Sixty miles an hour60 ໄຓຉໆໍໜຄໆ ຆໆົວໂຓຄ Five dollars a pair ຄູ່ ລະ 5 ຫຽຌ e.g. This cloth is £ 3 a yard. ຏໟາຌຫ ລາລະ 3 ຎຬຌ My car is running 60 mile an hour ລຈົ ເກຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງແລ່ຌໄຈ້ 60 ໄຓຉໆໍ 1 ຆວົ ໂຓຄ 9.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌສາໍ ຌວຌເຌຎະຫງກຬຸາຌຽຆຌັໃ What a pretty girl she is! ລາວສວງແ້ What an opportunity he missed! ລາວຏ້ຆາງຑາຈໂຬກາຈດ່າຄຌໞາເສງຈາງ What a hot day it is ! ຓຌັ ເຎັຌຓ ໆອຬໟ ງແ້ 10.ເຫເ້ ຆa້ ,anຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆືໃສະຽຑາະຬັຌຽຎຌັ ໃອູ້ກັ ກັຌຈລວ້ ຌໍາຓາຼຍຼຄກັຍຌ຺ ໃ ຽອ຺າ ໝາງເຊຄິ ເຑາະເຫຌັ ວໞາຓຌຸ ສົຓຍັຈ, ຬຸຎະຌິໄສ ຫ ວາຓສາຓາຈໟາງກຌັ ເຆໆັຌ Somsak is a Soontorn poo in our school. ສຓົ ສັກເຎຌັ ສຌຬຌຑ້ົຌໜໆຄໃຌໂອຄອຽຌຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ (ສົຓສກັ ົຄເຎຌັ ຌກັ ແຉຄ່ ກຬຌແກັໆຄຌົ ໜຄໆ ໃຌໂອຄອຽຌເຑໆຬຌເລງ ເຬຌສຓົ ງາຌາຓໃໝ່ວໞາເຎັຌສຌ ຬຌຑໃ້ ຌໂອຄອຽຌາໍ ຌຬຄຌ) He is a Hiter. ລາວເຎຌັ ົຌໂຫຈອາໟ ງເໝຬຌອຈິ ເລ 11ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຓໃ າລຼຄຉາຓຫຄັົ quite, hardly, scarcely, rather, ຽຆັຌໃ : Montress is quite a food. ຓຌົ ຉເຎັຌຌົ ໂຄແ່ ້ There is hardly a second to lose. ດາ່ ໃຫ້ຑາຈເຈ (ວາຓໝາງວາໞ ເກຬຍະຍໆໍຓເວລາເຎັຌັຄ ໆ 2 ຬກແລວ້ ໆ ະຑາຈເລັຄໃຫແ້ ຓຌ່ ) There is scarcely a pinch left. ເກຬຍະຍໆຓໍ ເວລາເລງ He is rather a lazy man. ລາວຏ້ຆາງົຌຂ າໟ ຌແ້ 12ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຓໃ ລຼຄຉາຓຫົັຄ many ຽຑືໃຬຽຌຌໄັ ຽຊິຄຌຸ ຌະຑາຍສໍາລຍັ ສິໃຄຌັໄຌຽຆໃັຌ Many a boy could pass entrance examination ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງເຎຌັ ໍາຌວຌຫາງສຬຍເສຄັ ເຂົາຓະຫາວິ ະງາໄລໄຈ້ ຂໄງໍ ກ຺ ຽວັໄຌ: ຊໟາຫຄັ many ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຑະຫຑຸ ົຈຍໍໆຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ a, an, the ຌໍາໜໟາເຆໆັຌ Many tourists visit Thailand this year 45
ຎຌຌ ັກໞຬຄໞຽວເຎຌັ ໍາຌວຌຫາຓາຽໞ ວຎະເຈໄ 13ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈດໃ ່ຫູ ຄົັ າໍ ຌຸ ຌະສັຍຓໃ ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈ how, so, as, too, ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆໃຌັ How diligent a man he is! ເຂາົ ເຎຌັ ົຌຂະຫງຌັ ແ້ Kitti is so good a student that everyone likes him. ກິຈຉເິ ຎັຌຌກັ ສກສາໆຈົຌຸກ ຌົ ອັກເຂົາ He is as honest a man as I. ເຂາົ ເຎັຌົຌຆໆສຈັ ເໝຬຌຂໟຬງ She is as beautiful a girl as Arpasra. ລາວເຎຌັ ເຈກັ ງິຄສໆ ວງຄາຓກຍັ ຬາຑັຈສະລາ It’s too expensive a car for her. ຓັຌເຎຌັ ລົຈເກຄແໆ ຑຄເກຌໄຎສາໍ ລຍັ ລາວ It’s too big a shirt for me. ຓັຌເຎຌັ ເສຬ ໂຉໃຫງເໞ ກິຌໄຎສໍາລັຍຂຬໟ ງ 14.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃສະຈຄໍາຌວຌຫົາງເຌກລໍ ະຌຍຍຌໄ a, an ຍຉໍ ຬໟ ຄຎວໞາ ‟ໜຼຶຄໃ ”ແຈ້ ື A little, a few, a great deal, a great many, a great number, a lot of, a large number ເຆໆຌັ Chai has a great many friends in Italy. ຆາງຓເຑຬໆ ຌຫວຄຫາງໃຌຬິຈຉາລໆ I have a little money left. ຂຬໟ ງຑຓໍ ເຄຌິ ເຫຬດ່ຍາໟ ຌໜໟຬງໜຄໆ 15.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຌັຍແຈຽ້ ຆຄໃິ ແຎລຼຄຉາຓຫົຄັ າໍ ຌຸ ຌາຓ such ດຂູ່ າໟ ຄໜາ ຉາຓສຈູ ຎະຫງກຈໃັຄຌໄ such + a + Adjective + noun e.g. It is such a hot day he can’t work. ຓຌັ ເຎຌັ ຓໆອຬໟ ຌແ້ຌົ ລາວເອັຈວຽກຍໆໄໍ ຈ້ It is such an interesting movie I can’t stand seeing. ຓັຌເຎັຌໜັຄໆຌໞາສົຌໃົຌຂໟຬງເຍຄໆິ ຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ 16.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຌຍັ ແຈ້ ແໃ ຎຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຽໃ ຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓເຌອຍູ ຎະຉຽິ ສຈຽຆໃຄິ ຓວາຓໝາງວາໞ ”ຍໃໍ ຓຌ່ ກັ ຬຌັ ” ຽຆໃຌັ When she met me, she did not say a word. ເຓໆຬລາວຏງ້ ິຄຑຍົ ຂໟຬງລາວຍໍໆໄຈ້ເວົາ ຫງັຄກັ ໍາ I haven’t a penny, so I can’t pay. ຂຬໟ ງຍຓໆໍ ກັ ເຑຌຌຈຄໆັ ຌັຌຄໆ ໞາງໃຫຍ້ ໍໄໆ ຈ້ This man hasn’t a friend in the town. ຏ້ຆາງົຌຌຍ ຓໆໍ ເຑຬໆ ຌກັ ົຌເລງໃຌເຓຬຄ 17.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆໃສື ະຽຑາະ(Proper Noun) ຽຆໃຄິ ຽຎຌັ ຍຸກຌ຺ ຽໃ ອ຺າຍໃໍອູ້ກັ ຓາ ກຬໞ ຌຽຎັຌສໞວຌຉ຺ວ ຉາຓຍຍຌໄຽຓຬໃື a, an ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ລ້ວຓວາຓໝາງວາໞ \"ຌ຺ ເຈຌ຺ ໜຼໃຄຶ \" ຫົື 46
\"ຽໝືຬຌກັຍວາໞ \" ຽຆັໃຌ A Mr. Johns wishes to speak to you. ຓິົຌຆໆ ຬຌດາກເວົາ ຌໍາເາົ A Mrs. Sumali called while you were out. ຓຌົ ຆຌໆ າຄສຓຸ າລໂລະສັຍຓາຉຬຌເາົ ຍໍໆດ່ He thinks he is an Einstein. ລາວິຈວາໞ ລາວເຎັຌົຌສະຫາຈເໝຬຌກຍັ ໄຬສໄຉ 18.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎັຌສາໍ ຌວຌກຼໞ ວກຍັ ວາຓຍໍສໃ ະຍາງຽັຍແຂແ້ ຈຎ້ ວ່ ງຽຆຌໃັ Have a headache ຎວຈຫົວ Have a pain ໄຈອ້ ັຍວາຓເຍັ ຎວຈ Have a cough ເຎຌັ ໄຬ, ຓຬາກາຌໄຬ Have a cold ເຎຌັ ໄຂ້ຫວຈັ Have a toothache ຎວຈແຂວ້ Have a earache ເຍັ ຫ ຂໍງໄ ຺ກຽວຌັໄ : ແຉຊ່ ໟາເຍັ ໄຂ້ໄຈຎ້ ວ່ ງກຽໞ ວກຍັ ສຄໆິ ເຫໆາົ ຌຍໆໍຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ a, an, the ຌໍາໜາໟ ໄຈ້ Have influenza ເຎັຌໄຂ້ຫວັຈໃຫງໞ Have rheumatism ເຎັຌໂລກຎວຈໃຌຂໍ e.g. Today my sister has a headache but I have toothache, so we can’t work. ຓຌຌໟຬຄສາວຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງຎວຈຫົວແຉ່ຂຬໟ ງຎວຈແຂ້ວ ຈັໆຄຌັຌ ເອາົ ຄໆ ຍໆສໍ າຓາຈເອັຈວຽກໄຈ້ 19.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຌັຍແຈ້ ໃຽວໄ຺າຂືຌໄ ຓາຽຎັຌຽຬໃື າໍ ຬຈິ ລະ ເຫ້ເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຓໃຬື ຽວ຺ໄາຂຌໄື ຓາຽຎຌັ ຽໃຬື ໃ 2 ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັຌໃ A boy and a girl were walking along the street. They were arguing where they should go for their week-end. The boy wanted to go to Chiammai, but the girl said she liked to see a movie. ເຈັກຆາງ ແລະ ເຈັກງິຄ(2ຌົ ) ກາໍ ລຄັ ງໞາຄໄຎຉາຓຫຌົ າຄເຂາົ ຊຽຄກັຌວາໞ ະໄຎໞຽວວັຌສຸຈຎະຈາຌດ່ໃສ ເຈກັ ຆາງຉໟຬຄກາຌໄຎຽໞ ວຆຽຄໃໝ່ແຉ່ເຈກັ ງິຄເວາົ ວາໞ ລາວດາກໄຎເຍິໆຄໜຄັ . 20) ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌາໍ ໜໟາສໍາຌວຌຉໍແໃ ຎຌໄ ື As a matter of face ຬັຌໆິໆຄແລວິ All of a sudden ັຌໃຌັຌ A long time ເຎຌັ ເວລາງາວຌາຌ Be a pity ຌາໞ ສົຄສາຌ, ຌາໞ ເສງຈາງ Be a shame ຌໞາລະຬາງ Be in a good(bad,happy,etc.) mood ຓຬາລຓົ ແຓ່ ໃສ Have a good time ສະໜກຸ ສະໜາຌ Have a busy time ຓລຸ ະຫງຸ່ຄຫາງ In a hurry ອຍອໟຬຌ In a rush ເລັໆຄອຍ 47
Do a favour ຬະຌຸເາະ Tell a lie ເວາົ ຉົວະ Make a living ຫາລຽຄ ຆຍ Take a trip ເຈຌາຄ Take a picture ຊາໞ ງອຍ Take a look at ເຍຄິໆ ໄຎໆ Make a mistake ເອັຈຏິຈ Make a stand ຉັຄໝັຌ Creat a stir ເອັຈໃຫ້ເກຈິ ວາຓຫວາຈກໆວົ Have a mind ຉັຄໃວໞາ, ິຈວາໞ Take a guess າງ, ເຈົາ In a pinch ຑະງາງາຓ Have an opportunity ຓໂຬກາຈ At a discount ລຈົ ລາາ Have a habit ຓຌໄິ ສ Take a seat ເຆຌຌໆັຄ A question of ຎັຌຫາກຽໞ ວກຍັ .... Keep it a secret ເກັຍໄວ້ເຎຌັ ວາຓລັຍ Be at a loss ໝົຈຫຌົ າຄ Make it a rule ຉຄັ ເຎຌັ ກຈົ On a large scale ດາ່ ຄຓະໂຫລາຌ Be in a position ດ່ໃຌຊາຌະ On an averge ໂຈງສະເລ່ງ At a premium ຓລາາສຄ Keep up a correspondence (ຈົ ໝາງ)ໂຉ້ຉຬຍ At a distance ໃຌໄລງະໄກ With a view to ເຑໆຬະເອັຈໃຫ້ With an eye to ເຑຬໆ ເຍໆຄິ , ເຑໆຬັຈສະຌາຬຌ e.g. He has a habit of asking silly question. ລາວຓຌໄິ ສຓກັ ຊາຓາໍ ຊາຓໂຄ່ It is a pity to leave her here alone. ເຎັຌກາຌຌາໞ ສົຄສາຌຎໆ ຬ່ ງລາວໄວ້ໆຌໂຈງລໍາຑຄັ I am in a position to know that he will resign shortly. ຂຬໟ ງດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະໆະອ້ວໞາລາວະລາຬຬກໃຌໄວຌ On an overage more people die from overeating than from starvation. ໂຈງສະເລ່ງແລວ້ ຌົ ຉາງຈໟວງກາຌກຌິ ຫາງເກຌໄຎຓຫາງກວາໞ ົຌຉາງຈວໟ ງກາຌຬຈົ ຬາຫາຌ 48
They kept up a correspondence with each other for many years. ຑວກເຂາົ ົຈໝາງໂຉຉຬຍກຌັ ແລະ ກັຌຓາຫາງຎແລ້ວ etc. 21) ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓຓໃ າຽຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ Verb ຉໍແໃ ຎຌໄແຈ້ ື Have a walk ງາໞ ຄຫຌ take a shower ຬາຍຌາໍ Have a haircut ຉຈັ ຏຓົ have an idea ິຈວາໞ Give a speech ເວົາ ວາໞ do a favour ຆວໞ ງເຫຬ Give an answer ຉຬຍອັຍ take a pride in ຑຓໃໃຌ Give a push ຆວໞ ງົຌ take a rest ຫງຸຈຑັກ Go for a drive ໄຎຂັຍລຈົ make a chnge ແລກຎຽ່ ຌ Come to a decision ຉັຈສິຌໃ give an idea ໃຫ້ ວາຓຈິ Make a stop ງຈຸ give a kiss ຍ Give a bath ຬາຍຌາໍ ໃຫ້ e.g. Every morning we have a walk after bed. ກຸ ເຆາົ ຫັຄາກຉຌຌຬຌແລ້ວເອົາຬຬກໄຎງໞາຄຫຌ We can have a haircut from the barber. ເອາົ ຉັຈຏຓົ ໄຈ້ າກອາໟ ຌຉັຈຏົຓ My friend goes for a drive every evening. ເຑໆຬຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງຬຬກໄຎຂັຍລົຈຸກແລຄ ຫກັົ ກາຌເຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓ ຊາຓ : The ຓຫົັກຽກຌກາຌເຆຌ້ າໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ ລະ ຓຂໄໍງ຺ກຽວໄັຌຍໍ ຫືົ ຍໍຓໃ ຂໍເຫຍ້ ຬກຓາ ຽຎຌັ ຂໂໄໍ ດາ່ ຄລະຬຼຈຽຍຄິໃ ຈຸ ລ້ວະແຈຫ້ າງຂໍຂໄ ໟຬຄເ? ຉຬຍ : The ເຎຌັ Article ຓໆ ລກັ ສະຌະສະເຑາະດ່ດາ່ ຄໜຄໆ ກໆໍ ຊາໟ ໄຎໃຆ້ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓໃຈະເອຈັ ໃຫຌ້ າຓຌັຌ ເຎຌັ ວາຓໝາງຍຬກສະເຑາະເາະົຄຌັ ຌຬກາກຌແ ລ້ວຌາຓໂຉຌັຌ ະເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ົຈຂຌຉຌົ ສະຫະ ຫ ຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະະຌຍັ ໄຈ້ ຫ ຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາໄຈ້ຄັ ຌຌັ ຈັໆຄຌຌັ ຎຌັ ຫາຉໄໍໆ ຎຌກໍໆວໞາ \"ລ້ວຌາຓຽຆໃຌັ ເຈລະ ລັກສະຌະຍຍເຈໃ ະຊແື ຈວ້ ໞາຓວາຓໝາງຍຬກສະຽຑາະະແຈເ້ ຆ້ The ຌໍາໜາໟ ແຈ້?\" ເຑໆຬວາຓເຂົາໃຄາໞ ງ ແລະ ຍໍໆສຍັ ສົຌຏ້ຂຽຌະໄຈ້ຬະຍິ າງໃຫເ້ ຫັຌແ້ໄຎດ່າຄລະຬຽຈໆຄຂໍໃຫ້ຌກັ ສກສາໂຎຈ ຉິຈຉາຓຉໄໍໆ ຎວາຓສົຌຬົກສຌົ ໃດ່າຄຊໞຬຄແ້ກຽໞ ວກັຍຌາຓ ຫ ລກັ ສະຌະຂຬຄຌາຓໆະໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໄຈ້ເຆຄໆິ ຓຈຄໆັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ: 1.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓຓໃ ຍຍຸ ຑະຍ຺ຈວະລ(Prepositional Phrase) ຓາຂະຫງາງດູ່ຂາໟ ຄຫຄັົ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ The man in this car is the prime Minister. ຏ້ຆາງໆດ່ໃຌລຈົ ເກຄຌັ ຌເຎຌັ ຌາງງກົ ລັຈຊະຓຌົ ຉ ໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ man ໄຈສ້ ະເຑາະຓາໍ ເຆໆຬຓວະລ in this car ຓາຂະຫງາງດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫັຄເຎຌັ ກາຌຍຬກສະເຑາະ ໃຫເ້ ຫັຌຆັຈລົຄໄຎວາໞ ຌົ ໆເຎັຌຌາງງົກລັຈຊະຓົຌຉຌັຌ ຍໍແໆ ຓ່ຌໃຏດ່ໄສແຉເ່ ຎຌັ ົຌໆດ່ໃຌລົຈຌັ ຌເ ຬຄ The girl in blue dress is my relative. 49
ໃຆ້ The ຌໍາໜາໟ girl ໄຈເ້ ຑາະຓໍາເຆຬໆ ຓວະລ in blue dress ຓາຂະຫງາງດ່ຂໟາຄຫຄັ ເຎັຌກາຌຍຬກສະເຑາະ ໃຫເ້ ຫັຌວາໞ ເຈັກງຄິ ໆເຎັຌງາຈຂຬຄຂໟຬງຌຌັ ຍໍແໆ ຓ່ຌໃຏດ່ໃສແຉໄ່ ຈແ້ ກ່ ົຌໆໃສຆ່ ຈຸ ສຌາໍ ເຄຌິ ຌັຌ ເຬຄ 2.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓໃຓຬະຌຸຎະຫງກ(Subordinate Clause) ຓາຂະຫງາງດູ່ຂໟາຄຫັຄົ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ The pen which I bought for you is red. ຍິກໆຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ຆຓາຐາກເາົ ເຎັຌຍກິ ສແຈຄ ໃຆ້ The ຌໍາໜາໟ pen ໄຈ້ເຑາະຓ which I bought for you ຆຄໆ ເຎຌັ ຬະຌຎຸ ະໂຫງກຓາຂະຫງາງດ່ຂາໟ ຄຫັຄ The man whom you spoke to is my friend. ຏຆ້ າງໆເົາເວາົ ເຊຄິ ຌັຌ ເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄຂໟຬງ ໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາ man ໄຈ້ເຑາະຓ whom you spoke to ເຆໆິຄເຎຌັ ຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກຓາຂະຫງາງດ່ຫັຄ 3.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓເຌກາຌຽລໃ຺າຽລຬືໃ ຄຽຓໃືຬຽວ຺ໄາຽຊຄິ ຌາຓຉຌໄຌັ ຬກຽຎຌັ ຽຬໃື ໃ 2 ຫືົ ັຄໄ ໃ 2 ຽຆໃັຌ She owns a dog and a cat in the house. The dog is white, and the cat is black. ລາວຓໝາ ແລະ ແຓວດໃ່ ຌເອຬຌ ໝາສຂາວ ສວໞ ຌແຓວສຈໍາ 4.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆືໃຂຬຄຓ່ຌາໄໍ , ໝ່ຽູ ກາະ, ຬຄ, າຍສະໝຸຈ, ຓະຫາສະໝຈຸ , ະຽລ, ຬາໞ ວ, ຆຬໞ ຄຍ, ກຸ່ຓະຽລສາຍ, ະຽລຆາງ, ຽຬື ກຽຂາ຺ , ຂໃວ຺ ລກ, ຽສໄັຌສຌູ ສູຈ, ຬຸ ຓຄ, ຫຬໟ ຄສະໝຈຸ , ຑິຑິຈະຑຌັ ,ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ The Chao Praya River ແຓ່ຌາໍ ເາົ ຑະງາ The Thames ແຓ່ຌາໍ ເຓ The Philippines ໝເ່ ກາະຒິລິຍຎຌໆິ The East Indies ໝ່ເກາະຬິຌເຈງຉາເວຌັ ຬຬກ The Suer Canal ຬຄສເຬສ The Panama Canal ຬຄຎາຌາຓາ The Indo-China Peninsula າຍສະໝຸຈຬິຌໂຈຌ The Scandivavian Peninsula າຍສະໝຸຈສະແກຌຈິເຌເວງ The Pacific Ocean. The Indian Ocean ຓະຫາສະໝຸຈຎາຆຒິກ, ຬິງເຈງ The Red sea, The Caribbean Sea ະເລແຈຄ, -າລິຍຽຌ The Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Siam ຬໞາງເຎເຆງ,-ໄ The British Strait, the Bering Strait ຆຬໞ ຄແຍຬັຄກຈິ ,-ເຍອຄ The Great Lakes, the Finger Lakes ະເລສາຍເກັຈ, ຒຄິ ເກ The Sahara Desert ະເລຆາງຆາອາລໞາ The Cape of Good Hope ແຫຓກຈໂອຒ The Alps, the Rockies ຑເຂາົ ແຬຍ, ຑເຂົາອຬກັ ກໆ The North Pole, the South Pole ຂົວໂລກເໜຬ, ຂົວໂລກໄຉ້ The Equator ເສັຌສຌສຈ The Holland Tunnel ຬຸໂຓຄອຬກແລຌ 50
The Central Library ຫໟຬຄສະໝຈຸ ກາຄ The Brtish Museum ຑຑິ ິຈະຑັຌສະຊາຌແຫຄ່ ຆາຈຬຄັ ກຈິ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ໝເ່ ກາະ ແລະຑເຂົາເຬກເຂົາຊາໟ ໝາງເຊິຄຬັຌຈຽວເຎັຌຌາຓເຬກະຑົຈຍໆໍຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ເຆໆຌັ : Cuba ເກາະວິ ຍາ Mount Whitney ຑເຂາົ ວິຈຌໆ 5.ເຫ້ເຆ້ The ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃືຉໍາໜ່ຄຬັຌສໍາຌັ ຫົື ຉາໍ ໜຄ່ ຽໃ ວາໄ຺ ຬຬກແຎລວ້ ກຸ ຺ຌອູ້ ກັ ວາໞ ໝາງຽຊິຄເຏ, ຺ຌເຈຽຆັໃຌ The Prime Minister ຌາງົກລັຈຊະຓົຌຉ The President ຎະາຌາິຍໍຈ The Manageer ຏ້ັຈກາຌ The Principal ຬາາຌໃຫງໞ ຂງໍໄ ຺ກຽວັຌໄ : ຊໟາຆຉໆ ໍາແໜຄ່ ຌັຌຓຆເໆ ົາຂຬຄຏ້ຉາໍ ແໜຄ່ ຓາລຽຄດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫັຄຍໆໍຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາເຆໆຌັ : President Ronald Reagan ຎະາຌາຍິ ຈໍ ໂອຌແໍ ກຌ Prime Minister Prem ຌາງກົ ລຈັ ຊະຓົຌຈຉເຎອຓ 6.ເຫ້ເຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓໃຽຎັຌຆືໃຎະຽຈຊໟາຆຎໃື ະຽຈຌຌັໄ ຓລກັ ສະຌະຈໃັຄຉໃໍແຎຌໄກ. ຆຎໃື ະຽຈ ຌຌໄັ ຎະກຬຍໍາວໞາ kingdom, Union, ຫືົ Republic ຽຆໃຌັ The Soviet Union ສະຫະຑາຍໂຆຫວຽຈ The United Kingdom ສະຫະລາຈຆະຬາຌາັກ The Irish Republic ສາາລະຌະລຈັ ໄຬອິສ ກ ຆືຎໃ ະຽຈຌໄັຌຎະກຬຍ of ຽຆໃຌັ The Republic of China ສາາລະຌະລັຈຌ The United States of America ສະຫະລັຈຬາເຓລກິ າ The Union of South Africa ສະຫະຑາຍຬາຒອກິ າໃຉ້ ຂ ຆືໃຎະຽຈຌັຌໄ ຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຽຆັໃຌ The Nether Lands ຎະເຈເຌເແລຌ The Philippines ຎະເຈຒລິ ຍິ ຎໆຌິ ຂໄງໍ ຺ກຽວໄຌັ : ແຉ່ຊໟາຆໆຎະເຈຌຌັ ເຎຌັ າໍ ຈຽວ ແລະ ເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈຈໟວງຍໆໍຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາເຆັໆຌ Thailand ຎະເຈໄ France ຎະເຈຐອຄັ England ຎະເຈຬຄັ ກຈິ India ຎະເຈຬິຌເຈງ 7.ເຫ້ເຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃືຂຬຄໜຄັ ສຑື ຓິ ລາງວຌັ , ອຄໜຄັ , ອຄລະຬຌ, ອຄອຓ, ສະຊາຌໃຬາຌາຌິ຺ຓ, ອາໟ ຌຍາ, ສະຓສຬຌ, ສະຓາ຺ຓ, ຍິລສິ ຈັ ,ສາໍ ຌກັ ຑຓິ , ຫໟາຄອາໟ ຌ, ຬຄ຺ ກາຌ, ລະ ສະຊາຍັຌຉາໞ ຄໂຽຆຌໃັ The Daily news ໜັຄສຑິຓເຈລິຌິວ The Lido, The Siam ໂອຄໜັຄລໂຈ,້ ໂອຄໜັຄສະຫງາຓ The National Theatre ໂອຄລະຬຌແຫ່ຄຆາຈ The O riental Hotel ໂອຄແອຓໂຬລຽຌຉລັ (ງກົ ເວັຌ Smith’s Hotel 51
