ? ຉຬຍ : Verb to be ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາ໠ ຋ໃຆໞວງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌໃື ແຈຈ້ ັໃຄຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ: 1.ວາຄແວ້ໜາໟ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉ຋ໃຉຶໃຓຼ ing ຽອັຈເຫຎ້ ະ຿ຫງກຌຌັໄ ຽຎຌັ Continuous Tense ຓສໍາຌຼຄ຾ຎ ວໞາ \"ກໍາລຄັ \" ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ໃຬື ແຎຽຆຌໃັ : We are learning English. ຑວກເອາົ ກໍາລັຄອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ He is reading a book. ລາວກໍາລຄັ ຬໞາຌໜັຄສ It is sleeping under the bed. ຓັຌກາໍ ລັຄຌຬຌດກ່ ໞຬຄຉຽຄ The students are playing football. ຌັກສກສາກາໍ ລັຄຫ໇ຌໝາກຍາຌ She will be working at home when we arrive. ລາວ຅ະກາໍ ລັຄເອັຈວຽກດ່຋ໆເອຬຌເຓໆຬເອາົ ຓາອຬຈ ເຑໆຬກຌັ ລຓຂໍໃຫ້ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ອໆ ກັ ຅ົຄໆ ຋ໞຬຄ຃າຊາຌໄ໇ ວ້: ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆໞຬຄ຋ 1 ຉຓໆ ing ຓ Verb to be ດຂ່ າໟ ຄໜາໟ ໃຫ້ແຎວໞາ \"ກາໍ ລຄັ \" 100

2.ວາຄແວໜ້ ໟາ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆຬໞ ຄ 3 (ສະຽຑາະ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈ) ຽອຈັ ເຫ້ຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄຌັ ຽຎຌັ ກໍາຓະວາ຅຺ກ (Passive Voice) ຓສໍາຌຼຄ຾ຎວໞ \"ຊືກ\" ຽຆຌໃັ : He was punished by the teacher yesterday. ລາວຊກລຄົ ໂ຋ຈໂຈງຬາ຅າຌຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ A glass of water of mine is broken. ຅ຬກຌ໇າໍ ຂຬຄຂໟຬງ(ຊກ) ເອັຈແຉກແລວ້ This house was built here last year. ເອຬຌຫັຄຌ໇ຊກສໟາຄໄວ຋້ ຌໆ ໇ເຓຬໆ ຎກາງຌ໇ 3.ວາຄແວ້ໜໟາ຃ໍາກໍາຓະສະຑາວະຓາລາ (Infinitive) ຓສາໍ ຌຼຄ຾ຎວາໞ \"຅ະ, ຅ະຉໟຬຄ\" ສະ຾ຈຄ ຽຊິຄໜໟາ຋຋ໃ ຉໃ ຬໟ ຄກະ຋າ, ຾ຏຌກາຌ, ກາຌຉຼຓກາຌ, ຃ໍາສັຄໃ , ຃າໍ ຂອໍ ຬໟ ຄ, ຫືົ ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌແຎແຈ້ ຽຆັຌໃ : He is to stay here till I come back. ລາວ຅ະຉໟຬຄດ຋່ ໆຌ໇຅ົຌກວໞາຂໟຬງ຅ະກຍັ ຓາ She is to be paid at the end of this week. ລາວຏ້ງິຄຬາຈ຅ະໄຈ້ອຍັ ເຄຌິ ເຓໆຬຎາງຬາ຋ຈິ ກໍໆໄຈ້ Chaiyong is to go home tomorrow ໄຆງຄົ ຅ະກັຍເອຬຌຓຬ໇ ຌໆ ຌ໇ 4.ຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາສຄັໃ , ຬວງຑຬຌ, ຋ໃຌໍາໜໟາຎະ຿ຫງກ Adjective (຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ) ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Be ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຆຌັໃ : Be quiet. The baby is sleeping. ຄຽຍແຈ່ ເຈັກຌໟຬງກໍາລັຄຌຬຌດ່ Be good luck in your examination. ຂໍໃຫ້ໂຆຈຈໃຌກາຌສຬຍເສັຄຂຬຄເ຅າົ໇ ຊາໟ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຌຌ໇ັ ໃຫ້຃ໍາສຄໆັ ຃ໍາຬວງຑຬຌຌຌັ໇ ຓຌໍ໇າໜັກຂຌ໇ ໃຫ້ໃຆ້ do ຌາໍ ໜາໟ be ຬກ຋ໜໆຄເຆັຌໆ Do be quiet. I am doing the evening. ຂໃໍ ຫຄ້ ຽຍແຈ່ຂຬໟ ງກາໍ ລັຄເອັຈຍົຈເຐິກຫຈັ Don’t be so silly. ດ່າໂຄ່ຫາງເຆໆັຌຌັ໇ຌກໍໆແລ້ວໄຎ. 5.ເຆຌ້ າໍ ໜໟາສໍາຌວຌ about to + Verb ຆໞຬຄ 1 ຓສາໍ ຌຼຄ຾ຎວາໞ \"຅ະ\" ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊຄິ ຽຫຈກາຌ຋ໃ ຅ະຽກຈິ ຂືໄຌເຌຬະຌາ຃຺ຈຬຌັ ເກ້ໂຽຆຌັໃ : They are about to start jouney this evening. ຑວກເຂົາ຅ະຬຬກເຈຌິ ຋າຄກັຌຉຬຌແລຄຓ໇ຌ໇ Mr. Brown is about to be here soon. ຋າໞ ຌ ຍອາວ຅ະຓາເຊິຄ຋ໆຌ໇ໄວ໅ຌ໇ I am about to go home within two hours. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະກຍັ ເອຬຌຑາງໃຌ 2 ຆໆວົ ໂຓຄ 101

6.ເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຫກົັ (Principal Verb) ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈກ້ ລໍ ະຌຌໄເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄຌັ ຅ະຍໍໃຓ Verb ຉວ຺ ຬຌືໃ ຽຂໄາ຺ ຓາອໞວຓດກູ່ ຍັ Verb to be ຽຆັຌໃ : Anne is always a good girl. ແຬຌເຎຌັ ເຈກັ ງຄິ ຈສະເໝ I am a teacher of English. ຂຬໟ ງເຎັຌ຃ສຬຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ These tourists are from the United Kingdom. ຌັກ຋ຬໞ ຄ຋ຽໞ ວເຫົໆາຌຓ໇ າ຅າກສະຫະລາຈຆະຬາຌາ຅ັກ ໜາໟ ຋ຂໃ ຬຄ Verb to have ຊາຓ : Verb to have ເຆຽ້ ອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຆໃ ວໞ ງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬືຌໃ ແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : Verb to have ເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຆວໞ ງ຿ຉຬໃືຌແຈຈ້ ຄໃັ ຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ: 1.ອຼຄແວ້ໜ໠າ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຆຬໞ ຄ 3 (Past Participle) ຽອັຈເຫ້ຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌັໄ ຽຎຌັ Perfect Tense (ສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ຌະກາຌ) ຂໄຌື ຓາ຋ຌັ ຋ ຽຆຌັໃ : Robert has lived in Thailand for three years. ໂລເຍິຈໄຈ້ຓາດຎ່ ະເ຋ຈໄ຋ເຎັຌເວລາ 3 ຎແລວ້ We have learn English since last month. ຑວກເອົາໄຈອ້ ຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ຉ໇ຄັ ແຉ່ຈຬຌ຋ໆຏາໞ ຌຓາ 2.ເຆ຿້ ຈງຓ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະສະຑາວະຓາລາ(Infinitive) ຓສໍາຌຼຄ຾ຎວໞາ \"ຉຬໟ ຄ\" ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊິຄຑຌັ ຋ະ ໜໟາ຋ໃ ຫົື ຃ວາຓ຅າໍ ຽຎຌັ ຋ຉໃ ຬໟ ຄກະ຋ໍາ ຽຆຌັໃ : He has to study English next month. ລາວ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈເຈຬຌໜໟາ I have to do it by myself. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຉໟຬຄເອຈັ ຓັຌຈວໟ ງໂຉຂໟຬງເຬຄ 3.ເຆ້ເຫຽ້ ກຈິ ຃ວາຓໝາງຽ຋ໃ຺າກັຍຽຫຈກຈັ ຉາຎະ຿ຫງກ(Causative Use of “Have”) ຃ືຎະ ຿ຫງກ຋ເໃ ຆເ້ ຫຏ້ ູ້ຬໃືຌຽອຈັ ກາຌດ່າຄເຈດາ່ ຄໜຼຄໃຶ ເຫ້ ກລໍ ະຌຌ຾ໄ ງກຬຬກແຈຽ້ ຎຌັ 2 Structure ຃ື: 1.1ຊາໟ ຽຌຌັໄ ຿ຉຏ຋ູ້ ໃຽອຈັ ຽອາ຺ ຅ະເຆອ້ ຍູ ຎະ຿ຫງກວໞ.... Have + Someon (ຏເ້ ອັຈໃຫ້)+ Verb 1(without “to”) + Something ເຆຌັໆ : I have Surachai wash my car every Sunday. ຂໟຬງໃຫ້ສລຸ ະໄຆລາໟ ຄລຈົ ຂຬຄຂໟຬງ຋ກຸ ໅ ວຌັ ຬາ຋ິຈ She has her daughter clean a room every morning. ລາວໃຫລ້ ກສາວຂຬຄລາວ຋ໍາ຃ວາຓສະຬາຈຫໟຬຄ຋ຸກ໅ ເຆາົ໇ Have ໃຆ້ get ແ຋ຌກໍໆໄຈແ້ ຉ່ Non-Finite Verb ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄຉໟຬຄເຎຌັ with “to” ຃ຓ to ຌາໍ ໜໟາໄຈ້ວໞາດ່າຄຌຌັ໇ ເຆຌໆັ : I got Det to bring my car back. (= I had Det bring my car back.) The teacher gets me to read a book every day. (= The teacher has me read a book every day.) ຂໟຬງໃຫ້ເຈຈຌໍາເຬາົ ລົຈຂຬຄຂໟຬງຓາ຃ຌ 102

ຬາ຅າຌໃຫ້ຂໟຬງຬໞາຌໜຄັ ສ຋ຸກຓ໇ 1.2ຊາໟ ຽຌຌໄັ ສໃິຄຂຬຄ຋ໃຊກື ຽອຈັ (Passive) ຽອາ຺ ຅ະເຆ້ອຍູ ຎະ຿ຫງກວໞາ.. Have + Something (ສໆຄິ ຋ໆຊກເອັຈ) + Verb ຆໞຬຄ 3 ເຆໆຌັ : I have my car washed every Saturday. ຂໟຬງໃຫ້ລາວລາໟ ຄລົຈຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ຋ກຸ ໅ ວຌັ ເສົາໆ He has his gun cleaned. ລາວໃຫ້ຏຬ້ ໆຌເອຈັ ຃ວາຓສະຬາຈຎຌໃຫ້ ຫ຅ະໃຆ້ get ແ຋ຌ have ກໆໍໄຈ້ເຆຌັໆ : I got my bicycle washed. ຂໟຬງໃຫຏ້ ້ຬໆຌລາໟ ຄລົຈຊຍຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງໃຫ້ 1.Verb to have ຌຬກ຅າກ຅ະເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຑິຽສຈ ຫືົ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງ຾ລວ້ ງຄັ ສາຓາຈຌໍາຓາ ເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຫັກົ (Principal Verb) ຋ວໃ຺ ໂແຎຈວໟ ງເຌກລໍ ະຌຌໄຽອັຈເຫ້ have(has,had) ຓ ຃ວາຓ ໝາງ຾ຎແຈ້ຫາົ ງດາ່ ຄຽຆຌໃັ : 4.຾ຎວາໞ \"ອັຍ\" (Receive) ຽຆຌໃັ : He had a letter this morning. ລາວໄຈອ້ ຍັ ຅ົຈໝາງສະຍຍັ ໜໆຄຓ໇ເຆົ໇າຌ໇ (had ເ຋ໆາົ ກຍັ receive) 5.຾ຎວາໞ \"ຎະສຍ຺ \" (Experience) ຽຆັຌໃ : John had a good time at Bangsaen last week. ຅ຬຌສະໜກຸ ສະໜາຌ຋ໆຍາຄແສຌເຓໆຬຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ແໆ ລ້ວ (had ເ຋ົາໆ ກັຍ Experience) ເຆຌໆັ : 6.຾ຎວາໞ \"ອັຍຎະ຋າຌ\" (eat) ຽຆັໃຌ: We have our lunch at noon. ຑວກເອົາອັຍຎະ຋າຌຬາຫາຌ຋ໞຽຄຂຬຄເອົາເວລາຉຬຌ຋ຽໞ ຄ (have ເ຋ໆົາກຍັ eat) ກາຌໃຆ້ Verb to have ຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ຄັ 3 ຂໍ໇຋ໆເວ໇ົາຓາຌ໇ ຫາກເອຈັ ເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຎະຉິເສຈ (Negative) ແລະ ຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ(Interrogative) ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ Verb to do ເຂ໇າົ ຓາຆໞວງ຅ະໃຆ້ not ຉາຓຫັຄ have ຂ໇ຌໄຎໄວຉ້ ຌົ໇ ຎະໂຫງກຈັຄໆ ເຆັໆຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑິເສຈ((Anomalous Verb) ໂຉຬໆຌຫາໄຈຍ້ ໍເຆັຌໆ : Affermative Negative (ຎະໂຫງກຍຬກເລາໆົ ) (ຎະໂຫງກຎະຉິເສຈ) He has his breakfast at seven. He doesn’t have breakfast at seven. ລາວ຋າຌຬາຫາຌເຆາົ໇ ຂຬຄລາວເວລາ 7 ໂຓຄ. ລາວຍໄໍໆ ຈ຋້ າຌຬາຫາຌເຆົ໇າຂຬຄລາວ ເວລາ 7 ໂຓຄ They had a letter yesterday. They didn’t have a letter yesterday. ຑວວເຂົາໄຈອ້ ັຍ຅ຈົ ໝາງຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ ຑວກເຂາົ ຍໍໆໄຈ້ອັຍ຅ົຈໝາງຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ Interrogative (ຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ) 103

Does he has his breakfast at seven.? ລາວ຋າຌຬາຫາຌເຆາົ໇ ຂຬຄລາວເວລາ 7 ໂຓຄຍໍ? Did they have a letter yesterday? ຑວກເຂົາໄຈ້ອຍັ ຅ຈົ ໝາງຍໍໆຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇? 7.຾ຎວາໞ \"ຓ\" (possess) ຽຆໃຌັ : She has a sister. ລາວຓຌໟຬຄສາວ຃ຌົ ໜຄໆ (has ເ຋ົໆາກຍັ possess) Daeng has many friends in Korat. ແຈຄຓເຑຬໆ ຌຫາງດໂ່ ຃ລາຈ (has ແລະ have ເ຋າໆົ ກັຍ possess) Verb to have ຋ໆຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ໃຌ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ແໆ ຎວໞາ\"ຓ\" (possess) ຉາຓກົຈຂ໇຋ໍ ໆ 4 ຌ໇ ເຓຬໆ ເອັຈເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຎະຉເິ ສຈ ແລະ ຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓລະຫວາໞ ຄກາຌໃຆ້ແຍຍຬັຄກິຈ (British Usage) ກຍັ ແຍຍ ຬາເຓລກິ າ (American Usage) ງຬໞ ຓຍເໍໆ ໝຬຌກັຌເວ໇ົາ຃ ແຍຍຬຄັ ກິຈຊໟາ have ແຎວາໞ ຓ (possess) ເຓຬໆ ເອຈັ ເຎຌັ ຎະຉເິ ສຈໃຫ້ຉຓໆ not ຫຄັ have ໄຈ້ ຊາໟ ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຊາຓໃຫເ້ ຬາົ have ຂ໇ຌຎະໄວ້ຉົຌ໇ ຎະໂຫງກໄຈແ້ ຉ່ແຍຍຬາເຓ ລກິ ັຌເຓຬໆ ເອຈັ ເຎັຌ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫ ຎະຉເິ ສຈຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ Verb to do ເຂົາ໇ ຓາຆວໞ ງ຋ກຸ ເ຋ໆຬ຅ະໃຆ້ have ຂ໇ຌຉຌົ໇ ຎະໂຫງກເຓຬໆ ຉໟຬຄກາຌໃຫເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓ ຫ ຉໆຓ not ຫັຄ have ເຓໆຬຉຬໟ ຄກາຌໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຎະຉເິ ສຈຫາໄຈຍ້ ໍ ຂໃໍ ຫ້ ຌກັ ສກສາເຍຄິ ຉາຉະລາຄຌ໇ເຬາົ ເຬຄແລ້ວ຅ະເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ໄຈ້ຈຂຌ໇ . Affirmative Negative Interrogative British Usage: He has a pen Has he a pen? American Usage: He has a pen. He has not a pen Does he have a pen? He doesn’t have a pen. 1.Verb to have ຽຓໃຬື ຓ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຍາຄ຃ໍາຓາຉາຓຫຄັົ ຅ະຽອຈັ ເຫ຃້ ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຌຌັໄ ກາງຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຌາຓ ຂືໄຌຓາ ຾ລະ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍາຄ຃ໍາ຋ໃຉາຓຫົຄັ have ຈໃຄັ ກໞາວຓາຌ຅ໄ ະເຆ຿້ ຈງຓ Article “a” ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ ສໞວຌ຃າໍ ຾ຎຂຬຄ have ຉາຓກ຺ຈກາຌເຆ້຾ຍຍຂໄໍ຋ໃ 5 ຌງໄ ໞຬຓຂືໄຌດູກ່ ຍັ ຃ວາຓໝາງ ຂຬຄ຃ໍາ຋ໃຉາຓຫົຄັ ຍໍໃຓ຅ໍາກັຈ຾ຌ່ຌຬຌຉາງ຿ຉຽຆໃັຌ: Have a rest ຑກັ ຏໞຬຌ Have a walk ງໞາຄຫຌ໇ Have a swim ລຬງຌ໇ໍາ Have a ride ຂໆ Have a sleep ຌຬຌຫັຍ Have a drink ຈຓໆ Etc. ເຆັໆຌ We had a swim in the pool yesterday ຑວກເອົາໄຈ້ລຬງຌໍ໇າໃຌສະຌ໇ຌັ ຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ She wants to have a drink with you. ລາວຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຈໆຓກຍັ ເ຅ົ໇າ Does your grandfather have a walk every morning. ຑໍເໆ ຊາ໇ົ ຂຬຄເ຅າົ໇ ຬຬກງາໞ ຄຫ໇ຌ຋ຸກ໅ ເຆົາ໇ ຍໍ 104

2.ຽຓືໃຬ Verb to have ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ຽຑືໃຬສະ຾ຈຄລກັ ສະຌະສະຽຑາະ ຾ລະ ຃ວາຓສາໍ ຑຌັ ຂຬຄສຄໃິ ຂຬຄຌໄັຌໂ຅ະເຆ້ Verb to be ຾຋ຌກແໍໃ ຈ້ຽຆັຌໃ : The house has six windows. ເອຬຌຫັຄຌ໇ຓຎ່ຬຄດຽ່ ຓ 6 ຎ່ຬຄ = there are six windows in this house. ຓຎ່ຬຄດ່ຽຓ 6 ຎ່ຬຄໃຌເອຬຌຫັຄຌ໇ My room has three tables. ຫຬໟ ຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງຓໂຉະ 3 ໜໞວງ = there are three tables in my room. ຓໂຉະ 3 ໜໞວງໃຌຫໟຬຄຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ ກາຌເຆ້ have to, have got to, had better ຊາຓ : ຽຓຬືໃ ຽວ຺ໄາຽຊຄິ Verb to have ຽອາ຺ ກຓໍໃ ັກ຅ະຑຍ຺ ຽຫັຌ have to, have got to, had better ດູ່ ຽລືຬໃ ງໂ ດາກຂອໍ ວູ້ າໞ ຃າໍ ຽຫ຺າໃົ ຌໄຓຫົັກກາຌເຆ້ດ່າຄເຈ? ກະລຌຸ າຬະ຋ິຍາງເຫຒ້ ັຄ຾ຈ່? ຉຬຍ : have to ແຎວໞາ \"ຉໟຬຄ, ຅າໍ ເຎຌັ ຉໟຬຄ\" (= must)ໃຆສ້ ະແຈຄເຊຄິ ຑັຌ຋ະໜາໟ ຋ຑໆ າລະກຈິ ຅ໍາເຎຌັ ຋ໆຉຬໟ ຄ ກະ຋ໍາຫຄັ have to ຉໟຬຄໃຆ຃້ ໍາກໍາຓະຆໞຬຄ 1 ຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆຌໆັ : I have to leave now. ຂໟຬງ຅ໍາເຎຌັ ຉໟຬຄກັຍຈຽວຌ໇ He has to go to school from Monday to Friday ລາວ຅ະຉໟຬຄໄຎອຽຌໜັຄສຉັຄ໇ ແຉ່ວຌັ ຅ຌັ ເຊິຄ ວຌັ ຬຄັ ຃າຌ ຎະໂຫງກຍຬກເລໆາົ ຋ໆຓ have to ເຓຬໆ ເອຈັ ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫ ຎະຉເິ ສຈຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ Verb to do ເຂົ໇າຓາຆວໞ ງ ຅ະເຬົາ have(ຫ has) ຂຌ໇ ໄຎໄວຉ້ ໇ຌົ ຎະໂຫງກເຓໆຬເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓ ຫ ຉຓໆ not ຫຄັ have, has ເຓໆຬຉຬໟ ຄກາຌໃຫ້ ເຎັຌຎະຉເິ ສຈຫາໄຈຍ້ ເໍ ຆັໆຌ: ຃າໍ ຊາຓ : Do I have to leave now? ຂໟຬງ຅ໍາເຎັຌຉຬໟ ຄໄຎຈຽວຌ໇ຍໞ (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ Have I to leave now?) ຎະຉິເສຈ: I don’t have to leave now. ຂຬໟ ງຍໍໆ຅ໍາເຎຌັ ຉໟຬຄໄຎຈຽວຌ໇ (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ I haven’t to leave now.) ຃ໍາຊາຓ : Does he have to go to work? ລາວ຅ະຉໟຬຄໄຎເອຈັ ວຽກຍໍ? (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ Has he to go to work?) ຎະຉິເສຈ: He doesn’t have to go to work. ລາວຍ຅ໍ າໍ ເຎັຌຉໟຬຄໄຎເອັຈວຽກ (ດ່າໃຆ້ He hasn’t to go to work?) ໝາງຽຫຈ:have toໃຆໄ້ ຈກ້ ັຍເຫຈກາຌ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ ແລະ ຬະຌາ຃ຈົ ອຍຬະຈຈິ ຂຬຄ have to ຃ had to - Have got to ຃ໍາແຎເຆຌັໆ ຈຽວກັຍ have to ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ໃຌຑາສາເວ໇າົ ແ຋ຌ have to ແລະ ຌງິ ົຓ 105

