ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR

(where ຋ຄັ 2 ຎະໂຫງກເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆ 2 ດາ່ ຄ຃ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ stayed ແລະ live ແລະໃຌຂະຌະຈຽວກັຌກໆໍ ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຆຬໆ ຓຎະໂຫງກໜໟາ-ຫຄັ ເຂ໇ົາຈໟວງກັຌ) 3.Conjunctive Adverb of Frequency ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາຽຆືຬໃ ຓຉໃໍວຽິ ສຈຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ (ຍາຄຉາໍ ລາຽຬຌໄ Number ຾ຎວາໞ \"ຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌ\" ກໍໃຓ) ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ແໃ ຎຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຆຬໃື ຓຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑືໃຬຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໃ ຫືົ ຅ໍາຌວຌ຃ຄໄັ ແຈ້຃ື຃າໍ ວໞາ How often (ຽລໃຬື ງຍ,ໍ ຅ກັ ຽ຋ືໃຬ) ຽຆໃັຌ I asked him how often he had gone there. ຂຬໟ ງຊາຓລາວວໞາ ລາວໄຎ຋ຌໆ ໇ັຌເລໆຬງຍໍ Please tell me how often she asks for money each day. ກະລຌຸ າຍຬກຂຬໟ ງຈວໟ ງວາໞ ແຉລ່ ະຓ໇ລາວຂເໍ ຄິຌ຅ກັ ເ຋ຬໆ (how often ຋ຄັ 2 ຎະໂຫງກເອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ເໆ ຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ -ຫັຄໃຫ້ຓເຌຬ໇ ຃ວາຓເຂົ໇າກັຌ ແລະ ໃຌຂະຌະຈຽວ ກັຌກຓໆໍ າຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ had gone ແລະ asks ເຑໆຬຍຬກ຃ວາຓຊໆ ຫ ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຃໇ຄັ ຬກ຅ໍາໄວໃ້ ຫຈ້ ) 4.Conjunctive Adverb of Manner ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຽຆືໃຬຓຉໃໍວິຽສຈຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌ\" ໝາງ ຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ຋ໃແຎຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋຋ໃ ຄັ ຽຆຬໃື ຓຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຽຑຬືໃ ຍຬກຬາກາຌຂຬຄ ຑຶຼຈຉິກໍາ ຫືົ ກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຬຌັ ຌໄັຌໂ ວາໞ ຽກຈິ ຂໄຌື ຓາແຈ຅້ ັຄເຈແຈ຃້ ື຃ໍາວາໞ How (ດາ່ ຄເຈ) ຽຆັຌໃ : My father knows how I shot the tiger. ຑຂໍໆ ຬຄຂໟຬງອ້ຈວໞາ ຂໟຬງງິຄເສຬໂຉຌໄ໇ ຈ້ດ່າຄໃຈ The government asked me how I had got the money. ລັຈຊະຍາຌຊາຓວໞາ ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ເຄຌິ ຌ໇ຓາໄຈດ້ ່າຄໃຈ (how ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 2 ເຎຌັ ສັຌ຋າຌວເິ ສຈຍຬກກິລງິ າຬາກາຌເຑາະເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜໟາ-ຫຄັ ໃຫສ້ ໍາ ຑຌັ ກຌັ ແລະ ໃຌເວລາຈຽວກຌັ ຌ໇ກໍເໆ ອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ shot ແລະ had got ຬກ) 5,Conjunctive Adverb of Quantity (or Degree) ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາຽຆືໃຬຓຉໃໍວິຽສຈຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ແໃ ຎຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຆໃຬື ຓຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽຑຬືໃ ຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ ຫາົ ງໜໟຬງແຈ຃້ ື຃າໍ ວໞາ How long (ຈ຺ຌຎາຌເຈ) How far (ແກຎາຌເຈ) ຽຆັຌໃ : No one knows how long she will live with him. ຍໍໆຓໃຏອວ້ າໞ ລາວ຅ະດກ່ ັຍລາວຏຆ້ າງຈຌົ ຎາຌໃຈ The police wonder how far this man can tell the truth. ຉາໍ ຫວຈສຄົ ໄສ(ເໝຬຌກຌັ ) ວໞາຆາງ຃ຌົ ຌ໇຅ະຍຬກ຃ວາຓ຅ຄິ ໃຫອ້ ້ໄຈຫ້ າງຂະໜາຈໃຈ (how long ແລະ how far ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ເຆຬໆ ຓຉໆໍຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ -ຫຄັ ແລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ live ກັຍ tell ເຑໆຬຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ) 6.Conjunctive Adverb of Reason (or cause) ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາຽຆືໃຬຓຉໍໃວິຽສຈຍຬກຽຫຈຏຌ຺ \" ໝາງ ຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ຋ແໃ ຎຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຆຬໃື ຓຎະ຿ຫງກໜໟາ-ຫົັຄເຫຽ້ ຂໄ຺າກຌັ ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະເຌຎະ ຿ຫງກຫັຄົ ຽຑືຬໃ ຍຬກຽຫຈຏ຺ຌສາໍ ຫັຍົ ກາຌກະ຋ໍາຌໄຌັ ໂ ຽຆໃຌັ : Panya did not know why she cried. ຎັຌງາຍໍອໆ ເ້ ລງວາໞ ເຎັຌຫງຄັ ລາວ຅ຄໆ ອໟຬຄໄຫ້ I want to know why he said like that. ຂຬໟ ງດາກອວ້ າໞ ເຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ລາວ຅ໆຄເວົ໇າແຍຍຌ໇ຌັ 145

(why ຋ຄັ 2 ຎະໂຫງກເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓຉໆໍວເິ ສຈຍຬກເຫຈຏຌົ ຓາເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຆໆຬຓຎະໂຫງກໜໟາ-ຫຄັ ໃຫ້ເຂ໇າົ ກຌັ ແລະ ໃຌຂະຌະຈຽວກຌັ ກໍໆເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະວເິ ສຈຓາຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ cried ແລະ said ເຑໆຬຍຬກເຫຈຏຌົ ) ໝາງຽຫຈ: Conjunctive Adverb ຋ຸກຆະຌິຈຉໟຬຄຎະໄວກ້ າຄຎະໂຫງກຉະຫຬຈ຅ະລໆຓເຬາົ ໄຎຎະໄວຉ້ ົ໇ຌ ຎະໂຫງກຍໍ ຫ ຋າໟ ງຎະໂຫງກຍໍແລວ້ ຓາຬາໟ ຄວາໞ ...... ຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐກິ ຫັຈ ຅຺ໃຄຍຬກ Conjunction Adverb ຋ຑໃ ຓິ ຿ຉຈາໍ ຌໄັຌວາໞ Conjunctive Adverb ຆະຌິຈເຈ 1. Everybody knows when he will leave here for Hong Kong. 2. Can you tell me when she comes back? 3. I want to know when Porn Pan will get married. 4. Ladda will go where she can live happily. 5. We aske David how often he had gone to Japan. 6. Please tell me how often your sister asks for money each day. 7. I want to know how you can do this. 8. I doubt too much how a little boy can play the piano. 9. No one knows how long he lived here. 10. We wonder how far he can tell us the truth. 11. Nobody knows why she cried. 12. Thai people doubt why the Prime Minister of Vietnam said like that. ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍ຺ຈຽຐິກຫຈັ 1.When ເຎັຌ Conjunctive adverb of time 2.When ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of time 3.When ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of time 4.Where ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of Place 5.How often ເຎັຌ Conjunctive adverb of frequency 6.How often ເຎັຌ Conjunctive adverb of frequency 7.How ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of Manner 8.How ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of Manner 9.How long ເຎັຌ Conjunctive adverb of quantity 10.How far ເຎັຌ Conjunctive adverb of quantity 11. Why ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of reason 12. Why ເຎຌັ Conjunctive adverb of reason ອຍູ ຃າໍ ສັຍ ຫືົ ຾ຫຄໃົ ກາໍ ຽຌຈຂຬຄ Adverb ຊາຓ : ອຍູ ສຍັ ຫົື ຾ຫົໃຄກາໍ ຽຌຈຂຬຄ Adverb (Formation of Adverb) ຓຓາດາ່ ຄເຈ຾ຈໃ ໞ຅຺ຄຍຬກ ຓາເຫລ້ ະຬຼຈ? ຉຬຍ : ອຍສັຍ ຫ ແຫຄໆ ກາໍ ເຌຈຂຬຄ Adverb ຓຓາໄຈ້ຈັຄຌ໇: 1.ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກຌາຓ຿ຈງກາຌຉຓືໃ ly ຂໟາຄຫັົຄ຃ໍາຌຌໄັ ຽຆຌໃັ Noun ເຎຌັ Adverb ຃ໍາແຎ Day daily ຎະ຅ໍາວັຌ, ລາງວຌັ 146

Week weekly ຎະ຅າໍ ຬາ຋ິຈ Year yearly ຎະ຅າໍ ຎ Month monthly ຎະ຅າໍ ເຈຬຌ 2.ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກຌາຓ຿ຈງຉືໃຓ ward ຫົື wards ຋ໃ຋ໟາງຌາຓຌຌໄັ ຽຆຌໃັ : Noun ເຎັຌ Adverb ຃າໍ ແຎ Back backwards ຂາໟ ຄຫັຄ Home homewards ໄຎງຄັ ເອຬໆ ຄ ເຎັຌຉ໇ົຌ 3.ຓອູຍຓາ຿ຈງກໍາຽຌິຈຂຬຄ຿ຉຽຬຄ ຅ະຉໍໃຽຉຓ ຫົື ຉຈັ ຬຬກຑຼຄສໞວຌເຈສໞວຌໜຶຼໃຄຍແໃໍ ຈ້ ແຈ຃້ ື຃າໍ ຉແໍໃ ຎ ຌ:ໄ Here, there, hard, late, always, well, often, too, very, seldom, where, when, hence, whence, how, why, then, thus, once, twice, sometimes 4.ຓອູຍຓາ຅າກກາຌລວຓ຃ໍາຍຸຍຑະຍ຺ຈຽຂໄ຺າກັຍຌາຓ ຾ລວ້ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ Adverb ແຈ຃້ ຃ື າໍ ຉໃໍແຎຌໄ: To + day = today ຓ໇ຌ໇ To + morrow = tomorrow ຓຬ໇ ຌໆ In + side = insitde ຂໟາຄໃຌ Out + side = outside ຂໟາຄຌຬກ 5.ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກກາຌຉໃຓື A ຬາ຃ຓ຺ (Affix) ຽຂ຺ໄາຂໟາຄໜໟາຌາຓ ຫົື ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ ຾ລວ້ ຌາຓ ຫົື ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉຌໄັຌ຅ະກາງຽຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວິຽສຈ (Adverb) ແຎ຋ັຌ຋ ຽຆຌໃັ : A + way =away ຍໍໆດ,່ ຅າກໄຎ, ໄກຬຬກໄຎ A + go =ago ເລງຓາແລວ້ A + cross = across ຂໟາຓ A + foot = afoot ຈໟວງຉຌ, ໂຈງຉຌ A + head = ahead ຂໟາຓຫົວ A + live = alive ຓຆິວຈິ ດຸ່ A + bed = abed ຌຬຌເ຋ຄິ ຉຽຄ etc. 6.ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກ຃຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຿ຈງກາຌຽຉຓຎັຈແ຅(Suffix) “ly” ລຄ຺ ຂໟາຄຫົັຄ຾ລວ້ ຃຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຿ຉ ຌຌໄັ ກໍໃ຅ະກັຍກາງຽຎັຌ Adverb ຋ຌັ ຋ ຾ຉ່ກາຌຽຉຓຎັຈແ຅ ly ຓຫັກົ ຽກຌຈໃັຄຉໃໍແຎຌໄ: 1.