The Chao Praya Massage ເາົ ຑະງາຬາຍ, ຬຍົ , ໜວຈ The Rofeno Night Club ໂອຒໂຌໄຌອຍັ The Bangkok Rotary Club ສະໂຓສຬຌໂອຉາລກຄຸ ເຍ The Newsmen Association of Thailand ສະຓາົຌຌກັ ຂາໞ ວແຫ່ຄຎະເຈໄ The Siam Motor Company ຍໍລສິ ຈັ ສະຫງາຓກົຌລະກາຌ The Longman Publisher ສາໍ ຌັກຑຓິ ລຬຄແຓຌ The Central Department store ຫໟາຄເຆັຌອໍ The Tourist Organization of Thailand ຬົຄກາຌສຄໆົ ເສຓກາຌຬໞ ຄໞຽວແຫ່ຄຎະເຈໄ The Y.M,C.A.Institude ສະຊາຍຌັ ວາງ, ເຬຓັ , ຆ, ເຬ 8.ເຫ້ເຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຆືໃ ອຄອຼຌ, ວິະງາແລ, ຓະຫາວິະງາແລ,ວຈັ ວາຬາອາຓຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຊຄິ ຆືໃ ສະຽຑາະຂຬຄສະຊາຌໃ ຺ໃຎະແຎັຄຌຫໄ າກຆໃື ໃກາໞ ວຓາຌຽໄ ຎຌັ ໍາຎະສຓ຺ ຽຆໃຬື ຓ of ຈງຎະ Common Noun ແວ້ໜາໟ ລະ ຎະ Proper Noun ແວ້ຫຄັົ ຽຆັຌໃ The School of Suan Kularb ໂອຄອຽຌສວຌກຸຫາຍ The University of Mahidol ຓະຫາວິະງາໄລຓະຫຈິ ຌົ The College of Thonburi ວິ ະງາໄລົຌຍລ The Temple of Bencha ວັຈເຍັຌາ The Village of Noung Ma Wor ຍໟາຌໜຬຄໝາຫວໍ ຂໍງກົ ເວຌັ : ຊາໟ ຆໂໆ ອຄອຽຌ, ວິະງາໄລ ຌົ ໆກໞາວຓາຌຓ ຆໆ Proper Noun ດໜ່ າໟ Common Noun ຉາຓຫຄັ ຍຓໍໆ of ຓາເຆໆຬຓຍໆຉໍ ໟຬຄໃຆ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາເຆັໆຌ Suan Kularb School ໂອຄອຽຌສວຌກຸຫາຍ Thammsart University ຓະຫາວິ ະງາໄລາໍ ຓະສາຈ Mahathat Temple ວັຈຓະຫາາຈ ເຎຌັ ຉຌົ 9.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆໃື ຈິ ເຌກລໍ ະຌຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ໝາງຽຊຄິ (Geographical Area) ຫືົ ສວໞ ຌຂຬຄຎະຽຈຽຆໃຌັ ຑາກຽໜຬື , ຑາກເຉ,້ ຑາກຉາຽວຌັໄ ຉກ຺ ເຫຂ້ ຼຌຈໟວງຬັກສຬຌຉເຫງໞ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຬກຽຆຌັໃ The North ຑາກເໜຬ the South ຑາກໃຉ້ The East ຑາກຉາເວຌັ ຬຬກ the West ຑາກຉາເວຌັ ຉກົ ເຆັຌໆ The north is colder than the south. ຑາກເໜຬໜາວກວໞາຑາກໃຉ້ ແຉ່ 3 ໍາຌຍຉໆໍ ໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ໄຈ້ແກ່ Southern California ແລຒິ ເໍ ຌງຑາກໃຉ້ Southeast Asia ຬາຆຉາເວຌັ ຬຬກສຽຄໆ ໃຉ້ Central Africa ຬັຒອິກາກາຄ ຂໄງໍ ກ຺ ຽວຌໄັ : ຊໟາິຈຌັຌຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ໝາງເຊິຄ \"ິຈາຄ\" ເອັຈໜໟາໆາໟ ງາໍ ກາໍ ຓະວິເສຈ(Adverb) ຍໍຉໆ ຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາ ແລະ ກໆຂໍ ຽຌຈວໟ ງຬກັ ສຬຌໂຉຌໟຬງາໍ ຓະຈາເຆຌໆັ I am going south, but she is coming from north. ຂໟຬງກາໍ ລຄັ ະໄຎາຄໃຉ້ ແຉ່ລາວກໍາລັຄຓາາກາຄເໜຬ 52
My house is in east, your is in west. ຍໟາຌຂຬຄຂໟຬງດ່າຄຉາເວັຌຬຬກຂຬຄເາົ ດ່ າຄຉາເວັຌຉກົ 10.າໍ ຌຸ ຌາຓຂຌັໄ ສູຄສຸຈ(Superative degree) ຽຓຬໃື ຽວລາຌາໍ ແຎເຆ້ຎະກຬຍ ຫືົ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ: Payao is the best boxer in Thailand. ຑະເງົາເຎຌັ ຆົກຓວງໆຈໆສຈຸ ໃຌຎະເຈໄ Apasara is the most beautiful girl in the world. ຬາຑຈັ ສະລາເຎຌັ ງຄິ ໆສວງໆສຈຸ ໃຌໂລກ ຂໄໍງ຺ກຽວຌັໄ : ຊາໟ ໍາຸຌຌາຓຆັຌສຄສຸຈຌາໍ ຓາໃຆດ້ າ່ ຄໍາກໍາຓະວິເສຈ(Adverb) ໂຈງຍຓໆໍ າໍ ຌາຓຉາຓຫັຄເາົ ວາໞ ຫາໟ ຓໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ໂຈງເຈກັ ຂາຈເຆຌັໆ : He has done it best. ເຂາົ ໄຈເ້ ອຈັ ຓຌັ ຈໆສຈຸ ແລ້ວ You like to do something worst . ເົາຓັກເອຈັ ຫງຄັ ເລວສໆ ຸຈ I think of her most ຂຬໟ ງຈິ ເຊິຄລາວຫາງໆສຈຸ 11.ຽລກຌັຍາໍ ຌວຌໃ ຫືົ ລາໍ ຈຍັ ໃ (Ordinal Number) ຽຓຬືໃ ຽວລາຌາໍ ແຎເຆ້ຎະກຬຍາໍ ຌາຓ ຫືົ ຂະຫງາງາໍ ຌາຓຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆຌໃັ The first sudent is the head of the class. ຌັກສກສາຌົ ໜໆ ຄໆ ເຎັຌຫົວໜໟາຫຬໟ ຄອຽຌ Smith is the third son of his family. ສະຓຈິ ເຎັຌລກຆາງົຌໆ 3 ຂຬຄຬຍວົ ຂໄງໍ ຺ກຽວຌໄັ : ຊໟາເລກຌຍັ າໍ ຌວຌໆ ຫ ລໍາຈຍັ ໆຌາໍ ໄຎໃຆ້ແຉຓ່ ັຌລຬງ ໂຈງຍໆໍຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ ະເອັຈໜໟາໆາໟ ງາໍ ກາໍ ຓະວເິ ສຈ(Adverb) ກໍລະຌເຆໆຌັ ຌເາົ ຫໟາຓໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາໂຈງເຈັຈຂາຈເຆັໆຌ: Nivat wrote me a letter first. ຌິວັຈໄຈ້ຂຽຌຈົ ໝາງເຊຄິ ຂໟຬງເຎຌັ ໍາໍາຬິຈ Who wants to speak second? ໃຏຉໟຬຄກາຌເວົາເຎັຌຌົ ໆ2? (first ແລະ third ຍໆຉໍ ໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາເຑາະໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄ Adverb) 12.າໍ ຸຌຌາຓ(Adjective) ໃຌໍາຓາເຆດ້ າ່ ຄຌາຓຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ ລະ ເຫ້ຊືວໞາ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈຉະຫົຬຈແຎຈໃຄັ ຌຌັໄ ໍາກາໍ ຓະຄໃຶຼ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ອູຍຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈຉາຓຽຆຌໃັ : The brave are to be admird. ຌົ ກໟາຫາຌຄັ ຫາງະຉຬໟ ຄໄຈ້ອັຍກາຌງົກງຬໞ ຄສັຌລະເສຌ The rich are not always happy. ຑວກົຌອາໍ ລວງັຄຫາງຍໍໆໄຈ້ຓວາຓສກຸ ສະເໝໄຎ The poor live in slums ົຌຸກຬາໄສດ່ສະລາໍ 53
13.ຆຬໃື າຌສຸ າວະລ, ສິໃຄກສໃໍ ໟາຄ, ຉະຫົຬຈຽຊິຄຬາາຌຓໃ ວາຓສໍາັຌາຄຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈຆຄຼຶໃ ຸກ ຌ຺ ອູ້ ກັ ຈຽຓຬໃື ຽວໄາ຺ ຽຊິຄຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃັຌ: The Taj Mahal ຬະຌຸສາວະລັຈສະຓາອາຌ The Washington Monument ຬະຌສຸ າວະລຎະາຌາິຍໍຈວຆໍ ຄິ ຉຌັ The Empire State Building ຉກເຬຓັ ໄຑສະເຉຈັ The White House າໍ ຌຽຍຂາວ ເຆໆັຌ Having arrived in the U.S.A, we went to see the white House. ເຓຬໆ ໄຎເຊຄິ ສະຫະລັຈຬາເຓລິກາ ຑວກເອົາກໍໆໄຈ້ໄຎຆົຓໍາຌຽຍຂາວ Everyone knows the Taj Mahal well in India. ກຸ ົຌອ້ັກຬະຌສຸ າວະລຈັ ສະຓາອາຌໃຌຎະເຈຬິຌເຈງ 14.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆືໃຂຬຄຽອຬື , ລ຺ຈແຒ, ຽໃຬື ຄຍຌິ , ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : The Queen Marry ເອຬວິຌແຓລ The Queen Elizabeth ເອຬວິຌເຬລິຆາເຍຈ The Britannia ລົຈໄຒສາງຍລໍ ິ າເຌງ The Blue Train ລຈົ ໄຒສາງ ຫ ຂະຍວຌຌາໍ ເຄຌິ The Sky Rocket ເໆຬຄຍຌິ ຍໆ ິຌໄວກວາໞ ສຽຄ The Mayflower ເຬໆ ຄຍຌິ ຆໆເຓຒລາວເວ 15.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃືະຌາາຌ, ຑັຈຉາາຌ, ລະ ຎ່າເຫງຉໞ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ: The Bangkok Bank ະຌາາຌກຸຄເຍ The Siam Commercial Bank ະຌາາຌໄຑາຌຈິ The Two Vikings Reataurant ຑຈັ ະາຌໄວ້ກິໆຄ The Golden Dragon Restaurant ຑຈັ ະາຌຓຄັ ກຬຌຬຄ The Black Forest ຎ່າະຓຈິ 16.ສໍາຌວຌກາຌຎຼຍຼຍາໍ ຸຌຌາຓຂຌັໄ ກວໞາ(Comarative degree) ຂຬຄກາຌກະໍາ 2 ດາ່ ຄໃ ຽາໃ຺ ຼຓກຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຌຸ ຌາຓຂຌໄັ ກວໞາຌຌັໄ ຸກຄໄັ ແຎ ລະ າໍ ຌຸ ຌາຓຌໃ ໄຉຬໟ ຄແວຉ້ ຺ໄຌ ຂຬຄຉ່ລະຎະຫງກຬກຽຆໃຌັ : The hotter it is, the better I like it. ງິຄອຬໟ ຌຂໟຬງງິຄໆ ຓັກ The more he learns, the less he knows. ງຄໆິ ອຽຌກງໆໍ ໆຄິ ອ້ The farther she went, the lonelier she felt. ລາວງິຄໆ ໄຎໄກເາໆົ ໃຈ ກງໍໆ ຄິໆ ອສ້ ກຬໟາຄຫວາໞ ຄຂຌເໆາົ ຌັຌ 17.ຌາຓຓໃ ຑຼຄສຄໃິ ຈຼວເຌລກ ລະ ຽຎັຌອໃ ູ້ ັກກັຌຈເຌໝູ່ຌ຺ ໃ຺ວແຎຽຓຬືໃ ຽວ຺ໄາຽຊິຄສຄິໃ ຌໄັຌຉຬໟ ຄ ເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ The moon ເຈຬຌ The universe ັກກະວາຌ The sun ຑະຬາຈິ The sky ຬໟ ຄຒ້າ 54
The earth ແຏຌ່ ຈິຌ The Pope ຑະສຌັ ຉະຎາຎາ The world ໂລກ The wind ລົຓ ຆໆສະເຑາະຂຬຄຌາຓຉໄໆໍ ຎຌກ ໃໆໍ ຫໃ້ ຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬຈໄຎໄຈແ້ ກ່ The Hague ກຄຸ ເອກັ The Vatican ສາໍ ຌັກວາຉກິ ັຌ The Sudan ຎະເຈຆຸຈາຌ The Yemen ຎະເຈເງເຓຌ The Riviera ເຓຬຄລເວງອໞາ The Camague ເຓຬຄາຓາກ The Coata Brava ເຓຬຄຬສຉາຍອາວາໞ The Mall ເຓຬຄຓຬລ 18.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆຂືໃ ຬຄໜັຄສືຬຌັ ຽຎັຌາໍ ຑຂຬຄສາຈສະໜາຉໞາຄໂຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎ ຽຆຌໃັ The Triptaka ຑະໄຉຎຈກົ (ຂຬຄຑະຑຈຸ ) The Bible ໍາຑໄຍເຍຌ (ຂຬຄອິສ) The Koran າໍ ຑໂກ້ຫລາໞ ຌ (ຂຬຄຬິສລາຓ) ເຆໆັຌ After ordination the monks have to study the Tripitaka. ຫັຄາກຬຎຸ ະສຓົ ຍົຈເຂາົ ຓາແລ້ວຑະະຉໟຬຄສກສາຑະໄຉຎິຈກົ 19.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆໃຂື ຬຄລາຆະວຄ຺ , ຍຬກສະແໝ (Age,) ຫົື ຽຫຈກາຌາຄຎະຫວັຈສາຈ(historical event) ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆຌໃັ : The Chakkri Dynasty ລາຆະວຄົ ກັ ກອ The Ming Dynasty ລາຆະວົຄໝິຄ The Middle Ages ສະໄໝກາຄ The French Revolution ກາຌຎະຉວິ ຈັ ຐອັຄ The Renaissance ສະໄໝຒຌຒ The Civil War ສຄົ າຓກາຄເຓຬຄ 20.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆືໃສະຽຑາະຂຬຄຌ຺ ຓອຍູ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ລະ ໝາງຽຊຄິ ສະກຸຌ ຫືົ ຬຍວ຺ ຉໟຬຄ ເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັຌໃ : The Kenedys ຬຍວົ ເຌຌາຈ The Browns ຬຍົວຍອາວ The Robinsons ຬຍວົ ໂອຍຌິ ສັຌ ເຆຌັໆ The Robinsons are going to live here soon. ຬຍວົ ໂອຍິຌສຌັ ະຓາດ່ ໆຌໄວຌ 21.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆສືໃ ະຽຑາະຂຬຄຍກຸ ຌ຺ ຓໃ ຆືໃຈຼວກັຌຫາົ ງຌ຺ ຉຏ່ ູ້ຽວ຺ໄາຉໟຬຄຍຬກສະຽຑາະຌ຺ ເຈ ຌ຺ ໜຼຄໃຶ ຈງສະຽຑາະ ຽຑຬືໃ ຽຌໄຌັ ເຫ້ຏຒູ້ ຄັ ຽຂາໄ຺ ເຄໞາງເຫເ້ ສ່ the ໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎັຌຆືສໃ ະຽຑາະຌັຌໄ ແຈ້ ັຌຽຆຌໃັ This is the George Dickson I want to contract. ຌຬຈຈິກສຌັ ໆຂຬໟ ງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຉຈິ ຉໍໆວຽກຌໍາ The Prasert in your company is a good worker. ຎະເສຈິ ໆດໃ່ ຌຍໍລິສຈັ ຂຬຄເົາ ເຎຌັ ຌົ ວຽກໆຈ 55
22.ຆສໃື ະຽຑາະຂຬຄສະຊາຌໃໃຏູ້ຽວ຺ໄາຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຌາໍ ຓາຎຼຍຼຍຽຊຄິ ກາຌຎ່ຼຌຎຄ ຫືົ ວາຓຽຆຌ ລະຫວໞາຄຽວລາໜໃຼຶຄກັຍຬກຽວລາໜຶຼຄໃ ເຫເ້ ຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ : The Bangkok of 2475 was far smaller than the Bangkok of 2527. ກຸຄເຍຎ 2475 ແຉກຉາໞ ຄກວໞາກຸຄເຍຎ 2527 The London of 1665 was far smaller the the London of today. ລຬຌຈຬຌຎ 1665 ແຉກຉາໞ ຄກຍັ ລຬຌຈຬຌກຸ ຓຌ ເ ຫຬເກຌ 23.ຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຌໃ ຍັ ແຈຽ້ ຓຬືໃ ຓວາຓໝາງຽຊຄິ ຌາຓຌໄັຌັຄໍາຑວກ ຫືົ ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ເຌວາຓໝ າງຽຎຌັ ຉວ຺ ຌຂຬຄຆະຌິຈຈຼວກຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ The horse is a four-footed animal. ຓໟາເຎຌັ ສຈັ ສຉໆ ຌ The cobra is a very dangerous snake. ງູົຄຬາຄເຎັຌງູຓໆ ຬັຌຉະລາງຫາງ The mosquito carried disease. ງຄຸ ຌາໍ ເຆຬໂລກຓາໃຫ້ ຂໄໍງກ຺ ຽວຌັໄ : ແຉ່ຓຌາຓດ່ 2 ໍາຌໆ ໍາຓາໃຆໃ້ ຌວາຓໝາງວໆົ ໄຎເຑໆຬເຎັຌຉວົ ແຌຂຬຄຌາຓໃຌໍາຑວກ ຫ ຆະຌິຈຈຽວກຌັ ແລ້ວຍຉໆໍ ຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ໄຈ້ແກ່ man, woman ຬຌັ ຌຂ ໍໃ ຫ້ຌກັ ສກສາາໍ ໄວ້ໃຫຈ້ ຬຬກຫວົ ຍົຈສຬຍເສຄຉະຫຬຈເຆໆຌັ Man is a social animal. ຓະຌຈຸ ເຎຌັ ສັຈສຄັ ົຓ Man is moral. ົຌຸກຌົ ຉໟຬຄຉາງ Woman is physically inferior to man. ຂຌ ຆໆຏງ້ ິຄງຬໞ ຓຈໟຬງກວາໞ ຏຆ້ າງໃຌຈໟາຌກາໍ ລຄັ (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ a man, a woman ໂຈງເຈັຈຂາຈໃຌວາຓໝາງເຆໆັຌຌ) 24.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ສໍາຌວຌຂຬຄກາຌຆຄໃັ , ຉວຄ, ວຈັ ລະ ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຉາຓຫັຄົ by ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎແຈ້ :ື By the yard ເຎັຌຫລາ by the dozen ເຎັຌໂຫລ By the pound ເຎຌັ ຎຬຌ by the kilo ເຎຌັ ກໂິ ລ ເຆຌໆັ coth is sold at pahurat by the yard. ຏາໟ ຂາງເຎັຌຫລາໆຑາຫລຸ ັຈ Eggs in Thailand is sold by the dozen. ໄຂໃ່ ຌຎະເຈໄຂາງເຎັຌໂຫລ Butter in England is sold by the pound. ເຌງໆຎະເຈຬຄັ ກຈິ ຂາງເຎັຌຎຬຌ Meat and fruit are sold by the kilo. ຆຌ ແລະ ໝາກໄຓ້ຂາງກັຌເຎຌັ ກິໂລ 56
25.ຌາຓຬຌັ ຽຎຌັ ໃອູ້ ກັ ຫືົ ຽຂໄ຺າເກັຌຈລ້ວລະຫວໞາຏູຽ້ ວໄາ຺ ລະ ຏູຒ້ ຄັ ວໞາໝາງຽຊຄິ ຬັຌເຈຉຬໟ ຄ ເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຫັົຄຌາຓໃວໞາຌໄ ະຍຓໃໍ Phrase ຫືົ clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຍຬກສະຽຑາະ ດ່ກູ ໃຉໍ າຓຽຆໃຌັ : Please open the door. ກະລຸຌາເຎຈິ ຎະຉໃຫ້ແຈ່ Her house is near the river. ເອຬຌຂຬຄລາວດໃ່ ກແ້ ຓ່ຌາໍ Put this bag in the back of the car. ເຬາົ ຊົຄໜວໞ ງຌໄຎເກຍັ ໄວ້ຫັຄລົຈໃຫ້ແຈ່ 26.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆືໃສະຽຑາະຂຬຄຍຸກ຺ຌຬັຌຽຎັຌໃອູ້ກັ ກຌັ ຈເຌຬະຈຈິ ລວ້ ຌາໍ ຓາຎຼຍຼຍກຍັ ຍຸກ ຌ຺ ໃຓຆວິຈດເູ່ ຌຎະຍຸ ັຌຽຑາະຽຫຌັ ວາໞ ຓຌູ ວາຓສາຓາຈ ຫືົ ຬຎຸ ະຌແິ ສໟາງກື ຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ Archan Sangwian is the Soonthorn poo of our school. ຬາາຌສຄັ ວຽຌເຎຌັ ສຌຸ ຬຌຑ່ຂຬຄໂອຄອຽຌ Idi Amin is the Hitler of Ukanda. ຬຈຬາຓິຌເຎຌັ ອຈິ ເລຂຬຄຎະເຈຬກາຌຈາ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຊາໟ ໃຌສະຊາຌໆແຫຄ່ ຌຌັ ົຌໆຓວາຓສາຓາຈາໟ ງກັຍຍກຸ ົຌເໆ ອົາກາໞ ວເຊິຄໃຌຬະຈຈິ ຓດ່ຫາງ ຌົ ຈໟວງກຌັ ກລໍ ະຌເຆັໆຌຌໞາຌໃຫ້ໃຆ້ a ຌາໍ ໜໟາຫາໟ ຓໃຆ້ the ລຬຄຎຽຍຽຍເຍໆຄິ 2 ຎະໂຫງກຉໄໆໍ ຎຌແ ລວ້ ະໄຈ້ຍໍ ໄຈສ້ ົຄໄສເຆຌໆັ : He is the Soonthorn Poo in our school He is a Soonthorn Poo in our school ຄັ 2 ຎະໂຫງກແຎເໝຬຌກັຌ \"ລາວເຎັຌສຌຸ ຬຌຑໃ່ ຌໂອຄອຽຌຂຬຄເອົາ\" ແຉ່ ວາຓໝາງຉາໞ ຄກຌັ : ຎະຫງກໍາຬຈິ ໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຓວາຓໝາງວໞາໃຌໂອຄອຽຌຂຬຄເອົາົຌໆຓວາຓສາຓາຈາຄຈາໟ ຌ ຍຈົ ກະວ,ຍົຈກຬຌາໟ ງສຌຸ ຬຌຑຌ່ ັຌຓລາວດ່ ຌົ ຈຽວ ຌົ ຬໆຌຫາສາຓາຈເໝຬຌຍໍ ສະຌຌັ ໆຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາ ຎະຫງກ ສຬຄ ໃຆ້ a ຌໍາໜາຓວາຓໝາງວໞາໃຌໂອຄອຽຌຂຬຄເອາົ ຓົຌຓໆ ວາຓສາຓາຈແຉ່ຄຍຈົ ແຉຄ່ ກຬຌເກຄັໆ ເໝຬຌສຸຌຬຌຑຸ່ຌຌັ ຓດ່ເຎັຌໍາຌວຌຫວຄຫາງຍໆໍແຓຌ່ ຓແຉ່ລາວົຌຈຽວງັຄຓຌົ ຬໆຌຫາງົຌ ສະຌັຌຄໆ ໃຆ້ a ຌາໍ ໜໟາ 27.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆືຂໃ ຬຄສະຊາຍັຌ, ຬຄ຺ ກາຌາຄກາຌຽຓຬື ຄ, ຓຌຸ ຌິ ິຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈ ແຎຽຆຌັໃ : The British Council ສະຊາຍັຌຍອິຆິ ເາົ ຆຌິ The United Nations ສະຫະຎະຆາຆາຈ The Ford Foundation ຓຌຌິຒິ ຬຈ ເຆັໆຌ: My country is a member of the United Nations. ຎະເຈຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເຎັຌສະຓາຆກິ ຂຬຄສະຫະຎະຆາຆາຈ We want to practice speaking English at the British Council ຑວກເອົາຉໟຬຄກາຌໄຎເຐິກເວົາ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈຍໆ ອິິຆເົາຆິຌ 57