ຫງໍ໇ have ຫ has ເຂົາ໇ ກັຍສັຍຑະຌາຓຉະຫຬຈ ຫ ຫງ໇ໍເຂົາ໇ ກັຍ not ເຓຬໆ ຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ັຌເຎຌັ ຎະຉເິ ສຈກລໍ ະຌເອັຈ ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓໃຫເ້ ຬົາ have ຫ has ໃຌ຃ໍາວາໞ have (ຫ has) got to ຂ໇ຌໄຎໄວຉ້ ຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກໄຈ້ເຆຌັໆ : Affirmative(ຍຬກຽລ຺າໃ ) Negative(ຎະຉຽິ ສຈ) Interrogative(຃າໍ ຊາຓ) He’s got to go. He hasn’t got to go. I’ve got to do. I haven’t got to do. Has he got to go? John’s got to come. John hasn’t got to come. Haven’t I got to do.? Has John got to come? - Had better (ໃຫ້ລວຓເຊຄິ had rather, had sooner) ແຎວໞາ \"຃ວຌ຅ະ...ຈກວາໞ \" ຫຄັ had better ຉາຓ Verb ຆຬຄໞ 1(ເຎັຌ Infinitive Without \"to\") ໃຆ້ໃຌກລໍ ະຌ຋຃ໆ ຈິ ວາໞ ຅ະເຎຌັ ກາຌຈ຋ໆ຅ະກະ ຋ໍາດ່າຄໃຈດ່າຄໜໆຄດ່າຄໃຈ ຫ ເໝາະສົຓ຋ໆ຅ະຎະກຬຍກິຈຌຌັ໇ ໅ ໃຌເວລາຌຌັ໇ ຅ະຓອຍເຎຌັ ຬະຈິຈ(past) ແຉ່ ຃ວາຓໝາງເຎຌັ ຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ (present) ໂຈງຎກົ ກະຉິເວລາເວົ໇າ ຫ ຂຽຌຓກັ ຅ະຫງໍ໇ had ເຎັຌ ’d ເຂົາ໇ ກັຍໂຉຎະ຋າຌ ຉະຫຬຈໃຆ້ໄຈກ້ ັຍ຋ກຸ ຑຈົ ແລະ ຋ກຸ ຍອຸ ຸຈເຆຌໆັ : You had better start your work tomorrow. (= You’d better start your work tomorrow) ເ຅າ໇ົ ຃ວຌ຅ະເລໆຓວຽກຂຬຄເ຅໇າົ ຓຬ໇ ໆຌຈກວໞາ. I had better go back now. (=I’d better go back now) ຂຬໟ ງ຃ວຌ຅ະກຍັ ຈຽວຌ໇ຈກວໞາ. She had rather walk there. (=She’d rather walk there.) ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະງໞາຄໄຎຍຬໞ ຌຌ໇ັຌຈກວາໞ . He had sooner die than admit that he was wrong. (=He’d sooner die than admit that he was wrong ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະງຬງຉາງຈກວໞາ຋ໆອັຍວາໞ ເຎຌັ ຏຏ້ ິຈ. Start, go, walk, ແລະ die ເປັ ນ Infinitive Without \"to\") ລະວຄັ ! ຎະໂຫງກຍຬກເລໆົາ຋ໆຓ had better ເຎຌັ ຉ໇ົຌຌ໇ຌັ ເຓໆຬເອັຈເຎຌັ ຎະຉເິ ສຈໃຫ້ຉຓໆ not ຫຄັ better ຫ rather ເ຋ໆາົ ຌ໇ຌັ ດ່າໄຈ້ໄຎຉໆຓຫັຄ had ເຎຌັ ຬັຌຂາຈ(ເຑາະຓຫາງ຃ຌົ ເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ເຆັໆຌຌຌັ໇ ) ແລະ ເຓຬໆ ເອັຈເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ ຊາຓກໃໍໆ ຫ້ເຬົາສະເຑາະ had ໂຉຈຽວຂ໇ຌໄຎໄວ້ຉົຌ໇ ຎະໂຫງກເຆຌັໆ : ຍຬກເລົໆາ : She had better stay here alone. ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະຑກັ ດຍ່ ໞຬຌຌຉ໇ າຓລໍາຑັຄ ຎະຉິເສຈ : She had better not stay here alone. (ດາ່ ໃຆ:້ She had not better stay here alone.) ລາວຍໆໍ຃ວຌ຅ະຑກັ ດ່ຍໞຬຌຌຉ໇ າຓລາໍ ຑຄັ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ : Had she better stay here alone.? (ດ່າໃຆ:້ Did she better stay here alone.?) ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະຑັກດຍ່ ຬໞ ຌຌຉ໇ າຓລາໍ ຑັຄຍ?ໍ 106

ໜໟາ຋ຂໃ ຬຄ Verb to do ຊາຓ : Verb to do ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ຆໃ ໞວງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຬໃຌື ແຈດ້ າ່ ຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : Verb to do ໄຈແ້ ກ່ do, does, did ເຓໆຬຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງ (Helping-Verb) ຍໍໆຓສາໍ ຌຽຄ ແຎ ແລະ ເຓຬໆ ໄຎຆໞວງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉໃຈ Verb ຋ຉໆ າຓຫັຄ do, does, did ຍໆໍຉຬໟ ຄຓ to ຌໍາໜາໟ ເຑາະເຎັຌ Infinitive Without \"to\" do, does ໃຆກ້ ັຍກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຎະ຅ຍຸ ຌັ (ແຉຉ່ ໞາຄຑົຈກຌັ ) did ໃຆ້ກຍັ ກາຌກະ ຋າໍ ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຬະຈິຈ (ໄຈກ້ ຍັ ຋ກຸ ຑົຈ຋ຸກຍອຸ ຸຈ) ເຆິໆຄຓລາງລະຬຽຈຂຬຄກາຌໃຆ້ຆໞວງ ຫ ໃຆ຅້ ິຄໄຈ້ຈັໆຄຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ:໇ 1.ຆໞວງຽອຈັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຍຬກຽລ຺າໃ (Affirmative) ເຫ້ຽຎັຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຊາຓ(Interrogative) ຫົື ຎະ຿ຫງກຎະຉຽິ ສຈ(Negative) ເຌກໍລະຌ຋ໃຎະ຿ຫງກຽຫໃົາ຺ ຌຌໄັ ຉໟຬຄກຄ຺ ຉາຓຫກົັ ຋ຈິ ສະຈ຋ວໃ າໞ ... Verb to have ຍຓໆໍ Verb to be ຍໆໍຓ Verb to do ຓາຆໞວງ (ຫຓ will, would, shall, can, could, may, might, must ດແ່ ລວ້ ກໍຍໆ ໍໆຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ Verb to do ຆໞວງ) ຬາ຅າຌ Verb to do ຓ 3 ໂຉ ຅ະຌໍາຓາໃຆຉ້ ໞາຄກັຌດ່າຄໃຈ? ໃຆ້ຉາໞ ຄກຌັ ດາ່ ຄຌ໇຋ຬໞ ຄ຅ໍາໄວ້ເຈ.ິ .. ເຬກະຑຈົ ໃຆ້ does ຑະຫຸຑົຈ ໃຆ້ do I, They, We, You ໃຆ້ do ເໝຬຌກັຌ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະສໍາ຃ຌັ ຍຉໆໍ ໟຬຄຉຓໆ s(ed, ing) ຉ຺ວດ່າຄເຆ້ do ຓາຆວໞ ງ ຍຬກເລົາໆ : You speak French to your friend. ເ຅ົ໇າເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຐອັຄກັຍເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າ ຃ໍາຊາຓ : Do you speak French to your friend? ເ຅ົ໇າເວາ໇ົ ຑາສາຐອັຄກຍັ ເຑໆຬຌຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າຍ?ໍ (ດ່າໃຆ:້ Are you speak French to your friend?) ຎະຉິເສຈ : You don’t(ຫ do not) speak French to your friend.) ເ຅າົ໇ ຍໍເໆ ວາ໇ົ ຑາສາຐອັຄກັຍເຑໆຬຌຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ (ດ່າໃຆ້: You are not (ຫ are not) speak French to your friend.) ຫ You speak not (ຫ not speak) French to your friend. ເຎຌັ ຬຌັ ຂາຈ) ຉ຺ວດ່າຄເຆ້ does ຓາຆວໞ ງ ຍຬກເລົໆາ : He opens the window by himself. ລາວເຎຈິ ຎ່ຬຄດ່ຽຓຈໟວງໂຉເຬຄ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ : Does he opens the window by himself? ລາວເຎິຈຎຬ່ ຄດຽ່ ຓຈວໟ ງໂຉເຬຄຍ?ໍ (ດ່າໃຆ້: Is he opens the window by himself ?) 107

ຫ Opens he the window by himself ?) ຎະຉເິ ສຈ : He doesn’t (ຫ does not) open the window by himself. ລາວຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ເຎິຈຎ່ຬຄດຽ່ ຓຈໟວງໂຉເຬຄ (ດ່າໃຆ້: He is not opens the window by himself . ຫ He opens not (ຫ not opens) the window by himself. ເຎັຌຬັຌຂາຈ) ຉ຺ວດ່າຄເຆ້ did ຓາຆວໞ ງ ຍຬກເລໆາົ : She went to England last week. ລາວໄຎຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກຈິ ຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ແໆ ລວ້ ຃ໍາຊາຓ : Did she go to England last week? ລາວໄຎຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກຈິ ຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ແໆ ລວ້ ຍໍ? (ດ່າໃຆ:້ Was she went to England last week? ຫ Went she to England last week? ຫ Did she went to England last week? ຎະຉິເສຈ : She didn’t (ຫ did not) go to England ລາວຍໄໆໍ ຎຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກຈິ ຬາ຋ິຈ຋ໆແລ້ວ (ດາ່ ໃຆ:້ Sh wasn’t went to England. ຫ She went not (ຫ not went ) to England.) 2.ເຆ຾້ ຋ຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌໃື ຋ດໃ ່ເູ ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຈຼວກຌັ ຽຑໃືຬຉໟຬຄກາຌຍໍເຫເ້ ຆ຃້ ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຽກາໃ຺ ຌໄຌັ ຆໄໍາໂຫາົ ງຽ຋ຬືໃ ຽຆຌໃັ : Billy likes badminton and so does Jenny. ຍວິ ລຓກັ ແຍຈຓຌິ ຉຌັ ແລະ ເ຅ຌຌກໍໆຓກັ ເໝຬຌກຌັ You speak Thai and I do too. ເ຅ົາ໇ ເວາົ໇ ຑາສາໄ຋ ແລະ ຂໟຬງກໆໍ຃ກຌັ She worked yesterday but I didn’t. ລາວເອັຈຽກຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ແຉຂ່ ໟຬງຍເໍ ອັຈ (does, do, didn’t ຋ຄັ 3 ຃າໍ ໄຎແ຋ຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ likes, speak, ແລະ worked ຉາຓລໍາຈຍັ ຋ຄັ ຌ໇ເຑໆຬຉໟຬຄກາຌຍໆໍ ໃຫເ້ ວ໇າົ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ 3 ຃ໍາຌ໇ຆ໇າໍ ໅ຆາກ໅) 3.ເຆ້ໜຸຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຬືໃຌຽຑໃືຬເຫ້ຽກິຈ຃ວາຓສໍາ຃ັຌກັຍ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຌຌໄັ ວາໞ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຽອັຈຽຆຌໃັ ຌັໄຌ຅ໂິໃ ຫືົ ຽກິຈຂືໄຌ຅ຄິ ໂ ຿ຈງເຫ້ອຼຄແວ້ໜາໟ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ໃຓຌັ ແຎໜຸຌຬກຽ຋ຬໃື ໜຼຄໃຶ ຽຆຌັໃ : I do go and see you tomorrow. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະໄຎຑົຍເ຅໇ົາໃຫ້ໄຈ້ຓ໇ຬໆຌຌ໇ Danai does write to me. ຈະໄຌ຅ະຂຽຌ຅ຈົ ໝາງເຊິຄຂໟຬງແ຋໅້ They did live there two years ago. ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈ້ດຌ່ ໇ັຌແ຋໅້ ເຓຬໆ 2 ຎ຋ຏໆ າໞ ຌຓາ Do come with us. ໄຎກັຍເອາົ ໃຫ້ໄຈ້ເຈິ 108

(Do, does, did ແລະ do ອຽຄໄວ້ໜໟາ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໃຈເຌ໇ັຌ ຫ ໜຸຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໂຉຌຌັ໇ ໃຫຓ້ ຌາໍ໇ ໜັກກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຂຌ໇ ຓາ ແ຋້໅) 4.ເຆ້຾຋ຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຫກັົ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຉຬຍ຾ຍຍສັຌໄ ໂ຋ັຄຌໄຽຑືໃຬຫົກລຼໟ ຄຍໃເໍ ຫ້ຌາໍ ຽຬ຺າ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຫົກັ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຊາຓຌັຌໄ ຫາົ ງກວາໞ ຆາໄໍ ເງຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຽຆໃັຌ: Do you smoke a cigaarete? Yes, I do. ເ຅ົາ໇ ສຍດາຍໍ? ແຓ່ຌແລວ້ ຂໟຬງສຍດາ (ດາ່ ໃຆ:້ Yes, I smoke a cigaarete.) Did he ride a bicycle to school? Yes, he did. ລາວຂໆລົຈຊຍໄຎໂອຄອຽຌຍໍ?ໆ ແຓ່ຌແລ້ວ ລາວຂລໆ ຈົ ຊຍ (ດ່າໃຆ:້ Yes, he rode a bicycle to school.) Does she draw a picture? Yes, she does. ລາວແຉ້ຓອຍຍ?ໍ ແຓຌ່ ແລວ້ ລາວແຉຓ້ ອຍ (ດາ່ ໃຆ:້ Yes, she draws a picture) 5.ເຆ້຾຋ຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຫກົັ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ັຄ຋ຽໃ ຫຌັ (agreement)ຫືົ ຍໍໃຽຫັຌ(Disagreement) ຋ັຄຌໄ ຽຑືຬໃ ຫກົ ລຼໞ ຄກາຌຌໍາຽຬາ຺ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຫົັກເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຌໍາຽວໄ຺າຂໟາຄໜາ໠ ຓະຽວາໄ຺ ຬກຽຎຌັ ຽ຋ຬໃື ຋2ໃ ຽຆຌັໃ : ເຫັຌຈວໟ ງ: Tom speaks a lot Yes, he does. ຋ຬຓເວາ໇ົ ຫາງໂຑຈ ແຓ່ຌ ລາວເວາົ໇ ຫາງ ຍເໆໍ ຫຌັ ຈໟວງ: Your dog barks a lot No, It doesn’t. ໝາງຂຬຄເ຅໇ົາເຫໆົາຫາງເຫຬເກຌ ຍ,ໍ ຓຌັ ຍໆໄໍ ຈເ້ ຫົໆາຫາງຈຬກ ເຫັຌຈໟວງ: She sang well Yes, she did. ລາວອໟຬຄເຑຄໄຈ້ຓໞວຌຈ ແຓ່ຌ,ລາວອຬໟ ຄເຑຄໄຈ້ຓໞວຌ ຍເໍໆ ຫຌັ ຈໟວງ: You eat too much No, I don’t. ເ຅ົ໇າອຍັ ຎະ຋າຌຫາງເກຌິ ໄຎ ຍໍໆ, ຂໟຬງຍໆໍໄຈ້຋າຌຫາງ 6.Verb to do ຊາໟ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ດ່າຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຫົັກ (Principal Verb) ຋ໃ຺ວໂ ແຎຓສາໍ ຌຼຄ຾ຎວາໞ \"ຽອຈັ \" ຈັໃຄຌໄຌັ ຽຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓ ຫືົ ຎະຉິຽສຈຉຬໟ ຄຽຬາ຺ Verb to do (຋ໃຽຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງ) ຓາຆວໞ ງ do (຋ໃ ຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຾຋້ຬກຽ຋ຬືໃ ໜຄຶໃຼ ) ຉາຓຫກັົ ຋ິຈສະຈ຋ໃວາໞ .. ເຓຬໆ do ແຎວໞາ \"ເອັຈ\" ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຌໍາ do ຓາຆໞວງ ເຑໆຬຆວໞ ງໃຫ້ເຎັຌ຃ໍາຊາຓ ແລະ ຎະຉເິ ສຈ ເຆຌັໆ ຍຬກເລໆົາ : You do your homework every day. ເ຅໇າົ ເອຈັ ກາຌຍາໟ ຌ຋ຸກ໅ ຓ໇ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ : Do you do your homework every day? ເ຅໇າົ ເອຈັ ກາຌຍໟາຌ຋ຸກ໅ ຓ໇ຍໍ? 109

(Do ໂຉ຋ 1 ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງຓາຆໞວງໃຫເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓຍໍໆຓ຃ໍາແຎ do ໂຉ຋ 2 ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແ຋້ ຃າໍ ກໍາ ຓະໃຫງໞ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຫກັ ຅ະເຬຌ໇ ດາ່ ຄໃຈໄຈ຋້ ັຄຌຌັ໇ ຓ຃າໍ ແຎວາໞ \"ເອັຈ\") ຎະຉິເສຈ : You don’t do your homework every day. ເ຅ົ໇າຍໍໄໆ ຈເ້ ອຈັ ວຽກຍາໟ ຌຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າ຋ຸກ໅ ຓ໇ (do ໂຉ຋ໍາຬຈິ (ໃຌ຃າໍ ວໞາ don’t ຌັ໇ຌແລະ) ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງຓາຆໞວງໃຫເ້ ຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຎະຉເິ ສຈຍໆໍຓ຃າໍ ແຎ do ໂຉຫັຄເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋ແ້ ຎວາໞ \"ເອຈັ \" ແລະ ສຄິໆ ຋ໆ຃ວຌລະວັຄເຎຌັ ຑິເສຈກໆໍ຃ ເຓຬໆ ເອັຈເຎັຌ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫ ຎະຉເິ ສຈດາ່ ໄຈ້ຌາໍ ເຬາົ do ຋ໆຎະກຈົ ດ່ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຍຬກເລໆົາຌຌັ໇ ຂຌ໇ ໄຎໄວ້ຉຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກ ຫ ຉຓໆ not ລົຄຂາໟ ຄຫຄັ do ເຬົາແຍຍຓກັ ຄໞາງດ່າຄຌ໇ຍໆໄໍ ຈເ້ ຈັຈຂາຈເຆັໆຌ: (຃າໍ ຊາຓ) ຏຈິ : Do I my work in Bangkok? (ຊກ: Do I do my work in Bangkok?) (ຎະຉເິ ສຈ)ຏິຈ: I do not my work in Bangkok. (ຫ don’t) (ຊກ: I don’t (ຫ do not) do my work in Bangkok.) ຍຬກເລົໆາ: She does her exercise. ລາວເອຈັ ຍຈົ ເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຂຬຄລາວ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ: Does she do her exercise? ລາວເອັຈຍຈົ ເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຂຬຄລາວຍ?ໍ (ດ່າໃຆ:້ Does she her exercise? ໂຈງກາຌຌາໍ ເຬາົ does ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຂຌ໇ ໄຎໄວ້ຉົຌ໇ ຎະໂຫງກ ຫວັຄວາໞ ຃ຄົ ເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ແລ້ວເຌາະ) ຎະຉິເສຈ: She doesn’t (ຫ does not) do her exercise. ລາວຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ເອຈັ ຍຈົ ເຐກິ ຫັຈຂຬຄລາວ (ດາ່ ໃຆ:້ She does not her exercise) ຽຍຄໃິ ຉາຉະລາຄຌ຋ໄ ຼຍຬກຽຓໃື do ຽຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋້ Affirmative Interrgative Negative I do ຊກ: Do I do? ຊກ: I do not (don’t) do ຏຈິ : Do I ? ຏິຈ: I do not (don’t ) He does ຊກ: Does he do? ຊກ: He does not (doesn’t) do ຏຈິ : Does he? ຏິຈ: He does not (doesn’t) They did. ຊກ: Did they do? ຊກ: They did not (didn’t) do. ຏຈິ : Did they? ຏຈິ : They did not (didn’t). 1.ເຆ້຾຋ຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຾຋້ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Question – Tags ຽຆັຌໃ : Edward lives here, doesn’t he ເຬຈເວຈິ ຬາໄສດ່ຍໞຬຌຌ໇ ຍແໆໍ ຓຌ່ ຍໍ? (ດາ່ ໃຆ້: Edward lives here, doesn’t he live here?) We don’t drink whisky, do we? ຑວກເອົາຍໆໍຈໆຓເຫົ໇າ ແຓຌ່ ຍໍ? (ດ່າໃຆ້: We don’t drink whisky, do we drink whisky?) 110

He ate rice, didn’t he? ລາວກຌິ ເຂາ໇ົ ຍໆໍແຓ່ຌຍໍ? (ດ່າໃຆ:້ He ate rice, didn’t he eat rice?) ກາຌເຆ້ will, would, shall, should ຊາຓ : will, would, shall, should ຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃຆໞວງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ? ຅ຄ຺ ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາ ເຫ້຾຅້ຄ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : will, would, shall, should ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາ໠ ຋ໃຆວໞ ງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຬໃືຌຽຑໃຬື ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຬະຌາ຃ຈ຺ (Future Tense) ຾ລະ ເຆກ້ ຍັ ຎະ຋າຌ຋ໃຽຎັຌຍອຸ ຸຈ຋ 2 (຃ື you) ຾ລະ ຍອຸ ຸຈ຋ 3 (຃ື He, She, It, They) ຉະຫົຬຈຽຊິຄຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຋ໃວ຺ ແຎ຋ໃຓາຽຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌແຈ຋້ ຄັ ຌັໄຌ ຽຆຌໃັ : He will meet his friend on the raod. ລາວ຅ະໄຎຑົຍເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄລາວ຋ໆຫຌົ ຋າຄ You will be in time if you hurry. ເ຅າ໇ົ ຅ະ຋ັຌເວລາຊໟາຒາ້ ວແຈ່ Naraporn will arrive in Bangkok this evening. ຌະລາຑຬຌ຅ະຓາເຊິຄກຸຄເ຋ຍຉຬຌແລຄຌ.໇ The students will sit for an examination tomorrow. ຌກັ ສກສາ຅ະເຂາ໇ົ ສຬຍເສຄັ ຓ໇ຬໆຌຌ໇ Shall ຾ຎວໞາ \"຅ະ\" ເຆຽ້ ອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຆໃ ວໞ ງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬໃຌື ຽຑຬືໃ ເຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຬະຌາ຃຺ຈ (Future Tense) ຽຆຌໃັ ຈຼວກຍັ will ຾ລະ ເຫເ້ ຆ້ກຍັ ຎະ຋າຌ຋ໃຽຎັຌຍອຸ ຈຸ ຋ໃ 1(຃ື I, We ຽ຋຺າໃ ຌໄັຌ) ຽຆຌໃັ : I shall start my journey tomorrow. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຬຬກເຈຌ຋າຄຓຬ໇ ໆຌຌ໇ We shall be there at six o’clock. ຑວກເອາົ ຅ະໄຎເຊິຄ຋ຌໆ ໇ັຌເວລາ 6 ໂຓຄ I shall write a letter to him soon. ຂໟຬງ຅ະຂຽຌ຅ົຈໝາງເຊິຄລາວໃຌໄວ໅ຌ໇ ໝາງຽຫຈ: will ແລະ shall ຫາກໃຆສ້ ະລຍັ ກັຌກັຍຍຸອຈຸ ຋ໆກາໞ ວຓາແລວ້ ຌຌ໇ັ ຃ໃຆ້ I ກັຍ I, we ແລະໃຆ້ shall ກັຍ he, she, it, they ຉະຫຬຈເຊິຄຌາຓ຋ົວໆ ໄຎ຋ຓໆ າເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌແລ້ວ ງຬໞ ຓຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຑິເສຈຂຌ໇ : ຏິຈໄຎ ຅າກກາຌໃຆ້ແຍຍຎົກກະຉິ ເຑາະຌ໇ັຌສະແຈຄເຊຄິ ຃ວາຓຉຄ໇ັ ໃ຅ດາ່ ຄແຌຌ່ ຬຌ຋ໆ຅ະກະ຋າໍ ກາຌຌຌັ໇ ໅ ສະແຈຄເຊິຄ຃າໍ ໝ໇ຌັ ສັຌງາ, ສະແຈຄກາຌຂຓໆົ ຂ່, ແລວ້ ແຉກ່ ໍລະຌໄຎເຆັຌໆ : I will try to do it again. ຂໟຬງ຅ະຑະງາງາຓເອັຈຬກ຃ັ໇ຄ(ສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓຉັຄ໇ ໃ຅) I will give you a reward if you pass the exam. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະໃຫລ້ າຄວັຌເ຅໇າົ ຊໟາເ຅໇າົ ສຬຍເສຄັ ໄຈ(້ ສະແຈຄເຊິຄ຃ໍາໝ໇ັຌສັຌງາ) If you work well, you shall have higher wages. ຊໟາເ຅໇າົ ເອຈັ ວຽກຈເ຅ົ໇າກໍໆ຅ະໄຈ້ອຍັ ຃າໞ ຅ໟາຄສຄຂຌ໇ ຬກ(຃ໍາສັຌງາ) Don’t worry. She shall bring good news for you. ດາ່ ກັຄວຌົ ໄຎເລງ ລາວ຅ະຉໟຬຄຌໍາຂໞາວຈຓາໃຫເ້ ຅ົ໇າແຌຌ່ ຬຌ(຃າໍ ສັຌງາ) 111