ຊໟາ Adjective຿ຌຌັໄຌລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ y ຽຎຌັ ຑະງັຌຆະຌະເຫຎ້ ຼຌໃ y ຽຎັຌ i ຾ລວ້ ຅ໃຼຶຄຉຓໃື ly ຽຆັຌໃ : ເຎັຌ Adjective ຃າໍ ແຎ ເຎຌັ Adverb ຃ໍາແຎ Easy ຄາໆງ easily ດາ່ ຄຄໞາງຈາງ Heavy ໜກັ heavily ດາ່ ຄໜັກ Happy ຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ happily ດາ່ ຄຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ Merry ລາໞ ເລຄິ , ຓ຃ວາສກຸ merrily ດ່າຄລາໞ ເລຄິ , Lazy ຂ຃໇ າໟ ຌ lazily ດ່າຄຂ຃໇ ໟາຌ 147

2.ຊາໟ Adjective ລຄ຺ ຋ໟາງ e ຾ລະ e ຽຎັຌ l ເຫ້ຽຎຌັ e ຽຎັຌ y ຽຑາະຽຓືຬໃ ຎຼ່ ຌ຾ລວ້ ຽ຋ໃ຺າກັຍ ly ຽຆັຌໃ ເຎຌັ Adjective ຃ໍາແຎ ເຎັຌ Adverb ຃າໍ ແຎ Suitable ເໝາະສົຓ suitably ດາ່ ຄເໝາະສຓົ Simple ຄາໆງ simply ດາ່ ຄຄໞາງ Comfortable ສະຈວກສະຍາງ comfortably ດ່າຄສະຈວກສະຍາງ 3.ຌຬກ຅າກກຈ຺ ຋ຽໃ ວ຺າໄ ຓາເຌຂໍໄ 1 ຾ລະ 2 ຾ລວ້ ຽຓຬືໃ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຫ້ Adjective ຽຎຌັ Adverb ເຫ້ ຽຉຓ ly ຋຋ໃ ໟາງ Adjective ຿ຉຌຌໄັ ແຈ້ຽລງ ຍໍຉໃ ຬໟ ຄລັຄຽລເ຅ເຫຽ້ ສງຽວລາ ຽຆັຌໃ : ເຎຌັ Adjective ຃າໍ ແຎ ເຎຌັ Adverb ຃າໍ ແຎ Bad ຆົໆວ badly ດ່າຄຆົໆວ Brave ກາໟ ຫາຌ bravely ດ່າຄກາໟ ຫາຌ Quick ໄວ quickly ດ່າຄໄວ Slow ຆໟາ slowly ດາ່ ຄຆາໟ Wise ສະຫາຈ wisely ດ່າຄສະຫາຈ Sad ເສ໇າົ ໃ຅ sadly ດາ່ ຄເສ໇າົ ໃ຅ Sweet ຫວາຌ sweetly ດາ່ ຄຓໞວຌຆຌ ຂໍ໇ງົກເວ໇ຌັ : ຃າໍ ຋ໆລຄົ ຋າໟ ງ ly ຉໍໄໆ ຎຌເ໇ ຎຌັ Adjective ຍໍໆແຓ່ຌ Adverb ຂໍໃຫ້ຌກັ ສກສາລະຓຈັ ລະວຄັ ເຑາະຓ຃ວາຓ ເຂາົ໇ ໃ຅ຏຈິ ແລະ ໃຆ຃້ າຈເ຃ໆຬຌກຌັ ດເ່ ລໆຬງ໅ໄຈ້຃຃ໍາ Friendly ເຑໆຬຌຓຈິ likely ຬາຈເຎັຌໄຎໄຈ້ Lonely ໂຈຈຈໞຽວ lovely ຄາຓ, ຌາໞ ອັກ Lowly ຅ຽຓຉວົ , ຉໆາໍ early ເຆົ໇າ 7.Adverb ຍາຄ຿ຉຓ 2 ອູຍ ຾ຉ່຃ວາຓໝາງຉໞາຄກຌັ ແຈ຃້ ື Adverb ຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ: Hard ງາກ, ໜກັ hardly ເກຬຍ຅ະຍໍ Late ຆາໟ , ສາງ lately ເຓຬໆ ໄວ໅ຌ໇ Direct ຉົຄໄຎ directly ຋ຌັ ຋, ໂຈງຉົຄ Sharp ຉົຄເວລາ, ສໞຽຄສຄ sharply ດາ່ ຄວຬໞຄໄວ Short ຋ັຌ຋຋ັຌໃ຅ shortly ໃຌຍໍໆຆາໟ ADVERB ຾ລະ ADJECTIVE ຓອູຍຽໝຬື ຌກຌັ ຊາຓ : ຃າໍ ຫງັຄ຋ຓໃ ອູຍຽໝຬື ຌກຌັ ຋ັຄຽຎຌັ Adverb ຾ລະ Adjective ຾ລະ ຽອ຺າ຅ະອູ້ແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ ວາໞ ຽຎຌັ ຬັຌເຈເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌໄັ ໂ ຅຺ໃຄຍຬກຓາໂ ຉຬຍ : ຃ໍາ຋ຓໃ ອູຍ຃າໍ ສຍັ ຽໝຬື ຌກຌັ ຋ັຄ຋ໃເຆຽ້ ຎັຌ Adverb ຾ລະ Adjective ເຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈ຋ໃ ຑ຺ຍຽຫຌັ ຽລໃຬື ງໂແຈ຾້ ກ຃່ ຉໍ ແໃໍ ຎຌໄ຃ື: Fast ໄວ first ຋ໜໆຄ fair ງຸຈຉິ຋າໍ Hard ໜກັ deep ເລກິ long ຈົຌ, ງາວ Low ຉໆໍ high ສຄ right ຊກ 148