28.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆືໃຑກັ ກາຌຽຓຬື ຄຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ: The Social Action Party ຑັກຈິ ສຄັ ົຓ The Conservative Party ຑກັ ຬະຌຸອກັ ຌິງຓົ The Labor Party ຑັກແອຄຄາຌ The Communist Party ຑກັ ຬຓຓຌິ ິຈ ເຆໆັຌ The Social Action Party is well-known in Thailand. ຑກັ ກິຈສັຄົຓເຎັຌອໆ ້ັກກັຌຈໃຌຎະເຈໄ We do not need the Communist Party for our country. ຑວກເອົາຍໍໆຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຑັກຬຓຓິວຌິຈສໍາຫຍັ ຎະເຈຂຬຄເອາົ 29.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆຂໃື ຬຄຽືຬໃ ຄຫຌໄົ ຫົື ຬຸຎະກຬຌຈຌ຺ ຉ(Musical instrument) ຈງສະຽຑາະດ່າຄງໃຄິ ຽຓໃຬື ແຎລຼຄຉາຓຫຄົັ ໍາກໍາຓະ play, buy, give ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ Somsak is playing the piano (the wiolin, the saxophone, the guitar) ສົຓສັກກາໍ ລັຄຫຌ ເຎງໂຌ Yesterday my father bought the violin from the market. ຓວາຌຌຑ ຂໍໆ ຬຄຂໟຬງຆໄ ວໂຬລິຌຓາາກຉະຫາຈ He gave me the guitar as the present for my birthday. ລາວໃຫກ້ ິຉໞາເຎຌັ ຂຬຄຂວັຌເຌໆຬຄໃຌວຌັ ເກິຈຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ 30.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆຑືໃ າສາຉາໞ ຄໂຽຆໃັຌ English(ຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ) French (ຑາສາຐອັຄ) Thai (ຑາສາ ແ)Chinese(ຑາສາຌ)ຽຎັຌຉໄ຺ຌຊາໟ ຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆືໃຑາສາຉາຓຽໃ ວ຺ໄາຓາຌຌໄ ໍາແຎເຆ້ຽຎັຌໍາຸຌຌາຓ (Adjective) ຎະກຬຍໜາໟ ຌາຓຬືໃຌຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌໃັ The English language is the universal language. ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈເຎັຌຑາສາສາກຌົ Somsri is going to sit for an examination o the French subject tomorrow. ສຓົ ສະເຂົາ ສຬຍເສຄັ ຑາສາຐອັຄຓຬ ຌໆ ຌ The Chinese language is more difficult than the Thai language. ຑາສາຌງາກກວໞາຑາສາໄ ຂໍໄງ຺ກຽວຌໄັ : ຊໟາຆຑໆ າສາຉາຓເໆ ວາົ ຓາແລ້ວຌຌໍາຓາໃຆແ້ ຉຓ່ ຌັ ໂຈງລໍາຑັຄຍໆໄໍ ຈໃ້ ຆ້ເຎັຌ Adjective ຎະກຬຍຓາ ແລ້ວຬໆຌຍໍໆຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາເຆຌໆັ : He speaks English everyday. ລາວເວົາ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກຈິ ຸກຓ I want to study Chinese. ຂໟຬງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌອຽຌຑາສາຌ 31.Common Noun ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ດ່າຄ Abstract Noun ຫົື Collective Noun ຉຬໟ ຄເຆt້ he ຌໍາໜໟາ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ : We like to watch the screen more than the stage. ຑວກເອົາຓັກເຍໆິຄໜຄັ ຫາງກວາໞ ລະຬຌ The pen is mightier than the sword. ຍກິ ົຓງິຄໆ ກວາໞ ຈາຍ 58
32.ຌາຓຌໃ ໍາຓາເຆ້ຆໟຬຌຌາຓໃດູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ (in apposition) ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ : Rome , the capital of Italy, is a beautiful city. ກຄຸ ໂອຓເຓຬຄຫວຄຂຬຄຎະເຈຬຈິ ຉາລເຎຌັ ເຓຬຄໆສວງຄາຓ Robert, the singer from the U.S.A. is now working on the stage. ໂອເຍຈິ ຌັກອໟຬຄາກສະຫະລຈັ ຂະຌະຌກໍາລັຄອຬໟ ຄເຑຄດ່ເິຄເວ 33.ຌາຓຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ຉາຓຫົຄັ ໍາຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ ຆໃິຄຽຎຌັ ກາຌຍຬກສະຽຑາະເຫກ້ ຍັ ຌາຓຉຌັໄຌຉຬໟ ຄ ເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຉ່ັຄຌຉໄ ຬໟ ຄຓ of ຓາຽຆືຬໃ ຓຈໟວງລະຫວາໞ \"າໍ ຍຬກຎະລິຓາຌກັຍ ຌາຓໃຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the\" ຽຆຌັໃ Many Most Both All of the + ຌາຓຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ One-third of the + ຌາຌໃ ຍັ ຍໃໍແຈ້ Five The majority Etc. Some Most All One-fourth Etc. ເຆໆຌັ Many of the men are working in Sandi Arabia. ຏ້ຆາງເຎຌັ ໍາຌວຌຫາງກາໍ ລັຄວຽກດ່ຆາຬຬຸ າລະເຍງ Some of the students I know are Lazy. ຌັກສກສາຍາຄົຌຂໆ ຬໟ ງອ້ເຎັຌຌົ ຂໟາຌ One-third of the workers go home by bus. ເສຈໜຄໆ ສໞວຌສາຓຂຬຄົຌຄາຌກັຍຍາໟ ຌໂຈງລົຈເຓຎະໍາາຄ All of the water is not good to drink. ຌາໍ ຄັ ໝົຈຍໍໆຈໆ ະຈໆຓ. 34.ເຫ້ເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ Adjective ຂຌັໄ ກວາໞ ເຌກໍລະຌແໃ ຎຍຬກສະຽຑາະ 1 ເຌ 2 ຺ຌຫືົ 2 ສຄໃິ ັຄ ຌໄຈງໃ Adjective ຂຌໄັ ກວາໞ ຌໄຌັ ຍໃໍຉຬໟ ຄຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັົ ຽຑາະລະແວ້ເຌຊາຌຽຂາ຺ໄ ເລ້ວຽຆັໃຌ: Seri is the younger of the two boys. ເສລເຎຌັ ົຌໜຸ່ຓກວໞາໃຌເຈັກ 2 ົຌ Of the two cars this is the more expensive. ໃຌາໍ ຌວຌລົຈ 2 ັຌ ຌັ ຌລາາແຑຄກວໞາ 35.າໍ ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ສາໍ ຌວຌຍຬກຂໄັຌຉຬຌຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : The beginning ເຍຬ ຄຉົຌ, ຉຬຌຉຌົ The middle ໞາຓກາຄ, ຉຬຌກາຄ The end ຉຬຌົຍ(ສຸຈາໟ ງ) 59
ເຆໆຌັ The beginning of English learning is to know how to write the alphabets. ເຍຬ ຄຉຌົ ຂຬຄກາຌອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ກໍໆກາຌອ້ ກັ ວິຂຽຌໂຉຬັກສຬຌ 36.ໍາຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ສໍາຌວຌຍຬກລໍາຈັຍຽວລາຉໃຽໍ ຌໃຬື ຄຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ : The past ຬະຈຈິ The present ຎະຍຸ ຌັ The future ຬະຌາຈົ ເຆັຌໆ The past of your life is not important, but for the present I love you indeed. ຬະຈິຈຌຌັ ຍໆໍສາໍ ັຌ ແຉຎ່ ະຍຸ ັຌຂໟຬງອກັ ເົາ 37.ໍາຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ສໍາຌວຌຍຄ່ ຑາກຽວລາຂຬຄຓຉືໄ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ In the morning ໃຌຉຬຌເຆົາ In the afternoon ໃຌຉຬຌຍາໞ ງ In the evening ໃຌຉຬຌແລຄ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ເຎັຌໍາຉໍໄໆ ຎຌຍ ໆໍຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ໄຈແ້ ກ່ at noon (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ at the noon) at midday (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ at the midday) at night (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ at the night) at midnight(ດ່າໃຆ້ at the midnight) 38.ຆືລໃ ະຈຊູ າໟ ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ເຌວາຓໝາງຽໃ ຎັຌ \"ຆວໞ ຄແລງະຽວລາເຌລະຈຌູ ຌັໄ ໂ\" ຽຆໃຄິ ສໞວຌຫົາງ ຌງິ ຺ຓເຆເ້ ຌອູຍ \"ວະລຍອູ ຈຸ \" (Preposition Phrase ) ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັຌໃ In the winter ໃຌລະຈໜາວ in the summer ໃຌລະຈອຬໟ ຌ In the autumn ໃຌລະຈໃຍໄຓ້ອວໞ ຄ in the spring ໃຌລະຈໃຍໄຓ້ຎຄໆົ ເຆໆັຌ I don’t like to go to Chiengmai in the winter. ຂຬໟ ງຍຓໍໆ ັກໄຎໞຽວຆຽຄໃໝໃ່ ຌລະຈໜາວ(ເຑາະຓຌັ ໜາວຫາງ) ຂງໄໍ ຺ກຽວັຌໄ : ແຉຊ່ ໟາຆລໆ ະຈຌັຌຌາໍ ຓາໃຆແ້ ຉຓ່ ັຌລຬງ ໂຈຈຍຉໍໆ ໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາເຆຌໆັ She likes spring more than summer. ລາວຓກັ ລະຈໃຍໄຓ້ຎຄໆົ ຫາງກວໞາລະຈອໟຬຌ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຊໟາເຎັຌລະຈຉໄໆໍ ຎຌໃ ຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ໃໄຈ້ ໄຈ້: The rainy season ລະຈຐົຌ The dry season ລະຈແລຄ The cool season ລະຈໜາວ ຫຊາໟ ຓວະລ (Phrase) ຉາໞ ຄຓາຉໍໆ າໟ ງກໆໍໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ໄຈ້ເຆຌໆັ The winter of this year is colder than that of last year. ລະຈໜາວຎຌໜາວກວາໞ ຎໆແລວ້ 39.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃຂື ຬຄກາຌສສືໃ າຌຓວຌຆ຺ຌ(Mass media) ລະສະຊາຍຌັ ຽຆຄໃິ ຆຓຸ ຆ຺ຌເຆອ້ ໞວຓກຌັ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆຌໃັ The radio ວິ ະງຸ The telephone ເຬໆ ຄໂລະຈັ The wireless ເຬໆ ຄອຍັ ວິະງຸ The post-office ຫໟຬຄກາຌໄຎສະຌ ເຆັໆຌ 60
We heard this news on the radio. ຑວກເອົາໄຈອ້ ຂ້ າໞ ວຌາກວິະງຸ He is on the telephone when you come in. ລາວກາໍ ລັຄໂລະສັຍດຑ່ ໍຈເຓຬໆ ເົາ ເຂາົ ຓາ Our school is not far from the post-office. ໂອຄອຽຌຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ ດຍ່ ໄໍ ກາກຫໟຬຄກາຌໄຎສະຌຌ 40.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆຂໃື ຬຄຬາຌາັກຉາໞ ຄໂ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎແຈ້ ື The Holy Roman Empire ຬາຌາກັ ໂອຓັຌຬຌັ ສກັ ສຈິ The Ottoman Empire ຬາຌາກັ ຬຬຈໂຉຓັຌ The British Empire ັກກະຑັຈຬຄັ ກິຈ The Nanchao Empire ຬາຌາກັ ຌໞາຌເົາ ເຆັໆຌ The British Empire is well-know in the world. ັກກະຑຈັ ຬັຄກຈິ ເຎັຌອໆ ້ ັກກຌັ ຈໃຌໂລກ 41.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆລໃື ຈັ ິາຄກາຌຽຓຬື ຄຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎແຈ້ື The Monroe Docltrine ລຈັ ິຓຬຌໂລ The Maxist Doctrime ລັຈຓິ າກ ເຆັໆຌ Thai people don’t like the Maxist Doctrine. ົຌໄຍໍຓກັ ລັຈິຓາກ 42.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌອູຍ Gerund ຫຼື Abstract Noun (ຬາກາຌຌາຓ)ຊາໟ ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ ຈງຓວະ ລ of (of-phrase) ຉາຓຫຄົັ ຽຑືໃຬຍຬກສະຽຑາະເຫກ້ ັຍ Gerund ຫົື Abstract Noun ຉຌັໄຌຉຬໟ ຄ ເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ The instructing of young children is difficult. ກາຌສຬຌຌຬໟ ງເຎັຌເລຬໆ ຄງາກ The construction of this road is very useful for people. ກາຌກສໍໆ ໟາຄຊະໜຌົ ຫຌົ າຄສາງຌຌຍັ ໄຈວ້ າໞ ເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຉໆໍຎະຆາຆຌົ ຫາງ 43.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆືໃສວໞ ຌຉາໞ ຄໂຂຬຄອາໞ ຄກາງ ລະ ຂຬຄຽສຬືໄ ຏາໟ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ The head ຫົວ The collar ໍເສຬ The neck ໍ The cheek າຄ The arm ແຂຌ The leg ຂາ The hair ຏຌົ , ຂົຌ 44.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃຂື ຬຄັຄຫວະ ຫືົ າໍ ຌຬຄກາຌຽຉຌັໄ ລາໍ ຉໟຬຄເຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎແຈ້ ື The Walts ຄັ ຫວະວຬສ The tango ັຄຫວະແຄ໋ ໂກ້ The disco ຄັ ຫວະຈິສໂກ້ ເຆັໆຌ The Walts and even the tango seem to be out of fashion these days, but the disco is very hit. ກາຌເຉຌັ ລໍາຄັ ຫວະວຬ ແລະ ແ໋ຄໂກ້ເຍຄິໆ ເໝຬຌຍໆໍັຌສະໄໝແລວ້ ຈຽວຌແ ຉ່ ຄັ ຫວະຈິສໂກ້ອິຈກຌັ ຫາງ. 61
45.ເຌກລໍ ະຌໃ າໍ ຌາຓຓໍາຉໃໍແຎຌໄຓາຎະກຬຍດຂູ່ ໟາຄໜໟາເຫ້ວາຄ the ແວ້ຫົຄັ າໍ ຽຫາ຺ົໃ ຌຉໄ ິຈກຍັ າໍ ຌາຓຌຌັໄ ແຎຽລງແຈ້ື All ຄັ ໝົຈ both ຄັ ສຬຄ Double ສຬຄເໆົາ half ເິໆຄໜໆຄ Just ຑຽຄ triple ສາຓເໆາົ Quarter 1 ໃຌ 4 ເຆຌໆັ All the tourists stay at the Erawan Hotel. ຌັກໞຬຄຽໆວັຄໝຈົ ຑັກໂໆ ອຄແອຓເຬລາວຌັ Both the servants are watering in the garden. ຌົ ໃຆ້ ຄັ ສຬຄກໍາລຄັ ຫົຈຌໍາດໃ່ ຌສວຌ Double the price for this house is not very expensive. ສຬຄເໆົາຂຬຄລາາຂາງສາໍ ລັຍເອຬຌຫັຄຌຍ ໍແໆ ຑຄຫາງ It’s just the things I want. ຓຌັ ເຎັຌຑຽຄສໆຄິ ຂໆ ຬໟ ຄຉໟຬຄກາຌເໆາົ ຌຌັ 46.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎັຌສາໍ ຌວຌຉໃໍແຎຌຉໄ ະຫຬົ ຈແຎແຈ້ ື Make the beds ັຈຌໆ ຬຌ clear the tables ເກຍັ ໂຉະ Wash the dishes ລໟາຄາຌ tell the truth ຍຬກວາຓິຄ At the present time ເວລາຌ the very mans (boy,girl,book,house.Etc.) ຏ້ຆາງຌົ ຌຌັ ິໆຄ(ເຈັກົຌຌັຌິໆຄ,ເອຬໆ ຌຫັຄຌັຌິໆຄ Mother makes the beds for us every night. ແຓຌ່ ັຈໆຌຬຌໃຫຑ້ ວກເອາົ ກຸ ຌ At the present time country-men like to work in Bangkok. ເວລາຌຌົ ຆົຌຌະຍຈົ ຓກັ ຓາເອຈັ ວຽກໃຌກຄຸ ເຍ The very man stole my wrist-watch last night. ຆາງົຌຌັຌ ິຄຂະໂຓງໂຓຄໜໞວງໜຄໆ ຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງຓ ຌຌ. ຌາຓຉໃໍແຎຌຫໄ າໟ ຓເຆ້ A, An, The ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌກັ ສກສາັຄຫາງກຬໞ ຌຬໆຌຂໍໃຫຑ້ ວກເອົາເອັຈວາຓເຂາົ ໃກວໟ າຄ ເຑຬໆ ງຬຓອັຍວາຓິຄໄວ້ກໞຬຌວາໞ ໃຌ ໂລກຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ ຌຑະເົາ ຓັກະສາໟ ຄສັຍຑະສິໆຄໄວ້ເຎຌັ ຂຬຄ່ກັຌ ຫ ຊໞວຄຈຌກຌັ ສະເໝເຆຌໆັ ສໟາຄໃຫຓ້ ຓຈກໃໆໍ ຫ້ ແ້ຄສະຫວໞາຄຓອໟຬຌກໍໆຓເດັຌຓສຄກໆໍໃຫ້ຓໍາໆ ຓຈໍາກໆໍໃຫ້ຓຂາວຓຂຍໍ ຄັ ັຍກໍໆຓຂງໍ ົກເວັຌໍາຌຬຄຌ ສະຌັຌຫັກຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ກໆໍເຆຌັໆ ຈຽວກຌັ ເຓໆຬຓຂຍໍ ັຄຍັ ກໆຉໍ ໟຬຄຓຂໍງ ກົ ເວັຌ ຫ ຓຂໍຫາໟ ຓກຓໆໍ ຂໍຬະຌຸໂລຓ ຏຬໞ ຌຏັຌໃຫ້ເຆໆຄິ ຂແໍ ້ ິຄໆ ຬັຌຌເຎຌັ ສະຑາວະໍາຓະຂຬຄສັຍຑະສຄິໆ ວົໆ ໄຎກໆ າໞ ວຓາໃຌ 2 ຉຬຌໍາຬິຈຌຌັ ຉຬຌ ໆ 1 ວໞາຈໟວງຂຍໍ ັຄຍັ ໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ a, an, ຌໍາໜາໟ ແລະ ຉຬຌ 2 ວາໞ ຈໟວງຂຍໍ ັຄັຍໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຍຈັ ຌແລະ ຉໆໄໍ ຎ ຌຏ ້ຂຽຌະໄຈ້ຬະຍິ າງເຊຄິ ຫັກເກຌຂຬຄກາຌຍໆໃໍ ຆ້ Article A, An, The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓເຎັຌຉຬຌ 3 ເຆຄິໆ ເຎຌັ ຉຬຌົຍຉໍໄໆ ຎເຎັຌຂໍຂໍໃຫ້ຌັກສກສາໆອກັ ັຄຫາງໆົຄຉິຈຉາຓຉໄໆໍ ຎ ດາ່ ຒ້າວແໍ ເ້ ຆິຄໆ ຓລາງລະຬຽຈຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ: 62
1.ຌາຓຌໃ ັຍຍໃໍແຈ້ (Uncountable Noun) ໃຽວໄ຺າຂຌໄື ຓາລຬງໂ ຈງຍຓໃໍ ວະລ(Phrase) ຫືົ ຬະຌຸ ຎະຫງກ (Clause) ຬຌືໃ ເຈຓາຂະຫງາງຽຑໃຬື ຍຬກສະຽຑາະດຂູ່ າໟ ຄຫັົຄຍໍໃຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆຌັໃ : I want to drink tea and coffee. ຂຬໟ ງຉໟຬຄກາຌຈຓໆ ຌໍາຆາ ແລະ ກາເຒ Light travels faster than sound. ແສຄໄວກວໞາສຽຄ Water is composed fo hydrogen and oxygen. ຌາໍ ຎະກຬຍຈໟວງໄອໂຈອເຌ ແລະ ຬຬ ກຆິເຌ ແຉຊ່ າໟ ຓ Phrase ຫ Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫຄັ ຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາເຆັຌໆ I like the coffee which comes from Peru. ຂຬໟ ງຓັກກາເຒໆຓາາກຎະເຈເຎອ The water in my glass is very class to drink. ຌໍາໃຌຬກຂຬຄຂໟຬງສະຬາຈຈຫາງໆ ະຈຓໆ . 2.ຬາກາຌຌາຓ(Abstract Noun) ຓໃ ສໍາຌຼຄຎວາໞ \"ກາຌ ຫືົ ວາຓ\" ຽຆຄໃິ ຽວາ຺ໄ ຂືຌໄ ຓາລຬງໂຍໃໍຓ Phrase ຫົື Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຍຬກສະຽຑາະດູ່ຂາໟ ຄຫຄົັ ຍໃຉໍ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຽຆັໃຌ Honesty is the best policy. ວາຓຆສໆ ຈັ ເຎຌັ ຌະໂງຍາງໆຈໆສຸຈ Drinking too much whisky makes him very bad health. ກາຌຈຓໆ ເຫົາ ຫາງເກິຌໄຎເອັຈໃຫ້ສຸຂະຑາຍຍໍໆຈ Negligence is the path of dealth. ວາຓຎະຓາຈເຎຌັ າຄແຫ່ຄວາຓຉາງ ແຉຊ່ າໟ ຓ Phrase ຫ Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຍຬກສະເຑາະດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫຄັ ຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາເຆັໆຌ The honesty of this boy deserved to be praised. ວາຓຆສໆ ັຈຂຬຄເຈກັ ຌໟຬງຌົ ຌສົຓວຌໄຈ້ອັຍກາຌງກົ ງໞຬຄ The singing of the birds awakes me every morning. ສຽຄອຬໟ ຄຂຬຄຌກົ ເອຈັ ໃຫ້ຂໟຬງຉຌໆ ກຸ ເຆາົ 3.ຌາຓຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ(Plural Noun) ໃຽວ຺ໄາຂຌືໄ ຓາລຬງໂຍໍໃຓ Phrase ຫືົ Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຽຑໃືຬ ຍຬກສະຽຑາະດູ່ຂໟາຄຫົັຄຍໍໃຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆັໃຌ: Students should come to school in early morning. ຌກັ ອຽຌວຌຓາໂອຄອຽຌແຉ່ເຆາົ ແຈ່ Women like beautiful clothes. ຏ້ງຄິ ຓັກເສຬ ຏາໟ ສວງ ແຉ່ຊໟາຓ Phrase ຫ Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຍຬກສະເຑາະດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫຄັ ຉໟຬໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆັໆຌ The students in this school are interested in English. ຌັກອຽຌໃຌໂອຄອຽຌແຫໆ ຄໞ ຌສ ົຌໃຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ The books which I bought yesterday are interesting. ໜັຄສໆຂຬໟ ງໄຈຆ້ ຓາຓວ າຌຌຌໞາສົຌໃ 63