That boy shall be punished, if he doesn’t go to school today. ເຈກັ ຃ຌົ ຌຌ໇ັ ຅ະຊກລົຄໂ຋ຈ ຊໟາລາວຍໆໄໍ ຎໂອຄອຽຌຓຌ໇ (໇ ຂຓົໆ ຂ່) ຋ັຄ 5 ຎະໂຫງກ຋ໆງົກຓາກໞາວເຎຌັ ຬ຋ຸ າຫຬຌສະແຈຄໄວ້ຂໟາຄເ຋ິຄຌ໇຅ະເຫັຌວາໞ ໃຆ້ will, shall ສະລັຍຍອຸ ຈຸ ກຌັ ຋ຄັ ຌ໇ກໍໆເຑໆຬສະແຈຄເຊິຄ຃ວາຓຉ໇ັຄໃ຅ດາ່ ຄແຌ່ຌຬຌ, ກາຌໃຫ຃້ າໍ ໝັ໇ຌສັຌງາ, ກາຌຂົຓໆ ຂ່ຉາຓ຋ໄໆ ຈ້ເວາົ໇ ຓາແລ້ວຌ໇ຌັ ເຬຄໃຌ຋າຄກຍັ ກຌັ ຫາກເອາົ ໃຆ້ will ກັຍຍອຸ ຈຸ ຋ 2-3 ແລະ shall ກັຍຍຸອຸຈ຋ 1 ກໆຊໍ ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ກາຌໃຆ້ຉາຓ ຎົກກະຉິຂຬຄຫັກຑາສາ຃ວາຓໝາງກໍໆ຃ຬໞ ງຉາຓເຎຌັ ຎກົ ກະຉິໄຎຍໍໄໆ ຈຑ້ ເິ ສຈວິໂສຫງັຄເລງ ແຉ່ຌເ໇ ອາົ ໃຆສ້ ະລຍັ ກຌັ ກງັ ຎກົ ກະຉິ຋ໆເ຃ງໃຆ້ ຓັຌ຅ຄໆ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຑເິ ສຈຂ໇ຌໄຎຉາຓ ຫວຄັ ວາໞ ຋ໞາຌຏຬ້ ໞາຌ຃ົຄເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ແລ້ວ. ຌຬກ຅າກຌແ໇ ລ້ວສະເຑາະ shall ງັຄໃຆໄ້ ຈກ້ ຍັ ຋ຸກຍຸອຈຸ ຬກຈໟວງ ເຓຬໆ ໄຎເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຑເິ ສຈສະແຈຄເຊິຄ ວຈັ ຊຎະສົຄວເິ ສສະຌາຌຎຸ ະໂຫງກ(Adverb Clause of Purpose) ຋ໆຓ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຉໍໆ so that ຫ in order that ເຆັໆຌ: Somsak comes here so that he shall see his father. ສົຓສັກຓາ຋ຌໆ ໇ກໆໍເຑໆຬວໞາ຅ະໄຈຑ້ ຍົ ກັຍຑໆຂໍ ຬຄລາວ The man works harder in order that he shall have bigher wages. ຏ້ຆາງ຃ົຌຌຌັ໇ ເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ ຂ໇ຌກໆເໍ ຑໆຬວໞາລາວ຅ະໄຈ້ອຍັ ຃ໞາ຅າໟ ຄສຄຂຌ໇ Would ຾ຎວໞາ \"຅ະ\" ເຆຽ້ ອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງເຫ້ກຍັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬືໃຌແຈຈ້ ຄັ ຉໃໍແຎຌ:ໄ 1.ເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ຂຬຄ will ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ຎໃ ຼ່ ຌຓາ຅າກ Indirect Speech ຽຆຌໃັ : She said, “I will do it again.” ລາວເວາົ໇ ວໞາ \"ຂໟຬງ຅ະເອຈັ ຬກ຃ັຄ໇ \" She said that she would do it again. ລາວເວ໇າົ ວໞາລາວ຅ະເອຈັ ຬກ຃ຄັ໇ ໜຄໆ 2.ເຆເ້ ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຽຄຬືໃ ຌແຂ (Conditional Sentence) ຽຆໃຌັ : If I were you, I would try to do. ຊໟາຂຬໟ ງເຎັຌເ຅າ໇ົ ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຑະງາງາຓເອັຈໃຫໄ້ ຈ້. We would have come if it had not rained. ຑວກເອາົ ຅ະໄຈ້ຓາແລ້ວ ຊໟາວໞາຐຌົ ຍຉໍໆ ົກ 3.ເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງອວໞ ຓກຍັ like ເຌສາໍ ຌວຌກາຌຽວາໄ຺ ຽຑືຬໃ ຃ວາຓສຸຑາຍຽຆິໃຄຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ ວໞາ\"ດາກ຅ະ, ກະລຸຌາດ່າແຈ້ຽຂ຺າໄ ເ຅ວໞາຽຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ຽຈຽິ ຆໃັຌ: He would like to meet you every Sunday. ລາວດາກຑຍົ ເ຅າ໇ົ ຋ຸກ໅ ວຌັ ຬາ຋ິຈ Somporn would like to study political science. ສຓົ ຑຬຌດາກອຽຌວຆິ າກຈົ ໝາງ I would like to be here alon. ຂໟຬງດາກດ່຋ໆຌຉ໇ າຓລໍາຑັຄ 4.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ would (຾຋ຌ will ຉະຫົຬຈແຎ) ຽຓຬໃື ຏູ້ຽວໄ຺າຍໍ຾ຌ່ເ຅຃ງື ັຄສະຫຄວຌ຋າໞ ຋ຽຑໃືຬຽຍໃິຄ ຎະຉ຃ິ ໍາກໍາຓະຂຬຄຏ຋ູ້ ໃຉຌ຺ ຽວາໄ຺ ຌໍາວາໞ ຅ະຽຎຌັ ຫົື ຽອຈັ ດາ່ ຄ຋ຆໃ ັກຌາໍ ຫືົ ຍໍ ຾ລະ ຉາຓກຈ຺ ຂໍໄຌຓໄ ກັ ເຆ້ ເຌ຃ໍາຊາຓຽຑໃືຬ຃ວາຓສຸຑາຍຽຆຌໃັ : Would you have come cold drinks? 112

ເ຅ົ໇າ຅ະອຍັ ເ຃ໆຬຄຈຓໆ ຅ັກຬຌັ ຍ?ໍ Would you like to watch television? ເ຅ົ໇າດາກເຍໆຄິ ໂ຋ລະ຋ັຈຍໍ? (ເຎັຌກາຌເຆຌຆວຌ) 5.ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ຋ຓໃ ກລິ ິງາ mind, please ຽຂາ຺ໄ ອໞວຓຽຑຬືໃ ຃ວາຓສຑຸ າຍເຌກາຌຊາຓ ຫືົ ຬຬກ຃ໍາສຄັໃ ຾ລະ ຽຑຬືໃ ຽຎຌັ ກາຌເຫ້ກຼຈ຾ກ຃່ ູ່ສ຺ຌ຋ະຌາຬກຽ຋ືໃຬໜຄຶຼໃ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ would ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຃ໍາ ຊາຓ ຫືົ ຃ໍາສັໃຄຌຌໄັ ໂ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : Would you mind if I smoke? Of course not. ເ຅ົ໇າ຅ະລຄັ ກຽຈຍໍຊໟາຂໟຬງ຅ະສຍດາ? ຍໍລຄັ ກຽຈຈຬກ. Would you please shut the door on your way out? ກະລຸຌາຆໞວງຬັຈຎະຉ຋າຄ຋ເໆ ຅ົ໇າຬຬກໄຎໄຈຍ້ ?ໍ Would you mind posting this letter for me? ຅ະລັຄກຽຈຍໍ຋຅ໆ ະສໆົຄ຅ຈົ ໝາງສະຍຍັ ຌໄ໇ ຎໃຫຂ້ ຬໟ ງ? ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 3 ຌ໇ເອົາ຅ະໃຆ້ will ຫ do ຓາຌາໍ ຉັ໇ຄ຃ໍາຊາຓຂ໇ຌຉົຌ໇ ຎະໂຫງກກໄໆໍ ຈແ້ ຉຍ່ ໍສຑຸ າຍເຆິຄໆ ຅ະເອັຈໃຫຏ້ ເ້ ວ໇ົາເສງຓາລະງາຈດາ່ ຄແອຄ຋ໆຈຽວເຑາະສະຌ໇ັຌ຃ວຌລະວຄັ ! 6.ເຆເ້ ຌສາໍ ຌວຌກາຌຽວ຺າໄ ວາໞ \"຃ວຌ຅ະ..ຈກວາໞ , ສະຓກັ ເ຅຋຅ໃ ະ...ຈກວາໞ \" ຃ວຍກຍັ better ຫົື rather ເຆແ້ ຈ້ກຍັ ຋ຸກຑຈ຺ ຋ຸກຍອຸ ຸຈຽຆຌໃັ : He would better (rather) go to meet you today. ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຎຑົຍເ຅ົາ໇ ຓ໇ຌຈ໇ ກວາໞ . Which would you rather have , tea or coffee? ເ຅໇າົ ດາກ຅ະຈຓໆ ຬັຌໃຈຫາງກວໞາຆາກຍັ ກາເຒ? ຍາຄເ຋ຬໆ ຫັຄ better ຫ rather ຅ະຓ than ຓາຉ຋ໍໆ າງ໇ ຬກໍໄໆ ຈເ້ ຆັໆຌ: I would rather die than come back without success. ຂໟຬງ຃ວຌ຅ະຉາງຈກວໞາ຋຅ໆ ະກຍັ ຓາໂຈງຍໍຎະສຍົ ຃ວາຓສາໍ ເລຈັ She would rather walk than run. ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະງໞາຄໄຎຫາງກວໞາແລ່ຌ Should ຾ຎວໞາ \"຅ະ\" ຓຫກົັ ກາຌເຆຈ້ ຄັ ຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ: 1.ເຆ້ຽຎຌັ ອຍູ ຬະຈິຈ(Past Tense) ຂຬຄ shall ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ Indirect Speech ຽຆໃຌັ : He said to me, “You will be able to do it.” ລາວເວົ໇າກຍັ ຂໟຬງວໞາ \"ເ຅ົ໇າ຅ະຉໟຬຄສາຓາຈເອັຈຓັຌໄຈ້\" He told me that I should be able to do it. ລາວຍຬກຂໟຬງວໞາ ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄສາຓາຈເອັຈຓັຌໄຈ້ 2.ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຬະຌາ຃ຈ຺ ຉະກາຌ(Future Tense) ຊໟາຏູ້ຽວໄາ຺ ງັຄຓ຃ວາຓສ຺ຄແສ. ຍ຾ໃໍ ຌເ່ ຅, ຫືົ ງັຄຽຎຌັ ກາຌ຃າຈໝາງດກູ່ ໞຼວກັຍຽຫຈກາຌ ຫົື ຑຶຈຼ ຉກິ ໍາຌຌໄັ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ should ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ(ຍໍໃຌິງ຺ຓ ເຆ້ shallຽຆໃັຌ: They should be there by 3 o’clock, I think. 3.Should ຽຓືໃຬ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ວຌ\" ຃ືຽຎຌັ ຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ ຌະກາຌເຆແ້ ຈກ້ ຍັ ຋ກຸ ຑ຺ຈ຋ຸກຍຸອຈຸ ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊິຄ ໜາໟ ຋຋ໃ ຅ໃ ະຉໟຬຄກະ຋ໍາກາຌເຫ້຃າໍ ຾ຌະຌາໍ (duty, obligation or advice) ຽຆິໃຄຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຽ຋ໃາ຺ ກຍັ ought to ຿ຈງສະຽຑາະຑາສາຽວ຺າໄ ຅ະເຆ້ should ຾຋ຌ ought to ຽຆຌໃັ : 113

Application should be submitted by May 5 th at the lastest. ໃຍສະໝກັ ຃ວຌ຅ະດຌຑາງໃຌວັຌ຋ 5 ເຓສາເຎຌັ ດາ່ ຄຆໟາ You should go on a diet. ເ຅ົາ໇ ຃ວຌຬຈົ ຬາຫາຌແຈ່ We should obey our government. ຑວກເອາົ ເຆຬໆ ຒັຄລັຈຊະຍາຌຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ 4.ເຆ້ should have + Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 3 ກັຍຬະຈຈິ ຉະກາຌ຋ຍໃ ໍໃຽກິຈຂຌືໄ ຅ຄິ ຽຆໃິຄແຈຏ້ າໞ ຌຑຌໄ຺ ຓາ຾ລວ້ ຽຆໃຌັ : Surat should have studied hard before the examination.(but he didn’t.) ສຸລຈັ ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຈ້ອຽຌດ່າຄ຅ິຄ຅ຄັ ກໞຬຌ຋ໆ຅ະສຬຍເສຄັ Your report is too late. You should have submitted it by last Friday. ຍົຈລາງຄາຌຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ ຆໟາເກິຌໄຎ ເ຅໇ົາຌາໞ ຅ະໄຈດ້ ຌໆ ຓວ໇ ັຌສຸກ຋ໆແລວ້ (ແຉເ່ ຅໇າົ ຍໍໄໆ ຈ້ດຌ) 5.ເຆ້ should ຾຋ຌ might ກຍັ ຋ກຸ ຎະ຋າຌແຈ້ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຓຄຸ່ ໝາງ຿ຈງຓ ສຌັ ຋າຌ so that, in order that ຌໍາໜາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຂຬຄຓຌັ ຽຆຌັໃ : I helped him very much so that he should (might) succed. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ຆໞວງລາວດາ່ ຄຫາງ ຈັໆຄຌຌັ໇ ລາວ຃ວຌສໍາເລັຈ 6.ເຆ້ should ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ຉໃ າຓຫຄົັ lest, for fear that, ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆຌໃັ : Winai studied harder lest he should fail. ວໄິ ຌສກສາໜກັ ງໆຄິ ຂຌ໇ ເຑໆຬວາໞ ຅ະໄຈ້ຍໍໆຉໟຬຄສຬຍເສຄັ ຉກົ She remained silent for fear that I should hear her. ລາວງຄັ ຫຄຽຍດເ່ ຑາະດາ້ ຌວໞາຂໟຬງ຅ະໄຈ້ງິຌລາວ Can ຾ຎວາໞ \"ສາຓາຈ\" ຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ Anomalous Verb(຃ໍາກໍາຓະຑິຽສຈ) ແຈຑ້ ຼຄດ່າຄຈຼວອຍູ ຬະຈິຈຂຬຄ can ຃ື could ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ຋ໃຉາຓຫັົຄ can ຽຎັຌ Infinitive Without “to” ແລະ ຌຬກ຅າກຌ໇ແລ້ວ can ງຄັ ໃຆ້ໄຈ້ກຍັ ຋ກຸ ຎະ຋າຌ ແລະ ຋ຸກຑົຈຬກ ເຆິໆຄຓວິ຋ໃຆໄ້ ຈ້ຈັໆຄຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ:໇ 1.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຬຈິ ສະຫົະ຅າກຑຌັ ຋ະຬຌໃື ໂຽຆັຌໃ : I can see you tomorrow at 7 o’clock. ຓ໇ຬຌໆ ຌ໇ຂໟຬງຑຍົ ເ຅໇ົາໄຈ້ເວລາ 7 ໂຓຄ 2.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄຑາວະກາຌອັຍອ້ຽູ ຆຄໃິ ຍໍຬາຈ຃ວຍ຃ຸຓແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ : I can see (hear, remember, etc) ຂຬໟ ງສາຓາຈເຫັຌ(ໄຈງ້ ິຌ, ຅ໍາໄຈ້ ເຎັຌຉົຌ໇ ) 3.ເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄຽຊຄິ ສໃຄິ ຋ຏໃ ູຽ້ ວ຺ໄາ ຽວໄ຺າຌຌໄັ ຽຎຌັ ຃ວາຓ຅ຄິ ຫືົ ຽຎຌັ ແຎແຈດ້ ່າຄ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ຿ຈງຎະສະ຅າກຂໄໍ ສ຺ຄແສຽຆໃັຌ: This can be the answer, I think. ຂໟຬງ຃ຈິ ວາໞ ຌ໇຃຃າໍ ຉຬຍ຋ຊໆ ກຉຬໟ ຄ Can this be right? ສຄິໆ ຌ໇ຊກຉໟຬຄຍໍ? 4.ເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄຽຊິຄ຃ວາຓສາຓາຈ ຫືົ ຬາກາຌຬະຌຸງາຈ ຽຆັຌໃ : I can drive very far from here. ຂໟຬງສາຓາຈຂັຍລົຈໄຎໄຈ້ໄກ຅າກຍຬໞ ຌຌ໇ 114

You can go whenever you want. ເ຅າົ໇ ໄຎໄຈ້ເຓຬໆ ເ຅ົ໇າຉໟຬຄກາຌ 5.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊຄິ ຑະລະກໍາລຄັ ກາຌຽຐິກຫັຈ ຾ລະ ກາຌອຼຌອູ້ຽຆໃຌັ : Can you lift that table? ເ຅ົ໇າສາຓາຈງກົ ໂຉະໜວໞ ງຌ໇ຌັ ໄຈ້ຍ?ໍ Can you play the piano well? ເ຅າ໇ົ ສາຓາຈຫເ໇ ຎງໂຌໄຈຈ້ ຍໍ? Could ຾ຎວາໞ \"ສາຓາຈ\" ຽຎັຌອູຍຬະຈິຈຂຬຄ can ເຆ້ແຈກ້ ຍັ ຋ຸກຑຈ຺ ຾ລະ ຋ກຸ ຿ຉຎະ ຋າຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌໃື ຋ຉໃ າຓຫົຄັ ຽຎຌັ Infinitive Without “to” ຽຆໃຄິ ຓລາງລະຬຼຈຂຬຄກາຌເຆ້ແຈ້ ຈັໃຄຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ: 1.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຬຈິ ສະຫະົ ຅າກຑັຌ຋ະຬຌືໃ ໂ ແຈ຾້ ຉ່ຓ຃ວາຓ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌຌໟຬງກວໞາ can ຽຆັໃຌ She could see me tomorrow at 7 o’clock, perhaps. ຓຬ໇ ໆຌຌເ໇ ວລາ 7 ໂຓຄລາວຬາຈ຅ະຑຍົ ຂໟຬງກໍໄໆ ຈ້. 2.ເຆຽ້ ຎັຌຬະຈິຈຂຬຄ can ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ Indirect Speech (຋ໃຎ່ຼຌຓາ຅າກ Direct Speech) ຽຆໃັຌ Direct: She said, “I can go there alone” ລາວເວົາ໇ ວາໞ \"ຂຬໟ ງສາຓາຈໄຎ຋ໆຌຌັ໇ ຃ົຌຈຽວໄຈ້\" Indirect : She said that she could go there alone. ລາວເວາົ໇ ວາໞ ລາວສາຓາຈໄຎ຋ຌໆ ຌ໇ັ ຃ົຌຈຽວໄຈ້ 3.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊຄິ ຃ວາຓສາຓາຈ຋ໃແຈກ້ ະ຋າໍ ເຌຬະຈຈິ ຽຆັຌໃ : I could speak French perfectly ten years ago. ຂໟຬງສາຓາຈເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຐອຄັ ໄຈຈ້ ເຓໆຬ 10 ຎ຋ໆຏໞາຌຓາ He could swim across this river when he was young. ລາວສາຓາຈລຬງຌ໇ໍາຂໟາຓແຓຌ່ າ໇ໍ ຌ໇ໄຈ້ເຓໆຬຉຬຌ຋ໆລາວເຎັຌໜຸ່ຓ 4.ເຆ້ຽຑຬໃື ຂຬໍ ະຌຸງາຈກະ຋າໍ ກາຌດ່າຄເຈດາ່ ຄໜຼຶຄໃ ກັຍ຃ູ່ສ຺ຌ຋ະຌາ ຋ຄັ ຌຽໄ ຑືໃຬຽຎຌັ ກາຌເຫ້ກຼຈກຍັ ຏູ້຋ໃຽອ຺າຽວາ຺ໄ ຌາໍ ຽຆຌັໃ : Could I borrow your pen, please? ຂຬໟ ງຂດໍ ຓຍິກຂຬຄເ຅໇ົາແຈ່ໄຈ້ຍໍ? Could I go in your office.? ຂໟຬງຂໍເຂາົ໇ ໄຎຍໞຬຌເອຈັ ວຽກຂຬຄເ຅໇າົ ໄຈຍ້ ໍ? 5DCould ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ເຌອຍູ Could + have + Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 3 ຽຑືຬໃ ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊິຄ຃ວາຓສາຓາຈ ຫົື ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌແຎແຈ້ເຌຬະຈຈິ ຾ຉກ່ ໃໍຍໃແໍ ຈເ້ ຆ຃້ ວາຓສາຓາຈຌໄັຌຽຆໃັຌ: I could have lent you the money, why didn’t you ask me? ຂໟຬງໃຫເ້ ຅ົ໇າດຓເຄຌິ ໄຈ້(ແຉ່) ເຎັຌຫງັຄເ຅າ໇ົ ຅ຄໆ ຍຬໆໍ ຬກຎາກຂໍ? ໜາໟ ຋ຂໃ ຬຄ May, Might ຊາຓ : May ຾ລະ Might ເຆ້ຽອັຈໜໟາ຋ຆໃ ວໞ ງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຬືໃຌແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : May ແລະ Might ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຅າໍ ຑວກ Anomalous Verb ໄຈ້ຑຽຄດຄ່ ຈຽວເ຋ໆາົ ຌຌ໇ັ ອຍຬະຈຈິ ຂຬຄ May ກ຃ໆໍ Might ອຍຎະຉິເສຈ຃ many not (mayn’t) ແລະ Might not (mightn’t) ແລະ May ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆໞວງໄຈ້ຈັໆຄຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ໇: 115

1. ເຆຽ້ ຑຬືໃ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຓຸ່ຄໝາງ(Purpose) ຾ລະ຅ະດູ່ຫົຄັ so that ຫົື in order that ຉະຫຬົ ຈ ຽຆຌໃັ : I work hard so that I may succed. ຂຬໟ ງເອຈັ ວຽກດາ່ ຄໜກັ ເຑໆຬວໞາຎະສົຍ຃ວາຓສໍາເລຈັ We eat in order that we may live. ເອາົ ກິຌເຑໆຬວາໞ ເອົາ຅ະໄຈຓ້ ຆວຈິ ດ່ 2.ເຆຽ້ ຑຬໃື ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຎາຈຊະໜາ ຃ວາຓຫວັຄ ຫືົ ກາຌຬວຌຑຬຌເຫ້ຎະສ຺ຍ຃ວາຓສາໍ ຽລຈັ ເຌ ສິຄໃ ຋ໃຉໟຬຄຎະສຄ຺ (May ດູຉ່ ໄ຺ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫົຬຈ)ຽຆຌໃັ : May you be happy for ever. ຂໍໃຫ້ເ຅າົ໇ ຎະສົຍແຉ່຃ວາຓສກຸ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ May he succed in his examination. ຂໍໃຫລ້ າວຎະສຍົ ຃ວາຓສາໍ ເລຈັ ໃຌກາຌສຬຍເສັຄຂຬຄລາວ 3.ເຆຆ້ ໞວງຽຑຬໃື ສະ຾ຈຄກາຌຬະຌງຸ າຈ ຫຶຼົ ກາຌຂຬໍ ະຌງຸ າຈ (Permission) ຋ໃ຅ະກະ຋າໍ ກາຌ ດ່າຄເຈດາ່ ຄໜຶໃຄຼ ຽຆໃັຌ: May I use your dictionary? Yes, you may. ຂຬໟ ງຂໃໍ ຆຑ້ ຈົ ຅ະຌາຌຸກົຓຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ ໄຈຍ້ ໍ? ໃຆໄ້ ຈ້ ເຆຌເລງ We may smoke here, mayn’t we? No, you may not. ຑວກເອົາຂໍສຍດາ຋ຌໆ ໇ໄຈຍ້ ໍ? ຍໍໆ . ຍໍໄຈ້ 4.ເຆ້ຆວໞ ງຽຑືຬໃ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓ຃າຈ຃ະຽຌວາໃ຅ະຉໟຬຄຽຎຌັ ດ່າຄຌັໄຌດ່າຄຌແໄ ຈ້ຽຆຌັໃ : You may learn swimming within few days. ເ຅໇ົາຬາຈອຽຌກາຌລຬງຌໍ໇າໄຈຑ້ າງໃຌ 2-3ຓຌ໇ ໇ She may come nest Sunday. ລາວຬາຈຓາວຌັ ຬາ຋ຈິ ໜາໟ 5.ເຆຽ້ ຑໃືຬສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓສຄ຺ ແສ ຫົື ຍໃໍ຾ຌ່ເ຅ຂຬຄຏູ້ຽວໄາ຺ ຋ໃຓສຄໃິ ຌຌັໄ ໂ ຽຆຌັໃ : You may talk to everybody but you can’t force him to listen to you. ເ຅າ໇ົ ຬາຈ຅ະເວາ໇ົ ກຍັ ຋ຸກ຃ົຌໄຈ້ ແຉເ່ ຅ົາ໇ ຍສໆໍ າຓາຈຍຄັ ຃ຍັ ໃຫລ້ າວຒັຄເ຅າ໇ົ (຋ຸກເ຋ຬໆ ) ໄຎໄຈ.້ 6.ເຆຆ້ ໞວງຽຑືໃຬສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ແຎແຈ້(Possibility) ສໍາລຍັ ກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຌຌັໄ ໂຽຆັໃຌ: It may rain this afternoon. ຐົຌຬາຈ຅ະຉົກໃຌຉຬຌ຋ໞຽຄຌ໇ She may tell me when she runs out of money. ລາວຬາຈ຅ະຍຬກຂຬໟ ງເຓຬໆ ລາວໝຈົ ເຄິຌໃຆ້ Might ຓວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ຈຄັ ຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ:໇ 1.ເຆ້ຽຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ຂຬຄ may ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ຎໃ ່ຼຌຓາ຅າກ Direct Speech ຽຆັຌໃ : Direct : He said, “I may drive your car today” ລາວເວ໇າົ ວາໞ , \"ຂໟຬງຬາຈ຅ະຂຍັ ລົຈຂຬຄເ຅໇າົ ຓ໇ຌ໇ Indirect: He said that he might drive my car that day. 116