Loud ຈຄັ wrong ຏຈິ straight ຉຄົ Enough ຑໍ short ສຌັ໇ late ສາງ, ຆໟາ ເຓຬໆ ຃ໍາເຫໆົາຌ໇ຓອຍເໝຬຌກຌັ ຋ັຄ຋ໆໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ Adverb ແລະ Adjective ຅ະອ້ໄຈດ້ າ່ ຄໃຈວາໞ ເຎຌັ ຬັຌໃຈຌັ໇ຌ ໃຫເ້ ຍິຄໆ ຋ຉໆ ໍາແໜຄ່ ກາຌຎະໃຌຎະໂຫງກເວົ໇າ຃: ກ. ຊໟາຎະແວ້ໜໟາຌາຓ ຫືົ ຫົຄັ Verb to be ຽຎຌັ Adjective ຂ. ຊາໟ ຎະແວໜ້ າໟ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ (຋ໃວ຺ ແຎ) ຽຎັຌ Adverb ເຍິຄໆ ໂຉດາ່ ຄຎະກຬຍກາຌສຬຌດາ່ ຒາ້ ວ຋ໍໃ໇ ຅ວໞາຓັຌງາກຂຬຄຄາໞ ງ໅ ດາ່ ຄຌ໇ເຆັໆຌ: ເຎັຌ Adjective ເຎຌັ Adverb This is a fast train. This train runs fast. ຌ຃ິ ຂະຍວຌລຈົ ໄວ ລົຈໄຒຂະຍວຌຌແ໇ ລຌ່ ໄວ He is a hard worker. Sak works hard today. ລາວເຎັຌ຃ົຌເອຈັ ວຽກໜັກ ຓ໇ຌສ໇ ັກເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ She sings with a low voice. Can you speak low? ລາວອຬໟ ຄເຑຄຈໟວງສຽຄຉໍາໆ ເ຅ົ໇າເວ໇ົາສຽຄຉໍາໆ ໅ໄຈຍ້ ?ໍ Danai is the first boy. Danai must go frrst. ຈະໄຌເຎັຌເຈກັ ຃ຌົ ຋ໆໜໆຄ ຈະໄຌ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄໄຎກຬໞ ຌ This river is deep. This water runs deep. ແຓຌ່ ໍາ໇ ສາງຌ໇ເລິກ ຌ໇ໍາຌໄ໇ ຫເລກິ The plane flies over the high trees. These birks can fly high. ເ຃ໆຬຄຍິຌ ຍິຌຂາໟ ຓຉົ໇ຌໄຓ້ສຄ໅ໄຈ້ ຌົກເຫົໆາຌສ໇ າຓາຈຍຌິ ສຄໄຈ້ It is wrong answer. Please don’t do it wrong. ຓັຌເຎຌັ ຃ໍາຉຬຍ຋ໆຏິຈ ກະລຌຸ າດ່າເອັຈຏິຈ This is a fair play. They would better play fair. ຌ໇຃ກາຌຫຌ໇ ດ່າຄງຈຸ ຉິ຋າໍ ຑວກເຂົາ຃ວຌຫຌ໇ ດ່າຄງຸຈຉ຋ິ ໍາຈກວໞາ It is a long way to the town. My grandfather lives long ຓຌັ ເຎັຌໄລງະ຋າຄເຂົ໇າສ່ເຓຬຄ ຎຂຸ່ ຬຄຂຬໟ ງຓຆວິຈດຸ່ດຌຌາຌ This answer is right. Can you spell it right. ຃ໍາຉຬຍຌ໇ຊກຉໟຬຄ ເ຅໇າົ ສາຓາຈສະກົຈໂຉຊກຍ?ໍ She drove on the straight road. Let him stand straight. ລາວຂຍັ ໄຎເ຋ິຄຫຌົ ຋າຄເສ໇ັຌຆໆ ໃຫລ້ າວດຌໂຉຉຄົ ແຈ່ Boonsri is a short man. He stands short from her. ຍຌຸ ສເຎັຌ຃ົຌຉາໆໍ ລາວດຌດຸຫ່ ໞາຄ຅າກລາວຏງ້ ຄິ ຍໍຫາງ Daeng was late for his class . We come late today. ແຈຄຓາອຽຌໜຄັ ສຆາໟ ຑວກເອາົ ຓາຆາໟ ຓ໇ຌ໇ The man shouted in a loud voice. Don’t speak loud. ຆາງ຃ົຌຌັຌ໇ ອຬໟ ຄສຽຄຈັຄ ດ່າເວົາ໇ ຈັຄ He has enough money to buy it.She is good enough to be chosen. ລາວຍຓໍໆ ເຄິຌຑໍ຋຅ໆ ະຆ໇ໄຈ້ ລາວເຎຌັ ຃ຌົ ຈຑໍ຋຅ໆ ະໄຈອ້ ຍັ ເລຬກດ່ຈຬກ. 149

ຍ຺ຈຽຐິກຫຈັ ຅຺ໃຄຍຬກ຃ໍາ຋ໃຑິຓຈວໟ ງ຿ຉຈາໍ ຌັຌໄ ວໞາຽຎຌັ Adverb ຫົື Adjective 1. The birds flew high over the high tree. 2. These ill feeling s won’t last long. 3. He comes late to class very often. He was ten minutes late this morning. 4. There is nothing wrong with this machine. 5. Don’t speak ill of your sister when she is ill. 6. The fast train runs fast. 7. The first runner will be awarde first. 8. Be careful to do anything, and do it right. 9. I bought a sharp knife at nine o’clock sharp. 10. It is a straight road, so he can drive straight. ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍ຺ຈຽຐກິ ຫັຈ 1. High ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬຈິ ຌເຎັຌ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ few ສວໞ ຌ high ໂຉຫັຄເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ tree. 2. ill ໂຉ຋ໍາຬິຈຌເຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ feelings long ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ last. 3. Late ເຎຌັ Adverb ຂະຫງາງ comes ສໞວຌ Late ໂຉຫຄັ ເຎັຌ Adjective ໃຆຫ້ ັຄ Verb to be. 4. Wrong ເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ nothing 5. ill ໂຉ຋ໍາຬຈິ ຌເຎັຌ adverb ຂະຫງາງ speak ill ໂຉຫຄັ ເຎັຌ Adjectiveໃ ຆໟຫັຄ Verb to be. 6. Fast ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬິຈຌເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ train ສວໞ ຌໂຉຫຄັ ເຎຌັ adverb ຂະຫງາງ runs 7. First ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬິຈຌເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ runner ສໞວຌໂຉຫຄັ ເຎຌັ adverb ຂະຫງາງ awarde 8. Right ເຎັຌ adverb ຂະຫງາງ do 9. Sharp ໂຉ຋ໍາຬຈິ ຌເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ knife ສໞວຌໂຉຫັຄເຎັຌ adverb ຂະຫງາງ at nine o’clock. 10. Straight ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬຈິ ຌເຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ road ສວໞ ຌໂຉຫຄັ ເຎັຌ adverb ຂະຫງາງ drive ຅ໃຄ຺ ຂຌຽສໄຌັ ກຬໟ ຄ຃ໍ຋ໃຽຫຌັ ວໞາຊກື ຉໟຬຄ຋ສໃ ຈຸ ຋ດໃ ່ເູ ຌວຄ຺ ຽລຍັ 1. The weather is (many, much, very, top) cold today. 2. She is (very, much, little, too) old to work with me. 3. He writes his name (bad, good, nicely, quick). 4. Don’t go to school (soon, late, lately, scarely). 5. My family have lived with each other (happily, happiness, happy). 6. It is raining (hardly, hardness, hard) outside. 7. I (usual, usually,usurious) get up at six o’clock. 8. The Thai soldiers fought with the Burmese (braveness, bravely, brave) 9. We shall meet him (short, shortly, lately). 10. Surasak is a (short, shortly) man. ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍ຺ຈຽຐິກຫັຈ 1. Very 2. Too 3. Nicely 4. Late 5. Happily 6. Hard 7.usually 8. Bravely 9. Shortly 10. Short 150

Adverbial Particle ຊາຓ : Adverbial Particle ຾ຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌິຈ຃ຫື ງັຄ? ຅ຄໃ຺ ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາ? ຉຬຍ : Adverbial Particle ແຈ້຾ກ່\"຃ໍາຍຍຸ ຑະຍຈ຺ (Preposition) ຍາຄ຃າໍ ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆຉ້ ໍ຋ໃ າໟ ງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ(Verb)ຍາຄ຿ຉ຾ລວ້ ຽອຈັ ເຫ້ຍຍຸ ຑະຍ຺ຈ຿ຉຌໄຌັ ຓຊາຌະຽຎັຌ Adverb ແຎ ຽອາ຺ ຅ຼໃຶຄຽຬຌໄ ຍຸຍຑະຍຈ຺ ຋ໃເຆຉ້ າຓໜໟາ຋ໃຈຄັໃ ຽວໄ຺າວາໞ “Adverbial Particle” ຾ຎວາໞ \"ໜໞວງ຃ໍາ຋ໃເຆ້ອໞວຓກຍັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ ຾ລ້ວຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ Adverb\" Preposition ຋ໆຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle ເ຋ໆາົ ຋ໆຑົຍເຫັຌເລໆຬງ໅ໄຈ຃້ in, on, up, by, over, away, down, round, back, through Particle ເຫົາໆ ຌເ໇ ຓໆຬຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ຉໍໆ຋ໟາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແລວ້ ແຍ່ຄຬຬກໄຈເ້ ຎັຌ 2 ຆະຌຈິ ຃ 1.