4.ຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆືໃວິຆາ, ຑາສາຍໍໃຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ແຈ້ ື: English ຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ French ຑາສາຐອຄັ Engineering ວິສະວະກໍາ history ຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈ Geography ຑຓສາຈ biology ຆວະ Mathematics ະຌຈິ ສາຈ economics ເສຈຊະກຈິ ເຆໆຌັ We study English twice a week. ຑວກເອົາອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ຬາິຈລະ 2 ເຬ Manu wanted to continue engineering in U.S.A. ຓະຌຉຬໟ ຄກາຌອຽຌຉໆວໍ ສິ ະວະກາໍ ດ່ຬາເຓລິກາ ແຉ່ຊໟາຌາຓເໆ ຎຌັ ຆໆວຆິ າ, ຑາສາເຫົໆາຌຌໍາໄຎໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄາໍ ຸຌຌາຓ(Adjective) ຎະກຬຍຌາຓໂຉຬໆຌຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ັຌເຆຌໆັ Wantani is going to learn the English language next week. ວັຌະຌະອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈຬາິຈໜາໟ The economics subject is more difficult than history. ວຆິ າເສຈຊະສາຈງາກກວາໞ ຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈ 5.ຌາຓຽໃ ຎັຌຆໃກື ິລາ ຫືົ ກາຌຫົໄຌຍໃໍຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆໃັຌ Football ຒຸຈຍຬຌ basketball ຍາສເກຈຍຬຌ Pingpon ຎິຄຎຬຄ tennis ເຌຌິຈ etc. ເຆຌັໆ They play football with their friends every day. ຑວກເຂົາຫຌຒຸຈຍຬຌກັຍເຑຬໆ ຌ ກຸ ຓ The girl o this school pay attention to tennis. ເຈັກຌໟຬງງຄິ ຂຬຄໂອຄອຽຌຌສົຌໃກິລາເຌຌິສ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ຆໆກິລາກາຌຫຌ ຫ ວາຓຍັຌເິຄໄຎເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆ າໟ ງາໍ ຸຌຌາຓ(Adjective) ຎະກຬຍຌາຓໂຉຬໆຌ ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາເຆຌັໆ We are going to watch the football match. Do you enjoy the basket-ball game.? ເົາ ສະໜກຸ ສະໜາຌຍໍກັຍຍາສເກຈຍຬຌ 6.ຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆືໃ ະວຍິ ,ຎະຽຈ,ຽຓຬື ຄຫົວຄ,ອຄອຼຌ,ຓຌ຺ ລະລັຈ, ວິະງາແລ, ຓະຫາວິ ະງາແລ , ເຌກໍລະຌຽໃ ຎຌັ າໍ ຈຼວ(ຍໃໍ ຓ່ຌາໍ ຎະສຓ຺ )ຍໃຉໍ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆັຌໃ ະວິຍ Asia ະວຍິ ຬາຆ Europe ະວຍິ ເຬລົຍ Australia ະວຍິ ຬຬສເຉອເລ່ງ North America ະວຍິ ຬາເຓລິກາເໜຬ ຎະເຈ Thailand ຎະເຈໄ England ຎະເຈຬຄັ ກຈິ India ຎະເຈຬິຌເຈງ France ຎະເຈຐອຄັ Japan ຎະເຈງຎຌຸ່ China ຎະເຈຌ ຓົຌລະລັຈ Texus ລັຈເກັ ຆສັ California ລຈັ ແລຒິ ໍເຌ່ງ New York ລັຈຌິວງຬກ Washington ລຈັ ວໍຆຄິ ຉຌັ ເຓຬຄຫວຄ Bangkok ກຄຸ ເຍ London ລຬຌຈຬຌ 64
Paris ຎາລສ Tokyo ໂຉກໞຽວ ໂອຄອຽຌ Suan Kularb school ໂອຄອຽຌສວຌກຫຸ າຍ Amnuay Silp School ໂອຄອຽຌຬໍາຌວງສຌິ ວິ ະງາໄລ Ubol Teacher’s College ວິະງາໄລຬຍຸ ຌົ Thonburi Teacher’s College ວິ ະງາໄລົຌຍຸລ ຓະຫາວິ ະງາໄລ Thmmasart University ຓະຫາວິະງາໄລາໍ ຓະສາຈ Cambridge University ຓະຫາວິະງາໄລແຓຍອິຈ ຂງໄໍ ກ຺ ຽວັໄຌ: ແຉຊ່ າໟ ເຬາົ ຆສໆ ະເຑາະ (Proper Noun) ຉາຓກໆ າໞ ວຓາຌໄຎເຎຌັ ໍາຸຌຌາຓ(Adjective) ຎະກຬຍ ຫ ຂະຫງາງດ່ໜໟາຌາຓຉົວຬໆຌຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາ Proper Noun ເຫົາໆ ຌໄຈ້ຌັ ເຆຌັໆ : The New York subways are very hot in summer. ເຂຈຆາຌເຓຬຄກຄຸ ຌວິ ງຬກອໟຬຌຫາງໃຌລະຈອໟຬຌ The Thammasart University dome is very beautiful. ຉກໂຈຓຂຬຄຓະຫາວິະງາໄລາໍ ຓະສາຈສວງຄາຓຫາງ 7.ຆໃືຓືໄຬາຫາຌ,ລະຈູກາຌ,ລຈັ ິ,ສາຈສະໜາ,ຓືໄ,ຽຈຬື ຌ,ຍຉໃໍ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້Articleຌໍາໜໟາຽຆຌໃັ : Breakfast, lunch, dinner ຬາຫາຌເຆົາ, ຬາຫາຌໞຽຄ, ຬາຫາຌໆໍາ Summer, winter, spring ລະຈອຬໟ ຌ, ລະຈໜາວ, ລະຈໃຍໄຓຍ້ ົຄ Communism, Buddhism ລັຈິ ຬຓຓວິ ຌິສ, ສາຈສະໜາຑຸຈ Monday, Tuesday ວັຌຌັ , ວຌັ ຬັຄາຌ January, February ເຈຬຌ ຓັຄກຬຌ, ກຓຸ ຑາ ເຆໆຌັ : These purpils have breakfast at home. ຌກັ ອຽຌເຫົາໆ ຌກິຌເຂາົ ເຆາົ ດ່ເອຬຌ Thai people believe in Buddhism. ຌົ ໄຌັຍຊສາຈສະໜາຑຈຸ 8.ຆືໃຌາໍໄ ຉກ຺ , ຆາງຫາຈ, ະຉລຸ ັຈ, ສວຌສາາລະຌະລຈັ , ສະຑາຌ, ສະຊາຌ, ສະໜາຓຍິຌ, ຎະສາຈ, ຑະລາຈຆະວັຄ, ວັຈ, ລະ ສາຌຍຉໃໍ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆຌັໃ Niagara Falls ຌາໍ ຉົກໃຌກາລາ Sarika Falls ຌາໍ ຉກົ ສາລິກາ Miami Beach ຆາງຫາຈໄຓຬາຓໆ Pattaya Beach ຆາງຫາຈຑັຈະງາ Times Square ໄສະແ Siam Square ສະຫງາຓສະແວ(ະຉລຈັ ສະຫງາຓ) Central Park ສວຌເຆຌັ ອໍ(ສວຌກາຄ) Lumpini Park ສວຌລຸຓຑິຌ Memorial Bridge ສະຑາຌຑຸຈ Johnson Hall ຫໍຎະຆຸຓຬຌສັຌ Town Hall ຫໍຎະຆຓຸ ຎະາໍ ເຓຬຄ 65
Pddington Station ສະຊາຌແຑຈຄິ ຉຌັ Hua Lum Pon Station ສະຊາຌຫວົ ລາໍ ໂຑຄ Don Muang Airport ສະໜາຓຍຌິ ຈຬຌເຓຬຄ Kennedy Airport ສະໜາຓຍິຌເຌຌາຈ Windsor Castle ຎະສາຈຫວຌິ ຆໍ Montien Castle ຎະສາຈຓຌົ ຽຌ Buckingham Palace ຑະລາຈຆະວັຄຍກັ ິຄແອຓ Grand Palace ຑະຓະຫາລາຈຆະວຄັ Westminster Abbey ວຈັ ເວສຓິຌສະເຉ Canterbury Abbey ໂຍສແຌເຉເຍລ Hampton Court ສາຌເຓຬຄແອຓຉັຌ 9.ຍໍເໃ ຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆໃໜື ັຄສືຑຓິ ຑໃ ິຓໍາໜໞາງຽຎຌັ ລາງສຍັ ຎະຈາ, ລາງຽຈຬື ຌ, ຫືົ ລາງຎ(Magazines) ຽຆໃຌັ : Newsweek ໜຄັ ສຑິຓຌວິ ສວ Time ໜັຄສຌິຉສາຌໄ ເຆັໆຌ He wants to read Newsweek alone. ລາວຉໟຬຄກາຌຬາໞ ຌໜຄັ ສຑິຓຌິວສວຉາຓລໍາຑັຄ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ໜັຄສຑຓິ ຌຌັ ຑິຓໍາໜາໞ ງຬຬກລາງວຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆໆັຌ The Siam Rathe newsweek. ໜັຄສຑຓິ ສະຫງາຓລັຈ The Thai Rath newsweek. ໜຄັ ສຑຓິ ໄລຈັ 10.ໍາສະຽຑາະໃເຆຽ້ ຬຌໄ ສະຓາຆກິ ເຌຬຍ຺ວ,ງາຈຉຑິ ຌໃ ຬໟ ຄ,ຉະຫົຬຈຽຊິຄາໍ ໃເຆຽ້ ຬໄຌຉາຓ ຬາຆຍເຌວາຓໝາງວໃ຺ ໂແຎຍຉໍໃ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜໟາຽຆຌໃັ : Father hasn’t come yet. ຑໆໍງຄັ ຍໆໍຓາ Mother is out shopping. ແຓຬ່ ຬໄຎຉະຫາຈ Uncle is coming to see us. ລຸຄກໍາລຄັ ຓາດ້ຽຓດາຓຑວກເອົາ Waiter, bring me a glass of water. ຂຌໍ າໍ ຬກແຈ່ All right doctor, I’ll do what you say. ຉົກລົຄໞາຌໝໍ ຂໟຬງະເອຈັ ຉາຓເໆ ົາເວົາ 11.ໍາຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຂຬຄູ່ກັຌ (A human couple) ຫືົ ສິໃຄຂຬຄໃຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ ວຍູກ່ ັຌຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຍໃໍ ຉຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆໃັຌ Father and son ຑໆໍ ແລະ ລກ 66
Lock and key ກະແ ແລະ ລກກະແ Day and night ຓ ແລະ ຌ Husband and wife ຏວົ ແລະ ເຓງ ເຆໆຌັ I saw father and son working in the garden. ຂຬໟ ງເຫຌັ ຑໆໍລກເອັຈວຽກດໃ່ ຌສວຌ The old man kept his treasure under lock and key all day and night. ຆາງເຊົາົຌຌັຌເກຍັ ອກັ ສາສົຓຍຈັ ຂຬຄລາວຈໟວງກະແຉະຫຬຈເຊຄິ ກາຄວັຌ ແລະ ກາຄຌ There are husband and wife staying here. ຓຏວົ ແລະ ເຓງ(່ໜໆຄ) ຑັກດຍ່ ໞຬຌຌ 12.ຍໍໃເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ໍາຌາຓດໃ ູ່ເຌຍຌັ ກຼຶ , ຎາ້ ງຎະກາຈ, ສຌັ ງາຌ, ຎາ້ ງສິຌໟາ, ກາຌຑາຈ ຫວ຺ ຂໞາວ, ຂໜືໃ ັຄສື ລະ ລະຽລກຽຎຌັ ຉຌ຺ໄ ຽຆັຌໃ Private Road ຫົຌາຄສວໞ ຌຍຸກຌົ Sharp Cuve ໂຄ້ ຬຌັ ຉະລາງ Beware of Rock Falls ລະວັຄຫຌຉົກໃສ່ Bangkok Bank Ltd. ະຌາາຌກຸຄເຍໍາກັຈ Standard English Grammar . ຎຓໄວງາກຬຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈສະແຉຌຈາຈ 13 ຍເໃໍ ຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓແໃ ຎລຼຄຉາຓສໍາຌວຌ kind of, sort of, type of, make of, brand of, variety of , species of, ເຌກໍລະຌໃຓວາຓໝາງວໞາ \"ຍຍ\" \"ງຫໃ ໍໄ\" ຫົື \"ຆະຌຈິ \"ຽຆຌັໃ : What kind of suit are you wearing? ເສຬຌຬກແຍຍໃຈໆເົາ ໃສດ່ ່? Kitti is the sort of student that teachers are proud of. ກິຈຉເິ ຎັຌຌກັ ສກສາຎະເຑຈໆຓວາຓຑາກຑຓໃຈໟວງ Amporn is the type of worker we need very much. ຬໍາຑຬຌເຎັຌົຌຄາຌຆະຌິຈໆເອາົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຫາງ What brand of cigarette do you prefer? ດາສຍງໆຫໍໃຈໆເາົ ຓກັ ຫາງກວໞາ? 14 ຌາຓໃຽຎັຌຆືໃສະຽຑາະຂຬຄຌ຺ (Proper Noun) ຍຉໍໃ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆຌໃັ : I want to meet Mr. Smith. ຂໟຬງຉໟຬຄກາຌຑຍົ າໞ ຌ ສະຓິຈ (ສະແຈຄວາໞ ລາວອ້ັກົຌຆສໆ ະຓຈິ ຓາຈແລ້ວ ແລະ ແລວ້ ກໆໍຓາຑຍົ ກຌັ ຬກ) ຬກກໍລະຌໜຄໆ ໃຌລກັ ສະຌະຈຽວກຌັ ຌ ຊໟາຌົ ໆຆສໆ ະຓຈິ ຌຌັ ເອົາຍອໍໆ ້ັກຓາກໞຬຌ ແຉ່ຓຌັຌຍຄັ ເຬຌເກຌັ ເຂົາ ແລະ ກໍອໆ ວ້ າໞ ລາວຆໆສະຓິຈດ່າຄຌໃຆ້ a ຌໍາໜໟາ ໃຆ້ ເຆຌໆັ I met a Mr. Smith at that restaurant last night. ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ຑຍົ ຌົ ໆຆໆສະຓຈິ ດ່ ໆຑັຈຉະາຌຌຌັ ຓຌຌ 15.ຆງືໃ ຈ຺ ຫົື ຉໍາໜ່ຄຊໟາເຆຎ້ ະກຬຍໜໟາຌາຓຂຬຄຍກຸ ຺ຌຏ້ແູ ຈງ້ ຈ຺ ຫົື ຉາໍ ໜ່ຄຍໃຉໍ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆັໃຌ: President Reagan is coming to Thailand soon. 67
ຎະາຌາິຍໍຈອແກຌະຓາດຽ້ ຓດາຓໄໄວຌ She wrote a letter to Major Wiwat. ລາວໄຈ້ຂຽຌົຈໝາງເຊຄິ ຑັຌຉວິວຈັ Prime Minister Prem visited the North of Thailand ໞາຌ ຌາງກົ ລັຈຊະຓົຌຉເຎອຓໄຈໄ້ ຎດຽຓດາຓຑາກເໜຬຂຬຄຎະເຈໄ ແຉຊ່ າໟ ເວົາເຊິຄ ຫ ເວາົ ເຊິຄສະເຑາະາໍ ເໆ ຎຌັ \"ງຈົ \" ຫ \"ຉາໍ ແໜ່ຄ\" ໂຈງຍໆໍຓເາົ ຂຬຄຏອ້ ັຍງົຈ ຫ ຉໍາແໜ່ຄຓາດ່ຂໟາຄ ຫຄັ ງົຈ ຫ ຉໍາແໜ່ຄຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ແລະ ກໍເໆ ຎຌັ ໆອ້ ກັ ກັຌຈໃຌໜ່ ຌົ ຌຌັ ເຆຌໆັ : The President wishes his people many years of happiness on New York’s Day. ຎະາຌາິຍຈໍ ຬວງຑຬຌໃຫ້ຎະຆາຆຌົ ຂຬຄລາວຎະສຍົ ແຉ່ວາຓສຸກຉະຫຬຈໄຎໃຌຓຎໃໝ່ The abbot went outside the temple. 16 Proper Noun (ຆືສໃ ະຽຑາະ)ໃສະຈຄຽຆືຬໄ ຆາຈ ຫົື ສຌັ ຆາຈຊໟາເຆ້ໝາງຽຊຄິ ສວໞ ຌລວຓັຄກຓຸ່ ັຄະຌະ ລະ ກໍຓໃ ອຍູ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈຽຆັໃຌຌໄຍໃໍຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຽຆັຌໃ Americans are found of baseball. ຌົ ຬາເຓລິກາຌຓັກກລິ າເຍສຍຬລ Thais eat rice. ົຌໄ(ັຄຆາຈ) ກິຌເຂາົ (ເຎັຌຬາຫາຌຫັກ) ແຉ່ຊໟາຏເ້ ວົາ ຉໟຬຄກາຌແງກຌາຓໆເຎຌັ ເຆຬຆາຈຌັຌຬຬກໄຎາກກຸ່ຓຬຌໆ ະຌະຬໆຌ ເຫໆາົ ຬຌໆ ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜໟາ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆໆຌັ The Cubans and the Russians have become friends. ຆາວິວຍາ ແລະ ລຈັ ເຆງໄຈ້ກາງຓາເຎຌັ ເຑຬໆ ຌກັຌແລວ້ ຌາຓໆຍຬກສັຌຆາຈຌຌັ ຍຓໍໆ ອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ (ເຑາະຄັ ອຍເຬກະຑົຈ ແລະ ຑະຫຸຑົຈໃຆເ້ ໝຬຌກັຌວາໞ ດ່າຄຌັຌ) ກາໍ ລະຌ ເຆໆັຌຌຉ ຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆຌັໆ : The French are found of dancing. ົຌຐອັຄຓກັ ກາຌເຉັຌລໍາ The British prefer tea to coffee. ຌົ ຬຄັ ກິຈຓກັ ຆາຫາງກວາໞ ກາເຒ 17.Proper Noun (ຆືສໃ ະຽຑາະ) ໃສະຈຄຽຆືໄຬຆາຈ, ສຌັ ຆາຈຊໟາຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ຽຎຌັ Adjective Complement)(ືາໍ ຸຌຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌຂະຫງາງໍາກາໍ ຓະເຫ້ເວາຓຂຬຄຎະຫງກສ຺ຓຍູຌ ຂືຌໄ )ຍໍຉໃ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຽຆຌັໃ My friend is American. ເຑໆຬຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເຎຌັ ົຌຬາເຓລິກາ We are Thai.(ເຎຌັ Adjective Complement ຍຉໍ ໟຬຄຉຓໆ s) ຑວກເອົາເຎັຌຌົ ໄ The Smiths are American. ຬຍວົ ສະຓິຈເຎຌັ ຌົ ຬາເຓລກິ າ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ໄຎເອຈັ ໜໟາຎໆ ະກຬຍຌາຓໂຉຬຌໆ ໟາງເຎັຌໍາຌຸ ຌາຓ(Adjective) ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ Articleຌໍາໜໟາເຆໆຌັ : He is an American boy. ລາວເຎັຌເຈັກຌຬໟ ງຬາເຓລກິ າ 68
Somsri is a Thai girl. ສົຓສເຎັຌເຈກັ ງິຄໄ We are the Thai students. ຑວກເອາົ ເຎັຌຌັກສກສາໄ 18 ຆືຫໃ ຺ຌາຄ, ສວຌສັຈ, ວຄ຺ ວຼຌ, ວັຌສາໍ ຌັ າຄສາຈສະໜາ, ລະ ວຌັ ຫງຸຈາລາຈຆະກາຌ ຍໃຉໍ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຽຆຌັໃ Sukhumvit Road ຊະໜົຌສຂຸ ຓຸ ວິຈ Wireless Road ຊະໜົຌວິ ະງຸ Rajadainnoen Avenue ຊະໜົຌລາຈຆະຈາໍ ເຌຌ Dusit Zoo ສວຌສັຈຈສິຈ Rajdevi Circle ວົຄວຽຌລາຈຆະເວ Songkran Day ວຌັ ສົຄກາຌ Christmas ວັຌສິ ຓາສ Thanksgiving ວັຌຂຬຍໃຑະເົາ New year’s Day ວຌັ ຎໃໝ່ Easter ວຌັ ຬສິ ເຉ ເຆັໆຌ Her house is on Sukhumvit Road. ເອຬຌຂຬຄລາວດ່ໆຊະໜຈົ ສຸຂຸຓວຈິ The traffic on Rajadainnoen Avenue is not heavy. ກາຌາລະຬຌຊະໜົຌລາຈຆະຈາໍ ເຌຌຍໍ ໞຬງຉຈິ ຂັຈ We don’t go to work on New year’s Day. ຑວກເອາົ ຍໄໍໆ ຎເອັຈວຽກໃຌວັຌຎໃໝ່ Thais throw some water at the others on Songkran Day. ຌົ ໄຫົຈຌາໍ ຈໍາຫົວກຌັ ໃຌວຌັ ສົຄກາຌ 19 ຍໃເໍ ຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓຓໃ າໍ ຌວຌຽລກຌຍັ ຉາຓຫັຄົ ຽຆຌໃັ Page ten ໜາໟ 10 Chapter nine ຍຈົ 9 World war two ສຄົ າຓໂລກັຄ 2 April 20 ວັຌ 20 ເຓສາ ເຆຌັໆ Please open on page ten and read after me. ກະລຌຸ າເຎຈິ ຂຌໜາໟ 10 ແລວ້ ຬາໞ ຌຉາຓຂໟຬງ This is Chapte nine for me to read. ຌຍຈົ 9 ສໍາລຍັ ຂຬຄໆະຬໞາຌ ແຉ່ໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ວຌັ ໆຂຽຌເຉັຓ ເຆໆັຌ The fourth of January ວັຌ 4 ເຈຬຌ ຓັຄກຬຌ The first of May 69
ວັຌ 1 ເຈຬຌຑຈສະຑາ 20 ຍເໃໍ ຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຆຂໃື ຬຄລກຉໞາຄໂຽຆໃຌັ Cholera ໂລກຬະຫິວາ Malaria ໂລກໄຂສ້ ັໆຌ Influenza ໄຂ້ຫວຈັ ໃຫງໞ rheumatism ໂລກຎວຈຂໍ ເຆໆັຌ Every year many people die of malaria. ກຸ ຎົຌໍາຌວຌຫາງຉາງຈວໟ ງໂລກໄຂສ້ ຌັໆ Mary can’t go to school because of influenza. ແຓລຍສໍ າຓາຈໄຎໂອຄອຽຌເຑາະເຎັຌໄຂ້ຫວຈັ ໃຫງໞ 21.ງາຌຑາຫະຌະຸກຆະຌິຈໃເຆເ້ ຌກາຌຽຈຌາຄຈງຎະແວ້ຫັົຄໍາຽຆໃືຬຓ \"by\" ຍຉໃໍ ໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜໟາຽຆັຌໃ By car ຈວໟ ງລົຈເກຄ by taxi ຈວໟ ງລົຈແກັ ຆ By train ຈໟວງລຈົ ໄຒ by plane ຈວໟ ງງຌົ By boat ຈໟວງເອຬ by bicycle ຈວໟ ງລຈົ ຊຍ ສາໍ ຌວຌຉໄໍໆ ຎຌກໍໆຍຉໍໆ ຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ Article ເຆໆຌັ On foot ຈໟວງເາົ , ຈວໟ ງຉຌ at sea າຄະເລ By land ຈໟວງາຄຍກົ by water ຈໟວງາຄຌາໍ On horseback ຂຓໆ ໟາ on buffalo ຂວາງ ເຆໆັຌ Most of the students go to university by bus. ຌກັ ສກສາສໞວຌຫາງໄຎອຽຌໜຄັ ສໆຓະຫາວິ ະງາໄລຈໟວງລົຈເຓ Some labours go to work on foot. ົຌຄາຌຍາຄົຌກໍໆງາໞ ຄໄຎເອຈັ ວຽກ I go to Nonthaburi by water. ຂຬໟ ງໄຎຌຌົ ະຍຸລຈວໟ ງາຄຌໍາ 22 ຍເໃໍ ຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓແໃ ຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ໃຽຎຌັ object ຉ 2 ເຌກລໍ ະຌ object ຉ 2 ຌໄຌັ ຽຎຌັ ຆະຌຈິ ຫືົ ຎະຽຑຈຈຼວກຌັ ກຍັ ຉ 1 ຽຑາະຽຫຌັ ວາໞ ຽຎັຌໜໞວງຈຼວກັຌຽຆັໃຌ: Please bring me a cup and saucer. ກະລຸຌາຌໍາຊໟວງຑຬໟ ຓາຌອຬຄຓາໃຫຂ້ ໟຬງແຈ່ (ດ່າໃຆ້: a cup and a saucer) John is used to using a knife and fork. ຬຌເງກຍັ ກາຌໃຆ້ຓຈ ແລະ ຆຬໞ ຓ (ຢູ່ າໃຊ້ : a knife and a fork) 23 ຍເໃໍ ຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓໃແຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ຽໃ ຎຌັ Subjective Complement ຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະturn ເຌກໍລະຌໃ ຎວໞາ \"ກາງຽຎຌັ , ຎ່ຼຌຽຎຌັ \"ຽຆຌໃັ : Samart was a singer before he turned teacher. ສາຓາຈເຎຌັ ຌັກອຬໟ ຄຓາກຬໞ ຌລໆ າວະກາງເຎັຌ He turned traitor and fought against me. ລາວກາງເຎັຌົຌລໍ ະງຈົ ແລະ ໄຈ້ຉໆໍສ້ກັຍຂຬໟ ງ 70