ລາວເວົາ໇ ວາໞ ລາວຬາຈ຅ະໄຈຂ້ ຍັ ລົຈຂຬຄຂໟຬງຓ໇ຌັ໇ຌ 2.ເຆເ້ ຌກລໍ ະຌ຋ໃຏຽູ້ ວ຺າໄ ຍ຾ໍ ຌເ່ ຅ວາໞ ລາວ຅ະຽອຈັ ດ່າຄຌັຌໄ ດ່າຄຌ຾ໄ ຋້ (຾ຉຫ່ າກໝໄັຌເ຅ດາ່ ຄ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ ເຫເ້ ຆ້ may ຾຋ຌ) ລຬຄຎຼຍ຋ຼຍຽຍິໃຄ 2 ຎະ຿ຫງກຌ຾ໄ ລ້ວ຅ະຽຂໄາ຺ ເ຅ງິຄໃ ຂຌໄື ຽຆັໃຌ: Mr. A: I don’t know where Det is. He might be at his office. Mr. B: I think Det may be at his office certainly. ຎະໂຫງກ຋ໍາຬິຈ: Mr. A ຍອໍ ້ວາໞ ເຈຈດຍ່ ຬໞ ຌໃຈກຌັ ແຌ່ຑຽຄ຃າຈກາຌວາໞ ລາວຬາຈ຅ະດຍ່ ຬໞ ຌເອັຈວຽກຂຬຄລາວກໆໍ ໄຈ້ເຓໆຬເວົ໇າຬຬກໄຎໂຈງຍໍແໆ ຌ່ໃ຅ແຍຍຌຌ໇ັ ຅ຄໆ ໃຆ້ might ຓາເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງ. ຎະໂຫງກ຋ສຬຄ: Mr. B ອແ້ ຅ຄ້ ຎະ຅ັກກຍັ ໂຉເຬຄດາ່ ຄແ຋຋້ ໆວໞາເຈຈ຅ະຉໟຬຄດ່ຍຬໞຌເອຈັ ວຽກຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ໄຎໃສເຑາະເຫັຌ ຓາໂຉເຬຄແລ້ວ຅ຄໆ ເກຈິ ຃ວາຓໝັຌ໇ ໃ຅ 100% ວໞາເຈຈ຅ະຉໟຬຄດຍ່ ຬໞ ຌເອັຈວຽກຂຬຄລາວ຅ຄໆ ໃຆ້ may ຓາເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆໞວງຬັຌສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓໝຌັ໇ ໃ຅ 3.Might + have + Verb 3 ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຑໃືຬສະ຾ຈຄຽຊິຄ຃ວາຓຍໃ຾ໍ ຌ່ເ຅ຂະຌະ຋ໃຽວາ຺ໄ ຽຊຄິ ສຄໃິ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ຽຆັຌໃ I can’t imagine why she was late. She might have been delayed by the rain or she might have had an accident. ຂໟຬງ຃ຈິ ຍຬໆໍ ຬກ(ເໝຬຌກຌັ )ວາໞ ເຎັຌຫງັຄລາວ຅ໆຄຓາຆາໟ ລາວຓາຆາໟ ເຑາະຐຌົ ຉົກເອັຈໃຫລ້ ໞາຆໟາ ຫ ວໞາລາວ ໄຈ້ອັຍຬຸຎະຉເິ ຫຈ(ກັຌແຌຌ່ ຬຌ) (ກາຌ຃າຈ຃ະເຌໃຌລັກສະຌະຍແໍ ຌ່ໃ຅ເຊຄິໆ ສຄໆິ ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ແຍຍຌ໇ຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ might + have + Verb ຆໞຬຄ 3 ເຑາະຏ້ເວ໇ົາ ເວ໇ົາໄຎໃຌລກັ ສະຌະວເິ ຃າະເຫຈກາຌຍໍໆແຓ່ຌຂ໇ເໍ ຋ັຈ຅ິຄ຋ໆຎະ຅ກັ ກັຍໂຉເຬຄແລວ້ ຈຄັ ຌ໇ຌັ ກໍຂໆ ໍໃຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາ ເອັຈ຃ວາຓເຂົາ໇ ໃ຅ໄວ້ໃຫຈ້ ຈວໟ ງກຽວກຍັ ກົຈຂຌໍ໇ ໇) Must Must ເຎັຌກລິ ິງາ຅າໍ ຑວກ Anomalous Verb ໂຈງແ຋້ຍໆໍຓອຍ Infinitive, Participle ເຆຌໆັ ກິລງິ າ຋ໍາ ຓະຈາ຋ວໆົ ໄຎ ແລະ ຍໆຉໍ ຬໟ ຄຉໆຓ s ເຊິຄໆ ວໞາຎະ຋າຌ຅ະເຎັຌຍຸອຸຈ຋ 3 ເຬກະຑຈົ ເຆິໆຄຓວິ຋ໃຆ້ຈຄັໆ ຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇: 1.ເຆ້ຽຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄ຃ໍາສັຄໃ ຫົື຃ວາຓ຅ໍາຽຎັຌ຋຅ໃ ະຉຬໟ ຄຽອຈັ Necessityຽຆຌໃັ We must obey the laws of the country. ຑວກເອາົ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄເຆຬໆ ຒຄັ ກຈົ ໝາງຂຬຄຎະເ຋ຈ You must do as you are told. ເ຅໇ົາ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄເອັຈດ່າຄ຋ໆໄຈອ້ ັຍກາຌຍຬກຓາ 2.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄກາຌຍຬກຽລາໃ຺ ຋ຉໃ ໟຬຄກາຌຽຌັຌໄ ເຫໜ້ ກັ ຾ໜຌ້ ຾ຉ່ຍ຾ໃໍ ຓຌ່ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓ຅ໍຽຎັຌຽຆຌັໃ : You must know that my father is very busy. ເ຅ົາ໇ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄອຈ້ ໟວງວາໞ ຑໍຂໆ ຬຄຂໟຬງຫງຄຸ້ ງາກ He must know that he is a student of this school. ລາວ຅ະຉໟຬຄອ້ໄວ້ຈວໟ ງວໞາ ລາວເຎຌັ ຌັກສກສາຂຬຄໂອຄອຽຌຌ໇ 3.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຉໄັຄເ຅ ຫືົ ຃ວາຓ຾ຌ່ເ຅ຂຬຄຏູຽ້ ວາໄ຺ ຽຆັຌໃ : Robert leaves Bangkok at noon, he must be in Manila by 4P.M. ໂອເຍຈິ ຬຬກ຅າກກຸຄເ຋ຍເວລາ຋ໞຽຄ ລາວກໆ຅ໍ ະເຊິຄຓະຌລາເວລາ 4 ໂຓຄແລຄ I must finish this before I go to bed. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຉໟຬຄເອັຈສິໆຄຌ໇ສາໍ ເລັຈກຬໞ ຌ຋຅ໆ ະໄຎຌຬຌ This must be what he means. 117

ຌ໇຅ະຉໟຬຄເຎັຌສິຄໆ ຋ໆລາວໝາງເຊຄິ ດ່າຄແຌຌ່ ຬຌ 4.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຫົື ຽຫຈກາຌ຋ຽໃ ກຈິ ຂຌໄື ຽຆຄິໃ ກ຺ຄກຌັ ຂາໟ ຓກຍັ ຃ວາຓຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຂຬຄຏຽູ້ ວໄາ຺ ຽຆຌໃັ : Every time I call on him, he must be busy. ຂໟຬງໄຎຫາລາວ຋ໄໆ ອ ລາວເຎັຌຉໟຬຄຍໍໆວາຄ຅ັກເ຋ໆຬ Just when the examination began, I must fall ill. ຋ຌັ ຋຋ກໆ າຌສຬຍເສັຄເລຓໆ ຂຌ໇ ຂຬໟ ງເຎຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄຫໆົຓຎ່ຬງລຄົ 5.ເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄຽຫຈກາຌ ຫົື ຑຈຼຶ ຉກິ າ຋຅ໃ ະຉຬໟ ຄຽກຈິ ຂືໄຌກັຍຓະຌຈຸ ຫືົ ກຍັ ສຄິໃ ຬືໃຌເຈຽຆິຄໃ ຍໃໍສາຓາຈ ຫົກລໞຼຄແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ : Man must die. ຃ົຌເອົາຉຬໟ ຄຉາງ Everything must come to an end. ຋ກຸ ສຄໆິ ຋ກຸ ດ່າຄຉໟຬຄຓາເຊຄິໆ ຉຬຌ຅ຍົ (ຂຬຄຓຌັ ) We must all become old. ຑວກເອົາ(຋ກຸ ຃ົຌ) ຉຬໟ ຄເຊ໇ົາກັຌ຋ັຄຌຌັ໇ 6.ເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຋ໃຽຎັຌໜໟາ຋ໃ຿ຈງກ຺ຄຽຆັໃຌ: We must pay taxes to our government. ເອົາ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄ຅າໞ ງຑາສໃຫ້ກຍັ ລຈັ ຊະຍາຌຂຬຄຑວກເອົາ Every citizen must help in time of war. ຎະຆາຆຌົ ຋ກຸ ຃ຌົ ຉໟຬຄຆວໞ ງກັຌໃຌງາຓຓສົຄ຃າຓ 7.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄກາຌຂອໍ ຬໟ ຄ(ເຌສຄໃິ ຋ຍໃ ຬໍ າຈຫົກລໞຼຄແຈ)້ ຽຆຌັໃ : You must forgive me for that matter. ເ຅າົ໇ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຂໂໍ ຋ຈຂຬໟ ງສາໍ ລັຍເລຬໆ ຄຌຌ໇ັ You must tell I feel sorry for him. ເ຅າ໇ົ ຅ະຉໟຬຄຍຬກລາວຈວໟ ງວາໞ ຂໟຬງຓ຃ວາຓເສງໃ຅ກັຍລາວຈໟວງ. ໝາງຽຫຈ: must ເຎັຌ present Tense (ຎະ຅ຸຍັຌຌະກາຌ) ດ່າຄຈຽວຍໍຓໆ ອຍຬະຈິຈ ຫ ຬະຌາ຃ຈົ ເຎຌັ ຂຬຄ ຉຌົ ເຬຄ ແຉເ່ ຓຬໆ ຉໟຬຄກາຌໃຆ້ເຎັຌຬະຈິຈຉະກາຌ(Past Tense) ໃຫ້ໃຆ້ had to ແ຋ຌ ຫ ຉໟຬຄກາຌໃຫ້ເຎັຌ ຬະຌາ຃ົຈຉະກາຌ(Future Tense) ໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ will have to ຫ shall have to ເຆໆຌັ : ຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ : I must study the Buddhist Philosophy. ຬະຈຈິ : I had to study the Buddhist Philosophy. ຬະຌາ຃ຈົ : I shall have to study the Buddhist Philosophy. ຂຬໟ ງຉຬໟ ຄສກສາຎຈັ ຆະງາ຋າຄຑຸຈ຋ະສາຈສະໜາ Need Need ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ Anomalous Verb ຋ຬໆ ຬກ຅ະຑິເສຈດ່ໜຬໟ ງໜໆຄຌ໇ຌັ ຃ ໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ (Finite Verb) ກໄໆໍ ຈໃ້ ຆເ້ ຎຌັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງ (Helping Verb) ກໍໄໆ ຈ້ ຈັຄ຅ະໄຈຬ້ ະ຋ຍິ າງເຊຄິ ລາງລະຬຽຈຂຬຄ ກາຌໃຆ້ຈໆັຄຌ໇: ກ. Need ເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຾຋້ 118

1.Need ຊາໟ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ດ່າຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋຋້ ຺ວໃ ໂ ແຎ ຉາຓ຃ໍາກໍາຓະອູຍ Infinitive With “to” ຾ລະ ຽຓຬໃື ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄ Need ຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຎະ຅ຍຸ ຌັ ຌະກາຌ Need ຉຬໟ ຄຉຓໃື s ຾ລະ ຽຓຬໃື ຽຎຌັ ຬະຈຈິ ເຫຉ້ ຼຓຶໃ ed ຋ໃ Need ແຈ້ຽລງຽຆໃຌັ She needs to go to see a doctor when she is sick. ລາວຉຬໟ ຄໄຎຫາໝໍເຓຬໆ ລາວຍໍໆສະຍາງ He needed to come here yesterday but he didn’t ລາວ຅ໍາເຎັຌຉຬໟ ຄຓາ຋ໆຌຓ໇ ວ໇ າຌຌ໇ ແຉ່ລາວກໆຍໍ ໄໆໍ ຈ້ຓາ 2.Need ຋ໃເຆດ້ ່າຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋້(Finite Verb) ຽຓຬືໃ ຽອັຈຽຎັຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫົື ຎະຉິຽສຈຉຬໟ ຄ ເຆ້ Verb to do ຽຂາ຺ໄ ຓາຆວໞ ງຽຆັໃຌ: ຍຬກເລໆົາ: He needs to work to earn his living. ລາວ຅ໍາເຎຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄເອຈັ ວຽກຫາລໟຽຄຆຍໂຉລາວເຬຄ ຎະຉິເສຈ: He doesn’t need to work to earn his living. ລາວຍ຅ໆໍ າໍ ເຎັຌຉຬໟ ຄເອັຈວຽກຫາລໟຽຄຆຍຂຬຄລາວຬກແລວ້ ຃ໍາຊາຓ: Does he need to work to earn his living? ລາວ຅ໍາເຎັຌຉໟຬຄເອັຈວຽກຫາລຽໟ ຄຆຍໂຉລາວເຬຄຍໍ? ຂ. Need ຋ໃເຆ້ດາ່ ຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງ 1.Need ຋ເໃ ຆດ້ ່າຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງ (Helping Verb) ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬໃຌື ຉາຓຫັຄົ ຉຬໟ ຄຽຎຌັ Infinitive Without “to” ຾ລະ ຽຓຬໃື ຎະ຋າຌຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຎະ຅ຸຍັຌຌະກາຌ Need ກຍໃໍ ຉໍໃ ຬໟ ຄຉໃຓື s (ຫົື ed, ing ຋ັຄຌັຌໄ ) ຽຆຌໃັ : She needs hardly do hard work. ລາວເກຬຍ຅ະຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ເອັຈວຽກໜັກເລງ. We need never go to school late. ເອົາຍເໍໆ ຃ງໄຎໂອຄອຽຌຆາໟ ເລງ. 2.Need ຋ໃເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງ ຍໍໃຌິງ຺ຓຌໍາແຎ຾ຉ່ຄຎະ຿ຫງກ ຫືົ ຽວາ຺ໄ ເຌຂໍ຃ໄ ວາຓ຋ໃຽຎັຌຍຬກຽລໃາ຺ (Affirmative)຾ຉ່ຌງິ ຺ຓຌາໍ ຓາເຆເ້ ຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ (Interrogative) ຫືົ ຎະ຿ຫງກຎະຉິຽສຈ (Negative) ຫົື ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຋ຓໃ ຂໍໄ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌຽ຃ຄໃິ ຎະຉິຽສຈ (Negative Implication) ຽ຋຺ໃາຌໄັຌ ຽຆໃຌັ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ: Need you continue your studies abroad.? ເ຅ົ໇າຉຬໟ ຄກາຌອຽຌຉໍຉໆ ໞາຄຎະເ຋ຈຍ?ໍ ຎະຉເິ ສຈ: They needn’t smoke cigarettes. ຑວກເຂາົ ຍໍຉໆ ຬໟ ຄກາຌສຍດາ ຃ໍາຊາຓ: Need you marry her next month? ເ຅໇າົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌແຉ່ຄຄາຌກັຍລາວຍໍເຈຬຌໜາໟ ? ເ຃ໆິຄຎະຉິເສຈ: Sunai need rarely go to see the movie. ສໄຸ ຌເກຬຍ຅ະຍໍໆ຃ຬງໞ ໄຈໄ້ ຎເຍິຄໆ ໜຄັ ເລງ. ເ຃ໆິຄຎະຉເິ ສຈ: I need hardly have free time. 119

ຂໟຬງເກຬຍ຅ະຍ຃ໍໆ ຬໞ ງຓເວລາວໞາຄເລງ. : Payoa need scarcely win the fight. ຑະເງົາເກຬິ ຍ຅ະຍໍໆຆະຌະກາຌຉໍໆສ້ Dare Dare ແຎວາໞ \"ກາໟ , ຋າໟ \" ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ Anomalous Verb ຋ໆຓ຃ະຉິເຆໆັຌຈຽວກຌັ need ຌຌັ໇ ຃຅ະໃຆ້ ດາ່ ຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະແ຋້ “Finite Verb) ກໄໆໍ ຈຍ້ ໍ຅ະໃຆ້ດ່າຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງ (Helping Verb) ກໍໆໄຈ້ເຆຄິໆ ຓລາງລະຬຽຈ ກາຌໃຆ້ຈຄັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ:໇ ກ. ເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຾຋ຓ້ ຫັົກຈັໃຄຌໄ 1.Dare ຋ເໃ ຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຾຋້ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ຋ຉໃ າຓຫົຄັ ຉຬໟ ຄຽຎັຌອຍູ Infinitive With “to” ຾ລະ ຿ຉ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ dare ຌັໄຌຫາກຎະ຋າຌຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຎະ຅ຸຍຌັ ຌະກາຌຉຬໟ ຄຉຓໃື s ຫືົ ຉືຓໃ ed ຽຓືໃຬຽຎັຌຬະຈຈິ ຉະກາຌຽຆັໃຌ: I dare to swim across this river. ຂໟຬງກໟາລຬງຌາ໇ໍ ຂາໟ ຓແຓຌ່ າໍ໇ ສາງຌ໇ They dare us to fight them. ຑວກເຂາົ ຋ໟາ຋າງຑວກເອົາໃຫ້ຉສໆໍ ້ກຍັ ລາວ She dares to swim across the Chao Praya River ລາວກໟາ຋ໆ຅ະລຬງຌາໍ໇ ຂໟາຓແຓຌ່ ໇ໍາເ຅໇າົ ຑະງາ It dares to run there in time. ຓັຌກາໟ ຋ໆ຅ະແລຌ່ ໄຎ຋ໆຌັຌ໇ ໃຫ້຋ຌັ ເວລາ 2.dare ຋ໃຌໍາຓາເຆ້ດາ່ ຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຾຋ຽ້ ຓືໃຬຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຽອັຈຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫືົ ຎະຉິຽສຈເຫເ້ ຆ້ Verb to do ຽຂ຺ໄາຓາຆວໞ ງຽຆໃັຌ ຈຼວກຍັ ຋ແໃ ຎຆວໞ ງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຾຋້຿ຉຬຌໃື ໂ ຽຆັໃຌ: ຍຬກເລໆາົ : He dares to work hard every day. ລາວກໟາເອັຈວຽກໜກັ ຋ຸກ໅ ຓ໇ ຃ໍາຊາຓ: Does he dares to work hard every day? ລາວກາໟ ເອັຈວຽກໜກັ ໄຈ້຋ກຸ ຓຍ໇ ?ໍ ຎະຉິເສຈ: He doesn’t dares to work hard every day. ລາວຍກໍໆ າໟ ຋ໆ຅ະແລ່ຌໄຎ຋ໆຌ໇ຌັ ໃຫ້຋ັຌເວລາ ຂ. ເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆໞວງຓຫົັກຈໃັຄຌໄ 1.dare ເຆ້ດາ່ ຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆໞວງ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬືຌໃ ຋ຉໃ າຓຫັຄົ ຽຎັຌ Infinitive Without “to” ຾ລະ dare ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຌໄຍໃຉໍ ຬໟ ຄຉໃຓື s ຎະ຋າຌ຅ະຽຎັຌຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຎະ຅ຍຸ ັຌຌະກາຌຽຆັໃຌ: Robert dare visit Thailand alone. ໂອເຍິຈກາໟ ຓາ຋ໞຽວຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋຃ົຌຈຽວ. We dare walk to school without a bus. ເອາົ ກາໟ ງາໞ ຄໄຎໂອຄອຽຌໂຈງຍໍຓລົຈເຓ Espada dare box with Payoa. ເຬສຎາຉໟາກໟາຆົກກຍຑະເງາົ 120

2.Dare ຋ໃເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞວງ ຽຓືຬໃ ຽອຈັ ຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫົື ຎະຉິຽສຈ ເຫ້ຽຬ຺າ dare ຂຌືໄ ແຎແວ້ຉຌໄ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກແຈຽ້ ລງ ຿ຈງຍໃໍຉໟຬຄລຄັ ຽລເ຅ຽຆຌໃັ : ຍຬກເລົາໆ : That boy dare go to near a snake. ເຈກັ ຃ົຌຌຌ໇ັ ກາໟ ເຂ໇ົາໄຎໃກ້ງູໄຈ້ ຃ໍາຊາຓ: Dare that boy dare go to near a snake.? ເຈກັ ຃ຌົ ຌັ໇ຌກໟາເຂົາ໇ ໄຎໃກງ້ ູໄຈຍ້ ໍ? ຎະຉິເສຈ: That boy daren’t go to near a snake. ເຈັກ຃ົຌຌັຌ໇ ຍກໍໆ າໟ ເຂ໇ົາໄຎໃກ້ງູຈຬກ Ought to Ought to ແຎວໞາ \"຃ວຌ຅ະ\" ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງດາ່ ຄຈຽວ ແລະ ຓອຍຈຽວ(ຍໍໆຓອຍ past) ແຉ່ຊາໟ ຉໟຬຄກາຌ຅ະໃຆ້ past ຉຬໟ ຄຉາຓ Perfect Infinitive (ຫ ought + to have + Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 3) ought to ຅ະ ໃຆ້ should (຋ໆແຎວໞາ \"຃ວຌ຅ະ\") ແ຋ຌກໆໍໄຈ້ແຉ່຃ວາຓໝາງຂຬຄ຃າໍ ວາໞ \"຃ວຌ຅ະ\" ຬຬໞ ຌກວາໞ ໜໟຬງໜຄໆ ເຆຄໆິ ຓ ລາງລະຬຽຈຂຬຄກາຌໃຆຈ້ ຄໆັ ຌ໇: 1.ເຆ້ສະ຾ຈຄຽຊຄິ ກາຌກະ຋ໍາຬັຌຽຎັຌໜາໟ ຋ໃ ຫືົ ສຓ຺ ຃ວຌ຋຅ໃ ະ຋າໍ ຽຆໃັຌ: You ought to start your job at once. (Present) ເ຅າົ໇ ຃ວຌ຅ະເລຓໆ ເອັຈວຽກຂຬຄເ຅າ໇ົ ຈຽວຌໄ໇ ຈ້ແລ້ວ You ought to have told me that yesterday.(Past) ເ຅າ໇ົ ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຈຍ້ ຬກເລໆຬຄຌ໇ຌັ ໃຫຂ້ ຬໟ ງອ້ແຉ່ຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ He ought to have come here last night.(past) ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຈຓ້ າເຊຄິ ຋ໆຌ໇ຓ໇຃ຌ຋ໆຏໞາຌຓາ 2.ເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄ຃າຈ຃ະຽຌວາໞ ຌາໞ ຅ະຽຎຌັ ຾ຍຍຌັຌໄ ໂແຈ້ ຽຆໃັຌ Amito left Bangkok at noon, he ought to be in Tokyo by now. ຬະຓໂິ ຉຬ໊ ຬກ຅າກກຄຸ ເ຋ຍເວລາ຋ໞຽຄ ຉຬຌຌ໇ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະເຊິຄໂຉກຽໟ ວອຽຍອຬໟ ງແລ້ວ Our team ought to win the match for today. ຋ຓຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ ຃ວຌ຅ະຆະຌະກາຌແຂຄ່ ຂຌັ ສາໍ ລຍັ ຓ໇ຌ໇ This ought to be what he means. ຌ໇຃ວຌ຅ະເຎັຌສິໆຄ຋ໆລາວໝາງເຊິຄ 3.ຽຓືຬໃ ຽອັຈຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫືົ ຎະຉຽິ ສຈເຫຽ້ ຬ຺າ Ought ຂຌໄື ແຎແວ້ຉ຺ໄຌຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຉືຓໃ not ລຄ຺ ຂາໟ ຄຫັຄົ Ought ແຈ້ຽຆຌັໃ : He ought to forgive me for my fault. ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະໃຫຬ້ ະໄຑຂໟຬງສາໍ ເລຈັ ຃ວາຓຏິຈຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ Ought he to forgive me for my fault? ລາວ຃ວຌ຅ະໃຫຬ້ ະໄຑຂຬໟ ງ ຫ ສໍາລັຍ຃ວາຓຏິຈຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ? He ought not to smoke a cigarette in a bus. ລາວຍ຃ໍໆ ວຌ຅ະສຍດາເ຋ິຄລຈົ ເຓ Ought he to oppose to having the meeting tomorrow? ລາວ຃ວຌຍ຋ໍ ຅ໆ ະ຃ຈັ ຃ໟາຌຎະຆຓຸ ຓ໇ຬຌໆ ຌ?໇ 121