ຆະຌິຈ຋ໃເຆ້ຉ຋ໍໃ ໟາງ຾ລ້ວເຫ້຃ວາຓໝາງ຃ືຽກໃາ຺ ຍໃໍຎຼຌໃ ຾ຎຄຒັຄຽຂໄາ຺ ເ຅ຄາໃງ ຽຆໃັຌ: The pupils are writing a sentence down. ຌກັ ອຽຌກໍາລຄັ ຂຽຌຎະໂຫງກລຄົ ໄຎ (down ແຎວາໞ \"ລົຄ\" ຌໍາຓາໃຆຉ້ ໍໆ຋ໟາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ writing ແຎວໞາ \"ຂຽຌ\" ຅ໆຄເຎັຌ Adverbial Particle) Put this book back where it came from. ເຬາົ ໜັຄສເຫຓ໇ັ ຌ໇ເກຍັ ເຬາົ ໄວ຋້ ເໆ ຬົາຓາສາ (back ແຎວໞາ \"ກຍັ \" ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ຉໍ຋ໆ າໟ ງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ Put ແຎວາໞ \"ເຬາົ ໃສ, ຎະ\" ຅ຄໆ ເຎັຌ Adverbial Particle) If he puts five baht in this machine, he will got some chocolate. ຊາໟ ລາວຫງຬຈຫຽຌໆ 5 ຍາຈເຂ໇ົາໄຎໃຌເ຃ໆຬຄຌລ໇ າວກ຅ໍໆ ະໄຈຂ້ ະໜົຓຆຬຈໂກແລຈັ (in ແຎວໞາ\"ໃຌ\" ຌໍາ ຓາໃຆ້ຉໆໍ຋ໟາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ puts ຅ຄໆ ເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle) ແຍຍຬຌໆ ກໍໆໃຫ້ຎຽຍ຋ຽຍຉາຓຌ໇ເຈິ. 2.ຆະຌິຈ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ຉໍໃ຋າໟ ງ຾ລວ້ ຽອຈັ ເຫ້຃ວາຓໝາງຎ່ຼຌແຎ຅າກຽຈຓຒັຄຽຂໄ຺າເ຅ແຈງ້ າກຂຌືໄ ຽຆຌໃັ His ofter is good reasonable, so I give in him. ຂ໇ໍສະເໜຂຬຄລາວຓເຫຈຏົຌຈຫາງ ຈັໆຄຌັຌ໇ ຅ຄໆ ງຬຓແຑາ້ ລາວ In ແຎວາໞ \"ໃຌ\" ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆຉ້ ຋ໍໆ ໟາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ give \"ໃຫ້\" ຅ໆຄເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle ເອັຈໃຫ຃້ ວາຓໝາງ຋ັຄໂຉ ໜາໟ ແລະໂຉຫຄັ ຎຽ່ ຌໄຎໂຈງແຎແຍຍໃໝວ່ າໞ \"ງຬຓແຑ້\" ແ຋ຌ຋ໆ຅ະແຎ຃ເກົາໆ ວາໞ \"ໃຫ້ໃຌ\" I always put out the lights before I go to bed. ຂໟຬງຓຬຈໄຒສະເໝກໞຬຌ຋ໆຂໟຬງ຅ະໄຎຌຬຌ (out ແຎວໞາ \"ຂາໟ ຄຌຬກ, ຬຬກໄຎ\" ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ຉໍໆ຋ໟາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ put (ແຎວາໞ \"ເຬາົ ໃສ່, ຎະ\") ຅ໆຄເຎັຌ Adverbial Particle ເອຈັ ໃຫ຃້ ວາຓໝາງ຋ຄັ ກັຍໂຉເຬຄ ແລະ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະດຂ່ ໟາຄໜາໟ ຎ່ຽຌໄຎ຅າກເຈຓໂຈງແຎແຍຍໃໝ່ວາໞ \"ຈຍັ ,ຓຬຈ\") Take your shoes off when you go in. ກະລຌຸ າຊຬຈເກຍຂຬຄເ຅າ໇ົ ຬຬກ ເຓຬໆ ເ຅າົ໇ ເຂົາ໇ ໄຎຂາໟ ຄໃຌ (off ຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງເຈຓແຎວໞາ \"ຫາໞ ຄຬຬກໄຎ, ຅າກໄຎ\" ແຉເ່ ຓຬໆ ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ຉໆໍ຋ໟາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ Take (຅ຍັ , ເຬົາ) ເອົຈໃຫ຃້ ວາຓໝາງ຋ັຄໂຉໜາໟ ແລະ ຫັຄຎຽ່ ຌໄຎ຅າກເຈຓໂຈງແຎແຍຍໃໝ່ວໞາ \"ຊຬຈຬຬກ\" ສະຌ໇ຌັ off ຋ໆຌາໍ ຓາ ໃຆຉ້ າຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຌ໇຅ຄໆ ເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle ຉໍາ຾ໜຄ່ ຎະຂຬຄ Adverbial Particles ຊາຓ : ຉາໍ ຾ໜ່ຄວາຄຂຬຄ Adverbial Particles ແວ຋້ າໟ ງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຓຫກົັ ຽກຌດ່າຄເຈ? ຅ຄໃ຺ ຍຬກຓາ ເຫລ້ ະຬຼຈ຅ະຂຬຍເ຅ຫາົ ງໂ? 151