24 ໜໟາາໍ ຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຬັກສຬຌຫງຊໄໍ າໟ ຬຬກສຼຄຽຎັຌຑະງາຄຍໃໍຉໟຬຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາຽຆັໃຌ: UNO (ດໂຌ) SEATO (ຆໂຉ) WHO (ອ) UNESCO (ດເຌສໂກ) ແຉ່ຊໟາຬຬກສຽຄຬໞາຌເຎຌັ ລາງໂຉຬກັ ສຬຌຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ເຆໆັຌ The U.K = The United Kingdom(ສະຫະລາຈຆະຬາຌາັກ) The U.S.A. = The United States of America (ສະຫະລຈັ ຬາເຓລກິ າ) ຂໍງໄ ຺ກຽວັໄຌ: ຌາຓເໆ ຎັຌຆໆສາງກາຌຍິຌຉາໞ ຄະຬາໞ ຌເຎັຌຑະງາຄ ຫ ຬາໞ ຌໆລະໂຉຬກັ ສຬຌຍໍໆຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ເຆຌໆັ : TWA (ຈັຍເຍຌດເຬ) BOAC (ຍໂຬເຬຆ) CPA (ຆຑເຬ PAN AM (ແຑຌເຬຓ) ເຆຌໆັ : My father has worked with UNESCO for five years. ຑຂໍໆ ຬຄຂໟຬງໄຈເ້ ອຈັ ວຽກກັຍໜໞວງຄາຌດເຌສໂກເຎຌັ ເວລາ 5 ຎ They are going to arrive here by TWA. ຑວກເຂາົ ະຓາເຊຄິ ຌໆ ຈໟວງສາງກາຌຍຌິ ຈໆ ຍັ ເຍິຌດເຬ 25.ໜໟາໍາຌາຓຉໍແໃ ຎຌຍໄ ຉໃໍ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌໍາໜາໟ ຊາໟ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆເ້ ຌວາຓໝາງຽຑືຬໃ ກິຈະກາໍ ສະຽຑາະຉ຺ວຂຬຄຓັຌຽຬຄແຈ້ ື school, church, market, prison, bed, sea, hospital, college, court, work (ໃຽອຈັ ວຼກ) ຽຆັໃຌ We go to school ຑວກເອາົ ໄຎໂອຄອຽຌເຑຬໆ ອຽຌໜັຄສ Go to shurch ໄຎວຈັ ເຑໆຬສວຈຓົຌ Go to market ໄຎຉະຫາຈເຑໆຬຆເ ຂົາຂຬຄ Go to prison ໄຎກຸ ເຑຬໆ ຉຈິ ກຸ ຊາຌເຎຌັ ຌັກໂຈ Go to bed ໄຎຌຬຌເຑາະຄໞວຄຌຬຌ Go to sea ໄຎເຎຌັ ະຫາຌເອຬ Go to hospital ໄຎໂອຄໝເໍ ຑຬໆ ກວຈໂລກ Go to college ໄຎວິະງາໄລເຑຬໆ ສກສາອາໆໍ ອຽຌ Go to court ໄຎສາຌໃຌຊາຌເຎັຌໂຈຌໍາະຈຂຌຒຬ້ ຄອຬໟ ຄ Go to work ໄຎເອຈັ ວຽກໃຌຊາຌເຎຌັ ຌົ ຄາຌ ໍາຌາຓຉາຓກໆ າໞ ວຓາຌຊ າໟ ະໃຆ້ the ຌາໍ ໜໟາກໄໆໍ ຈ້ ແຉ່ວາຓໝາງເຑໆຬກິຈະກໍາສະເຑາະໂຉຂຬຄຓຌັ ງຬໞ ຓຏິຈ ໄຎາກເຈຓຉົວດ່າຄເຆັໆຌ They go to the schoolຑວກເຂາົ ໄຎໂອຄອຽຌເຑຬໆ ດ້ຽຓຬາາຌໃຫງໞ ຫ ເຑຬໆ ຆຓົ ກິຈະກໍາຂຬຄໂອຄອຽຌ Go to the church ໄຎໂຍສເຑຬໆ ເຍໆິຄອຍຑາຍຈິ ຉະກາໍ Go to the market ໄຎຉະຫາຈເຑຬໆ ເຍິຄໆ ຏ້ ົຌ Go to the prison ໄຎກຸ ເຑໆຬດຽ້ ຓງາຈຉຑິ ຌໆ ໟຬຄໆເຎຌັ ຌັກໂຈ Go to the bed ໄຎເຍໆຄິ ຉຽຄຌຬຌ ຫ ັຈໆຌຬຌ Go to the sea ໄຎຽໞ ວະເລເຑໆຬເຍຄິໆ ໍາຓະຆາຈ Go to the hospital ໄຎໂອຄໝເໍ ຑຬໆ ດຽ້ ຓຌົ ເັຍ 71
Go to the college ໄຎວິ ະງາໄລເຑາະຌຈັ ຑຍົ ກຍັ ໃຏໄວ້ Go to the court ໄຎສາຌເຑໆຬເຍຄິໆ ກາຌຉຈັ ສຌິ ະຈ Go to the work ໄຎຍຬໞ ຌເອັຈວຽກເຑໆຬດຽ້ ຓຌົ ອ້ັກ 26 ໍາຌາຓຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ຽຎັຌ Object (ກໍາ) ຂຬຄ Verb (າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ) ຉໍໃແຎຌຍໄ ໃຉໍ ຬໟ ຄເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ສໞວຌຫົາງຓັກະຽຂໄາ຺ ເກຌັ ວາໞ ຽຎັຌອຍູ ສາໍ ຌວຌ (Idioms) ແຈ້ ື Attend class ເຂາົ ອຽຌ break silence ໍາລາງວາຓຄຽຍ Bring word ຍຬກຂໞາວ head first ເຬາົ ຫວົ ໃໄຎກຬໞ ຌ Cut class ຂາຈອຽຌ leave home ຬຬກາກເອຬຌ Catch free ຉຈິ ໄຒ leave school ຬຬກາກໂອຄອຽຌ Declare war ຎະກາຈສົຄາຓ lay siege ລໟຬຓອຬຍ Drop anchor ຬຈສະໝໍ lose patience ໝົຈວາຓຬຈົ ົຌ Lose heart ໃໍ lose temper ກຌັ ຬາລຓົ ຍໍດໆ ່ Make friends with າໍ ວາຓອ້ ກັ shake hands ຍັ ຓ Make fun of າໍ ໃຫເ້ ຫຌັ ເຎຌັ ຉະລົກ take advantage of ເຬົາຎຽຍ Sent word ສົໆຄຂໞາວ take breath ຫາງໃ Set foot ງໞາຄເົາ take care of ເຍິໆຄແງຄ Set to work ເລຓເອຈັ ວຽກ take notice of ສຄັ ເກຈ Set sail ຬຬກເອຬ take offence ໂກຈເຬຄ Cast anchor ຬຈສະໝໍ take part in ຓສວໞ ຌອໞວຓ Weige anchor ຬຈສະໝໍ take pity on ສົຄສາຌ Give eat ເຬົາໃໃສ່ take pride in ຑຓໃ Have faith in ສຈັ າໃຌ take revenge ແກແ້ ້ຌ ເຆັໆຌ I left school when I was twelve years old. ຂຬໟ ງຬຬກາກໂອຄອຽຌເຓຬໆ ຉຬຌຂຬໟ ງຬາງຸ 12 ຎ Sunan is too young girl to catch fire by herself. ສຌຸ ຌັ ເຎຌັ ເຈັກງິຄໂຉຌຬໟ ງເກຌໄຎໆະຉິຈໄຎເຬຄໄຈ້ 27.ຍເໃໍ ຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓຓໃ າຽຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ Proposition ຉໍໃແຎຌໄເຌລັກສະຌະໃເຆ້ ຽຎັຌສໍາຌວຌແຈ້:ື At home ເໆ ອຬຌ in debt ເຎຌັ ໜ At sunrise ຉຬຌຑະຬາຈິ ຂຌ in bed ຌຬຌ At daybreak ເຆົາຓຈ in jail ຉິຈຸກ At dinner ຂະຌະກຌິ ເຂົາ ໆາໍ in face at danger ເຓໆຬຑະເຆຌຬັຌຉະລາງ At school ໂໆ ອຄອຽຌ in order of size ຉາຓລາໍ ຈຍັ ຂຬຄຂະໜາຈ At night ເວລາກາຄຌ in case of fire ໃຌກໍລະຌເກຈິ ໄຒໄໝ້ On time ຉຄົ ເວລາ on deek ເຄິ ຈາຈຒາ້ 72
In hand ດ່ໃຌຓ,ຑໟຬຓແລວ້ on demand ຉາຓໍາສຄໆັ In town ດ່ໃຌເຓຬຄ under cover of ກາໍ ຍັຄ In jest ເຎັຌກາຌຉະລົກ at work ຂະຌະເອຈັ ວຽກ In place of ແຌໆ for love ເຑາະວາຓອັກ At noon ຉຬຌຽໞ ຄ in sight of ຓຬຄເຫຌັ At sunset ຉຬຌຑະຬາິຈຉົກ in time ຌັ ເວລາ At ease ຉາຓສະຍາງ on foot ໂຈງເຈຌ(ງາໞ ຄ) By day ເວລາກາຄວັຌ on horseback ໂຈງກາຌຂຓ າໟ By land າຄຍົກ on earth ໃຌໂລກ By air າຄຬາກາຈ ເຆໆຌັ : Today she is at home, not to work as usual. ຓຌ ລ າວດເ່ ອຬຌຍໆໄໍ ຈໄ້ ຎເອັຈວຽກຉາຓຎກົ ກະຉິ I have money in hand to buy a new car. ຂຬໟ ງຓເຄິຌຑຬໟ ຓແລ້ວໆະຆລຈົ ໃໝ່ The students go there on foot in time. ຑວກຌກັ ສກສາງາໞ ຄໄຎອຬຈຍຬໞ ຌຌຌັ ຌັ ເວລາ ຍຍຽຐິກຫຈັ Insert a, an, or the where necessary.If is not necessary, put a cross (x) in the blank. 1. …………..friend of mine has 2. of …..people, by……people, for….people. 3. Today I have…..headache and……..fever. 4. She said, \"……….pen is might than……sword.\" 5. On day….1…woman was thirsty. She went down to ….2…stream to drink, and fell into….3…water.Shetried to swim to….4….bank, but in vain. She was going to drown soon, but ….5…dove, who was sitting on …6…branch of…7..tree close by, saw ….8…poor. ant and pitied her. She dropped…9 …small twig into …10…water, and …11…ant climbed upon it and she safely reached….12…bank. Some days afterwards….13…man came to his place with nets to catch birds. He saw this dove and fixed his nets on ….14…ground to catch her…15…dove did not see him and …16…man was just going to pull….17…string and catch…18…dove. But the little ant had seen him, and at once stung…19…man’s foot…20…man jumped up with….21…pain….22… Dove heard….23…moise, and flew away just in…..24…times. າໍ ຉຬຍຍຍຽຐິກຫັຈ (1) a,a (2) the, x (3) the, the, the (4) the,x (5) A, x, x (6) x, the (7) x, x, the (8) the,the, x (9) a,a (10) a,x (11) a,a (12) the,the (13) x,a (14) the a,x (15) x,x(16) a,an (17) a,x,a (18) x,x,x,x,a (19) A,a,the,x (20) x,th,the,the (22) the,x(23) x,the,the,the,the(24) a,a (25) the,the(26) an(1)…a(2)..the(3)…a(4). A(5)…a(7)…the(8)…a(9)…the(10) a,x (11) a,a (12) the,the(13) x,a (14) the, A,x (15) x,x (16) a, an (17) a,x,a (18) x,x,x,x,a (19) a,a,the (20) x,the,the,the (22) the,x (23) x,the,the,the,the (24) a,a (25) the,the (26) an(1)…a(2)…the 73
(3)…a(4)…a(5)…a)6)…a(7)….the(8)…a(9)…the(10)…the(11)…the(12)…a (13)…the(14)….the(15)…the(16)….the(17)….the(18)…the(19)…the(20)..the (21)…the(22)…the(23)…x(24) Chapter 5 Pronouns ຊາຓ : Pronouns ຎວໞາຫງັຄ? ຓແວສ້ ໍາລຍັ ຫງັຄ?ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຫື ງຄັ ຺ຄຬະຍິ າງ ຓາເຫ້ລະຬຼຈ? ຉຬຍ : Pronouns ແຎວໞາ \"ສັຍຑະຌາຓ\" ຓໄວສ້ ໍາລັຍ \"ເຆ້ ຌຆໃື ຄິ ຂຬຄຌ຺ , ສຈັ , ສິໃຄຂຬຄ, ລະ ສະຊາຌໃ ຄັ ຌຽໄ ຑືໃຬຎ້ຬຄກຌັ ຍໍເຫ້ຽວ຺ໄາຽຊິຄຆືໃ ິຄຌຌັໄ ຫົາງໂຽືຬຽຆິໃຄຽຎັຌກາຌຒຄັ ຍຓໍໃ ວໞ ຌຫຸ\"ໃຌຑາ ສາຬັຄກຈິ ແຍຄ່ Pronouns ຬຬກເຎັຌ 8 ຆະຌິຈ: - Personal Pronoun ຍອຸ ຸຈສັຍຑະຌາຓ - Possessive Pronoun ສາຓສັຍຑະຌາຓ - Definite Pronoun ຌງິ ຓົ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ - Indefinite Pronoun ຬະຌງິ ຓົ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ - Interrogative Pronounຎກສາສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ - Relative Pronoun ຎະຑຌັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ - Reflexive Pronoun ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓສະຬໟ ຌ - Distributive Pronoun ວິຑາກສັຍຑະຌາຓ 1.Personal Pronoun ຎວໞາ \"ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ\" ຓແວ້ສາໍ ລຍັ ເຆ້ຌຆໃືິຄຂຬຄຏຽູ້ ວໄາ຺ , ຌຆືໃ ຄິ ຂຬຄຏູຒ້ ຄັ , ລະ ຌຆືໃ ິຄຂຬຄຍຸກຌ຺ ຫືົ ສຈັ , ສໃິຄຂຬຄ, ຽໃ ອ຺າຽວາໄ຺ ຽຊິຄ ຍຸອຈຸ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ 2 ຑຈ຺ ລະ 3 ຍອຸ ຸຈແຈຈ້ ຄໃັ ຌໄ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ຍອຸ ຸຈ 1: I (ຂຬໟ ງ, ຂະຌຬໟ ງ) We (ຑວກເອົາ, ເອົາ) ຫາງສິຄໆ - ໃຆ້ແຌຆໆຏເ້ ວາົ ົຌຈຽວ - ໃຆ້ແຌຆຏໆ ເ້ ວາົ ຫາງຌົ ຍຸອຈ 2 : You (ເາົ , ໞາຌ) You (ຑວກເົາ , ຑວກາໞ ຌ) - ໃຆ້ແຌຆຏໆ ້ເໆ ອົາເວົາຌາໍ ົຌຈຽວ - ໃຆ້ແຌຆຏໆ ້ໆເອາົ ເວາົ ຌາໍ ຫາງຌົ ຍຸອຸຈ 3 : He (ລາວຏ້ຆາງ) They (ຑວກຓຌັ , ຑວກເຂາົ ) - ໃຆ້ແຌຆໆຏ້ຆາງຌົ ຈຽວໆເອົາເວົາເຊິຄ - ໃຆແ້ ຌຆໆຏ້ເໆ ອາົ ເວົາເຊິຄຫາງົຌ She (ລາວຏ້ງຄິ ) - ໃຆ້ແຌຆໆຏ້ງິຄົຌຈຽວໆເອາົ ເວົາເຊຄິ ແລະ ຫາງສະຊາຌ It (ຓຌັ ) - ໃຆ້ແຌຆໆສັຈ, ສຄໆິ ຂຬຄ ແລະ ສະຊາຌໆໆ ເອົາເວາົ ເຊິຄສຄໆິ ຈຽວ, ຬຌັ ຈຽວ 74
ຌຬກາກຌແ ລວ້ Personal Pronoun ງຄັ ແກຬຬກໄຎໄຈ້ຬກ 5 ອຍ ຉາຓໜາໟ ໆກາຌໃຆ້ າຄໄວງາກຬຌ Nominative Accusative Case Possessive Possessive Reflexive Case (ໃຆ້ເຎຌັ ກາໍ ) Adjective Pronoun (ໍາຌຸ ຌາຓເາົ (ໍາແຌຌາຓເາົ (ເຌັຌ, ງໍາ) (ໃຆ້ເຎັຌຎະາຌ) Myself ຂຬຄ) ຂຬຄ) Ourselves I Me Yourself,ves We Us My Mine Himself You You Our Ours Herself He Him Your Yours Itself She Her His His themselves It It Her Hers They Them Its Their Its Theis ໜໟາຂໃ ຬຄ Personal Pronoun ຊາຓ : Personal Pronoun ອຍູ 1 ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜໟາໃ (Function) ຽຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ແຈ້ ຈ່ ຺ໃຄຍຬກຓາ ຑໟຬຓຄັ ງກ຺ ດາ່ ຄຎະກຬຍ? ຉຬຍ : Personal Pronoun ອຍ 1 ໄຈແ້ ກ່ I, We, You, He, She, It ແລະ They ໃຆ້ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆຈັຄຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ: 1 ເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜໟາຽໃ ຎຌັ ຎະາຌ (Nominative Case) ຂຬຄກິລງິ າເຌຎະຫງກຽຆັໃຌ: I know everything from him. ຂຬໟ ງອ້ ກຸ ສິໆຄາກລາວ You can speak English better than French. ເາົ ເວົາຑາສາຬັຄກິຈໄຈ້ຈກວໞາຑາສາຐອຄັ He is ready to start now. ລາວຑໟຬຓໆ ະເລຓໆ ໄຈ້ຈຽວຌແ ລ້ວ They like to play football after class. ຑວກເຂາົ ຓັກຫກ ຒຸຈຍຬຌຫຄັ າກເລກອຽຌ (I, you, He, ແລະ They ເອຈັ ໜໟາເໆ ຎັຌ Nominative Case ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ 2 ເຆຽ້ ອັຈໜໟາຽໃ ຎັຌສວໞ ຌສຓ຺ ຍູຌຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະ(Subjective Complement) ຽຆໃຄິ ສວໞ ຫາົ ງະ ຎະຉາຓຫົຄັ Verb to be ສະຽໝຽຆຌັໃ If I were he, I wouldn’t go there exactly. ຊາໟ ຂໟຬງເຎັຌລາວ ຂຬໟ ງະຍໆໄໍ ຎຌໆ ຌັ ດາ່ ຄເຈັຈຂາຈ It is I who can speak English here. ຂຬໟ ງເຬຄເຎັຌຏເ້ ວົາຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈໄຈ້ໆຌ ຊາຓ : Personal Pronoun ອຍູ 2 :ື me, us, you, him, her, it ລະ them ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜໟາໃຽຎັຌ ຫງຄັ ຄ຺ ຍຬກຓາ? ຉຬຍ : Personal Pronoun ອຍ 3 ຓວິ ໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາໆໄຈຈ້ ຄໆັ ຌ 1)ເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຽໃ ຎັຌກາໍ (Object) ຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະເຌຎະຫງກແຈຽ້ ຆຌໃັ : 75
Amnat meets me at school every day. ຬໍາຌາຈຑົຍກັຍຂໟຬງໆໂອຄອຽຌກຸ ຓ We love them very much. ຑວກເອົາອກັ ຑວກເຂົາຫາງ The teachers watched us playing football. ຬາາຌເຍໆິຄຑວກເອາົ ຫຌ ຒຈຸ ຍຬລ 2)ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາ ຽໃ ຎັຌກາໍ (Object) ຂຬຄ Preposition ແຈ້ຽຆັໃຌ My father thought of me a lot when I left him for Bangkok. ຑໍໆຂຬຄຂໟຬງຈິ ອຬຈຂໟຬງຫາງເຓໆຬຉຬຌຂໟຬງໄຈ້ າກລາວໄຎກຄຸ ເຍ She is very pleased to stay with him. ລາວຈໃຫາງໆຑັກດກ່ ຍັ ລາວ We pay attention to her alone. ຑວກເອົາໃຫ້ ວາຓສຌົ ໃລາວົຌຈຽວເາົໆ ຌຌັ 3)ເຆ້ຽອັຈໜາໃຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄ Infinitive ແຈຽ້ ຆຌັໃ He asked me to work with him here. ລາວຂອໍ ໟຬຄຂຬໟ ງໃຫເ້ ອັຈວຽກດກ່ ຍັ ລາວຍໞຬຌຌ (me ເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄ to work) I told her to study English at one. ຂຬໟ ງຍຬກລາວໃຫ້ຒ້າວອຽຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈເຬາົ ໄວ້ (her ເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄ to study) ກາຌເຆ້ It ຑາກສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ຌັກອຽຌັຄຫາງ It ຌຌັ ເຎັຌຍຸອຸຈສັຍຑະຌາຓ ຍຸອຈຸ 3 ເຬກະຑົຈວາຓເຂາົ ໃວົໆ ໄຎກໞຽວກຍັ It ເອົາ ຓັກະອກ້ ຍັ ໃຌວາຓໝາງແຍ ວາໞ ໃຆ້ແຌສັຈ, ສໆິຄຂຬຄ, ສະຊາຌໆ ເໆ ຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈເໆາົ ຌຌັ ແຉ່ ວາຓເຎັຌ ຄິ ຂຬຄຫັກຑາສາແລວ້ ຫາໄຈໃ້ ຆ້ດໃ່ ຌວົຄາໍ ກຈັ ແຍ ເຆັຌໆ ຌັຌຍໍ ແຉຓ່ ວິ ໃຆ້ແຌຂຬຄໄຈ້ຫາງດາ່ ຄຈຄໆັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ: 1)ເຆ້ກຍັ ສັຈ, ສຄິໃ ຂຬຄ, ສະຊາຌຽໃ ຆັໃຌ: This is my dog. It is a grateful animal. ຌແຓຌ່ ໝາງຂຬຄຂໟຬງ ຓຌັ ເຎັຌສຈັ ອໆ ຍ້ ຸຌຸຌເາົ ຂຬຄໄຈ້ຈຫາງ Seni likes this car. She bought it from Japan. ເສຌຓກັ ລົຈເກຄຌັ ຌ ລາວໄຈ້ຆຓາາກງຎໆ ່ຌຸ My home is in Korat. It a far from Bangkok about 300 km. ເອຬຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງດ່ໂລາຈ ຓັຌດຫ່ ໞາຄາກກຄຸ ເຍຎະຓາຌ 300 ກຓ 2)ເຆ້ກໞຼວກັຍຈຌິ ຒາ້ ຬາກາຈ, ຽວລາ, ແລງະາຄຽຆຌໃັ : It is very hot today. ຓຌຬາກາຈອຬໟ ຌຫາງ It is raining too much outside. ຂາໟ ຄຌຬກຐົຌກໍາລຄັ ຉົກຫາງ It is five minutes to two. ຬກ 5 ຌາຎາງ 2 ໂຓຄ (13:55) 76
It is two hundred miles to Bangkok. ໄຎກຸຄເຍໄລງະາຄ 300 ໄຓ It takes two hours to Bangsaen. ໄຎຍາຄແສຌກິຌເວລາ 2 ຆຓ 3)ເຆ້ຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄ verb to be ເຌກລໍ ະຌແຎຽອຈັ ໜາໟ Clause ຫືົ Phrase ຉາໞ ຄໂຽຆັຌ: It is probable that it will rain today. ຓາຄເຎຌັ ໄຎໄຈ້ໆວາໞ ຓຌຐ ົຌຉົກ It is very easy to do thid job. ຄໞາງຫາງໆ ະເອຈັ ວຽກຌ ັຄ 2 ຎະໂຫງກຌຬາຈລຽຄໃໝກ່ ໄໆໍ ຈ້ ຊາໟ ຍໍຓໆ it ຓາເຎຌັ ຎະາຌໂຈງລຽຄຎະໂຫງກໄຈຈ້ ໆັຄຌ That it will rain today is probable. ວໆ ໞາຐຌົ ະຉກົ ໃຌຓຌ ຌຌັ ຑໍຓາຄເຎັຌໄຎໄຈ້ To do this job is very easy. ກາຌເອັຈວຽກສໞວຌຌເຎັຌຂຬຄຄາໞ ງຫາງ 1)ເຆກ້ ຍັ ຽຈກັ ຌໟຬງຽໃ ກິຈເໝ່ ຫືົ ຽຈກັ ຌຬໟ ງ ຈງສະຽຑາະຽຓຬໃື ຏູ້ຽວ຺າໄ ງຄັ ຍໃອໍ ຽູ້ ຑຈຓາກໞຬຌ ຫົື ຽວໄາ຺ ຈງຍໍໃ າໍ ຌຶຄຼ ຽຊິຄຽຑຈຽຆັໃຌ: Look at that long-haired child. It is pretty. ເຍິຄໆ ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງຏົຓງາວແຓ້ ຌາໞ ອັກຄ The baby is in bad. It is crying. ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງຌຬຌດ່ຉຽຄ ເຂາົ ກໍາລັຄອຬໟ ຄໄຫ້ 2)ເຆ້ it ເຌສາໍ ຌວຌຂຬຄຎະຫງກ Passive voice ຉແໍໃ ຎຌຽໄ ຆັໃຌ: It is said that……….. ກາໞ ວກັຌວໞາ............... It is hopped that………… ຫວັຄວາໞ .................. It is believed that………… ເຆຬໆ ກຌັ ວາໞ .............. It is understand well that………… ເຎຌັ ເໆ ຂາົ ໃກຌັ ຈວໞາ........... e.g. It is believed that negligence is the path of death. ເຆໆຬກຌັ ວາໞ ວາຓຎະຓາຈເຎຌັ ຫຌົ າຄແຫ່ຄວາຓຉາງ ກາຌເຆ້ Subject Form ລະ Object Form ຉາຓຫົັຄ Verb to be ລະ ໍາໃາໟ ງ Verb to be ຊາຓ : ຬາາຌ Pronoun ໃຓາຉາຓ Verb to be, except, let, than, as….as, such as, between, ລະ but, ຽອ຺າະເຆ້ອູຍເຈຈລະຫວາໞ ຄ Subject Form (ອູຍຎະາຌກັຍ Object Form (ອຍູ ກາໍ )? ຉຬຍ : ໍາເຫໆາົ ຌສ ັຍສົຌຑໍສົຓວຌເຓຓໆ Pronoun ຓາຉາຓຫັຄເຑາະເກິຈຍັຌຫາດ່ສະເໝວາໞ ະໃຆອ້ ຍເໆ ຎັຌ ຎະາຌ ຫ ອຍໆເຎັຌກາໍ ກັຌແຌ່ ຍາຄັຄວຌະໃຆອ້ ຍໆເຎັຌຎະາຌກກໍໆ ັຍໄຎໃຆ້ອຍເໆ ຎັຌກາໍ ຬກ ຫ ຍາຄຌໞາ ະໃຆອ້ ຍໆເຎັຌກໍາກໆໍເຫັຌໄຎໃຆອ້ ຍເໆ ຎັຌຎະາຌ ຒຄັ ເວາົ ແລ້ວກໍໆຫງຄຸ້ ງາກເຫຬເກິຌ ແຉດ່ ່າຒ້າວຌໟຬງໃເລງ ຓາ ຓາເຊຈິ ຓາໃກ້ ຬາາຌສາໍ ອາຌຌົ ຌ ະຬະິຍາງໃຫຒ້ ຄັ ຂໃຫ້ເອຈັ ໃໃຫ້ສະຫຄຍົ ແລ້ວຫັຌໜໟາ,ຓາາຄຌ 1.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ສັຍຑະຌາຓໃຽຎັຌອູຍກາໍ (Object Form) ຽຓືຬໃ ແຎຉາຓຫົັຄ Verb to be ເຌຎະຫງກວາໞ 77