Used to Used to ແຎວາໞ \"ເ຃ງ\" ຓອຍເຎັຌ Past Tense ຑຽຄອຍຈຽວ຅ະຌໍາ used to ຓາໃຆກ້ ໍໆຉໆເໍ ຓຬໆ ເວ໇ົາເຊິໆຄ ກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຎກົ ກະຉິຌິໄສດ່ຆໆົວໄລງະໜຄໆ ໃຌຬະຈຈິ ແຉ່ຎະ຅ຍຸ ັຌກາຌກະ຋ໍາ຋ໆເວ໇ົາເຊິຄຌັ໇ຌຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ກະ຋າໍ ຫ ເກິຈຂຌ໇ ຬກແລ້ວເຑາະສະຌຌ໇ັ used to ຅ຄໆ ຉໟຬຄໃຆກ້ ັຍເຫຈກາຌ ຫ ກາຌກະ຋ໍາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌຬະຈຈິ ຉະຫຬຈ ເຆິໆຄຓລາງ ລະຬຽຈຂຬຄກາຌໃຆ້ຈຄັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ:໇ 1.ເຆ້ used to + Verb 1ສະຽໜ ຽຓໃຬື ຽວາ຺ໄ ຽຊຄິ ກາຌກະ຋ໍາ຋ໃຽ຃ງຽອຈັ ເຌຬະຈຈິ ຽຆໃຌັ : John used to come here very often when he was young. ຅ຬຌຓາ຋ຌໆ ໇ເຎຌັ ຎະ຅ໍາເຓໆຬຉຬຌລາວເຎຌັ ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງ There used to be a cinema in this street last year. ເ຃ງຓຫຄັ ຓາສາງ຋ໆຫຌົ ຋າຄສາງຌເ໇ ຓຬໆ ຎ຋ແໆ ລວ້ 2.used to ຽຓຬໃື ຉໟຬຄກາຌຽອັຈຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຎະຉຽິ ສຈເຫເ້ ຆ້ did not use to, never used to, ຫືົ used not to + Verb 1 ແຈ຋້ ັຄຌັຌໄ ຽຆໃັຌ: She did not use to drink whisky so much. (did not use to ສວໞ ຌຫາງຌງິ ົຓໃຆເ້ ຓໆຬເຎຌັ ຑາສາເວົາ໇ ) We used not to come late to schoo. ຑວກເອົາຍໆເໍ ຃ງຓາໂອຄອຽຌຆາໟ . He never used to get up late. ລາວຍເໍ ຃ງຉຌສວງ 3.Used to ຽຓໃືຬຽອຈັ ຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓ຅ະເຆ້ did ຽຂ຺າໄ ຓາຆວໞ ງກໍແໃ ຈ(້ ສວໞ ຌຫາົ ງຌງິ ຓ຺ ຽຓຬໃື ຽຎຌັ ຑາສາຽວາໄ຺ ຫົາງກວໞາ)ຓ ຫົື ຅ະຽຬ຺າ used ຂຌືໄ ແຎແວ້ຉຌໄ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກກແໃໍ ຈ້ຽຆຌໃັ ຍຬກເລໆາົ : Aporn used to play badminton. ຬໍາຑຬຌຫ໇ຌແຍຈຓິຌຉຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓ : Did Amporn use to play badminton? ຫ : Didn’t Amporn use to play badminton? ຫ : Used Amporn to play badminton? ຬໍາຑຬຌເ຃ງຫ໇ຌແຍຈຓິຌຉັຌຍ?ໍ 4.ຽຓຬໃື ຽວໄາ຺ ຽຊຄິ used to ກໃຓໍ ັກ຅ະຑ຺ຍຽຫັຌ is used to , ຫົື am(are, get, become) used toຽຂໄ຺າຓາ ຾ຆກຆຬໟ ຌກເໃໍ ຫ້ຽກຈິ ຃ວາຓສຍັ ສຌ຺ ດູ່ຉະຫຬົ ຈຊາຓາວາໞ ຃ໍາຽຫົ຺ໃາຌເໄ ຆຉ້ າໞ ຄກັຌດາ່ ຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ - ued to + Verb ຊູ່ ອງ 1 \"ເ຃ງ\" ເຆຌັໆ : = subject + used to + Verb 1 ເຆໆຌັ : I used to live here when I was young. ຂຬໟ ງເ຃ງຓາດ຋່ ຌໆ ໇ເຓໆຬຉຬຌຂໟຬງເຎັຌເຈັກຌຬໟ ງ - is(am, are, get, become) used to + Verb ຉໆຓ ing ຫ Noun ແຎວາໞ \"຃ຌຸ້ ເ຃ງ\" = subject + is, am. Are, get, become + used to +V-ing ຫ Noun ເຆໆຌັ : Robert is used to eating Thai food. ໂອເຍຈິ ເ຃ງຆຌິ ກັຍກາຌຬາຫາຌໄ຋ແລວ້ She gets used to the hot weather in Bangkok. 122

ລາວເ຃ງຆຌິ ກັຍຬາກາຈອຬໟ ງໃຌກຄຸ ເ຋ຍແລວ້ I am used to having my lunch at two o’clock in the afternoon. ຂຬໟ ງຆຌິ ຉໍກໆ າຌກຌິ ຬາຫາຌ຋ໞຽຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງເວລາ 2ໂຓຄໃຌຉຬຌ຋ໞຽຄແລ້ວ They become used to walking to work. ຑວກເຂາົ ເ຃ງຆຌິ ຉໆໍກາຌງາໞ ຄໄຎເອັຈວຽກແລວ້ ຍ຺ຈຽຐກິ ຫຈັ Change these sentences to(a) Negative(b) Interrogative Example : She goes to school on foot every day. = She does not go to school on foot every day. = Does she go to school on foot every day? 1.Kitti has been to Pari twice. 2.We have supper at seven in the evening. 3.Smith had a good time in Thailand last month. 4.Penni had a baby in the hospital. 5.I have my hair cut once a month. 6.Sombai and his friends used to live in America. 7.He must work hard every day. 8.Paul did his work by himself. 9.We should do something better. 10.She stay here alone. 11.He dare to fight with you. 12.The poor boy need something to eat. 13.We need work to earn our livings. 14.He might have finished the work when you arrived. 15.You ought to do it tomorrow. ສະຽລງ຃າໍ ຉຬຍ 1Kitti has not been to pair twice. Has kitti been to paris twice? 2.We do not have supper at seven in the evening. Do we have supper at seven in the evening? 3.Smith did no have a good time in Thailand last month. Did Smith have a baby in last month? 4.Penni did not have a baby in the hospital. Did penni have a baby in the hospital? 5.I do not have my hair cut once a month. Do I have my hair cut once a month? 6.Sombat and his friends did not use to live in America. Did sombat and his friends use to live in America? 7.He must not work hard every day. Mus he work hard every day? 8.Paul did not do his work by himself. Did Paul not do his work by himself.? 9.We should not do something better. Should we not do something better? 123

10.She dare not stay here alone. Dare She not stay here alone.? 11.she does dare to fight with you Dare she not dare to fight with you? 12.the poor boy does not need something to eat. Does the poor boy need something to eat? 13.We need not work to earn our livings. Need we work to earn our livings? 14.He might not have finished the work when you arrived. Might he have finished the work when you arrived? 15You ought not to do it tomorrow. Ought you to do it tomorrow? Circle the best answer for each of the following sentences. 1.He…………………………………………..a little more tactful but he wasn’t. a. Must have been b. didn’t need C . should have been d. oughtn’t have been. 2.She ………………………………….speak chines fluently when she was young. a. Can b. could c. would d. should. 3.I have somsak ……………………………………my car every Sunday. a. Wash b. washed c. to wash d. washing 4.He has his gun…………………………………..when he returns. a. Clean b. cleaned c. to clean d. cleaning 5.My teacher gets me……………………………..a book every day. a. Read b. reading c. to read d. reads 6.Wiroj used to …………in England, but he wasn’t used to ………….British food. a. Live-eating b. living-eating c. live-eat d. lived-eating 7.You …………………………………what he said, could you? a. Can’t have understand b. could have understood. C could understood d. couldn’t have understood. 8.Candidates …………………………write in ink, and …………..write on one side. Of the paper only. a. Must-should b. must –must C will-must d. have to –may 9.The thief…………………………………………for he ran away quickly. a. May have been frightened b. ought to have been frightened C must have been frightened d. had to be frightened 10.Billy likes badminton and so………………………………………………jenny. a. Likes b. liking c. does d. does like ສະຽຫົງ຃າໍ ຉຬຍ 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8 B 9. C 124

Chapter 7 Adverbs ຊາຓ : Adverb ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ຂເໍ ຫ້ງ຺ກ຿ຉດາ່ ຄຓາສະ຾ຈຄເຫຽ້ ຍຄິໃ ຾ຈ່຅ະຂຬຍເ຅ຫາົ ງ? ຉຬຍ : Adverb ແຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ\" (ຍາຄຉາໍ ລາເຬ໇ຌ \"ກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈ\" ກໄໆໍ ຈ)້ ຓໄວສ້ ໍາລັຍ \" ເຆຽ້ ອັຈ ໜໟາ຋ໃຂະຫງາງກາໍ ຓະ, ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ, ຂະຫງາງກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈ(຿ຉກຌັ ຽຬຄ), ຂະຫງາງ ຎະ຿ຫງກ, ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ, ຍຸຍຑະຍ຺ຈ ຾ລະ ຅ໍາຌຌວຌຌຍັ ແຈ້\" ຈຄັໆ ຅ະຂໍງົກໂຉດ່າຄໃຫ້ ເຫຌັ ວໞາ ຂະຫງາງໄຈ້ດ່າຄໃຈຓາຎະກຬຍກາຌຬະ຋ຍິ າງຈຄັໆ ຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ໇(຅າໍ ໂຉດາ່ ຄໄວ້): ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ ເຆັຌໆ : He works hard every day. ລາວເອຈັ ວຽກໜັກ຋ກຸ ໅ ຓ໇ (hard ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງກາໍ ຓະ works) ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ ເຆຌັໆ : These students are very intelligent. ຌັກສກສາເຫາົໆ ຌສ໇ ະຉິຎັຌງາຫາງ (very ເຎັຌ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ intelligent.) He is stupid enough to do tha. (enough ເຎັຌ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ stupid) ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈ ເຆັໆຌ: She drives very carefully. ລາວຂຍັ ລົຈຈໟວງ຃ວາຓລະຓັຈລະວັຄຫາງ (very ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ Adverb \"carefully\") You speak so well. ເ຅໇າົ ເວົາ໇ ໄຈ້ຈແ຋໅້ (so ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ Adverb \"well\") It rained rather heavily yesterday. ຓ໇ວາຌຌຐ໇ ຌົ ຃ໞຬຌຂໟາຄຉົກແອຄຫາງ (rather ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ Adverb \" heavily \") ຂະຫງາງ຋ັຄຎະໂຫງກເຆໆຌັ : Fortunately. No one complained of me. ໂຆກຈແ຋໅້ ຍໍໆຓຏ້ໃຈ຅ໆົຓເຊິຄຂຬໟ ງເຌາະ (Fortunately ເຎຌັ Adverb ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ຂໆ ະຫງາງ຋ຄັ ຎະໂຫງກ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄ) Finally, I give in her in many ways. ໃຌ຋ໆສຸຈຂໟຬງກໆໍງຬຓແຑລ້ າວໃຌ຋ກຸ ກລໍ ະຌ (Finally ເຎຌັ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຋ຄັ ຎະໂຫງກ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄ) ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ ເຆຌໆັ : what else can I say? ຂຬໟ ງເວົ໇າຫງັຄຬກໄຈຍ້ ໍ? (else ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ what) Hardly anybody likes her, because she’s cruel ເກຬຍ຅ະຍຓໍໆ ໃຏຓກັ ລາວເລງເຑາະລາວເຎຌັ ຃ຌົ ໃ຅ອາໟ ງ (Hardly ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ anybody) 125

ຂະຫງາງຍຸຍຑະຍົຈວະລ ເຆັໆຌ: You ought to go right to the end of the rood. ເ຅ົາ໇ ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຎ຋າຄຂວາຂຬຄສຸຈຫຌົ ຋າຄສາງຌ໇ (right ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງວະລ to the end of the rood) She went strainght to the point. ລາວຉົຄໄຎງັຄ຅ຸຈຌັ໇ຌ (strainght ເຎຌັ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງວະລ to the point ) ຂະຫງາງ຅ໍາຌວຌຌັຍ ເຆັໆຌ: We go to Bangsaen almost every Sunday. ເອົາໄຎ຋ໞຽວຍາຄແສຌເກຬຍ຋ຸວັຌຬາ຋ິຈ (almost ເຎຌັ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຅ໍາຌວຌຌຍັ every) Nearly all the foreigners stay at the EraWan Hotel. ຆາວຉາໞ ຄຎະເ຋ຈເກຬຍ຋ຄັ ໝົຈຑກັ ດ່຋ໂໆ ອຄແອຓແຬລາວັຌ (Nearly ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌຍັ all) ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Adverb ຊາຓ : Adverb ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຃ືຫງຄັ ? ຾ລະ ຾ຉລ່ ະຆະຌຈິ ຽຓຬໃື ຌໍາຓາເຆຓ້ ຉາໍ ຾ໜຄ່ (position of Adverb) ຎະແວຍ້ ໞຬຌເຈເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ ຂເໍ ຫ້ຬາ຅າຌສໍາລາຌຬະ຋ຍິ າງເຫຒ້ ັຄ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : Adverb ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກເຎັຌໝວຈໃຫງໞ໅ ໄຈ້ 3 ໝວຈ຃: -Simple Adverb ກໍາຓະວິເສຈສາຓັຌ -Interrogative Adverb ກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈ຃າໍ ຊາຓ -Conjunctive Adverb ກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈສຌັ ຋າຌ ແຉລ່ ະ Adverb ໃຫງໞ຋ເໆ ວາົ໇ ຓາງຄັ ແຍ່ຄເຎັຌຎກງຬໞ ງໄຈຈ້ ັໆຄຌ໇: -Simple Adverb (ກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈສາຓັຌ) ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎັຌຎກງໞຬງແຈ້ຬກ 8 ຆະຌິຈ຃ື: 1.Adverb of time (຾ຎວໞາ \"ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈຍຬກຽວລາ\") ໝາງຽຊຄິ ກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈ຋ໃເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ ກາໍ ຓະຽຑຬໃື ສະ຾ຈຄຽວລາ ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ 3 ຎະຽຑຈ຃ື: ກ) ຎະຽຑຈ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຈຼວຍຓໍ ຃າໍ ຬຌໃື ຓາອວໞ ຓຌາໍ ແຈ້຃:ື (today, yesterday, tomorrow, late, lately, recently, early, before, tonight, now, then, still, yet, already, just, afterward,etc.) ຂ) ຎະຽຑຈ຋ຓໃ ຃າໍ ຬຌືໃ ຓາຎະກຬຍ (Adverbal phrases of time)ແຈ້຃:ື This morning, in the afternoon, last week, last month, next year, on Sunday, next Monday, before three o’clock, two weeks ago, the day after tomorrow, during summer, in B.E. 2520, in January, on 5th February. Etc. ຃) ຎະຽຑຈ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຽຑໃຬື ຓາຂະຫງາງກໍາຓະສະ຾ຈຄຽວລາ(Adverbal Clauses of Time ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈຆາຌຎຸ ະ຿ຫງກສະ຾ຈຄຽວລາ) ເຆຄໆິ ຅ະຂ໇ຌຉຌົ໇ ຎະໂຫງກຂຬຄຓຌັ ເຬຄ຃ໍາເຫົາໆ ຌ໇ when, since, until, after, before, as soon as. ສໞວຌຉໍາແໜ່ຄກາຌຎະກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈຆາຌຸຎະໂຫງກສະແຈຄ ເວລາຌ໇ັຌ຅ະດສ່ ວໞ ຌໃຈຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກຫກັ ໄຈ຋້ ັຄຌ໇ຌັ ເຆຌັໆ : When you have time, come and see me, please. ເຓຬໆ ເ຅າົ໇ ຓເວລາກໆໍຂໍເຆຌຓາດ່ຽຓຂຬໟ ງແຈ່ He ran away as soon as he had seen a tiger. 126

ລາວແລ່ຌໜ຋ັຌ຋ໆ຋ໆລາວໄຈ້ເຫຌັ ເສໆຬ. ຊາຓ : Adverb ຍຬກຽວລາຓຫົາງຆະຌິຈ ຫົື ຫົາງຎະຽຑຈ ສະຌັຌໄ ຽຓຬໃື ຓັຌແຎຂະຫງາງກາໍ ຓະ ຽຑໃຬື ຍຬກຽວລາ຅ະຓຫັົກຽກຌກາຌຎະດ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : Adverb ຍຬກເວລາເຓຬໆ ຓາຂະຫງາງກໍາຓະຓຫກັ ກາຌຎະໃຌຎະໂຫງກຈັຄຌ:໇ 1.຿ຈງຎກ຺ ກະຉ຋ິ ໃ຺ວແຎ຅ະຎະແວສ້ ຈຸ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈ຿ຈງສະຽຑາະຽຓຬໃື ຂ຃ໍໄ ວາຓຌັຌໄ ຽຎັຌ ຎະ຿ຫງກສັໄຌໂຽຆຌໃັ : Mr. smith will leave for London tomorrow. ຋ໞາຌ ສະຓິ຋຅ະຬຬກເຈຌິ ຋າຄກຍັ ໄຎງັຄກຸຄລຬຌຈຬຌຓ໇ຬຌໆ ຌ໇ Chaiya used to live in Bangkok two years ago. ໄຆງາເ຃ງດກ່ ຸຄເ຋ຍເຓໆຬ 2 ຎຏໞາຌຓາແລ້ວ. 2.ຊໟາຉໟຬຄກາຌ຅ະຽຌໄຌັ ຽວລາເຫຽ້ ຎັຌກໍລະຌຑຽິ ສຈ ກໍໃເຫຎ້ ະແວຉ້ ໄ຺ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຽຆຌໃັ : Last week we went to Chiengmai by train. ຬາ຋ິຈ຋ໆຏາໞ ຌຓາເອາົ ໄຎ຋ໞຽວຆຽຄໃໝຈ່ ໟວງລົຈໄຒ Yesterday he stayed in Singapore, today he’s staying in India. ຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ລາວຑັກດ່຋ສໆ ິຄກະໂຎ ຓ໇ຌ໇ລາວຑກັ ດຬ່ ຌິ ເຈງ 3.ຊໟາຓ Adverb of time ຫົາງ຃າໍ ຫົື ຫົາງຎະຽຑຈຓາດູ່ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຈຼວກຌັ ເຫຎ້ ະ຅າກໜວໞ ງ ຌໟຬງແຎຫາໜວໞ ງເຫງ(ໞ small units of time come before larger ones) ຉະຫົຬຈຽຆັໃຌ: Ladda’s family is going to visit me at five o’clock in the afternoon on the first of May, 1984. ຃ຬຍ຃ວົ ຂຬຄລັຈຈາ຅ະໄຎດຽ່ ຓຂໟຬງເວລາຉຬຌຍາໞ ງ 5 ໂຓຄໃຌຉຬຌຍາໞ ງຂຬຄວັຌ຋ 1 ຑຈສະຑາ 1984 I go to bed at seven o’clock in the evening on Sunday. ຂໟຬງ຅ະໄຎຌຬຌເວລາ 7 ໂຓຄແລຄວຌັ ຬາ຋ຈິ At three o’clock tomorrow, I will meet you in front of the Intra Theatre. ເວລາ 3 ໂຓຄແລຄຓ໇ຬໆຌຌຂ໇ ໟຬງ຅ະໄຎຑົຍເ຅າ໇ົ ຋ໆໜາໟ ໂອຄໜັຄຬິຌ຋ອາ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຊໟາຏເ້ ວ໇າົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌ຅ະເຌຌັ໇ ເວລາ຋ໆເຎັຌໜວໞ ງໃຫງໞຫາງກວໞາເວລາ຋ໆເຎັຌໜໞວງງໞຬງກໆໍສາຓາຈ຋຅ໆ ະ ຎະເວລາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ໜໞວງໃຫງໞຌ໇ັຌໄວ້ໜໟາເວລາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ໜໞວງງຬໞ ງໄຈ້ ແຉຫ່ ຄັ ເວລາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ໜໞວງໃຫງຌໞ ໇ຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄໃສ່ Comma (,) ຉະຫຬຈເຆຌັໆ : The plane arrived yesterday, about four o’clock. ງົຌໄຈ້ຓາອຬຈຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ຎະຓາຌ 4 ໂຓຄແລຄ Today , at twelve o’clock the teachers will have meeting. ຓ໇ຌເ໇ ວລາ12: 00 ຬາ຅າຌ຅ະຓກາຌຎະຆຸຓກັຌ ຃າໍ ຉໍແໃ ຎຌໄ຃ື: morning, afternoon, evening, ຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຅ະເຎັຌເວລາໜວໞ ງງໞຬງຌາໍ ໄຎໃຆ້ ອວໞ ຓກຍັ ວັຌຂຬຄຬາ຋ິຈແລວ້ ໃຫ້ອຽຄໄວຫ້ ັຄວັຌ຋ັຄ 7 ຂຬຄຬາ຋ິຈຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆຌັໆ Sunday morning, Monday afternoon, Tuesday evening, Saturday afternoon, etc. ເຆຌັໆ You should return the book at nine o’clock on Monday morning. ເ຅າ໇ົ ຃ວຌ຅ະເຬົາໜັຄສຓາ຃ຌເວລາ 9 ໂຓຄເຆ໇າົ ວັຌ຅ຌັ 2.Adverb of Duration (຾ຎວໞາ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຍຬກແລງະຽວລາ) ຉໞາຄກຌັ ກຍັ Adverb of Time ກຉໃໍ ຺ໃຄ຋ວໃ ໞາ Adverb of Time ຉຬຍ຃າໍ ຊາຓວາໞ when (ຽຓືໃຬເຈ) ສວໞ ຌ Adverb of Duration 127

ຉຬຍ຃າໍ ຊາຓວໞາ How long (ຈຌ຺ ຎາຌເຈ) ເຆິໆຄເຎັຌກາຌໃຫ຃້ າໍ ຉຬຍກໞຽວກັຍໄລງະ຃ວາຓງາວຂຬຄເວລາວໞາ ຈົຌຎາຌໃຈຉັ໇ຄແຉເ່ ວລາໃຈເອຬຈເວລາໃຈ ຫ ຅ຌົ ກະ຋ັໆຄເຊໆິຄໃຈເຫໆາົ ຌ໇ເຎັຌຉຌົ໇ ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກເຎັຌ 3 ຆະຌິຈ຃: 1.ຆະຌິຈກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ຌໃ າໍ ໜາໟ ຈວໟ ງ for ຽຆໃຌັ : I have studied English for five years. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈຓາແລ້ວເຎັຌເວລາ 5 ຎ (for five years ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກໄລງະເວລາຂຬຄກາຌອຽຌ) 2.ຆະຌຈິ ກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ໃຌໍາໜໟາຈໟວງ from….to ຫົື from….till(until) ຉັໄຄ຾ຉ.່ ..ຽຊິຄ. ຉຄັໄ ຾ຉ.່ ..຅ຌ຺ ອຬຈຽຆໃັຌ My father works from nine to twelve. ຑຂໆໍ ຬຄຂໟຬງເອັຈວຽກຉ໇ັຄແຉ່ 9 ໂຓຄ ອຬຈ 12 ໂຓຄ She studies from Monday till Friday. ລາວອຽຌຉ໇ັຄແຉ່ວຌັ ຅ຌັ ຅ົຌອຬຈວຌັ ສກຸ Whichit will stay here from May until December. ວຆິ ິຈ຅ະຑັກດ຋່ ຌໆ ຉ໇ ຄັ໇ ແຉ່ເຈຬຌ ຑຈສະຑາ຅ຌົ ອຬຈເຈຬຌ຋ຌັ ວາ (from nine te twelve, from Monday till Friday ແລະ from May until December ເຎຌັ Adverb ຍຬກໄລງະເວລາ) 3.ຆະຌຈິ ກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ຌໃ ໍາໜໟາຈວໟ ງ till, until, ຫືົ up to (຋ັຄ 3 ຃ໍາ຾ຎວາໞ \"຅ຌ຺ ອຬຈ, ຅຺ຌຽຊຄິ \")ຽຆໃັຌ We will work with this company till next year. ຑວກເອົາ຅ເອຈັ ວຽກດ່ກັຍຍລໍ ສິ ຈັ ຌ໇຅ຌົ ອຬຈຎໜາໟ (till next year ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກໄລງະເວລາກາຌເອຈັ ວຽກ) Magaret will stay here until tomorrow morning. ຓາກາເອັຈ຅ະຑັກດ່຋ໆຌ໇຅ົຌອຬຈເຆົ໇າຓຬ໇ ໆຌຌ໇ (until tomorrow morning ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກໄລງະເວລາ) My uncle will work in Saudi Arabia up to next year. ລຸຄຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ຅ະເອຈັ ວຽກດ່຋ໆຆາຬຸຈຬາລະເຍງ຅ຌົ ອຬຈຎໜໟາ (up to next year ເຎຌັ Adverb ສະແຈຄໄລງະເວລາກາຌເອັຈວຽກ) 3.Adverb of place (຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະວິຽສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃ) ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະກຸ່ຓ຃າໍ ຋ຓໆ າເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ຂໆ ະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ ເຑຬໆ ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ ຫ ເຑໆຬຉຬຍ຃ໍາວາໞ “where” (ດໃ່ ສ) Adverb of place ຊາໟ ເຍຄິໆ ໃຫຈ້ ແລວ້ ສໞວຌໃຫງກໞ ໄໍໆ ຈ຃້ ຃າໍ ຍຍຸ ຑະຍົຈ(preposition) ຌັ໇ຌເຬຄ ເຆໆຌັ : in, on, at, near, off, by, over, abroad, here, there, downstair, upstairs, down, since, around, after, before, inside, outside etc. ຃ໍາເຫາົໆ ຌ໇຋ັຄໝຈົ \"ຊໟາຌາໍ ຓາໃຆຉ້ າຓຫຄັົ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຈງຍຓໍໃ ຃ໍາຬຌໃື ຉ຋ໃໍ ໟາງຓຌັ ກ຅ໃໍ ະຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃ ຫົື Adverb of place ຋ຌັ ຋\"(ແຉຊ່ ໟາຓ຃ໍາຬຌໆ ຉ຋ໍໆ ໟາງ຃າໍ ເຫາໆົ ຌ຅໇ ະເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຍຸຍຑະຍົຈ຃ ຃ໍາເຆໆຬຓໂຉຬໆຌ) ເຆຌໆັ : Don’t leave it outside, bring it inside. ດ່າຊ໇ຓໄວຂ້ າໟ ຄຌຬກ ເຬົາເຂາົ໇ ຓາຂາໟ ຄໃຌເລງ. (outside ແລະ inside ເຎຌັ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ leave ແລະ bring ເຑຬໆ ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ) The teacher has come, please stand up. 128

ຬາ຅າຌຓາແລ້ວກະລຸຌາດຌຂ໇ຌ (up ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ຓໆ າຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ stand) Adverb ຍາຄໂຉ຅ະຎະໄວຉ້ ໇ົຌຎະໂຫງກກໍໆໄຈ້ ສວໞ ຌຫາງກໄໍໆ ຈ຃້ here ແລະ there ເຆັໆຌ: Here is the boy you are looking for. ເຈັກຆາງ຋ເໆ ຅ົາ໇ ກໍາລັຄຫາດ່ ດ່ຌ໇ເຈ່ (here ເຎຌັ Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ຓໆ າຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ is) There is the bus we want to sit in. ລົຈເຓ຋ໆເອົາຉຬໟ ຄກາຌໂຈງສາຌດຌ່ ໇ັຌເຈ່ (There ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ is) Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆຌຬກ຅າກ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ໍາຈຽວໃຆ້ລຬງ໅ ແລ້ວງັຄຓ Adverb ຋ໆເຎຌັ ກຸຓ່ ຃ໍາ (Adverbial phrases of place) ສວໞ ຌຫາງ຅ະເກຈິ ຓາ຅າກ \"ຍຸຍຑະຍຈົ + ຌາຓ\" (Preposition + Noun) ແລະ ຉາໍ ແໜຄ່ ຎະຌງິ ົຓໄວ້຋ໟາງຎະໂຫງກສະເໝ ເຆໆຌັ : He met with an accident at the crossroads. ລາວໄຈ້ຑົຍເຫຌັ ຬຸຍຈັ ຉິເຫຈ຋ໆ຋າຄສໆແງກ (at the crossroads ເຎຌັ Adverb ວະລ ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ met ເຑຬໆ ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆວາໞ ຬຍຸ ັຈຉິເຫຈເກິຈ ດ່ໃສ) While we were staying at the hotel of Dusit Thailand, a conference was held. ເຓຬໆ ເອົາຑັກດ່຋ໆໂອຄແອຓຈຸສິຈ຋າຌ ກາຌຎະຆຸຓ຅ຄໆ ໄຈ້຅ັຈໃຫ້ຓຂ໇ຌ. (at the hotel of Dusit Thailand ເຎຌັ Adverb ວະລຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ were staying) ຊາຓ : ຊໟາ Adverb of place ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ຋ຈໃ ຼວຉັຄໄ ຾ຉ່ 2 ຃າໍ 2 ຉວ຺ ຂໄືຌແຎຎ ຅ະຓຫກັົ ກາຌຎະດ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : ຊາໟ Adverb of place (຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃ) ຓາຂະຫງາງຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ຉໄຄັ ຾ຉ່ 2 ຃ໍາຂໄຌື ແຎເຫວ້ າຄ ຫົື ອຼຄຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຅າກສະຊາຌ຋ໃຌຬໟ ງໂ ຍໃໍເຫງໞ຿ຉແຎຫາສະຊາຌ຋຋ໃ ໃ ເຫງໞ຿ຉກວໟ າຄຂວາຄຽຆັຌໃ : I was born in a small village in Petchabun. ຂໟຬງເກິຈ຋ໆໝ່ຍາໟ ຌຌຬໟ ງ໅ ແຫ່ຄໜໆຄໃຌແຂວຄເຑຈັ ສະຍຌ Maryy lives in a small village in California. ແຓລຬາໄສດ຋່ ໝໆ ່ຍໟາຌຌໟຬງ໅ແຫຄ່ ໜໆຄໃຌແ຃ລຒິ ໍເຌງ At a small university in London, there are many students paying students to studying the history of Far East Asia. ຋ໆຓະຫາວ຋ິ ະງາໄລຌໟຬງ໅ ແຫຄ່ ໜຄໆ ໃຌກຸຄລຬຌຈຬຌ ຓຌັກສກສາເຎັຌ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງໃຫ້຃ວາຓສົຌໃ຅຋ໆ຅ະ ອຽຌຎະຫວັຈສາຈຂຬຄຬາຆຉາເວຌ໇ັ ຬຬກ ຊາຓ : ຊໟາ Adverb of Time (຃ໍາກໍາຓະວິຽສຈຍຬກຽວລາ) ຾ລະ Adverb of place (຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋)ໃ ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຈຼວ຅ະຓຫກັົ ກາຌຎະດາ່ ຄເຈ?ຂໍ ເຫຬ້ ະ຋ິຍາງ ຾ລະ ງ຺ກ຿ຉດ່າຄຎະກຬຍ? ຉຬຍ : Adverb of Time ຾ລະ Adverb of place ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑໟຬຓກຌັ ດູເ່ ຌຎະ຿ຫງກ ຈຼວເຫຎ້ ະ Adverb of place ແວ້ໜາໟ Adverb of Time ຉາຓຫັຄົ ຽຆໃຌັ : 129

We went swimming in the sea last week. ຑວກເອາົ ໄຎລຬງຌໍາ໇ ຋ໆ຋ະເລເຓໆຬຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ຏໆ ໞາຌຓາ (in the sea ເຎັຌ Adverb of place ວາຄໄວໜ້ ໟາ last week ເຎຌັ Adverb of Time ຎະຉາຓຫັຄເຂາ໇ົ ໃ຅ແລ້ວ ແຓຌ່ ຍໍ ງິຓ໇ ແຈ່) Please come and meet me outside the school at twelve o’clock on Monday. ກະລຸຌາຓາຑົຍຂໟຬງ຋ຌໆ ຬກໂອຄອຽຌເວລາ 12 ໂຓຄ ວັຌ຅ຌັ (outside the school ເຎຌັ Adverb of place ຎະໄວ້ໜໟາ ສໞວຌ at twelve o’clock on Mondayເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາອຽຄຉາຓຫຄັ ) ຫ ຅ະໃຫ້ງກົ ໂຉດາ່ ຄຉໆໄໍ ຎຬກກໆໍໄຈ້. Can you return these books to the public library before Friday. ເ຅໇າົ ສາຓາຈເຬົາໜັສເຫາົໆ ຌໄ໇ ຎ຃ຌຫໟຬຄສະໝຈຸ ສາ຋າລະຌະກໞຬຌວັຌສຸກຌ໇ໄຈຍ້ ໍ? (the public library ເຎັຌ Adverb of place ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆຎະໄວໜ້ ໟາ ສວໞ ຌ before Fridayເຎັຌ Adverb of Time ຍຬກເວລາອຽຄຉາຓຫັຄ ແຉ່ Adverb ຋ຄັ 2 ຆະຌິຈກໍໄໆ ຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ return ຌາໍ ກຌັ ) ໝາງຽຫຈ: ດາ່ ຄໃຈກໍໆຉາຓຊາໟ ຏ້ເວາ໇ົ ຉໟຬຄກາຌເຌ໇ຌັ ເວລາໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຅ຈຸ ເຈໆັຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຅ະເຬາົ Adverb of Time ເຆຄໆິ ເ຃ງອຽຄຉາຓຫັຄ Adverb of place ຉາຓຎກົ ກະຉິແງກຉາໞ ຄຫາກເຬົາໄຎອຽຄໄວຉ້ ົ໇ຌຎະໂຫງກກໆໄໍ ຈເ້ ຆໆັຌ: Last year we went to Englan, next year we’re going to America. ຎ຋ໆແລວ້ ເອົາໄຎຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກຈິ ຎໜາໟ ເອາົ ຅ະໄຎຎະເ຋ຈຬາເລິກາ (Last year ແລະ next year ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາ ຎົກກະຉອິ ຽຄໄວ້ to England ແລະ to America ແຉ່ ຋ໆເຬົາໄຎອຽຄຂຌ໇ ຉົ໇ຌຎະໂຫງກເຑາະຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຌັຌ໇ ເວລາ) Every Sunday the goes to the cinema. ຋ກຸ ວັຌຬາ຋ິຈລາວໄຎເຍຄິໆ ໜັຄ (Every Sunday ເຎຌັ Adverb of Time ຍຬກເວລາ ແ຋ຌ຋ໆ຅ະຎະຉາຓຫຄັ Adverb of place ຃ to the cinema ຉາຓຫຄັ ຎົກກະຉິແຉ່ຏ້ເວາົ໇ ຉໟຬຄກາຌເຌ໇ຌັ ເວລາ຅ໆຄເຬາົ ໄຎຎະໄວຉ້ ຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກໄຎຑົຍເຫຌັ ຋ໆຬໆຌກໃໆໍ ຫ້຋ຽຍ ຃ຽຄຉາຓໃຌຌ)໇ 4.Adverb o Frequency (຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ ຫຶຼົ ຍຬກຽລໃຬື ງໂ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຃ໍາ ຫືົ ກຸ່ຓ຃າໍ ຋ໃແຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຂໃ ະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽຑຬໃື ຉຬຍ຃ໍາຊາຓວໞາ How often (ຽລືຬໃ ງ຾຃່ເຈ) ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎຌັ 2 ຆະຌິຈ຃:ື 1.ຆະຌຈິ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຈຼວ: always, often, seldom, ever, never, sometimes, rarely, hardly, generally, scarcely, occasionally, usually, ແລະ ຉາໍ ແໜ່ຄກາຌຎະໃຌຎະໂຫງກຓຈຄັ ຌ໇: 1.1ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌັໄຌຓ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ Verb to be ເຫ້ອຼຄແວ້ຫົຄັ Verb to be ຉະຫົຬຈແຎ ຽຆຌັໃ She is always at home on Sundays. ລາວດ່ເອຬຌສະເໝ(ຍໆໍໄຈ້ໄຎໃສ)ໃຌວັຌຬາ຋ິຈ I am rarely happy to have stayed here. ຂໟຬງເກຬຍ຅ະຫາ຃ວາຓສກຸ ຍໍໄໆ ຈເ້ ລງ຋ຓໆ າດ່຋ຌໆ ໇ Somchit is occasionally a little nervous. ຍາຄເ຋ຬໆ ສຓົ ຅ຈິ ກຓໍໆ ຬາກາຌເຎັຌຎະສາຈໜຬໟ ງໜຄໆ (຅ະເຫັຌໄຈ້ວໞາ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊ຃ໆ always, rarely, occasionally ຎະດຫ່ ຄັ Verb to be ຉະຫຬຈ ເວລາຂໃໍ ຫ຅້ າໍ ໄວເ້ ຈດ່າລຓໃຈ) 130

1.2ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌັໄຌຓ຾ຉ຃່ ໍາກໍາຓະ຾຋້ເຫຎ້ ະແວໜ້ າໟ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : He seldom goes to the cinema. ລາວຍໆ຃ໍ ຬໞ ງໄຈ້ໄຎເຍໆຄິ ໜຄັ She often gives me a smile while she sees me. ລາວງິ໇ຓໃຫ້ຂຬໟ ງເລ໇ຬງ໅ເຓໆຬລາວຑຍົ ຂຬໟ ງ They generally play football after class. ຎກົ ກະຉຫິ ັຄເລິກອຽຌແລວ້ ຑວກເຂົາ຅ະຫຌ໇ ກລິ າເຉະຍາຌ (ຂ໇ໃໍ ຫ້ສັຄເກຈ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊ຃ໆ seldom, often, generally,຅ະຎະໄວ້ໜາໟ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແ຋ຉ້ ະຫຬຈເວລາ ຎະໂຫງກຬໆຌກໆໍໃຫ້຋ຽຍຉາຓຌ)໇ 1.3ຊໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຌັຌໄ ຓ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຆວໞ ງຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare ເຫ້ອຼຄແວຫ້ ັຄົ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຽຫ຺ົໃາຌຉໄ ະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : The manager will never agree to my ofter. ຏ້຅ຈັ ກາຌ຅ະຍໆໍເ຃ງເຫັຌຈວໟ ງກັຍຂໍ໇ສະເໜຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ He can sometimes go to see his girl-friend. ຍາຄເ຋ຬໆ ລາວກໍສໆ າຓາຈໄຎຑຍົ ແຒຌຂຬຄເຂົາໄຈ້ Surachai may occasionally come and see me. ສລຸ ະໄຆຬາຈຓາຑຍົ ຂຬຄເຎຌັ ຍາຄໂຬກາຈໄຈ້ (ເຍຄໆິ ໃຫຈ້ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ຃ never, sometimes, occasionally, ຅ະຎະດຫ່ ຄັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງໄຈ້຃ will, can,may, ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ.) ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຊໟາໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌັ໇ຌ໅ ຓ຃ໍາກຓໍ ະຆວໞ ງຫາງໂຉ ໃຫ້ຎະ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໄໆ ວ້ຫັຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຆໞວງໂຉ຋າໍ ຬຈິ ເຆັໆຌ: Sumit has often been praised for the result of his experiments. ສຓຸ ຈິ ໄຈ້ອຍັ ກາຌງົກງໞຬຄເຑາະຏົຌຄາຌກາຌ຋ົຈລຬຄຂຬຄລາວສະເໝ I have never seen this wonderful thing before ຂຬໟ ງຍໍໆເ຃ງເຫັຌສຄິໆ ຓະຫັຈສະ຅ຌັ ແຍຍຌ໇ຓາກຬໞ ຌເລງ. (often, never ຎະໄວ້ຫັຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງໂຉ຋າໍ ຬຈິ ຃ົຄເຫັຌແລ້ວແຓ່ຌຍໍ) 1.4ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌັໄຌຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກຎະຉິຽສຈ຿ຈງຓnotຓາສະ຾ຈຄກາຌຎະຉິຽສຈເຫອ້ ຼຄ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃແວ້ຫໄົຄ not ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆໃັຌ: He does not always work hard. ລາວຍໍ຃ໆ ຬໞ ງໄຈ້ເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ ເ຋ົໆາໃຈ They do not often play football in the morning. ຑວກເຂົາຍໆຫໍ ໇ຌກລິ າຍາຌເຉະໃຌຉຬຌເຆົ໇າ (always, often ອຽຄໄວ້ຫຄັ not ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ) Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊ຋ໃ ໃຓຽຌຬໄື ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌຽຆິຄຎະຉຽິ ສຈຽຆໃັຌ: never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, ຊາໟ ຉໟຬຄກາຌເຌັຌ໇ ຅ະຌໍາໄຎຎະໄວຉ້ ຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກກໄໍໆ ຈ້ ແລະ ກລໍ ະຌຎະ຋າຌກັຍ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຉຬໟ ຄຎະສະລຍັ ຍຬໞ ຌກັຌເໝຬຌອຍຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ (ແຉຍ່ ໆແໍ ຓຌ່ ຃ໍາຊາຓດ່າເຂາ໇ົ ໃ຅ຏິຈ) Never did she regret leaving her house. ລາວຍໆໍອສ້ ກເສງໃ຅ເລງ຋ໆຎ່ຬງຎະເອຬຌເຬົາໄວ(້ ໂຈງຍໆຓໍ ຃ົຌເຐົ໇າ) 131

Seldom do I get a chance to do this for you. ຂຬໟ ງຍ຃ໆໍ ໞຬງຓໂຬກາຈ຋຅ໆ ະເອັຈສິໆຄຌ໇ໃຫເ້ ຅າົ໇ Scarcely had the rain stopped when the players went on the field. (ເຍຄໆິ ແຓ)້ ຐົຌຉົກເກຬຍ຅ະຍຫໆໍ ງຸຈເຬາົ ເລງ ເຓຬໆ ຏຫ້ ໇ຌກາໟ ວລົຄສ່ສະໜາຓ (ດ່າຄໃຈກໆໍຉາຓກາຌອຽຄAdverbຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆຉາຓ຋ໆເວ໇າົ ຓາຌຓ໇ ັກຌງິ ຓົ ເຓຬໆ ເຎັຌຑາສາຂຽຌຫາງກວໞາຑາສາເວົ໇າ) 1.5ຆະຌິຈ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌກຓຸ່ ຃າໍ ແຈ້຃ື: every three months, every day, once a week, twice a month, every other day (ຓ໇ເວຌັ໇ ຓ໇) as often as you wish (ຉຬຌໃຈກໍໆໄຈ້຋ໆເ຅ົ໇າ ຉໟຬຄກາຌ), several times etc. Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ຋ໆເຎຌັ ກຸຓ່ ຃ໍາເຫົາໆ ຌ໇ ເຓຬໆ ຌໍາໄຎເວາ໇ົ ຫ ຂຽຌຌິງົຓຎະໄວ້ ຋າໟ ງຎະໂຫງກຉະຫຬຈເຆັຌໆ : Somsri visits her home every three month. ສົຓສໄຎດ່ຽຓເອຬຌຂຬຄລາວ຋ຸກ 3 ເຈຬຌ This man goes to see his girl- friend twice a month. ຆາງ຃ົຌຌໄ໇ ຎຫາແຒຌຂຬຄລາວເຈຬຌລະ 2 ເ຋ຬໆ Write to me as often as you wish. ຂຽຌໄຎຫາຂຬໟ ງຉຬຌໃຈກໍໆໄຈ຋້ ໆເ຅າ໇ົ ຉໟຬຄກາຌ (ເຫຌັ ຍໍ every three month, twice a month., as often as you wish ລວໟ ຌແລວ້ ຎະໄວ຋້ າໟ ງຎະໂຫງກ຋ຄັ ຌຌ໇ັ ແລວ້ ດ່າຄຌ຅໇ ະຓາຍຬກວໞາ \"ຂຬໟ ງງຄັ ຍເໆໍ ເຂາ໇ົ ເລງຬາ຅າຌໄຈ້ດ່າຄໃຈກັຌ?\" ຊາຓ : ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກໜໃຼຄຶ ໂ ຓ Adverb ຋ັຄ 3 ຆະຌຈິ ຃ື Adverb ຍຬກຽວລາ, Adverb ຍຬກ ສະຊາຌ຋,ໃ ຾ລະ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊຓໃ າຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຑຬໟ ຓກັຌ຋ຈໃ ຼວ຋ັຄ 3 ຿ຉ຅ະຓ ຫົກັ ຽກຌກາຌຎະດາ່ ຄເຈ ຂເໍ ຫ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງເຫຒ້ ັຄ຾ຈ່? ຉຬຍ : ຊາໟ Adverb 3 ຆະຌຈິ ຈັຄໃ ຽວໄາ຺ ຓາ຾ລວ້ ຌຌໄັ ຍັຄຽຬຌຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑໟຬຓກຌັ ດູ່ເຌ ຎະ຿ຫງກຈຼວ ຓຫົກັ ຽກຌກາຌຎະໜາໟ ຫົັຄຈຄັໃ ຉໃໍແຎຌ຃ໄ ື Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆດໜ່ ໟາ Adverb ຍຬກ ຃ວາຓຊດໆ ກ່ າຄ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາດ຋່ າໟ ງສຈຸ ຫ ຅ະໃຫວ້ ໞາເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກຬຌກໄໆໍ ຈຒ້ ຄັ ວາໞ : Place ດໜ່ າໟ Frequency ດ່ກາຄ Time ດ຋່ າໟ ງ ກະລຌຸ າຽຍຄິໃ ຉ຺ວດາ່ ຄຎະ຿ຫງກກາຌຎະ Sentences Place ດ່ໜາໟ Frequency ດກ່ າຄ Time ດ່຋ໟາງ My father has been To London Several tmes This year. ຑໆໍຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງໄຈໄ້ ຎ ລຬຌຈຬຌ ຫາງເ຋ຬໆ ແລວ້ ຎຌ໇ He tooks me for lunch At the restaurant Twice a week Three months ago. ລາວຑາຂຬໟ ງໄຎກິຌເຂ໇ົາສວງ ອໟາຌຬາຫາຌແຫຄ່ ຌ໇ ຬາ຋ິຈລະ 2 ເ຋ຬໆ ເຓໆຬ 3 ເຈຬຌ຋ໆຏໞາຌຓາ I must go to see a doctor At his clinic Many times This month. ຂໟຬງຉຬໟ ຄໄຎຑຍົ ໝໍ ຋ໆ຃ລິຌກິ ຂຬຄລາວ ຫາງເ຋ໆຬແລວ້ ເຈຬຌຌ໇ He goes To Japan Every day Nowadays. ລາວໄຎ ດຎໆ ຸ່ຌ ຋ກຸ ໅ ຓ໇ ໝຌ່ ໇ 132