It’ ………. That’s………….. This is ………ເຆັໆຌຎະໂຫງກວາໞ Who is that? It’s me.(ດ່າໃຆ້ It’s I) ຌັຌ ໃຏ? ຂຬໟ ງເຬຄ That’s her over there. (ດ່າໃຆ້ That’s she over there) ຌຌັ ເຈ່ລາວດ່ຌໆ ຌັ Look at this photo. This is me standing in from of the White House. ເຍິຄໆ ອຍຑາຍຌແຓ້ ຌຂຬໟ ງດຌດ່ໜາໟ າໍ ຌຽຍຂາວ (ດ່າໃຆ.້ ................This is I…………….) 2.ຉາຓຫົັຄ Verb to be ເຌຎະຫງກຉໃໍແຎຌໄະເຆ້ອຍູ ໃຽຎັຌຎະາຌ ຫືົ ອຍູ ຽໃ ຎັຌກາໍ ງຬໞ ຓແຈ້ັຄ ຌຌັໄ ສຸຈ້ຉ່ວາຓໝາງ ຫົື ເວາຓຂຬຄຎະຫງກຌັຌໄ ວໞາ ດູ່ເຌລກັ ສະຌະເຈຽື ຎັຌຏກູ້ ະາໍ ຫົື ຊືກກະໍາຂຬຄຎະຫງກຉໃ າຓຫຄັົ ຉ຺ໃວດ່າຄຽຆຌັໃ 1.1ເຫເ້ ຆ້ Pronoun ໃຽຎັຌອູຍຎະາຌ(Subject Form) ຽຑາະດູ່ເຌລັກສະຌະຽຎັຌຏູ້ຊກື ກະໍາ ເຌຎະຫງກຉໃ າຓຫັຄົ ຽຆຌັໃ It was I who bought this house last year. ຂໟຬງຌແລະໄຈ້ຆເ ອຬຌຫຄັ ຌໄວ້ເຓໆຬຎແໆ ລ້ວ (ໃຆ້ I ເຑາະດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ຏ້ກະາໍ ກລິ ງິ າ bought) It is she who can speak Chinese here. ລາວົຌຌ ໆສາຓາຈເວາົ ຑາສາຌໆຌໄຈ້ (ໃຆ້ she ເຑາະດ່ໃຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ຏ້ກະາໍ ກລິ ິງາ can speak) 1.2ເຫເ້ ຆ້ Pronoun ໃຽຎຌັ ອຍູ ກໍາ(Object Form) ຽຑາະດເູ່ ຌລກັ ສະຌະຽໃ ຎຌັ ຏ້ຊູ ກື ກະາໍ ຽວໄ຺າ ຄໞາງໂ ກໍໃ ຽື ຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະເຌຎະຫງກໃຉາຓຫົັຄຽຆໃຌັ It is them whom we are looking for. ກຑໆໍ ວກເຂາົ ຌແລະຑໆ ວກເອາົ ກໍາລັຄຉາຓຫາດ່ (ໃຆ້ them ເຑາະດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ກາໍ ຂຬຄ looking for) It was me whom she loved very much. (ໃຆ້ me ເຑາະດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎັຌຏຊ້ ກກະໍາຊກລາວອກັ ) ກົຈຂໍ2.1 ແລະ 2.2 ຌໃ ຫ້ລວຓເຊຄິ ກາຌໃຆ້ Pronoun ຉາຓຫຄັ except ຌັຌ ກ. ຊໟາດເູ່ ຌຊາຌະຽຎຌັ ຏຊູ້ ກື ກະໍາເຫເ້ ຆ້ອຍູ ຽໃ ຎັຌຎະາຌຽຆໃັຌ No one except he who could speak French. ຍໆຓໍ ໃຏຌຬກາກລາວໆສາຓາຈເວາົ ຑາສາຐອຄັ ໄຈ້ (ໃຆ້ he ເຑາະດ່ໃຌຊາຌະເຎັຌຏກ້ ະໍາ could speak) No one except I who was able to solve the problem. ຍຓໆໍ ໃຏເລງຌຬກາກຂໟຬງໆສາຓາຈແກ້ຍຌັ ຫາຌັຌ ໄຈ້ (ໃຆ້ I ເຑາະດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎັຌຏ້ກະາໍ ) ຂ. ຉ່ຊາໟ ດ່ເູ ຌຊາຌະຽຎຌັ ຏຊູ້ ກື ກະາໍ ເຫເ້ ຆ້ Pronoun ໃຽຎຌັ ອຍູ ກໍາຽຆຌໃັ No one except him whom she failed in love. 78
ຌຬກາກລາວແລວ້ ກຍໍໆ ໍໆຓໃຏຈຬກໆລາວຉກົ ຫລຸຓອກັ (ໃຆ້ him ເຑາະເຎຌັ ກາໍ ຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະ failed in love) No one except her who(m) I asked for marrying. ຍຓໆໍ ໃຏຌຬກາກລາວຏຆ້ ຄໆ ຂໟຬງຂໍແຉຄ່ ຄາຌຌໍາ (ໃຆ້ her ເຑາະເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະ asked for) 3)Pronoun ໃລຼຄຉາຓຫັົຄ Let ເຫ້ເຆອ້ ູຍໃຽຎັຌ Object Form ືອູຍໃຽຎຌັ ກໍາຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ Let me congratulate you on winning the prize. ຂໟຬງຂສໍ ະແຈຄວາຓງຌິ ຈກັຍເາົ ໄໆ ຈອ້ ັຍລາຄວຌັ ຌາໍ Don’t Let him live here alone, please. ກະລຸຌາດາ່ ໃຫ້ລາວຑກັ ດ່ຌໆ ົຌຈຽວເຈ (ໃຆ້ me ແລະ him ດາ່ ໃຆ້ I ແລະ he ເຎຌັ ເຈຈັ ຂາຈ -Pronoun ໃຉາຓຫັຄົ than ະເຆ້ອູຍຎະາຌກໃແໍ ຈ້ ຫົື ອຍູ ກາໍ ກໃໍແຈສ້ ຸຈໟາງຉ່ວາຓຓຸ່ຄໝາງ ຂຬຄຏູ້ຽວໄາ຺ ລະ than ຌໄຌັ ຓກັ ະຓ more ດໜູ່ າໟ ສະຽໝຽຆັຌໃ I love you more than she. ຂໟຬງອັກເາົ ຫາງກວາໞ ລາວ (ໝາງວາຓວໞາຂຬໟ ງອກັ ເົາຫາງກວາໞ ລາວອກັ ເົາ ຈັຄຌຌັ ເຓໆຬລາວກເໆໍ ຎັຌຏ້ໄຎອກັ ເົາແຂ່ຄກຍັ ຂຬໟ ງ ລາວອັກແ້ ດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຄໆ ໃຆ້ she ເຑາະຓຸຄ່ ເຎຌັ ຏ້ກະາໍ ) I love you more than her. ຂໟຬງອັກເາົ ຫາງກວໞາລາວ (ໝາງວາຓວໞາຎະໂຫງກຌຓ ເາົ ແລະ ລາວດ່ 2 ົຌ ຂໟຬງເລງຉັຈສິຌໃອກັ ເາົ ຫາງກວາໞ ອກັ ລາວ ຈຄັ ຌັຌລາວ ດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະຂໆ ຬໟ ງອກັ ຫ ໂຉກາໍ ຄໆ ໃຆ້ her ເຑາະຓຄຸ່ ເຎຌັ ຏ້ຊກກະາໍ ) -ຉາຓຫຄົັ as….as ະເຆ້ອູຍໃຽຎັຌຎະາຌກແໍໃ ຈ້ ກາໍ ກໃແໍ ຈສ້ ຈຸ ້ ຉ່ ວາຓໝາງຂຬຄຏູ້ຽວາໄ຺ ຽຆຌັ : He likes her as much as I. ລາວຏຆ້ າງຓກັ ລາວຏງ້ ິຄຫາງເໆກົ ຌັ ກັຍຂໟຬງ (ໝາງວາຓວາໞ ລາວຏ້ຆາງຓກັ ລາວຏງ້ ິຄເາົໆ ກັຌກັຍໆຂຬໟ ງຓັກ ຂຬໟ ງດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎັຌຏໄ້ ຎຓກັ ຓຸ່ຄວາຓເຎັຌຏກ້ ະ ໍາໆຄໃຆ້ I) I like you as much as him. ຂຬໟ ງຓັກເາົ ຫາງເົໆາກັຌກຍັ ລາວ (ວາຓໝາງວໞາຂຬໟ ງຓັກເົາເໆາົ ໃຈກໍຓໆ ກັ ລາງເໆາົ ຌຌັ \"ລາວຏຆ້ າງ\"ໆຓາຉາຓຫຄັ as ຓ່ຄຸ ວາຓເຎຌັ ຏຊ້ ກກະໍາ ດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ກໍາໆຄຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ him) -ຉາຓຫຄົັ such as ະເຆ້ອຍູ ຎະາຌ ຫົື ກໍາແຈ້ ັຄຌັຌໄ ສຈຸ ້ ຉ່ວາຓຓຸ່ຄໝາງຂຬຄຏູຽ້ ວໄາ຺ ຬກ ຽຆັໃຌກັຌຽຆຌັໃ : I give them money such as she. ຂໟຬງໃຫ້ເຄຌິ ຑວກເຂາົ ເຆຌໆັ ຈຽວກັຌກຍັ ລາວ(ໃຫ້) (ໝາງວາຓວໞາຂຬໟ ງໃຫ້ເຄຌິ ລາວເຆຌັໆ ຈຽວກຌັ ກຍັ ລໆ າວໃຫ້ຈັຄຌຌັ ລາວດໃ່ ຌຊາຌະເຎຌັ ຏໃ້ ຫ(້ ຏ້ກະາໍ )ຄໆ ໃຆ້ she) 79
You will visit us such as her. ເາົ ະໄຎດຽ້ ຓຑວກເອາົ ເຆຌໆັ ຈຽວກຍັ ລາວຏງ້ ິຄ (ໝາງວາຓວໞາເົາະໄຎດຽ່ ຓຑວກເອາົ ເຆຌັໆ ຈຽວກຍັ ໆເົາໄຎດ້ຽຓລາວຓາກໞຬຌຈັຄຌຌັ \"ລາວຏ້ງຄິ \" ເຆໆິຄດໃ່ ຌ ຊາຌະເຎຌັ ຏ້ຊກກະາໍ ົຌຬໆຌດຽ່ ວຊກກະາໍ ຄໆ ໃຆອ້ ຍກາໍ her) -Pronoun ໃຓາຉາຓຫຄັົ between (ລະຫວາໞ ຄຂຬຄ 2 ດ່າຄ)ຉຬໟ ຄເຆອ້ ຍູ ກາໍ (Object Form) ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆັຌໃ The principal is standing between him and me. ຬາາຌໃຫ່ງກາໍ ລັຄດຌດລ່ ະຫວໞາຄລາວຏຆໟ າງ ແລະ ຂຬໟງ (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ between he and I ເຎຌັ ຬັຌຂາຈ) But ເຌກໍລະຌໃ ຎວໞາ \"ຌຬກາກ, ງກ຺ ຽວຌັໄ \" (except) ຽຓໃືຬຓ Pronoun ຓາຉາຓຫັຄົ ເຫ້ເຆອ້ ູຍ ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຎະາຌ(Subject Form) ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌໃັ All but he could pass the examination. ັຄໝຈົ ຌຬກາກລາວ(ຌົ ຈຽວ)ສຬຍເສັຄໄຈ້ ັຄຌັຌ All but I had escaped. ັຄໝົຈງົກເວຌັ ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ໜໄຎແລວ້ 2.Possessive Pronoun ຎວາໞ \"ສາຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ\"ໝາງຽຊິຄສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເໃ ຆ້ຌຌາຓເຌ ກລໍ ະຌສະຈຄວາຓຽຎັຌຽາ຺ໄ ຂຬຄຊາໟ ຽຍໃຄິ ເຫຽ້ ລິກຽຆໃຄິ ດາ່ ຄໞຬຄ້ ລ້ວPossessive Pronoun ກໃໍ ຍໃໍຓຌ່ ໍຬຌືໃ ເຈ້ ໃ ຄິ ລ້ວກໃແໍ ຈ້ື Personal Pronoun ື ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສັຍຑະຌາຓອຍູ 4 ຌໄຌັ ຽຬຄແຈ້ ື: Mine = ຂຬຄຂໟຬງ Ours = ຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ Yours = ຂຬຄເາົ His = ຂຬຄລາວຏ້ຆາງ Hers = ຂຬຄລາວຏງ້ ຄິ Its = ຂຬຄຓຌັ Theirs = ຂຬຄຑວກເຂາົ ເຫຌັ ແລວ້ ແຓ່ຌຍໍວໆ ໞາາໍ ເຫາົ ຌແ ລະເຬຌວໞາ Possessive Pronoun ຌຍຌັ ຫາຉໄໍໆ ຎກໍໆ ວໞາ ເຓຬໆ າໍ ເຫາໆົ ຌເຎັຌສາຓ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓແລ້ວ ເວລາເວາົ ຫ ຂຽຌະຓວິໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄໃຈ? ກໍໆຂໍຉຬຍໃຫ້ອ້ແຈ່ວໞາຓວິ ໃຆດ້ າ່ ຄ 3 ດ່າຄ: -ເຆ້ຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະເຌຎະຫງກແຈ້ (Subject of a verb) ຉ່ ຄັ ຌໄຉໟຬຄຓຂໄໍ ວາຓຬໃືຌ ຽລ຺າໃ ຽລືຬໃ ຄຓາກຬໞ ຌຽຆຌໃັ : Your friend is Indian, mine is American. ເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄເົາ ເຎຌັ ຌົ ຬິຌເຈງ ຂຬຄຂໟຬງເຎັຌຌົ ຬາເຓລກິ າ (mine ເຎຌັ Possessive Pronoun ຓາເອັຈໜໟາໆເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄ is) His brother is a tall boys, but hers is a short one. ຌໟຬຄຆາງຂຬຄລາວເຎຌັ ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງອຍອາໞ ຄສຄ ແຉຂ່ ຬຄລາວຏ້ງຄິ ເຎັຌເຈກັ ຌຬໟ ງເຉງັ (hers ເຎຌັ Subject ຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະ is ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) 80
-ເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ( Subject complement) ື \"ສໞວຌສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະເຌຎະຫງກ\" ລະ ສໞວຌຫາົ ງ ະລຼຄຉາຓຫັົຄ Verb to be ຽຆັໃຌ This bicycle is mine, that one is yours. ລົຈຊຍັຌຌເຎັຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ ແຉ່ັຌຌຌັ ເຎຌັ ຂຬຄເາົ (mine ແລະ yours ເຎັຌສາຓສັຍຑະຌາຓເອຈັ ໜໟາໆເຎັຌສໞວຌສຓົ ຍຌຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະ is) This ruler is his, that one is hers. ໄຓຍ້ ຌັ ຈັ ຬັຌຌເ ຎຌັ ຂຬຄລາວ ຬຌັ ຌຌັ ເຎັຌຂຬຄລາວຏງ້ ິຄ (his ແລະ hers ເອຈັ ໜໟາໆເຎັຌສໞວຌສຓົ ຍຌຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະ is) -ເຆຽ້ ຑຬໃື ຽຌຌັໄ ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຽໄ຺າຂຬຄເຫ້ຽຈັຌຆຈັ ຂຌືໄ (Double Possessive) ຉ່ຉໟຬຄວາຄຉາຓຫົັຄ ຍຸຍຑະຍຈ຺ of ຬກຽຬືໃ ໜຄຶຼໃ ຉາຓສຈູ ວະລສໍາຽລັຈອຍູ ດັ ງນ້ a + noun + of Possessive Pronoun ຽຆັໃຌ A friend of mine= one of my friends. ເຑໆຬຌົຌໜໆຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງ A brother of yours = one of your brothers. ຌໟຬຄຆາງົຌໜຄໆ ຂຬຄເາົ A pen of hers = one of her pens. ຍິກກາໟ ຌໜໆຄຂຬຄລາວຏງ້ ິຄ I met a friend of mine at the theatre yesterday. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ຑົຍກຍັ ເຑໆຬຌົຌໜໆຄຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງໆໂອຄໜຄັ ຓວ າຌຌ A pen of hers is very dear. ຍກິ ກາໟ ຌຌຂ ຬຄລາວຓລາາແຑຄຫາງ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ຂໍວຌລະວຄັ ດ່ດ່າຄໜໆຄກຽໞ ວກັຍ Possessive Pronoun ກໍໆ ດ່າໃຫສ້ ັຍສຌົ ກັຍ Possessive Adjective ຬຌັ ໄຈ້ ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສັຍຑະຌາຓອຍໆ 3 my, our, your, his, her, us, its, ແລະ their ໍາຄັ 7 ຌ ໃຆ້ເຎັຌໍາຌຌາຓສະແຈຄວາຓເຎັຌເາົ ຂຬຄ(ຍໆແໍ ຓ່ຌສັຍຑະຌາຓສະແຈຄວາຓເຎຌັ ເົາຂຬຄ)ສະຌັຌ ຸກເໆຬໆ ໃຆຉ້ ຬໟ ຄຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ ຉະຫຬຈສວໞ ຌ Possessive Pronoun ຍໍຉໆ ຬໟ ຄຓຌາຓຉາຓຫັຄລຬຄເຍໆິຄ 2 ຎະໂຫງກຌແລ້ວ ເາົ ະຫາງວາຓສົຄໄສ ຉາຉະລາຄຎຼຍຼຍ Possessive Adjective ຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ Possessive Pronoun ຍໍໆຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ This is my book. This book is mine. ຌ ຎຓຂຬຄຂໟຬງ ຎຓເຫັຓຌເຎຌັ ຂຬຄຂໟຬງ This is your car. That car is yours. ຌ ລົຈເກຄຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ ລຈົ ເກຄຌັ ຌັຌເຎຌັ ຂຬຄເາົ 3.Definite Pronoun ຎວາໞ \"ຌງິ ຺ຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ\" ແຈ້ ກ່ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓໃເຆ້ ຌຌາຓເຌວາຓ ໝາງຍຬກສະຽຑາະຽາະ຺ຄດາ່ ຄເຈກຉໍໃ າຓຌງິ ຓ຺ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓໃສາໍ ັຌລະເຆ້ກັຌດາ່ ຄກວໟາຄຂວາຄ ຑຫ່ ົາງແຈ້ື: This, These, That, Those, One, Ones ໃຌໍາຌວຌ 6 ໂຉຌາໍ ແຌກວິໃຆ້ໄຈຈ້ ັໆຄຌ This, That, One 3 ໂຉຌໃ ຆ້ແຌຌາຓເໆ ຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈ 81
These, Those, One 3 ໂຉຌໃ ຆ້ແຌໆເຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ົຈ ເຆໆຄິ ຓລາງລະຬຽຈກາຌໃຆ້ແຌໄຈເ້ ຆັຌໆ : This ຎວໞາ \"ຌໄ\" ໃຆ້ແຌຌາຓເໆ ຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈ ແລະ ສໆິຄຌຌັ ຉໟຬຄດໃ່ ກໂ້ ຉຏເ້ ວົາໆຄະໃຆ້ This ໄຈ້ ເຎຌັ ໄຈຎ້ ະາຌ ແລະ ກາໍ ເຆຌໆັ This is an interesting book. ຌ ຎຓຌໆ ໞາສຌົ ໃ(This ເຎັຌຎະາຌ) Which book do you want? I want this. ຎຓເຫັຓ ໃຈເາົ ຉໟຬຄກາຌ ? ຂໟຬງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຫັຓຌ That ຎວໞາ \"ຌໄັຌ\" ໃຆ້ແຌຌາຓໆເຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈ ແລະ ສຄິໆ ຌັຌຉຬໟ ຄດໃ່ ກໂຉຏເ້ ວົາໆຄະໃຆ້ That ໄຈ້ ເຎຌັ ໄຈຎ້ ະາຌ ແລະ ກາໍ ເຆຌັໆ ກຌັ ເຆຌັໆ That is the thing I need. ຌຌັ ສຄິໆ ໆຂໟຬງຉໟຬຄກາຌ(That ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄ is) I used to that before. ຂໟຬງເງເອັຈສໆິຄຌັຌ ຓາກໞຬຌແລວ້ (that ເຎຌັ ຌງິ ຓົ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເອັຈໜາໟ ໆເຎຌັ Object ຂອງ do) Oneຉາຓວາຓໝາງຽກ຺ໃາຎວໞາ\"ໜໃຶຄຼ \" ແຉ່ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ ຌງິ ົຓສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Definite Pronoun) ແລວ້ າໍ ແຎງໞຬຓຍໍໆ ຄົ ໆຄັ ຌຂດກ່ ຍັ ສໆຄິ ໆ One ໄຎແຌ ໝາງວາຓວາໞ Oneໄຎແຌຌາຓຫງັຄກໆໃໍ ຫ້ແຎເຎັຌ ຌາຓໂຉຌັຌໄຈ້ເລງ ແລະ ເຎັຌໄຈ້ັຄຎະາຌ ແລະ ກາໍ ເຆຌັໆ : Which car do you possess? I possess the red one. ເາົ ເຎຌັ ເົາຂຬຄລົຈເກຄຌັ ໃຈ ? ຂໟຬງເຎັຌເາົ ຂຬຄລຈົ ເກຄັຌສແຈຄ (One ເຎຌັ ຌງິ ົຓສັຍຑະຌາຓເອຈັ ໜໟາເໆ ຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄໍາກິລິງາ possess) There are many bookd on the table. The green one belongs to me. ຓຎຓ ຫາງເຫັຓ ດເ່ ິຄໂຉະ ຎຓສຂຽວເຎຌັ ຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ (One ເຎັຌຌງິ ຓົ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆເຎຌັ ຂຬຄາໍ ກລິ ິງາ belongs) These ຎວໞາ \"ຽຫ຺າໃົ ຌໄ\" ໃຆ້ແຌຌາຓໆເຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ແລະ ດ່ໃກ້ໂຉຏເ້ ວົາໆຄະໃຆ້ These ແຌໄຈ້ ເຎັຌໄຈ້ ຄັ ຎະາຌ ແລະ ກໍາ ເຆໆຌັ : ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌ : These are students. ເຫົາໆ ຌ ຌັກສກສາ (These ເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະ are) ເຎຌັ ກໍາ : He can’t understand the exercise. Can you explain these to him ? ລາວຍໆໍເຂົາໃແຍຍເຐກິ ຫຈັ ເົາສາຓາຈຬະິຍາງຍົຈເຐິກຫຈັ ເຫໆົາຌໃ ຫ້ລາວຒຄັ ໄຈຍ້ ໍ (these ເຎຌັ ຌງິ ົຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ explain) Those ຎວາໞ \"ຽຫາົໃ຺ ຌຌໄັ \" ໃຆແ້ ຌຌາຓເໆ ຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑົຈ ແລະ ສຄໆິ ຌັຌຉຬໟ ຄຫາໞ ຄໃກາກຏ້ເວາົ ເຎຌັ ໄຈ້ ັຄ ຎະາຌ ແລະ ກໍາ ເຆຌໆັ ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌ : Those are foreigners. They have been here two weeks. ເຫໆາົ ຌັຌ ຆາວຉາໞ ຄຎະເຈ ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈ້ຓາດ່ ຌໆ ເຎຌັ ເວລາ 2 ຬາຈິ ແລວ້ (Those ເຎັຌຌງິ ົຓສັຍຑະຌາຓ ເອັຈໜໟາໆເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄ are) ເຎັຌກາໍ : He had done those before he came here. 82
ລາວໄຈເ້ ອັຈສໆິຄເຫາົໆ ຌັຌແລ້ວກຬໞ ຌໆ ະຓາໆຌ (Those ເຎັຌຌິງົຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເອັຈໜາໟ ໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ done) Ones ຉາຓວາຓໝາງຽກ຺ໃາກໍຉໃ ຬໟ ຄຎວາໞ \"ຑວກໜຼໃຄຶ , ຽຫົໃາ຺ ໜຼຄຶໃ \" ແຉ່ເຓຬໆ ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເຎັຌຌງິ ຓົ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Definite Pronoun) ແລ້ວໍາແຎງຬໞ ຓຍໆໍ ົຄໆເຆັຌໆ ຈຽວກຍັ One ອຍເຬກະຑຈົ ຌຌັ ແລເຎັຌແຉ່ວໞາ Ones (ໆຉໆຓ s)າໍ ຌໃຆແ້ ຌຌາຓເໆ ຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ເຎຌັ ໄຈ້ັຄຎະາຌ ແລະ ກໍາ ເຆັໆຌ: ເຎັຌຎະາຌ : The books in the shelf are dear, but the ones on the table are sheep. ຎຓ ດໆ ເ່ ິຄຫິຄ ລາາແຑຄ ແຉ່ຎຓຫວົ ໆດເ່ ິຄໂຉະລາາຊກ (Ones ເຎັຌຌິງຓົ ສັຍຑະຌາຓເອຈັ ໜາ ໆເຎຌັ Subject ຂອງ are) ເຎຌັ ກໍາ : which oranges will you have ? I will have the big ones. ເາົ ະກິຌໝາກກໟຽຄໜໞວງໃຈ ? ຂໟຬງະກິຌໜາກກໟຽຄໜວໞ ງໃຫງໞ (Ones ເຎຌັ ຌງິ ົຓສັຍຑະຌາຓ ເອຈັ ໜາໆເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ have) ຂໄໍວຌສັຄຽກຈ: ຌງິ ົຓສັຍຑະຌາຓ (Definite Pronoun) ເໆ ວາົ ຓາແລວ້ ຌຓ ັຌະເຎຌັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓໃຫ້ຉາຓ ວາຓໝາງກໆໍຉໆເໍ ຓຬໆ ໃຆແ້ ຉຓ່ ັຌລຬງ ໂຈງຍໆໍຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ ເຫົໆາຌັຌ ແຉຊ່ າໟ ວຌັ ຈຌຈຌາໍ ເຬາົ ໍາເຫົໆາຌໄ ຎໃຆ້ໂຈງ ຓຌາຓຬໆຌຉາຓຫັຄກຍໆໍ ໍໆໄຈ້ເອຈັ ໜາໆເຎັຌຌງິ ຓົ ສັຍຑະຌາຓກຍັ ໄຎເອັຈໜໟາໆເຎຌັ ດາ່ ຄຬໆຌເຎຌັ າໍ ຌຸ ຌາຓ (Adjective ໄຎເຍິໆຄ 2 ຎະໂຫງກຎະກຬຍວາຓເຂາົ ໃ ເຎັຌາໍ ຸຌຌາຓເຑາະຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ ເຎັຌຌິງົຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເຑາະຍໆໍຓຌາຓຉາຓຫັຄ This school is famous. This is a famous school. ໂອຄອຽຌຌຓຆໆສຽຄ ຌ ໂອຄອຽຌໆຓຆໆສຽຄ These boys are clever. These are clever boys. ເຈັກຆາງເຫໆາົ ຌສ ະຫາຈ ເຫົໆາຌ ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງສໆ ະຫາຈ Ones pupil is in the room. I can have this one. ຌັກອຽຌົຌໜໆຄດໃ່ ຌຫຬໟ ຄ ຂຬໟ ງສາຓາຈຓສໆຄິ ຌໄ ຈ.້ 4,Infinite Pronoun ຎວາໞ \"ຬະຌິງຓ຺ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ \"ສັຍຑະຌາຓຽຆິຄຽຎຌັ າໍ ໃເຆ້ ຌຌາຓແຈ຺້ວໃ ແຎຈງຍແໍໃ ຈຍ້ ຬກສະຽຑາະຽາະຄ຺ ວາໞ ຌຌ຺ ຌັຌໄ ຺ຌຌໄ ຈງຉ຺ຄ\"ຬະຌງິ ຓ຺ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓແຈ້ື ໍາຉໃແໍ ຎຌໄ ື: Some ຍາຄົຌ, ຍາຄດາ່ ຄ Any ຍາຄຌົ , ຍາຄດາ່ ຄ None ຍຓໍໆ ຏໃ້ ຈ All ຄັ ໝົຈ Someone ຍາຄົຌ Something ຍາຄສຄໆິ Somebody ຍາຄຌົ Anybody ຍາຄຌົ Anyone ຍາຄົຌ Few ໜຬໟ ງໜຄໆ Everyone ກຸ ົຌ 83
Everything ກຸ ສິໆຄ Many ຫາງ Nobody ຍຓໆໍ ໃຏ Others ຬຌໆ າໍ ເຫາົໆ ຌເ ຎຌັ Infinite Pronoun (ຬະຌິງົຓສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ) ັຄຌຌັ ເຓໆຬຌໍາຓາເວາົ ຫ ຂຽຌກສໆໍ າຓາຈເຎັຌໄຈ້ັຄ ຎະາຌ ແລະ ກໍາ ເຆຌັໆ : There are many people at the party. Some are eating, but some are drinking. ຓົຌເຎຌັ ໍາຌວຌຫາງຄໆ າຌລຽໟ ຄສໟາຄສຌັ ຍາຄົຌກໆໍກາໍ ລັຄກິຌ ແຉ່ຍາຄຌົ ກໆກໍ າໍ ລັຄຈໆຓ (some ັຄ 2 ໍາເຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະ) When I went by this house last night, I did not see anyone in it. ເຓຬໆ ຂໟຬງງາໞ ຄຏາໞ ຌເອຬຌຫັຄຌໄຎເຓໆຬຌຌ ຍເໍໆ ຫັຌຓໃຏດ່ຂາໟ ຄໃຌເລງ (anyone ເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະ see) None of us can swim across the river. ຑວກເອາົ ຍຓໆໍ ໃຏເລງໆສາຓາຈລຬງຂາໟ ຓແຓຌ່ ໍາ ໄຈ້ All are drowned. ຄັ ໝຈົ ຓົ ຌາໍ ຉາງແລ້ວ Many are called, but few are chosen. ຫາງົຌຊກເຬຌໂຉຓາ ແຉຌ່ ໟຬງຌົ ໆໄຈ້ອຍັ ຈັ ເລຬກເຬົາ Everything for us is ready to start. ຸກສິຄໆ ຸກດາ່ ຄສໍາລັຍເອາົ ຑຬໟ ຓແລ້ວໆະເລໆຓຉົຌ 5.Interrogative Pronoun ຎວາໞ \"ຎຶກຼ ສາສັຍຑະຌາຓ\" ແຈ້ກ່ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓໃເຆ້ຌຌາຓສໍາ ລັຍາໍ ຊາຓລະຉໟຬຄຍໍໃຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັົ ຌໍາໃື ະຊແື ຈວ້ ໞາ\"ຽຎັຌຎກື ສາສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ\"ແຈ້ື ໍາຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄື: Who, whom, whose, what, which,ເຆໆິຄຓລາງລະຬຽຈຂຬຄກາຌໃຆແ້ ຌຌາຓເຑໆຬເຎັຌາໍ ຊາຓຈຄັ ຉໆໍໄຎຌ: Who (ເຏ) ເຆ້ຊາຓຽຊຄິ ຍຸກ຺ຌ ລະ ຽຎັຌຎະາຌຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະເຌຎະຫງກແຈ້ຽຆັຌ Who wants to take a part in the football match? ໃຫຉ້ ຬໟ ຄກາຌໆະເຂາົ ອໞວຓກາຌແຂ່ຄຂັຌກລິ າຒຈຸ ຍຬລ? Who can go to live in it? ໃຏສາຓາຈໆະໄຎຬາໄສດ່ຂໟາຄໃຌໄຈ?້ Whom (ເຏ) ເຆ້ຊາຓຽຊິຄຍຸກ຺ຌ ລະ ຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະ ຫົື ຍຸຍຑະຍຈ຺ ແຈ້ ັຄຌັຌໄ ຽຆັຌ Whom do you wish to see? ເາົ ດາກະຑົຍໃຏ? Whom shall I mary next year? ຂໟຬງະແຉ່ຄຄາຌກຍັ ໃຏຈຎໜໟາ ເລໆຬຄກາຌໃຆ້ Whom ໆຓາເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆເຎັຌກໍາຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກສຌົ ະຌາແຍຍຄາໞ ງ ເອາົ ຬາຈໃຆ້ Who ແຌກໆໍໄຈເ້ ຆໆຌັ : Who are you speaking to? ເາົ ກາໍ ລັຄເວົາຌໍາໃຏ? Who did you write that letter to? 84
ເົາຂຽຌົຈໝາງສະຍັຍຌັຌເຊຄິ ໃຏ? Excuse me, I don’t know who you mean. ຂໂໍ ຈເຈິ ຂໟຬງຍໆໍອວ້ າໞ ເາົ ໝາງເຊິຄໃຏ Whose (ຂຬຄເຏ) ເຆຊ້ າຓຽຊິຄຽາ຺ໄ ຂຬຄຽໃ ຎັຌຍກຸ ຌ຺ ລະ ຉໟຬຄຍໃຓໍ ຌາຓຉາຓຫົັຄຽຆຌໃັ : Whose is the red car standing outside? ລົຈເກຄສແຈຄຂຬຄໃຏກາໍ ລຄັ ຬຈດຂ່ ໟາຄຌຬກ? Whose is this book? ຎຓ ເຫຓັ ຌເຎັຌຂຬຄໃຏ? ແຉ່ຊໟາWhoseຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ໂຈງຓຌາຓຉາຓຫັຄກໍເໆ ອັຈໜໟາໆເຎັຌໍາຸຌຌາຓຂຬຄຌາຓໂຉຌຌັ ໄຎຍໆໍໄຈເ້ ຎັຌສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ ເຆັໆຌ: Whose house is not far from school? ເອຬຌຂຬຄໃຏໆດ່ຍໆໄໍ ກາກໂອຄອຽຌ? Whose father is a policeman? ຑຂໆໍ ຬຄໃຏເຎຌັ ຉໍາຫວຈ? What (ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ) ຽຎັຌສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເໃ ຆ້ຊາຓຽຊິຄສຄິໃ ຂຬຄຽຎຌັ ແຈ້ຄັ ຎະາຌ ລະ ກໍາ ຽຆໃັຌ What is in this box? ແຓ່ຌຫງັຄດໃ່ ຌກຬໞ ຄຌ? (What ເຎັຌຎະາຌ) What delayed you this morning? ແຓຌ່ ຫງຄັ ເອຈັ ໃຫ້ເາົ ລາໞ ຆາໟ ໄຎຓເຆົາຌ? (What ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌ) What does she do here every day? ລາວເອັຈຫງຄັ ດ່ໆຌຸກ ຓ? (What ເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ do) what ຌຬກາກໃຆ້ຊາຓເຊຄິ ສຄໆິ ຂຬຄແລ້ວ ະຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ຊາຓເຊິຄຍກຸ ົຌກໄໆໍ ຈ້ແຉໃ່ ຫ້ໝາງເຊຄິ \"ຊາຓ ຬາຆຍ (Profession, ຊາຓເຊຄິ ຍຈົ ຍາຈ (role), ຊາຓເຊຄິ ສະຊາຌະຑາຍ(Status), ຫເຆຬຆາຈ(nationality) \" ເາົໆ ຌຌັ ເຆັໆຌ: What is your father? ຑຂໆໍ ຬຄເົາເຎັຌຫງັຄ? He is a policeman. ລາວເຎັຌຉໍາຫວຈ. What is his nationality? ລາວເຎັຌເຆຬ ຆາຈຫງັຄ? His nationality is an Englishman ເຆຬຆາຈຂຬຄລາວເຎັຌົຌຬັຄກຈິ . What are you? ເຎັຌເົາຫງັຄ? I am the principal. ເາົ ເຎັຌຬາາຌໃຫງໞ. Which (ຬັຌເຈ) ເຆ້ຊາຓຽຊຄິ ສັຈ, ສໃຄິ ຂຬຄຓວາຓໝາງຽໃາ຺ ກັຍວາໞ ຉເຈ?, ຬັຌເຈ? ຽຎຌັ ແຈ້ຄັ ຎະາຌ ລະ ກາໍ ຽຆຌັໃ : 85
Which is the best? ຬັຌໃຈຈສໆ ຈຸ ? The green one is the best. ສຂຽວຈໆສຸຈ(Which ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌ) Which do you prefer, Peps. And Cola ເົາຓັກຬຌັ ໃຈຫາງກວາໞ ລະຫວາໞ ຄເຎຍັ ຆ ແລະ ໂລາໆ? (Which ເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ prefer) ໝາງຽຫຈ: Which ຌຬກາກະເຆຊ້ າຓຽຊຄິ ສັຈ, ສຄໃິ ຂຬຄລ້ວ, ະຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ຊາຓຍກຸ ຺ຌກໃແໍ ຈ້ ຊາໟ ຏູ້ຊາຓ ຊາຓຽຑຬືໃ ເຫ້ຽລືຬກຽຬາ຺ າກາໍ ຌວຌ 2 ຫືົ າກາໍ ຌວຌໃ າໍ ກຈັ ແວຽ້ ຆັໃຌ: Which do you love between Wanna and Wilai? ເາົ ອັກໃຏລະຫວາໞ ຄວັຌຌາ ແລະ ວໄິ ລ? There are children and adults. Which do you want to help. ຓຄັ ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງ ແລະ ຏໃ້ ຫງໞ ເົາຉໟຬຄກາຌຆວໞ ງເຫຬົຌຍໍ Which are your children in this photo? Which ຊໟາໃຆໂ້ ຈງຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄັ ກໆເໍ ຎຌັ ໍາຌຸ ຌາຓ(Adjective) ຍໆໍແຓຌ່ ຎກສາສັຍຑະຌາຓເຆຌໆັ : Which boy is your brother? ເຈກັ ຌຬໟ ງົຌໃຈເຎຌັ ຌໟຬຄຆາງຂຬຄເາົ Which country are you from? ເົາຓາາກຎະເຈໃຈ? 6.Relative Pronoun ຎວາໞ \"ຎະຑຌັ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ \"ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເໃ ຆ້ຌຌາຓດໃ ູ່ ຂໟາຄໜາໟ ລະ ເຌຂະຌະຈຼວກັຌກໃຽໍ ອັຈໜາໟ ຽໃ ຆືໃຬຓຎະຫງກໜໟາຫັົຄເຫ້ຽຆຬືໃ ຓຽຂ຺ໄາກຌັ ຫືົ ຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌ ຫົື ຽຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄຎະຫງກຫັົຄແຈຌ້ ໍາ\" ຎະຑຌັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓໆຌິງຓົ ໃຆ້ກຌັ ຫວຄຫາງໄຈແ້ ກ:່ who, whom, whose, which, where, what, when, why, ແລະ that າໍ ເຫາົໆ ຌເ ຓໆຬຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ແລວ້ ຍໍໆໄຈແ້ ຎຉາຓວາຓໝາງເກາົໆ ຂຬຄຓັຌງົກຉວົ ດ່າຄເຆໆັຌ Who ຉາຓວາຓໝາງເກົໆາແຎວາໞ \"ໃຏ\" ແຉຊ່ າໟ ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ແລວ້ ກກໍໆ ຍັ ໄຎແຎວາໞ \"ຏເ້ ຆຄິໆ , ຏ້ໆ\" ເຆໆຄິ ຬຌັ ຌຂ ໍໃຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາເຂາົ ໃໄວ້ ຈໟວງ ແລະ ຉໆໍໄຎຌຬ າາຌະໄຈຬ້ ະິຍາງໃຫ້ລະຬຽ,ເຎຌັ ຉວົ ໄຎ ຂໃໍ ຫຌ້ ັກສກສາໍາໃໃຫເ້ ຎັຌສະຓາິສະຈຍັ ອັຍຒັຄດ່າຄຑໟຬຓຑຽຄກັຌເຑາະຎະຑຌັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຌ ໞຬຌຂໟາຄເຂາົ ໃງາກແຈ່ ຫາກຍຉໍໆ ັຄ ໃຬາໞ ຌຈວໟ ງຈ ເຬົາລະເລຓ ແລ້ວ! Who (ຏ້ຽູ ຆໃິຄ) ເຆ້ ຌຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຍຸກຌ຺ ລະ ຍກຸ ຺ຌຌໄັຌຉໟຬຄຽຎັຌຏກູ້ ະາໍ ໃຶຼຄະເຆ້ Who ແຎຽຎຌັ ຎະຑັຌສັຍຑະຌາຓຌແຈຽ້ ຆຌັໃ : He is the postman who brings a letter for us at hom. ລາວຍລຸ ຈຸ ໄຎສະຌຏ້ເຆິໆຄຌໍາົຈໝາງຓາສໆົຄໃຫເ້ ອາົ ໆເອຬຌ. ໍາວາໞ \"Who\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆໄຈ້ 3 ດ່າຄຑຬໟ ຓກັຌໃຌເວລາຈຽວກຌັ -ເຎັຌາໍ ແຌຌາຓ the postman ໆດ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ -ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະ brings ໃຫ້ກຍັ ຎະໂຫງກຉໆ າຓຫຄັ -ເຎັຌາໍ ເຆຬໆ ຓ (conjunctive) ລະຫວາໞ ຄຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ He is the postman ກັຍຎະໂຫງກຫຄັ brings a letter for us at hom ໃຫ້ສໍາຑຌັ ເຂາົ ຈວໟ ງກັຌ 86
The boy who studies hard can pass the examination easily. ເຈັກຌໟຬງຏ້ເຆຄິໆ ສກສາດາ່ ຄໆຄິ ັຄສາຓາຈສຬຍເສຄັຏາໞ ຌໄຈ້ດ່າຄຄໞາງຈາງ ໍາວໞາ \"Who\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆໄຈ້ 2 ດ່າຄໃຌເວລາຈຽວກຌັ -ເຎຌັ ໍາແຌຌາຓ boy ໆດ່ຂໟາຄໜໟາ -ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະ studies ໃຌຎະໂຫງກໆຉາຓຫັຄ Whom (ຏູຽ້ ຆຄິໃ ) ເຆ້ ຌຌາຓໃຽຎຌັ ຍຸກຌ຺ ລະ ຽຓໃຬື ແຎຌລວ້ Whom ດເູ່ ຌຊາຌະ ຽຎັຌຏຊູ້ ືກະາໍ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎ ຽຆຌໃັ This is the student whom his teacher punishe. ຌຌັກສກສາຏເ້ ຆຄໆິ ຂຬຄລາວລົຄໂຈ ໍາວໞາ \"Whom\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆ 3 ດາ່ ຄ: -ເຎັຌໍາແຌຌາຓ student ດໆ ່ຂາໟ ຄໜໟາ -ເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະ punishe ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຫຄັ -ເຎັຌໍາເຆຬໆ ຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ຫັຄໃຫສ້ ໍາຑັຌເຂາົ ຈວໟ ງກັຌ The singer whom I saw at Siam square is Sayan Sanya. ຌັກອຬໟ ຄຏເ້ ຆຄິໆ ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ຑົຍໆສະຫງາຓສະແ ສາງງຌັ ສຌັ ງາ ໍາວໞາ \"Whom\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເ ຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜໟາໆ 2 ດ່າຄ: -ເຎັຌາໍ ແຌຌາ singer ດໆ ່ຂາໟ ຄໜໟາ -ເຎຌັ ກໍາຂຬຄາໍ ກາໍ ຓະ saw ໃຌຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກ Whose (ຏູ້ຽຆຄິໃ ....ຂຬຄຽຂາ຺ )ເຆ້ ຌຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຍກຸ ຌ຺ ຽຑຬືໃ ສະຈຄວາຓຽຎັຌຽາໄ຺ ຂຬຄ ຂຬຄຌາຓຉໃ າຓຫົຄັ ລະ ເຫສ້ ັຄຽກຈແວຈ້ ວໟ ງວາໞ ຫຄັົ Whoseຉໟຬຄຓຌາຓສະຽໝຽຆໃຌັ : Sanit is the boy whose father died in the war. ສະຌຈິ ເຈກັ ຆາງຏເ້ ຆິໆຄຑຂໆໍ ຬຄລາວໄຈ້ເສງຆິວິຈໃຌສົຄາຓ. ໍາວໞາ \"Whose\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເ ຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆ 3 ດາ່ ຄ -ເຎັຌາໍ ແຌຌາຓ boy ໆດ່ຂໟາຄໜໟາ -ເຎັຌາໍ ສະແຈຄວາຓເຎຌັ ເົາຂຬຄຂຬຄ father ຉໆ າຓຫຄັ -ເຎັຌໍາເຆໆຬຓຂໍວາຓຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ແລະ ຫໃັ ຫ້ສາໍ ຑັຌເຂາົ ຈໟວງກຌັ The girl whose mother has gone to Japan is my cousin. ເຈັກງິຄຏເ້ ຆຄິໆ ແຓ່ຂຬຄລາວໄຈໄ້ ຎຎະເຈດຎໆ ຸ່ຌໆ ເຎຌັ ລກຸ ຑໆລິ ກຸ ຌຬໟ ຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງ. າໍ ວໞາ \"Whose\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເ ຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆ 2 ດາ່ ຄ -ເຎຌັ າໍ ແຌຌາຓ girl ໆດຂ່ ໟາຄໜາ -ເຎຌັ ໍາສະແຈຄວາຓເຎຌັ ເົາຂຬຄຂຬຄ mother ໆຉາຓຫັຄ Which (ໃ, ຽຆໃຄິ ) ເຆ້ຌຌາຓໃຽຎັຌສຈັ , ສໃຄິ ຂຬຄັຄເຌອຍູ ຽໃ ຎັຌຎະາຌ ລະ ກາໍ ແຈ້ ັຄຌໄຌັ ຽຆັຌ: The animal which has wing is a bird. ສຈັ ໆຓຎກຌັຌ ຌົກ ໍາວໞາ \"Which\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເ ຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ເອຈັ ໜໟາໆ 2 ດ່າຄ 87
-ເຎັຌາໍ ແຌຌາຓ animal ໆດ່ຂໟາຄໜາໟ -ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກຫັຄ has wing. This is the ticket which I bought for you. ຌຎເ ຆໆຄິ ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ຆຓາໃຫ້ເາົ ໍາວາໞ \"Which\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອຈັ ໜໟາໆ 3 ດ່າຄ -ເຎຌັ ໍາແຌຌາຓ ticket ດຂ່ ໟາຄໜາໟ -ເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະ bought ໃຌຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກ -ເຎຌັ າໍ ເຆຬໆ ຓລະຫວາໞ ຄຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ແລະ ຫຄັ ໃຫສ້ ໍາຑຌັ ເຂົາຫາກຌັ What (ຫງຄັ , ສໃຄິ )ໃ ເຆ້ຌຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ສິຄໃ ຂຬຄ ລະ ຌາຓໃ What ແຎຌຌັຌໄ ະຍໃໍ ຎະກ຺ຈເຫຽ້ ຫຌັ ຂໟາຄໜາໟ ຽໝຬື ຌຎະຑັຌສັຍຑະຌາຓຉຬຌືໃ ັຄຌຽໄ ຑາະຊກື ລະແວເ້ ຌຊາຌໃ ຽຂາໄ຺ ເກຌັ ລວ້ ຽຆຌໃັ : I know what is in thing box. ຂໟຬງອ້ວໞາແຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ດໃ່ ຌກຬໞ ຄ ໍາວໞາ \"What\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜໟາໆ 3 ດ່າຄ -ເຎຌັ າໍ ແຌຌາຓ(thing)ດໆ ່ຂໟາຄໜາ ແຉ່ລະໄວ້ໃຌຊາຌເໆ ຂົາໃແລ້ວ(Relativewithout antecedent) -ເຎຌັ ຎະາຌຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະ is ໃຌຬະຌຎຸ ະໂຫງກ -ເຎັຌໍາເຆຬໆ ຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ແລະ ຫັຄໃຫ້ສໍາຑຌັ ເຂົາຈໟວງກັຌ When (,ໃ ຽຆໃຄິ ) ເຆ້ ຌຌາກໃ ໞຼວກັຍຽວລາ, ຓື,ໄ ຽຈຬື ຌ, ຎ ຽຆັຌໃ Sunday is the day when we don’t go to work. ໍາວໞາ \"When\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆ 2 ດາ່ ຄ -ເຎຌັ ໍາແຌຌາຓ the day ດໆ ຂ່ າໟ ຄໜາໟ -ເຎຌັ າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜໟາ ແລະ ຫັຄໃຫສ້ າໍ ຑັຌເຂາົ ກຌັ Why (ຽຎັຌຫງຄັ ) ເຆ້ ຌຌາຓຽໃ ຎຌັ ຽຫຈຽຎັຌຏຌ຺ (ສໞວຌຫາົ ງຌງິ ຺ຓເຆ້ ຌ reason) ຽຆັຌໃ : That’s the reason why I killed him. ຌຌັ ເຫຈຏົຌວໆ ໞາເຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ຂໟຬງຄໆ ຂາໟ ລາວ ໍາວໞາ \"Why\" ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌເຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ເອັຈໜໟາໆ 2 ດ່າຄ -ເຎຌັ ໍາແຌຌາຓ reason ໆດ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ -ເຎຌັ ໍາເຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ແລະ ຫຄັ ໃຫ້ສໍາຑຌັ ເຂົາຈໟວງກັຌ That (,ໃ ຽຆິໃຄ) ຌັກສກຶຼ ສາັຄຫົາງ ກາຌຌໍາເຬົາ That ຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ຌັຌຌຍັ ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ເລໆຬຄຫງຄຸ້ ງາກສະລັຍຆັຍຆຬໟ ຌຑໍສຓົ ວຌັຄຌເຑາະເຫຈວາໞ That ເຓຬໆ ໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຎະຑຌັ ສັຍຑະຌາຓແລວ້ ໃຆ້ ແຌໄຈ້ກຍັ ຄັ ົຌ, ສຈັ , ສິຄໆ ຂຬຄ, ແລະ ສະຊາຌຍໆ ຬໞ ຌຌແລະຄໆ ໄຈກ້ ໃໆໍ ຫເ້ ກິວາຓສຍັ ສຌົ ຫຫງຸ້ຄງາກຂຌຓາ ເຆຄິໆ ຏິຈກັຍ Relative Pronoun ໂຉຬຌໆ ດາ່ ຄໃຈກຉໍໆ າຓເຑໆຬຍໍໆໃຫສ້ ັຍສົຌວໞາກລໍ ະຌເຆັໆຌະໃຆ້ That ຫຍດໍ າ່ ຄຌັຌກໍໆ ຂຍໍ ຬກໃຫ້ອວ້ າໞ ຌາຓໆ ະເຬົາ That ໄຎໃຆ້ເອັຈໜາໟ ໆເຎັຌ Relative Pronoun ໄຈ້ຌາຓໂຉຌັຌະຉຬໟ ຄເຂົາຫັກ ເກຌ 4 ຎະກາຌຈໆັຄໆເວົາຉໍໄໆ ຎຌຂໍໃຈຂໜໍ ໆຄແລວ້ ຄໆ ະໃຆ້ That ໄຈ້ ຫາກຍໆໍເຂາົ ຫັກເກຌ 4 ຎະກາຌຌແ ລ້ວດາ່ ໄຈ້ ໃຆ້ That ຓາເຎັຌຎະຑັຌສັຍຑະຌາຓເຈັຈຂາຈ ຫັກເກຌ 4 ຎະກາຌຌຌັ ໄຈ້: 88