ດາ່ ຄໃຈກໍຉໆ າຓ Adverb ຋ັຄ 3 ຆະຌິຈ຋ເໆ ວ໇ົາຓາຌ໇ ຬາຈ຅ະຍອໍໆ ຽຄໄຎຉາຓກົຈກໍໄໆ ຈຌ້ ັ໇ຌ຃ເອົາສາຓາຈ຋ໆເຬາົ Adverb of Time ຂ໇ຌໄຎຎະໄວຉ້ ົ໇ຌຎະໂຫງກໄຈ້ ຊໟາເອົາຉໟຬຄກາຌ຅ະເຌ໇ຌັ ເວລາໃຫເ້ ຎຌັ ຅ຸຈເຈັຌໆ ເຆັຌໆ : Last semester the Professor gave lectures at the faculty. (ຍຬກເວລາ) (ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋)ໆ For hours a week, but this semester he is lecturing. (ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ) (ຍຬກເວລາ) At this building three hours a week. (ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋)ໆ (ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊ)ໆ ເຓໆຬຑາກກາຌສກສາ຋ແໆ ລວ້ ຋າໞ ຌສາຈສະຈາ຅າຌໄຈຍ້ ັຌລະງາງດ຋່ ຂໆ ະຌະຌ໇ ຬາ຋ຈິ ລະ 4 ຆໆວົ ໂຓຄແຉຑ່ າກກາຌ ສກສາຌ຋໇ າໞ ຌໄຈ້ຓາຍັຌລະງາງດ່຋ຉໆ ກຫຄັ ຌຬ໇ າ຋ິຈລະ 3 ຆົວໆ ໂຓຄ 5.Adverb of manner (຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຍຬກກິລງິ າຬາກາຌ\") ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ ຫືົ ແຈ້຃ື຃ໍາ ຋ໃແຎຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ຂໃ ະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑໃຬື ຉຬຍ຃າໍ ຊາຓວາໞ How (ດ່າຄເຈ) ກາຌກະ຋ໍາ ຫົື ຽຫຈກາຌຌັໄຌໂຽກຈິ ຂືຌໄ ຓາແຈ້ດາ່ ຄເຈ ຑຼຶຈຉິກາໍ ຈັຄໃ ຽວາ຺ໄ ຓາຌໄ຅ະຒັຄຆຈັ ຾຅້ຄຂືຌໄ ແຈກ້ ໍໃຉຬໟ ຄຬາແສ Adverb of manner ຽຂ຺ໄາຓາຽຎັຌຉ຺ວກໍາໜຈ຺ ຫົື ອໞວຓວ຺ຄແຑຍູຌ. ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈຍຬກ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຬາກາຌ ສໞວຌຫາງ຅ະຓອຍຓາ຅າກ Adjective (຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ) ໂຈງ ກາຌຉຓໆ ly ລົຄຂາໟ ຄຫຄັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓໂຉຌັ໇ຌ ແລ້ວຌາໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຬາກາຌໄຈ້ເຆັໆຌ: ເຎຌັ Adjective ເຎັຌ Adverb ຃າໍ ແຎ Slow slowly ຆາໟ Bad badly ຍຈໍໆ Quick quickly ໄວ Careful carefully ລະຓັຈລະວັຄ Happy happily ຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ Etc. ເຎັຌຉົຌ໇ (ເຍຄິໆ ລາງລະຬຽຈກາຌຉຓໆ ly ໜາໟ 160) ຫຬາຈເຎັຌກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາໂຈງຓອຍຓາ຅າກ Preposition + ຌາຓ(຋ເໆ ຎັຌງາຌຑາຫະຌະ) ກໄໍໆ ຈ້ເຆໆຌັ by car (ໂຈງລຈົ ເກຄ), by train (ໂຈງລຈົ ໄຒ), by boat (ໂຈງເອຬ), by plane (ໂຈງເ຃ໆຬຄຍຌິ ), by bicycle (ໂຈງ ລຈົ ຊຍ), by tricycle (ໂຈງລຈົ ສາຓລໍ໇) etc. Adverb of manner ຍາຄ຃າໍ ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຈຽວກຍັ ຋ໃໆ ຆ້ເຎຌັ Adjective ໂຈງຍຉໍໆ ໆຓ ly ຂໟາຄຫັຄກຓໍໆ ເຆັຌໆ hard (ງາກ, ໜກັ ), fast (ໄວ) ແຉ຋່ ັຄຌ຅໇ ະອໄ້ ຈວ້ ໞາເຎັຌ Adjective ຫ Adverb ຌຌັ໇ ຉຬໟ ຄເຍິໆຄ຋ຉໆ ໍາແໜຄ່ ຎະຌັຌ໇ ຃ ຊໟາ ດໜ່ ໟາຌາຓເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓແຉ່ຊາໟ ດຫ່ ຄັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະກໆໍເຎຌັ Adverb ໄຎເຆຌໆັ : He is a hard worker ລາວເຎັຌ຃ົຌເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ Somsak works hard. ສົຓສກັ ເອັຈວຽກດາ່ ຄໜັກ (hard ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬິຈເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓເຑາະຎະດໜ່ ໟາຌາຓ worker ສວໞ ຌ hard ໂຉຫັຄເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ ຬາກາຌເຑາະອຽຄຉາຓຫກັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ works) Suchat is a fast runner. 133

ສຸຆາຈເຎັຌຌກັ ແລຌ່ ໄວ Peter runs fast. ຎເຉແລຌ່ ໄວ (fast ໂຉ຋ໍາຬຈິ ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓເຑາະອຽຄໄວ້ໜາໟ ຌາຓ runner ສວໞ ຌໂຉຫັຄເຎຌັ Adverb ເຑາະຎະຉາຓຫຄັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະruns) ຊາຓ : Adverb of manner ຽຓໃືຬຌາໍ ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຓຫກົັ ກາຌຎະແຈດ້ າ່ ຄເຈເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ ຂເໍ ຫຬ້ ະ຋ິຍາງຑຬໟ ຓງກ຺ ຿ຉດາ່ ຄຎະກຬຍ? ຉຬຍ: Adverb of manner (຃ໍາກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຬາກາຌ) ເຓໆຬຌາໍ ຓາຂະຫງາງໃຌຎະໂຫງກຓ ຫັກກາຌຎະໃຆ້ຈັຄໆ ຌ໇: 1.ຊໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຌັຌໄ ຍຓໍໃ ກໍາເຫ້ຎະແວ້ຫັົຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຆຌັໃ : She dances beautifully. ລາວເຉັ໇ຌລາໍ ໄຈດ້ າ່ ຄສວງຄາຓ Kitti walks quickly , ກຈິ ຉງິ າໞ ຄໄວ He works hard. ລາວເອັຈວຽກດ່າຄໜກັ (beautifully, quickly, hard ຅ະເຫັຌວາໞ ອຽຄຉາຓຫັຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະໂຈງຉຄົ ຋ຄັ ຌເ໇ ຑາະ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ 3 ໂຉຌຍ໇ ໆໍຓກາໍ ) 2.ຊໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄຌັ ຓກໍາເຫ້ຎະແວຫ້ ຄັົ ກໍາ ຽຆັໃຌ: My son speaks English well. ລກຆາງຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈເກໆຄັ He writes a composition quickly. ລາວຂຽຌອຽຄ຃ວາຓໄຈ້ໄວ Your sister plays tennis beautifully. ລກສາວຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າຫເ໇ ຋ຌຌິສໄຈ້ສວງຄາຓ (well, quickly, beautifully ຎະຉາຓຫັຄກໍາ຋ັຄຌັ໇ຌ ເຫຌັ ແລ້ວແຓ່ຌຍໍ?) ຂໍງໄ ກ຺ ຽວຌັໄ : ຊາໟ ກໍາຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ຌັ ເຎັຌກໍາງາວ ແລະ ຓໂຉຂະຫງາງໃຫ້ຎະ Adverb of manner ໄວ້ໜາໟ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະເຆັໆຌ: The clerk carefully put the pen and the paper into the drawer. ສະໜຽຄໆ ເຬາົ ຍິກ ແລະ ເ຅໇ັງໃສ່ເຂົ໇າໄຎໃຌຉດ້ ່າຄລະຓຈັ ລະວຄັ He slowly wrote a letter to his friend in the United States of America. ລາວຂຽຌ຅ຈົ ໝາງເຊຄິ ເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄລາວ຋ດໆ ໃ່ ຌສະຫະລຈັ ຬາເຓລິກາດ່າຄຆາໟ ໅ ຊາໟ ຏູ້ຽວໄ຺າຉໟຬຄກາຌ຅ະຽຌຌັໄ Adverb of manner ເຫຽ້ ຎັຌ຅ຸຈສໍາ຃ັຌເຌຎະ຿ຫງກເຫ້ຎະແວ້ ໜາໟ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຍໍວໃ າໞ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌໄັ ຅ະຓກາສັຌໄ ຫືົ ກໍາງາວກໃຉໍ າຓ ຽຆັຌໃ : Mr. William successfully completed the experiments. ຋ໞາຌ ວລິ ໞຽຓໄຈ້ເອຈັ ກາຌ຋ຈົ ລຬຄ຅ຌົ ຎະສົຍ຃ວາຓສາໍ ເລັຈ 3.ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌັໄຌ Adverb of manner ຓາຂະຫງາງ຋ຄັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຾ລະ ກາໍ ອວໞ ຓກຌັ (Modifies the Verb and object together)ເຫຎ້ ະແວຫ້ ົັຄກໍາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ ຽຆັໃຌ: Laddawan speaks English fluently. ລຈັ ຈາວຌັ ເວ໇ົາຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ໄຈ້຃ໞຬຄ 134

(fluently ໄຎຂະຫງາງ຋ຄັ speaks ແລະ English ເຑາະສະຌ໇ຌັ ຅ໆຄິ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງວໞາ \"ເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈໄຈ້຃ຬໞ ຄ\" ຍໆໍແຓຌ່ \"ເວາົ໇ ຃ຬໞ ຄ\" ເສງ໅ ເຂົາ໇ ໃ຅ຍ?ໍ The sun is shining the world brightly. ຈວຄຬາ຋ິຈສຬໞ ຄໂລກໃຫ້ສະຫວໞາສະໄຫວ (ຎະໂຫງກຌກ໇ ໍເໆ ຆໆັຌກັຌ brightly ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌຓາຂະຫງາງ຋ັຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ is shining ແລະ ໂຉກາໍ the world ເຑາະສະຌ໇ັຌ຅ຄໆ ຓ຃ວາຓວາໞ \"ສຬໞ ຄໂລກໃຫ້ສະຫວາໞ ຄສະໄຫວ ຍໍໆແຓ່ຌ \"ແສຄສະຫວໞາຄ ສະໄຫວ\") 4.ຊໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄຌັ ຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກ຃ໍາຬ຋ຸ າຌ ຾ລະ ຂໄຌື ຉໄຌ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກ how ເຫຎ້ ະ Adverb ຍຬກ ກິລງິ າຬາກາຌແວ້ຫົັຄ how ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃັຌ: How nicely she dances! ລາວເຉ໇ຌັ ລໍາສວງຄາຓແ຋້ How late you come to school! ລາວຓາໂອຄອຽຌຆາໟ ດາ່ ຄຌ໇ How hard he works! ລາວເອັຈວຽກໜກັ ແ຋ຌ້ ໍ (nicely, late, hard ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກກິລງິ າຬາກາຌຈຄໆັ ຌັ໇ຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຬ຋ຸ າຌ຅ຄໆິ ຉໟຬຄອຽຄໄວ້ຫັຄ how ຂໍ ໃຫ້຅ົຈ຅າໍ ໄວໃ້ ຫ້ຈ) 5.ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກກາໍ ຓະວາ຅ຌ຺ (Passive Voice) ຊາໟ ຓ Adverb ຍຬກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌຓາຂະຫງາງເຫ້ ອຼຄແວ້ຫັຄົ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞຬຄ 3 (past participle) ຽຆຌັໃ : Soonthorn Poo, the great poet of Thailand, is well know among students. ສຌຸ ຋ຬຌຑຌ່ ັກກະວຏໟງິໆຄໃຫງໞຂຬຄເຓຬຄໄ຋ເຎຌັ ຋ໆອ຅້ ັກກັຌຈໃຌໝ່ຌກັ ອຽຌຌກັ ສກສາ (well ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌເຓຬໆ ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກກາໍ ຓະວາ຅ກົ ຉໟຬຄອຽຄ ໜໟາ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຆໞຬຄ 3 ຃ know) The report of Thai economics has been carefully done by the economic expert. ລາງຄາຌເລຬໆ ຄເສຈຊະກິຈໄ຋ໄຈ຅້ ຈັ ເອັຈຂ໇ຌຓາດາ່ ຄອຬຍ຃ຬຍໂຈງຏ້ຆຽໆວຆາຌ຋າຄເສຈຊະກິຈ(ໂຈງ ສະເຑາະ)( carefully ເຎັຌ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌ ເຓໆຬຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກກໍາຓະວາ຅ກົ ກໆໍຉໟຬຄອຽຄໄວ້ໜໟາ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຆຬໞ ຄ 3 ຃ done) 6.Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌຍາຄ຿ຉຽຆຌັໃ greatly, strongly, thoroughly ຌງິ ຓ຺ ຎະແວ້ລະຫວໞາຄ ຎະ຋າຌ ຾ລະ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຉະຫົຬຈຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌັໄ ຅ະສຌັ ຫົື ງາວກຉໍໃ າຓຽຆໃຌັ : Somsak greatly admires his father. ສຓົ ສັກຆົຓເຆງຑໍຂໆ ຬຄລາວດ່າຄງິຄໆ ໃຫງໞ He’s strongly opposed to working hard. ລາວ຃ັຈ຃າໟ ຌດາ່ ຄແຂຄແອຄ຋ໆ຅ະເອັຈວຽກໜັກ The boys and girls thoroughly enjoy watching the concert. ເຈັກຆາງ ແລະ ເຈກັ ງິຄສະໜຸກສະໜາຌກຍັກາຌເຍິໆຄ຃ຬຌເສຈ (຃ໍາ຋ັຄ 3 ຉຬໟ ຄອຽຄໄວລ້ ະຫວໞາຄຎະ຋າຌ ແລະ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຉະຫຬຈໄຎ) 135

7.ສາໍ ລັຍ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວະລ (Phrasal Verb) ຍາຄ຿ຉຽຆຌັໃ come in (ຽຂ຺າໄ ຓາຂໟາຄເຌ), go out (ຬຬກແຎ ຂາໟ ຄຌຬກ) ຊໟາຓ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌສະຽຑາະ຋ໃລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ “ly” ຓາຂະຫງາງ຅ະອຼຄແວ້ ໜາໟ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຾ລະ ຫົື ຋າໟ ງຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ຋້ ຄັ ຌຌໄັ ຽຆຌັໃ : Sawat quietly came in.ຼືຫ Sawat came in quietly. Mary slowly went out; ຼຫື Mary went out slowly. - ສະຫວັຈເຂ໇າົ ຓາຂາໟ ໃຌດາ່ ຄຄຽຍ໅ - ແຓລງາໞ ຄຬຬກໄຎຂາໟ ຄຌຬກດ່າຄຆາໟ ໅ ໄຎຑົຍເຫັຌຎະໂຫງກຬຌໆ ໅ກໆໍໃຫ້ຌາໍ ເຬາົ ຉົວດາ່ ຄຌ໇ໄຎ຋ຽຍ຃ຽຄໄຈ້ ຊາຓ : Adverb ຍຬກຽວລາ (Time), ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃ (Place), ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ (Frquency) ຾ລະ ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌ (Manner) ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑຬໟ ຓກັຌ ຓຫກັົ ຽກຌກາຌຎະດ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : Adverb ຋ຄັ 4 ຆະຌິຈ຋ໆເວາ໇ົ ຓາ ເຓໆຬຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຑໟຬຓກຌັ ຓຫັກເກຌກາຌຎະຈໆຄັ ຌ:໇ ກ)ຊໟາແຎຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ວໃ຺ ແຎ(ຍໍໃ຾ຓ່ຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ກໃ ໞຼວກັຍ຃ວາຓຽ຃ືຬຌແຫວ)ເຫ້ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌແວ້ໜາໟ ສຈຸ ຉາຓ Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋,ໃ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ ຾ລະ ຑວຄ ຋າໟ ງຂະຍວຌ Adverb ຍຬກຽວລາຈຄັ ຅ະສະ຾ຈຄສຌັ ງາລັກເຫ້ຽຍຄິໃ ຄາໞ ງໂ ຈໃັຄຉໍໃແຎຌໄ ຬຌັ ຈຍັ 1 ຬັຌຈັຍ 2 ຬຌັ ຈັຍ 3 ຬັຌຈຍັ 4 ກິລິງາຬາກາຌ ສະຊາຌ຋ໆ ຃ວາຓຊໆ ເວລາ Frquently Manner Place Manner ເຆັຌໆ : Nanthida sang sweetly at the restaurant once a week two months ago. ຌັຌ຋ິຈາອໟຬຄເຑຄດ່າຄຓວໞ ຌດ່຋ໆອາໟ ຌຬາຫາຌຌຬ໇ າ຋ຈິ ລະເ຋ຬໆ 2 ເຈຬຌ຋ໆຏາໞ ຌຓາ. Manop worked hard here every day last year. ຓາຌົຍເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ ດ່຋ຌໆ ຋໇ ກຸ ໅ ຓເ໇ ຓໆຬຎ຋ແໆ ລວ້ They used to play football enthusiastically in the rain several times last month. ຑວກເຂາົ ເ຃ງຫ໇ຌກິລາເຉະຍາຌດ່າຄກະຉ໇ລລຌົ໇ ໃຌ຋າໞ ຓກາຄຐຌົ ຉົກຫາງເ຋ຬໆ ເຓໆຬເຈຬຌ຋ແໆ ລວ້ ຂ) ຊາໟ Adverb ຋ັຄ 4 ຆະຌຈິ ແຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄກາຌຽ຃ໃຬື ຌແຫວ (Verb of Movement) ເຫ້ຽຬ຺າ Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃຌາໍ ໜາໟ ສຈຸ ຾ລວ້ ຉາຓ Adverb ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າ ຬາກາຌ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ ຾ລະ Adverb ຍຬກຽວລາຉາຓລາໍ ຈຍັ ຈັຄ຅ະສະ຾ຈຄລກູ ສຬຌເຫ້ ຽຍຄໃິ ຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄ: ຬຌັ ຈຍັ 2 ຬຌັ ຈຍັ 1 ຬັຌຈຍັ 3 ຬັຌຈັຍ 4 ສະຊາຌ຋ໆ ກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌ ຃ວາຓຊໆ ເວລາ Place Frquently Manner Manner 136

ເຆັຌໆ : I went to Chiengmai by train every Sunday last month. ຂໟຬງໄຎຆຽຄໃໝຈ່ ໟວງລົຈໄຒ຋ກຸ ໅ ວັຌຬາ຋ຈິ ເຓຬໆ ເຈຬຌ຋ໆຏາໞ ຌຓາ Arthit flew to London by B.O.A.C.twice last year. ຬາ຋ິຈຍຌິ ໄຎລຬຌຈຬຌຈໟວງສາງກາຌຍິຌ BOAC 2 ເ຋ໆຬເຓໆຬຎ຋ໆແລວ້ . (ຂ໇ໍ຅ໍາໂຉດາ່ ຄຎະໂຫງກເຬົາໄວ້ເຈິ຋ຄັ ຂໍ໇ ກ ແລະ ເຑໆຬກຌັ ລຓໆ ໃຌວຌັ ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ) 6.Adverb of Quantity (ຉໍາລາຍາຄຽຫໄັົຓຽຬຌໄ ວໞາ Adverb of Degree) ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ ຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ ຫືົ ຍຬກລະຈັຍ຃ວາຓຫາົ ງຌຬໟ ງ ໝາງຽຊຄໃິ ຃ໍາ຋ໃແຎຂະຫງາງ Adjective (຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ) ຫືົ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ Adverb (຃ໍາກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈ) ກັຌຽຬຄກແໍໃ ຈ້ຽຑືຬໃ ຍຬກເຫ້ອຽູ້ ຊິຄຎະລຓິ າຌວໞາ ຫາົ ງໜຬໟ ງຂະໜາຈເຈແຈ້຃ື຃ໍາຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ ຃ very, quite, too, rather, fairly, nearly, just, almost, enough, extremely, absolutely, much, entirely, completely, reall, so, only, ເຎັຌຉົ໇ຌ Adverb ຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌເຓຬໆ ໄຎຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາໃຈກໆໍ ໃຫ້ຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ ຃າໍ ຌັຌ໇ ຃ໜໟາ຋ຓໃ ັຌແຎຂະຫງາງ ເຆຌັໆ : He has too much money to give me. ລາວຓເຄິຌຫາງເຫຬເກຌ຋຅ໆ ະໃຫຂ້ ໟຬງ (too ເຎຌັ Adverb ໄຎຂະຫງາງ much ຅ໆຄຎະໄວ້ໜໟາ much) I had almost finished my meat when he came in ຂຬໟ ງເກຬຍ຅ະກິຌຬາຫາຌເສັຈແລ້ວເຓຬໆ ລາວເຂົາ໇ ຓາຂໟາຄໃຌ (almost ເຎຌັ Adverb ໄຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ finished) He walked very quickly to school yesterday. ລາວງໞາຄໄວຫາງໄຎໂອຄອຽຌຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ (very ເຎັຌ Adverb ໄຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈ຃ quickly) I climb up until I have nearly reached the top, but in vain. ຂຬໟ ງຎຌ໇ ຂຌ໇ ໄຎ຅ຌົ ກະ຋ໆຄັ ຂໟຬງໃກ຅້ ະເຊຄິ ງຬຈແລວ້ ແຉກ່ ລໆໍ ໇ົຓເຫວ (nearly ເຎຌັ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ reached ຅ຄໆ ຎະໄວ້ໜາໟ ) My younger sister can just read English. ຌຬໟ ຄສາວຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເຑຄໆິ ຅ະສາຓາຈຬໞາຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ໄຈ້ (just ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ read ຅ຄໆ ຎະໄວ້ໜາໟ read) Kiat has extremely succeeded in job. ກຽຈໄຈ້ຎະສົຍ຃ວາຓສໍາເລຈັ ໃຌກາຌເອຈັ ວຽກດ່າຄຫາງ (extremely ເຎັຌ Adverb ຓາຂະຫງາງ succeeded ຅ຄໆ ຎະໄວ້ໜາໟ ຓັຌ) Quite ເຓໆຬໄຎຂະຫງາງ Adjective ຋ໍາຓະຈາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງວໞາຎາຌກາຄ, ຑໍຎະຓາຌ, ຑໍໃຆ້ເຆັໆຌ He is quite clever. ລາວສະຫາຈຑໍສຓົ ຃ວຌ She’ quite diligent. ລາວຓ຃ວາຓຑໍຈ ແຉເ່ ຓໆຬ quite ໄຎຂະຫງາງ Adjective ຋ຓໆ ຃ວາຓໝາງສຄສຸຈໃຌໂຉຓັຌເຬຄແລ້ວ຅ະເອຈັ ໃຫ້຃ໍາ຋ໆ quite ໄຎຂະຫງາງຌັ໇ຌຓ຃ວາຓໝາງວາໞ \"ຽຈັຈຂາຈ, ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ, ຫົື ສໄຌິ ຽຆິຄ\" ເຆັຌໆ : 137

That matter is quite untrue. ເລຬໆ ຄຌັຌ໇ ຍ຅ໍໆ ຄໆິ ແຌຌຬຌ He’s quite lazy. ລາວເຎຌັ ຃ຌົ ຍໆສໍ ະຫາຈ That girl is quite mad. ເຈກັ ງຄິ ຃ຌົ ຌັຌ໇ ເຎຌັ ຍໟາດ່າຄແຌ່ຌຬຌ ຊາໟ quite ໄຎຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓເຬກະຑຈົ ຋ຌໆ ັຍໄຈ້ຌາຓຌັ໇ຌຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຋ັຌ຋ເຆໆັຌ: Today is quite a nice day. ຓ໇ຌ໇ເຎຌັ ຓ຋໇ ຬໆ າກາຈແ຅່ຓໃສແ຋໅້ He is quite a fool. ລາວເຎັຌ຃າົ ໂຄ່ເໝຬຌກັຌ Rather ແຎວາໞ \"຃ຬໞ ງຂາໟ ຄ\" ໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ Adjective ຋ໆຍໍໆເຑິໆຄຎະສົຄ ຫ ຍຎໆໍ າຈຊະໜາເຆັໆຌ: Today it is rather hot. ຓ໇ຌຬ໇ າກາຈ຃ຬໞ ຌຂໟາຄອຬໟ ຌ My servant is rather lazy. ຃ຌົ ໃຆຂ້ ຬຄຂຬໟ ງ຃ຬໞ ຌຂໟາຄຂ໇຃ໟາຌ The situation looks rather dangerous. ສະຊາຌະກາຌ຃ຬໞ ຌຂໟາຄຬຌັ ຉະລາງ ຊໟາໄຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓເຬກະຑຈົ ຌັຍໄຈ້ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຌ໇ັຌເຆັຌໆ : That’s rather an excellent idea. ຌຌັ໇ ເຎຌັ ຃ວາຓ຃ຈິ ຃ຬໞ ຌຂໟາຄວິເສຈ຋ຈຽວ ຫ ຅ະໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ຃ຸຌຌະສັຍຎຽຍ຋ຽຍຂັ໇ຌກວໞາ (Comparative degree) ກໍໄໆ ຈ້ເຆໆຌັ : Wanchai ate rather more than his elder brother. ວຌັ ໄຆກິຌ຃ໞຬຌຂໟາຄຫາງກວໞາຬໟາງຂຬຄລາວ Fairly ແຎວາໞ \"຃ຬໞ ຌຂໟາຄ\" ໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ Adjective ຋ໆຓລັກສະຌະໄຎໃຌ຋າຄ຋ຈໆ ໃຌ຋າຄ຋ເໆ ຑໆິຄຎະສຄົ (ເຆິຄຉົຄກັຌຂໟາຓກັຍ rather) ເຆຌໆັ : His marks are fairly good for this examination. ຃ະແຌຌຂຬຄລາວ຃ຬໞ ຌຂາໟ ຄຈສໍາຫັຍກາຌສຬຍເສັຄເ຋ໆຬຌ໇ Although she has never been taught, she cooks fairly well. ເຊິໆຄວໞາລາວ຅ະຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ອຍັ ກາຌຍຬກສຬຌຓາ ລາວກໍງໆ ັຄເອັຈກຌິ ເຂ໇າົ ຃ໞຬຌຂໟາຄແຆຍ 7.Adverb of Affirmation or Negation (຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ຋ໃສະ຾ຈຄກາຌຽວໄ຺າອັຍ ຫົື ຎະຉິຽສຈ) ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ໃແຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຽຑຬໃື ຍຬກເຫອ້ ຽູ້ ຊຄິ ກາຌຽວໄ຺າອຍັ ຫືົ ຽວາໄ຺ ຎະຉຽິ ສຈແຈ຃້ ື຃າໍ ຉໃແໍ ຎຌ຃ໄ :ື Yes, no, not, surely, certainly, perhaps, probably, indeed, definitely, obviously, etc. He did not come here. ລາວຍໍໄໆ ຈ້ຓາ຋ຌໆ ໇ Surely you are mistaken. ແຌຌ່ ຬຌເ຅ົ໇າເຎຌັ ຐາ່ ງຏິຈ Perhaps she will tell you the truth. 138

ຍາຄ຋ລາວ຅ະຍຬກ຃ວາຓ຅ຄິ ໃຫ້ເ຅໇ົາອ້ Manop will probably return today. ຓາຌົຍຬາຈ຅ະກຍັ ຓາຓຌ໇ ໇ກໄໍໆ ຈ້ It is, indeed, a hard case. ຓັຌເຎັຌເລໆຬຄ຋ງໆ າກແ຋້໅ He is certainly a good man. ລາວເຎັຌ຃ົຌຈແ຋້ She can definitely understand what I said this morning. ລາວສາຓາຈເຂົ໇າໃ຅ສຄໆິ ຋ຂໆ ຬໟ ງເວ໇ົາຓ໇ເຆາົ໇ ຌ໇ດ່າຄແຌຌ່ ຬຌ Could you explain this story obviously? ເ຅໇າົ ຬະ຋ິຍາງເລຬໆ ຄຌໃ໇ ຫຆ້ ຈັ ເ຅ຌຬກໄຈ້ຍ?ໍ Yes, certainly ໄຈແ້ ຌ່ຌຬຌ Does Renu speak Chinese? No, she doesn’t. ເລຌເວ໇າົ ຑາສາ຅ຌຍໍ ຍໍ ລາວຍໆໄໍ ຈ້ເວາ໇ົ . ຃ໍາ຋ຑໆ ິຓໂຉຈາໍ ຌຌ໇ັ ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈຍຬກຬາກາຌເວົ໇າອັຍ ແລະ ຎະຉເິ ສຈ ເຆຄິໆ ຉາໍ ແໜ່ຄກາຌຎະກໍໆຓລກັ ສະຌະ ຃າໟ ງ໅ກຍັ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາ ຫ ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ຃ດຉ່ ົ໇ຌຎະໂຫງກຍໍ ຊໟາຉໟຬຄກາຌເຌັຌ໇ ດຫ່ ຄັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍໍ ແລະ ຫ ດ່຋າໟ ງຎະໂຫງກຍໍ ກໍໆຫວັຄວາໞ ຌັກອຽຌ຃ຄົ ຅ະເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ຉາຓ຋ຬໆ ະ຋ິຍາງຓາຌ.໇ 8.Adverb of Exclamation (຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈຍຬກຬ຋ຸ າຌ\") ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ໃແຎ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ ຫົື Past Participle (຃ື verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 3 ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆດ້ າ່ ຄ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ) ເຌ ຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຬ຋ຸ າຌແຈ຃້ ື how (຾຋ຌ້ ໍ, ຽຫົືຬຫາົ ງ) ຾ລະ ຉໍາ຾ໜຄ່ ກາຌຎະ how ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ເຌ ອູຍຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ຬ຋ຸ າຌຉຬໟ ຄຎະແວ້ໜໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈ຿ຈງຓອຍູ Pattern ແຈ້ຈັຄໃ ຌ:ໄ How + Adjective + Subject + Verb to be! ເຆັຌ: How happy we were! ຑວກເອາົ ຓ຃ວາຓສຸກກຌັ ແ຋້ How pleased he was! ລາວຓ຃ວາຓຑໍໃ຅ເຫຬເກຌ How beautiful sh is ! ລາວສວງຫງັຄ຃ແຍຍຌ໇ ເຎັຌຉາ໇ົ ຾ຍຍຍ຺ຈຽຐິກຫຈັ Complete each sentence with one of the following words. 1. Quickly fluently suddenly brightly Carefully violently quickly continuously Slowly elegantly Well repeatedly 1. He called………………………………….but nobody answered inside. 2. David drives……………………………..but a lot of accidents happens. 3. She walks……………………………….,so nobody hear her. 4. If he speaks …………………………….I can follow him. 5. Sumith didn’t study……………………..and failed in the examination. 6. She speaks Chinese……………………because she is the Chinese. 7. It happened………………………………and I have no time to think. 139

8. The sun is shining………………………in summer. 9. Yesterday……………………………….. 10. The bride dresses very………………… ຃ໍາຉຬຍ 1. Repeatedly 2. Carefully 3. slowly 4.Well 5. fluently 6. Fluently 7.suddenly 8. Brightly 9. Continuously 10.elegantly Choose the correct word in parentheslses 1. Have you ever seen him lately? No , but I’ll see him (short, shortly). 2. He (most, mostly) comes (first, firstly) in English. 3. I had (clean, cleanly) forgotten that I had promised to pick John up. 4. When I remembered, I (quick, quickly) turned round. 5. I (hard, hardly) drive (quick, quickly) 6. We were (close, closely) followed by a police car when we were on the high way. 7. You went (wrong, wrongly) once, when you turned(right, rightly) in front of the post- office. ຃າໍ ສະຽຫງົ ຍຈ຺ ຽຐກິ ຫຈັ 1. Lately, shortly 2. Mostly, first 3. Cleanly 4.quickly 5. Hardly, quickly 6. Closely 7.wrong, right. Place the words in parentheslses in regular positions. Example : He went (by car, last week, to Hua Hin) : He went to Hua Hin by car last week. 1. I spoke to her(after supper, sweetly, in the hotel) 2. He left(early, the office, this morning) 3. We must finish our work(tomorrow, before midday) 4. Marry has been(today, here, many times) 5. Mr. Thomson sits on the lawn(often, in the evening) 6. Smith doesn’t travel(to every country, always, by plane). 7. Prani will return the book(next week, to the library). 8. Come (today, here, immediately) 9. Jimmy went(every Sunday, to Bangsaen, by car, last month) 10. They arrive(never, at the meeting, on time) 11. I have been studying(hard, all day, at home) 12. My family flew(by B.O.A.C, twice, to London, last year). 13. I said goodbye to her(yesterday, at Don Muang Airport, regretfully). 14. These boys walked(in a hurry, last night, to the theatre.) 15. We played football(in the rain, enthusiastically, yesterday). ຃າໍ ຉຬຍ຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐິກຫັຈ 1. Sweetly in the hotel after supper. 2. The office early this morning. 3. Before midday tomorrow. 4. Here many times today. 140

5. Often sits on the lawn in the evening. 6. ……………….always……………….to every country bty plane. 7. In the library next week. 8. Here immediately today. 9. To Bangsaen by car every Sundays last month. 10. ……………………….never…………………..at the meeting on time. 11. Hard at home all day. 12. To London by B.O.A.C. twice last year. 13. Regretfully at Don Muang Airport yesterday. 14. To the theatre in a hurry last night 15. Enthusiastically in the rain yesterday Interrogative Adverb ຊາຓ : Interrogative Adverb ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ? ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ? ຉຬຍ : Interrogative Adverb ແຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈ຃ໍາຊາຓ ຫ ຅ະເ໇ຌຬກດ່າຄໜຄໆ ວໞາ ຎຈຸ ສາ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈ ກໍໆໄຈ້\"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈໃຌໝວຈຌຓ໇ ໄວ້ສໍາລັຍຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະເຎັຌ຃ໍາຊາຓ ແລະ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈເຫົາໆ ຌ໇ຍ຃ໆໍ ໞຬຌ ຌງິ ົຓໃຆ້຃າໍ ໅ຈຽວໂຈງສໞວຌຫາງ຅ະໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຎະສຓົ (Compound words) ແຍ່ຄຬຬກເຎຌັ ຆະຌຈິ ງຬໞ ງ໅ ໄຈ້ 6 ຆະຌິຈຈັໆຄຌ໇: -Adverb of Time. ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈຍຬກເວລາ -Adverb of Place ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ -Adverb o Frequency ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ -Adverb of Manner. ຃ໍາກໍາຓະວິເສຈຍຬກຬາກາຌ -Adverb of Quantity ຃ໍາກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ -Adverb of Reason ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈຍຬກເຫຈຏຌົ ແຉລ່ ະຆະຌິຈງຬໞງຓລາງລະຬຽຈກາຌໃຆ້ຉໆໍໄຎຌ໇ 1.Adverb of Time ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈຊາຓຽວລາ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ຋ຌໃ ໍາຓາ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຽຑືໃຬຊາຓຽຊຄິໃ ຽວລາວໞາ \"ຈຌ຺ ຎາຌເຈ \" ຫົື \"ຽຓໃຬື ເຈ\" ແຈ້຃ື How long (ຈ຺ຌ ຎາຌເຈ) How soon (ຈ຺ຌຍໍ) when (ຽຓືໃຬເຈ) ຾ລະ ຉໍາ຾ໜຄ່ ຎະ຅ະດຉູ່ ໄຌ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ ຽຆໃຌັ : How long will the workers remain working here? ຑວກ຃ຌົ ຄາຌ຅ະງຄັ ເອຈັ ວຽກດ຋່ ໆຌໄ໇ ຎຬກຈົຌຎາຌໃຈ? How soon will your sister go to America? ຌຬໟ ຄສາວຂຬຄເ຅໇າົ ຅ະໄຎຬາເຓລິກາຬກຈຌົ ຎາຌໃຈ? When did he work with your company? ເຓຬໆ ໃຈລາວຓາເອຈັ ວຽກດກ່ ຍັ ຍລໍ ສິ ຈັ ຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ ? (ຌກັ ສກສາ຃ົຄເຫັຌແລ້ວແຓຌ່ ຍໍວາໞ ຉາໍ ແໜ່ຄກາຌຎະຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈຊາຓເວລາ຅ະດຉ່ ໇ົຌຎະໂຫງກຉະຫຬຈຬາ ຅າຌຍໍໄໆ ຈ້ຂຉ໇ ົວະ) 141

2.Adverb of Place ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຊາຓສະຊາຌ຋\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈ຋ຌໃ ໍາ ຓາເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑຬໃື ຊາຓສະຊາຌ຋ຽໃ ຋າ຺ໃ ຋ໃຎະກ຺ຈຽຫັຌ ຾ລະ ເຆ້ກຌັ ຽລໃຬື ງກໍໃແຈ຃້ ື where (ດູ່ເສ) ຾ລະ ຅ະຎະແວ້ຉຌ຺ໄ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຆໃັຌ: Where is the pen? ຍກິ ດ່ໃສ? Where have you been? ໄຎ຋ໞຽວໃສຓາ? ຍາຄເ຋ໆຬ How far (຋ແໆ ຎວາໞ \"ໃກດາ່ ຄໃຈ\") ກໍຌໆ ໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ Adverb ຊາຓເຊຄິ ສະຊາຌ຋ໆໄຈ້ເຆັຌໆ : How far did he go yesterday? ລາວໄຎດາ່ ຄໃຈຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇? How far did you live and then stay here? ເ຅າົ໇ ດດ່ ່າຄໃຈ຅ຄໆ ໄຈ້ຓາດ່ຍຬໞ ຌຌ໇ໄຈ້? (Adverb ຊາຓສະຊາຌ຋ໆ຅ະຎະໄວ້ຉຌ໇ົ ຎະໂຫງກຉະຫຬຈ ດ່າລຓເຬົາໄຎຎະຍຬໞ ຌຬໆຌເຈິ) 3.Adverb of Frequency ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວຽິ ສຈຊາຓຽຊິຄ຃ວາຓຊໃ ຫົື ຅ໍາຌວຌ຃ໄຄັ ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃າໍ ຫົື ກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ຋ໃແຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຊາຓຽຊິຄແລງະຽວລາ ຫືົ ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຃ຄັໄ ຾ລະ ຉາໍ ຾ໜ່ຄຎະ຅ະ ດຉູ່ ຺ຌໄ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈແຈ້຃ື ຃ໍາຉໃໍແຎຌໄ຃:ື How often(ຽລືຬໃ ງຍໍ) ຽຆັຌໃ : How often did you dog bark last night? ໜາຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ ເຫົາໆ ເລໆຬງ໅ຍໍ(຅ກັ ເ຋ໆຬ)ຓ຃໇ ຌຌ໇? How often did your son ask you for money? ລກຆາງຂຬຄເ຅໇ົາຂເໍ ຄິຌກັຍເ຅໇ົາຉະຫຬຈຍໍ? 4.Adverb of Manner ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຊາຓຽຊຄິ ກລິ ິງາຬາກາຌ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ໃແຎ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽຑໃຬື ຊາຓຽຊິຄຬາກາຌຂຬຄກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຫືົ ຑຈຶຼ ຉກິ ໍາຌໄຌັ ໂ ຽກິຈຂືຌໄ ຓາແຈ້ ດາ່ ຄເຈແຈ຃້ ື຃າໍ ວາໞ How (ດ່າຄເຈ) ຾ລະ ຉໍາ຾ໜຄ່ ຬາຈ຅ະດ່ຉູ ໄ຺ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຆຌໃັ : How did Arther take the sword out of the stone? ຬາເ຋ຊຬຈເຬາົ ຈາຍຌຬ໇ ຬກຓາ຅າກຫຌິ ໄຈ້ດ່າຄໃຈ? How is your father today? ຓຌ໇ ຑ໇ ໆໍຂຬຄເ຅໇າົ ສະຍາງຈຍ?ໍ How do you do this? ເ຅ົ໇າ຅ະເອັຈສິໆຄຌ໇ໄຈ້ດາ່ ຄໃຈ? 5.Adverb of Quantity (Degree) ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຽສຈຊາຓຽຊິຄຎະລຓິ າຌ ຫືົ ຃ວາຓຫົາງ ໜໟຬງ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ ຫົື ກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ໃແຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຽຑຬໃື ຊາຓຽຊຄິ ຅າໍ ຌວຌ ຫົື ຎະລິຓາຌຂຬຄສໃຄິ ຌັໄຌແຈ຃້ າໍ ວໞາ How much (ຫາົ ງຎາຌເຈ) How far (ແກຎາຌເຈ) ຾ລະ ກຽໃໍ ຆັໃຌ ກັຌຉາໍ ຾ໜ່ຄກດໃໍ ຉູ່ ຌໄ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຆໃັຌ: How much does he work every day? ຋ກຸ ຓຌ໇ ລ໇ າວເອັຈວຽກຫາງຂະໜາຈໃຈ(ຫາງຎາຌໃຈ)? How far is it from here to Bangsaen? ຅າກຌໄ໇ ຎຍາຄແສຌໄກຎາຌໃຈ? How much does it cost? 142

ຓັຌຓລາ຃າເ຋ໆາົ ໃຈ? 6.Adverb of Reason ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽສຈຊາຓຽຊິຄຽຫຈຏ຺ຌ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ຋ແໃ ຎຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາ ກາໍ ຓະຽຑໃືຬຊາຓຽຊິຄຽຫຈຏ຺ຌຂຬຄກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຬຌັ ຌຌໄັ ໂ ວໞາຽຎັຌດ່າຄເຈແຈ້຃ື why (ຽຎັຌຫງັຄ, ຾ລະ ວິ຋ເຆຎ້ ະແວຉ້ ຌໄ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກຬກຽຆັໃຌ: Why do you say this? ເຎັຌຫງຄັ ເ຅໇າົ ເວ໇ົາແຍຍຌ໇? Wherefore was he elected the head? ເຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ລາວ຅ໆຄໄຈອ້ ັຍເລຬກໃຫ້ເຎັຌຫົວໜໟາ? (Wherefore ຍໆ຃ໍ ຬໞ ງຌງິ ຓົ ໃຆ້ຎາຌໃຈເ຋ົາໆ Why) ຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐິກຫັຈ ຅ໆົຄຍຬກ຃ໍາ຋ຑໆ ິຓຈວໟ ງໂຉຈໍາຌັ໇ຌວາໞ ເຎຌັ Interrogativ Adverb ຆະຌິຈໃຈ? 1. How long have you been here? For two years. 2. When did this man begin to work with your company? 3. Where did she dance last night? 4. How far does your sister drive a car? 5. How often die he visit his home? 6. How do you do this? Can you tell me? 7. How is your father today? 8. How much is it? How much does it cost? 9. How far is it from here to Hard Yai? 10. Why does he go there every day? Wherefore was he elected the head? ຃ໍາຉຬຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐິກຫັຈ 1.How long ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of time 2.When ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of time 3.Where ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of Place 4.How far ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of Place 5.How often ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of frequency 6.How ເຎຌັ Interrogative adverb of Manner 7.How ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of Manner 8.How much ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of quantity 9.How far ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of quantity 10. Why ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of reason Wherefore ເຎັຌ Interrogative adverb of reason Conjunctive Adverb ຊາຓ : Conjunctive Adverb ຾ຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຃ືຫງຄັ ? ຾ລະ ຾ຉ່ລະຆະຌິຈ ຓວ຋ິ ເຆດ້ າ່ ຄເຈຂໍເຫ້ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາ? ຉຬຍ : Conjunctive Adverb (ຫືົ຅ະຽຬຌໄ Relative Adverb ກແໃໍ ຈ)້ ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ ຽຆຬໃື ຓຉໃໍ\" ຊາໟ ເຍິຄໆ ໃຫ້ລກ໅ແລ້ວ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈສັຌ຋າຌໄຈ້຃ Interrogative adverb ຌຌ໇ັ ເຬຄຑຽຄແຉ຋່ ໆຌ໇ຓຍໆໍ 143

ໄຈ້ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຊາຓ ຫາກແຉ່ໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກຂຬຄໂຉເຬຄ ແລະ ໃຌເວລາຈຽວກັຌກໆໍເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ Conjunction (ເຆຬໆ ຓຉ)ໆໍ ເຆຬໆ ຓຂ໇ໍ຃ວາຓຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກໜໟາກັຍ ຎະໂຫງກຫັຄໃຫ້ເຂາົ໇ ກຌັ ຬກເຑາະສະຌຌັ໇ ຅ໆຄໃຫ້ເຬຌ໇ Interrogative Adverb ຋ຌໆ າໍ ຓາໃຆ້ຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຌ໇ວໞາ ເຎຌັ Conjunctive Adverb ຫ \"຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈເຆຬໆ ຓຉໆໍ\" ຅ະຂໍງົກໂຉດາ່ ຄໃຫ້ເຍິຄໆ ສກັ 1ໂຉດາ່ ຄເຑຬໆ ຎະກຬຍ຃າໍ ຬະ຋ິຍາງເຆັຌ: This is the place where we live. ຌ໇຃ສະຊາຌ຋຋ໆ ເໆ ອົາຬາໄສດ່ ຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ແງກເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຌຬໟ ງໄຈ້ 2 ຎະໂຫງກ຃ A. This is the place. B. where we live. ຃າໍ ວາໞ where ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ b ຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ live ແລະ ໃຌເວລາຈຽວກັຌຌ໇ກໆໍເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌສັຌ຋າຌເຆໆຬຓ຃ວາຓກັຍຎະໂຫງກ a ຌໍາ ສະຌັ໇ຌ຅ຄໆ ໄຈ້ອຍຎະໂຫງກຬຬຓາເຎຌັ This is the place where we live. ຎະກາຌສະຌ໇ແລ Conjunctive Adverb ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກເຎັຌຆະຌິຈງໞຬງ໅ ໄຈ້ 6 ຆະຌຈິ -Conjunctive Adverb of Time ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຉໍໆວເິ ສຈຍຬກເວລາ -Conjunctive Adverb of Place ຃າໍ ເຆຬໆ ຓຉໍໆວເິ ສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ -Conjunctive Adverb of Frequency ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຉໆໍວເິ ສຈຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ -Conjunctive Adverb of Manner ຃ໍາເຆໆຬຓຉໍໆວເິ ສຈຍຬກກິລງິ າຬາກາຌ -Conjunctive Adverb of Quantity ຃ໍາເຆໆຬຓຉໆໍວເິ ສຈຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ -Conjunctive Adverb of Reason ຃ໍາເຆຬໆ ຓຉໆໍວເິ ສຈຍຬກເຫຈຏົຌ ຈຄັໆ ຅ະໄຈ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງລາງລະຬຽຈຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ:໇ 1.Conjunctive Adverb of Time ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ຽຆຬໃື ຓຉໃໍວິຽສຈຍຬກຽວລາ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ຋ໃແຎຽອັຈ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຆືຬໃ ຓຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑໃຬື ຍຬກຽວລາແຈ຃້ ື when (ຽຓືຬໃ ເຈ) ຽຆຌໃັ : Can you tell me when he will arrive here? ເ຅າົ໇ ຍຬກຂຬໟ ງໄຈຍ້ ໍວາໞ ເຓໆຬໃຈ຅ະຓາເຊຄິ ຋ຌໆ ໇? I know when he will come ຂໟຬງອ້ວາໞ ເຓໆຬລາວ຅ະຓາ (when ຋ັຄ 2 ຎະໂຫງກເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ will arrive ແລະ will comeໃຌເວລາຈຽວກຌັ ກເໍໆ ຆໆຬຓ ຂໍ໇຃ວາຓຎະໂຫງກໜໟາ ແລະ ຎະໂຫງກຫຄັ ໃຫ້ເຂ໇າົ ກຌັ ເຑາະສະຌັຌ໇ ຅ຄໆ ຅າໍ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎຌັ \"຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຉວໍໆ ເິ ສຈຍຬກ ເວລາ\") 2.Conjunctive Adverb of Place ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຽຆໃືຬຓຉໍໃວຽິ ສຈຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋\"ໃ ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ແໃ ຎ ຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຆໃຬື ຓຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຽຑືໃຬຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໃແຈ຃້ ື຃າໍ ວໞາ where (ເສ , ດ່ເູ ສ) ຽຆັຌໃ : This is where I stayed last year. ຌ໇຃ສະຊາຌ຋຋ໆ ຂໆ ໟຬງຓາຑກັ ດເ່ ຓໆຬຎກາງຌ໇ Ladda will go where she can live happily. ລຈັ ຈາ຅ະໄຎງັຄສະຊາຌ຋ໆ຋ລໆ າວສາຓາຈດ່ໄຈດ້ າ່ ຄຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ 144