1.ຌາຓໃ ະຽຬ຺າ That ແຎຽຎັຌຎະຑຌັ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຌແຈ້ ຌາຓຉຌໄັຌະຉໟຬຄຓາໍ ຸຌຌາຓຂຌໄັ ສຄູ ສຸຈ(Superativ Degree) ຓາຂະຫງາງດູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ລ້ວຄຶໃຼ ເຆ້ That ແຎຽຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ແຈ້ຽຆໃັຌ: Sayan Sanya is the most famous ginger that I have known well. ສາງງຌັ ສັຌງາ ເຎັຌຌກັ ອຬໟ ຄໆຓຆໆສຽຄຫາງສໆ ຈຸ ຂໆ ຬໟ ງໄຈ້ອ້ ັກຈ 2.ຌາຓຉຌັຌໄ ຉຬໟ ຄຓຽລກຌຍັ ໍາຌວຌໃ (Ordinal Number) ຓາຂະຫງາງດູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜໟາລ້ວຼໃຄຶ ເຆ້ That ຽຎັຌຎະຑັຌສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຌແຈ້ຽຆັຌໃ China is the first country that I am going to visit. ຌເຎັຌຎະເຈໍາຬິຈໆຂຬໟ ງະໄຎໞຽວ She is the second lady that he failed in love. ລາວເຎຌັ ສະຉອຌົ 2 ລໆ າວຉົກຫລຓຸ ອັກ 3ຌາຓຉຌຌັໄ ຉຬໟ ຄຓາໍ ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ(Quantitative Adjective) ແຈ້ ກ່ much, many, little, etc. ຓາຂະຫງາງດຂູ່ າໟ ຄໜາລ້ວໃຶຼຄະເຆ້ that ແຎຽຎັຌຎະຑຌັ ສັຍຑະຌາຓແຈຽ້ ຆຌັໃ : Somsak has many pens that he gives me. ສົຓສັກຓຍິກຫາງກໟາຌໆລາວະໃຫ້ຂຬໟ ງ I have little ink that I share you. ຂໟຬງຓຌາໍ ຓກດ່ໜໟຬງໜຄໆ ໆະແຍຄ່ ໃຫເ້ ົາ 4ເຆ້ that ຽຎຌັ Relative Pronoun ຌສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຎະສຓ຺ ຉໍແໃ ຎຌຌໄແຈເ້ ຌກລໍ ະຌຓໃ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ ຎະສ຺ຓາໍ ເຈໍາໜຄຶຼໃ ວາຄດູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ແຈ້ື someone, somebody, something, somewhere, anyon, anybody, anything, anywhere, everyone, no one, nothing, etc. There is nothing that I can do for you. ຍໆຓໍ ຫງຄັ ຂໆ ຬໟ ງະຆໞວງເົາໄຈ້ (ໃຆ້ that ແຌໄຈ້ເຑາະໜໟາ that ເຎັຌໍາສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຏະສົຓ) She has everything that she gives me. ລາວຓຸກສຄິໆ ຸກດ່າຄລໆ າວະໃຫຂ້ ໟຬງໄຈ້ (ໃຆ້ that ແຌໄຈ້ເຑາະໜາໟ that ເຎຌັ ໍາສັຍຑະຌາຓຏະສົຓ) 7) Reflexive Pronoun ຎວໞາ \"ສັຍຑະຌາຓສະໟຬຌ\" ຫົືຍາຄຽຬືໃ ະຽຬຌໄ ວໞາ Emphatic Pronoun (ສັຍຑະຌາຓຽຌັໄຌ) ກແໍໃ ຈສ້ ັຍຑະຌາຓສະໟຬຌ(ຫືົຽຌໄັຌ) ຊາໟ ຽຍໃິຄເຫຽ້ ລິກຽຆິຄໃ ລວ້ ຫາ ຓ່ຌາໍ ຓາາກເໃ ຈ້ ໃຄິ ກແໃໍ ຈ້ື ຍອຸ ຸຈສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Personal Pronoun) ອຍູ ໃ 5 ຌໄັຌຽຬຄແຈ້ :ື myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ແລະ themselves ໍາເຫາົໆ ຌເ ຬຌ ວໞາ\"ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓສະໟຬຌ ຫ ສັຍຑະຌາຓເຌັຌ \" ເວລາເວາົ ຫ ຂຽຌຓວິໃຆ້ດ່ 4 ດາ່ ຄ: 1)ເຫລ້ ຼຄແວຫ້ ຄົັ ຎະາຌ ຫືົ ຉິຈຉຎະາຌຽຓຬໃື ຏຽູ້ ວໄາ຺ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌະຽຌໄຌັ ເຫ້ຽຫຌັ ວໞາຎະາຌຽຎຌັ ຏູ້ຊກື ກະາໍ ກຈິ ຌໄຌັ ໂຈວໟ ຉລາວຽຬຄຍໍໃ ຓຌ່ ຺ຌຬືຌໃ ຓາຽອັຈເຫ້ຽຆັຌໃ : I myself will do it. ຂໟຬງເຬຄະເອຈັ ຓຌັ They themselves close the windows everyday. ຑວກເຂາົ ເຬຄຬັຈຎ່ຬຄດ້ຽຓກຸ ຓ He himself did it yesterday. 89
ລາວເຬຄໄຈເ້ ອຈັ ຓວາຌຌ 2)ເຫລ້ ຼຄແວ້ຫົັຄາໍ ກລິ ງິ າແຈຽ້ ຓໃືຬຏຌ຺ ກາຌກະາໍ ຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະຉຌັໄຌຉກ຺ ເຫຏ້ ຸ້ກູ ະາໍ ຽຬຄ(ຂເໍ ຫ້ ສັຄຽກຈແວຌ້ ໍາວາໞ ຏກູ້ ະໍາກຍັ ຏອູ້ ຍັ ຏຌ຺ ກາຌກະໍາຉຬໟ ຄຽຎຌັ ຍກຸ ຺ຌຈຼວກຌັ ຉາຓກຈ຺ ຂໍໄ 2ຌໄ) ຽຆຌັໃ The man in this room himself last night. ຏ້ຆາງດໆ ໃ່ ຌຫຬໟ ຄຌງ ິຄໂຉຉາງເຓໆຬິຌຏໆ າໞ ຌຓາ We enjoy ourselves at the seaside. ຑວກເອົາສະໜຸກສະໜາຌກຌັ ດ່ ໆະເລ 3)ຽຓືໃຬຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຽຌໄຌັ ກາໍ ເຈເຫລ້ ຼຄແວຫ້ ຄັົ ກາໍ ຌໄັຌກຸ ຽືໃຬແຎຽຆັໃຌ: I spoke to the Prime Minister himself. ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ເວົາກຍັ າຌໆ ຌາງກົ ລັຈຊະຓຌົ ຉເຬຄ Winai was told by the teacher himself. ວໄິ ຌໄຈ້ອັຍກາຌຍຬກລາໞ າກໂຉຬາາຌເຬຄ 4)ເຫລ້ ຼຄແວຫ້ ຄັົ າໍ ຍຍຸ ຑະຍ຺ຈ \" by\" ແຈ້ຈຽຓຬໃື ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌະຍຬກເຫ້ຽຫຌັ ວໞາຎະາຌຽຎັຌຏກູ້ ະ າໍ ກຈິ ຌຌັໄ ຈງລໍາຑັຄຌ຺ ຈຼວຍໍຓໃ ເຏຆໞວງຽອຈັ ຽຆໃຌັ I made this table by myself. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ເອັຈໂຉະໜໞວງຌຈໟວງໂຉເຬຄ She lived here by herself ລາວດ່ ຌໆ ໂ ຈງລໍາຑຄັ ົຌຈຽວ 8.Distributive Pronoun ຎວໞາ \"ວິຑາກສັຍຑະຌາຓ\" ແຈ້ສື ັຍຑະຌາຓໃເຆ້ຌຌາຓຽຑືຬໃ ກາຌຍຄ່ ງກ, າໍ ຌກຬຬກຽຎຌັ ຽືຬໃ ໜໃຼຄຶ , ສໃິຄໜຼຶໃຄ, ຉເຈຉໜຶຄຼໃ Distributive Pronoun ໃ ຌິງ຺ຓເຆກ້ ັຌຫົາງື each (ຉ່ລະ) either (ຌ຺ ເຈຌ຺ ໜຄຼຶໃ , ສິໃຄເຈສໃິຄໜໃຼຶຄ) neither (ຍໃໍັຄສຬຄ ດາ່ ຄ)ຽຆໃັຌ There are many tourists coming here every day. Each has a camera. ຓຌັກຬໞ ຄໞຽວາໍ ຌວຌຫາງຽໞ ວຍໞຬຌຌຸກ ຓ ແຉ່ລະົຌຓກຬໟ ຄຊໞາງອຍກຌັ ັຄຌັຌ Either of two workers can go outside. ຌົ ຄາຌ 2 ຌົ ຬຬກໄຎຂາໟ ຄຌຬກໄຈ້ ົຌຈຽວ Neither of them were granted to live in China. ຑວກເຂາົ ຍໍໆຓຏໃ້ ຈເລງໆໄຈອ້ ັຍຬະຌງຸ າຈໃຫ້ໄຎດຎ່ ະເຈຌ Distributive Pronoun ຂໍໃຫ້ສຄັ ເກຈໄວຈ້ ວໟງວາໞ ຊາໟ ໃຆ້ແຉ່ຓຌັ ໂຈງລາໍ ຑຄັ ກໆເໍ ຎັຌສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ(Pronoun) ແຉ່ຊໟາໃຆ້ໂຈງຓຌາຓຬໆຌຉາຓຫຄັ ກໆໍກາງເຎັຌໍາຌຸ ຌະສຍັ ໄຎ(Adjective) ເຆັໆຌ ຽຎຌັ Adjective ຽຑາະຓຌາຓຉາຓຫັົຄ ຽຎຌັ Pronoun ຽຑາະຍຓໃໍ ຌາຓຉາຓຫຄົັ Each boy receives a reward Each of men has much money. ເຈກັ ແຉລ່ ະຌົ ໄຈອ້ ັຍລາຄວັຌ ຏ້ຆາງແຉ່ລະຌົ ຓເຄິຌຫາງ Either car is very expensive Either of girls is beautiful. ລຈົ ເກຄແຉລ່ ະຌັ ຓລາາແຑຄ ເຈກັ ງິຄແຉ່ລະຌົ ສວງຄັ ຌຌັ 90
ຍຍຍ຺ຈຽຐກິ ຫັຈ Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences. 1. Seeing ……………………………………………on television is exciting. a. His b. one c. oneself d. one’s 2. If I were …………………………….,I wouldn’t do like this; a. Him b. his c. he d. himself 3. It is …………………………………who can take this sword out of the stone a. I b. myself c. mine d. me 4. Who is that? It’s …………………………………………….. a. Mine b. me c. I d. myself 5. Your habdwriting is bad and so is …………………………………… a. Your brother b. yours c. your brother’s d. your brother handwriting 6. A friend of …………………………….could pass the entrance examination. a. she b. her c. hers d. herself 7. your pen is red………………………..is black. a. my b. mine c. me d. myself 8. He is the postman………………………brings letters for us at home. a. who b. whomc. whose d. which 9. The farmhouses stands……………………….in the fields. a. itself b. by itself c. by its own d.its 10. The buffalo……………………….you want to buy is mine. a. whose b. of which c. who d. which 11. She is the best girl……………………………I have ever seen. a. that b. who c. whom d.which 12. Sombat…………………………we met at the party likes to drink whisky. a. whom b. who c. whose d. that 13. He did not tell me the town………………………..he lives. a. which b. where c. whom d. how 14. Everything………………………….he said is wronf. a. that b. who c. which d. what 15. No one except ………………………………who had been seen from tower. a. she b. her c. hers d. herself 16. Do you think………………………………..is stronger than……………..? a. he-me b. him-I c. he-I d. him-me 17. It is …………………….who likes sugar in her tea, not…………………. a. She-I b. she-me c. her-I d. her-me 18. There was an explosion when all but………had already been in the shelter. a. I b. me c. mine d. myself 19. Let …………………all go for a walk tomorrow morning. a. we b. us c. ours d. ourselves. 20. There was an argument between……………………and……………………… a. he-I b. his-mine c. him-me d. himself-myself 91
າໍ ຉຬຍຍຍຽຐິກຫຈັ 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. B 8.A 9. B 10 D 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. A 19 B 20. C 21 when I was in Chiangmai, I was a good friend of……………………………. a. They b. me c. her d. yours 22 The teacher was pleased because………......of her students failed the tea. a. All b. some c. most d. none 23 I have to go shopping because there’……………….left in the refrigerator. a. Something b. nothing c. verything d. anything 24 My seat is next to……………………….of the chairman. a. This b. that c. those d. one 25 when things are not seen…………..are likely to be forgotten…………. a. They b. it c. things d. theris 26 There’ll be plenty of space for a refrigerator and a washing-machine if you get……….later on. a. One b. them c. it d. yourself 27. The pupils heard the teacher’s voice. But ………..didn’t listen to what was being said. a. We b. you c. everyone d. they 28 If Veronica were not so bad-tempered, people would like………more. a. Herself b. him c. them d. her 29 The climbers spent several weeks in high mountain country in order to acclimatize………….. a. They b. them c. their d. themselves 30 That house was painted in green but…………………………roof was red. a. its b. it c. itself d. it’s 31 Paul has the habit of talking to…………………………………………… a. him b. his own c. himself d. by himself 32 That painting doesn’t belong to ……………….it is……………………….. a. yours ,mine b. your,my c. yours,my d. you,mine ໍາຉຬຍຍ຺ຈຽຐກິ ຫັຈ 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. A 9B 10. D 11. A 14. A 15. B 16. C 17 A 18. A 19. B 12. A 13. B 22. D 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. D 30. A 31. C 32. A 20. C 21. D 28. D 29. D 92
Chapter 6 Verbs ຊາຓ : Verb ຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຫື ງັຄ) ຉຬຍ : Verb ແຎວໞາ \"າໍ ກລິ ິງາ\" ໄຈ້ແກ່ \"າໍ ສໃ ະຈຄຽຊິຄກາຌກະາໍ ຫືົ ກາຌຊືກກະາໍ ຂຬຄໍາ ໃຽຎຌັ ຎະາຌ ຫືົ ຽຎຌັ ໍາສຬຈຆຈຽຂໄ຺າຓາຽອຈັ ໜໟາໃຆໞວງໍາກາໍ ຓະຉຬຌືໃ ກແໍໃ ຈ້ ຽຑຬໃື ຍຬກຽຊຄິ ຓາລາ (mood) ວາກ຺ (voice) ລະ ກາຌ(Tense)\" ໃຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ແຍ່ຄ Verb ຬຬກເຎັຌ 5 ຆະຌິຈຌາໍ ກຌັ : -Transitive Verb າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຂາຈ -Intransitive Verb ໍາກໍາຓະຍົ -Finite Verb າໍ ກໍາຓະແ້ -Non-Finite Verb າໍ ກໍາຓະຍໆໍແ້ -Auxiliary Verb າໍ ກໍາຓະຌຸເາະ(າໍ ກໍາຓະຆໞວງ) Transitive Verb ຊາຓ : Transitive Verb ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ) ແຈ້ື Verb ຍຍເຈ? ຉຬຍ: Transitive Verb ຎວໞາ \"ໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈ ໝາງຽຊຄິ ໍາກໍາຓະຉໃ ຬໟ ຄຓກໍາຓາອຬຄອັຍ ຫືົ ຓ ກໍາຓາຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫຄົັ ກຬໞ ຌລວ້ ຽຌືໄຬວາຓຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະຉຌຌັໄ ຶໃຄຼ ະຒຄັ ຽຂໄາ຺ ເກຌັ ແຈ້\" າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຂາຈໄຈ້າໍ ກໍາຓະຉໍໆໄຎຌ: Give, buy, bring, write, speak, hit, kick, see, look at, order, open, close, wash, clean, etc. My mother bought meat and eggs yesterday. ແຓຂ່ ຬຄຂໟຬງຆຆຌ ແລະ ໄຂ່ຓາຓວ າຌຌ Today my mother is going to buy………………at the market. ຓຌ ແຓຂ່ ຬຄຂໟຬງະຆ. .................ຉໆ ະຫາຈ ຎະຫງກໍາຬຈິ ໍາກໍາຓະ bought ໄຈ້ເຌໆຬວາຓສົຓຍຌຒັຄເຂາົ ໃກັຌໄຈ້ເຑາະຓກໍາ meat ແລະ eggs ຓາອຬຄອຍັ ໃວາຓໆຄຆຈັ ເຌຂຌ ຎະຫງກຫັົຄ ໍາກາໍ ຓະ buy ຒັຄແລ້ວສົຄໄສຍໍໆອວ້ ໞາຆຫງັຄເຑາະຍໆໍຓກາໍ ຓາອຬຄອັຍຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫຄັ ເຌຬວາຓ ງຄັ ຍໆສໍ ຓົ ຍຌເຑາະສະຌັຌໍາກໍາຓະຂາຈໆຄຉຬໟ ຄໃຫ້ຓກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ໃວາຓຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກຄໆ ະຒັຄກຌັ ອ້ ເລຬໆ ຄ(ເວຌັ ແຉ່ຏ້ເວັາ ແລະ ຏຒ້ ັຄອ້ກັຌຓາກໞຬຌແລ້ວວາໞ ລຓົ ກັຌເລຬໆ ຄຫງັຄໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈຍໍໆຉໟຬຄຓກໍາຓາອັຍກໍໄໆ ຈ)້ ຊາຓ : ໍາຫງັຄຈ່ ໃ ະຓາຽຎຌັ ກໍາ(Object) ຂຬຄໍາກໍາຓະຂາຈແຈ຺້ຄຍຬກຓາຑໟຬຓັຄງກ຺ ຉ ດາ່ ຄຎະກຬຍ? ຉຬຍ: າໍ ໆະຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈ(Object of a transitive Verb) ໄຈ້ຌັຌໄຈ້ ໍາຉຉໆໍໄຎຌ: 1.ຌາຓຸກຆະຌຈິ (All kinds of Numbers) ຽຆັຌໃ : Our country needs the growth and development. ຎະເຈຂຬຄຑວກເອົາຉໟຬຄກາຌວາຓະເລຌກາໟ ວໜາໟ ແລະ ກາຌຑັຈະຌາ (growth and development ເຎຌັ ກາໍ ຂຬຄ needs) 93
2.ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ (Pronoun) ຽຆັໃຌ: I told him that he could pass his examination. ຂຬງໟ ຍຬກລາວວໞາລາວສຬຍເສັຄໄຈ້ (him ເຎຌັ Pronoun ຓາເອຈັ ໜໟາເໆ ຎຌັ ກາໍ ຂຬຄ told) 3.ໍາກໍາຓະສະຑາວະຓາລາ (ແຈ້ກ່ Infinitive) ຽຆໃຌັ : These students want to continue their students in a foreign country. ຌກັ ສກສາເຫົໆາຌຉ ໟຬຄກາຌສກສາຉໆໍໃຌຉາໞ ຄຎະເຈ (to continue ເຎຌັ ກລິ ິງາສະຑາວະຓາລາເອັຈໜາ ໆເຎຌັ ກໍາຂຬຄ want) 4.າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຉໃ ຓຼໃຶ ing (Gerund) ລ້ວຌໍາຓາເຆດ້ ່າຄຌາຓ ຽຆໃັຌ: Ever since he has got bad health, he stops smoking cigarettes. ຉັຄແຉ່ລາວຍສໍໆ ະຍາງ ລາວເລກິ ສຍດາແລວ້ (smoking ເຎັຌ Gerund ແລວ້ ຌໍາຓາໃຆດ້ ່າຄຌາຓ ເຆໆັຌ: 5.ວະລກຸ ຆະຌິຈ (Phrases) ຽຆັຌໃ : She doesn’t know what to do for you. ລາວຍອໆໍ ້ວາໞ ະເອຈັ ຫງຄັ ໃຫ້ເົາ (what to do ເຎັຌວະລເອຈັ ໜາໟ ໆເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ know) 6.ຬະຌຸຎະຫງກ (Subordinate Clause) ຽຆັຌໃ : I know what he is going to do there. ຂຬໟ ງອວ້ າໞ ະໄຎເອຈັ ຫງັຄດຍ່ ໞຬຌຌຌັ (what he is going to do there ເຎັຌຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກເອັຈໜາໟ ເໆ ຎຌັ ກໍາຂຬຄາໍ ກໍາຓະ know) ຊາຓ : Transitive Verb (າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຂາຈ) ຍາຄຉ ຽຓຬໃື ຓກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ລ້ວແຈ້ຽຌຬໄື ວາຓສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ກຸ ຉແຎຓຌ່ ຫົຍື ໃໍ ຉຬຍ: ຍໍໄໆ ຈ້! ໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈຍາຄໂຉຓກາໍ ຓາອຍັ ຫ ຓາຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫັຄແລວ້ ກໆໍໄຈຓ້ ເຌຬວາຓສົຓຍຌຍໍໍາເຎຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄຓາໍ ຫ ກຓຸ່ າໍ ຬຌໆ ຓາຂະຫງາງໂຉກໍາຬກກຬໞ ຌ ແລ້ວາໍ ກາໍ ຓະຂາຈໂຉຌຌັ ໆຄະໄຈ້ເຌຬ ວາຓສຓົ ຍຌຆຈັ ເຌຂຌາໆໍ ຫ ກຸ່ຓາໍ ຓໆ າຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫັຄກໍາຬກເຬໆ ໜໆຄຌັຌເຬຌ ວາໞ \"Objective Complement\" ແຎວໞາ \"ໍາ ຫ ກຓຸ່ າໍ ໆຉາຓຫັຄໍາກໍາຓະແລ້ວເອຈັ ໃຫຎ້ ະໂຫງກຓວາຓສຓົ ຍຌຂຌ \" ເຆຌໆັ : The people in this country made him king. ຎະຆາຆົຌໃຌຎະເຈຌຉ ຄັ ໃຫ້ລາວເຎຌັ ເາົ ຆວຈິ (king ເຎຌັ Noun ເອັຈໜໟາໆຂະຫງາງ him ຄໆ ເຎັຌ Objective Complement) They set the prisoners free. ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈຎ້ ່ຬງຌກັ ໂຈໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຬຈິ ສະຫະ (free ເຎັຌ Adjective ເອັຈໜໟາໆຂະຫງາງ prisoners ໆຄເຎັຌ Objective Complement) I found Susan walking under the tree in the garden. ຂໟຬງເຫັຌຆຆຸ າຌງໞາຄດກ່ ໞຬຄຉຌົ ໄຓໃ້ ຌສວຌ (walking ເຎັຌ Participle ເອຈັ ໜໟາໆຂະຫງາງ Susan ຄໆ ເຎັຌ Objective Complement) We wish the thief to be killed. ເອາົ ດາກໃຫ້ລັກຂະໂຓງຌົ ຌັຌຊກຂໟາຉາງ 94
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