ຉຬຍ : ຫັກເກຌກາຌຎະ Adverbial Particles ຓຈໆັຄຉໆໄໍ ຎຌ໇ 1.ຊໟາເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຍໃໍຓກໍາຉ຺ຄ (Direct Object) ເຫ້ວາຄ Adverbial Particle ແວ້ຫົັຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉ ຌຌໄັ ຿ຈງກ຺ຄຽລງຽຆຌັໃ : The teacher has come in the room. Please stand up. ຬາ຅າຌເຂົາ໇ ຓາໃຌຫຬໟ ຄແລ້ວ ກະລຸຌາດຌຂ໇ຌ (stand ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍໍໆຓກໍາເຑາະສະຌຌັ໇ Adverbial Particle “up” ຅ໆຄອຽຄໄວ້຋ໟາງ stand ໂຈງກຄົ ) The gun went off by accident. ຎຌກະຍຬກຌເ໇ ສງເຑາະຬຍຸ ຈັ ຉເິ ຫຈ (went ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍໆຓໍ ກາໍ ເຑາະສະຌ໇ຌັ off ຅ໆຄຎະໄວ້ຫັຄໄຈ້) 2.ຊໟາເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌໄັ ຓກາໍ ຉ຺ຄ ຾ລະ ກາໍ ຉ຺ຄຌັຌໄ ຽຎັຌຍຸອຈຸ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ (Personal Pronoun) ເຫ້ ຎະ Adverbial Particle ແວຫ້ ັົຄຍອຸ ຈຸ ສັຍຑະຌາຓຽຆຄິໃ ຽຎຌັ ກໍາຉ຺ຄຌັໄຌຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃັຌ: I send him back because he is sick. ຂໟຬງສົໆຄລາວກຍັ ເຑາະລາວຍໆໍສະຍາງ (send ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຓກາໍ ຃ him ເຑາະສະຌ໇ັຌ Adverbial Particle “back” ຅ຄໆ ຉຬໟ ຄຎະໄວຫ້ ັຄກໍາ ຃ຫຄ him) Let her in. (Let ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຓກາໍ ເຑາະສະຌຌັ໇ in ຅ຄໆ ຉໟຬຄໄຎຎະຫຄັ ກາໍ ) 3.ຊໟາຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄັຌຓກາໍ ຉຄ຺ ຽຆຄໃິ ຍໍໃ຾ຓ່ຌຍອຸ ຸຈສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ຾ຉຽ່ ຎັຌຌາຓ຅ະຎະ Adverbial Particle ແວໜ້ ໟາຌາຓ ຫົື ຫົຄັ ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ກາໍ ຌໄັຌກແໍໃ ຈ້ (ຑາສາຽວ຺າໄ ຌງິ ຓ຺ ແວ້ຫົັຄກໍາ ຑາສາຂຼຌຌງິ ຺ຓແວ້ຫົຄັ ຃ໍາ ກາໍ ຓະ) ຽຆັຌໃ : ຑາສາເວົາ໇ : please turn the radio on. ກະລຌຸ າເຎິຈວິ຋ະງແຸ ຈ່ ຑາສາຂຽຌ: please turn on the radio. ກະລຌຸ າເຎິຈວິ຋ະງແຸ ຈ່ (on ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 2 ເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle ດາ່ ລຓເຈ) ແຉ່ຊໟາຫາກກໍາຉຄົ ຌຌັ໇ ຓຫາງ຃າໍ ຫ ເຎັຌກຓຸ່ ຃າໍ ຫ ເຎັຌກາໍ ງາວໃຫ້ອຽຄ Adverbial Particle ໄວ້ຫຄັ ຃າໍ ກໍາ ຓະຉະຫຬຈໄຎ຋ຄັ ຑາສາເວາ໇ົ ແລະ ຑາສາຂຽຌເຆໆຌັ : She put up her umbrella when it began to rain. ລາວກາຄ຃ຌັ ອໆຓົ ຂຬຄລາວເຓໆຬຐຌົ ເລຓໆ ຉົຌ໇ (up ເຎັຌ Adverbial Particle ເລໆຓອຽຄຉຈິ ກັຍ put ເຑາະ put ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຓກາໍ ຋ໆເຎັຌກຸ່ຓ຃າໍ ງາວ) Amnat gave away every book that he possessed. ຬໍາຌາຈແ຅ກໜັຄສ຋ຸກເຫ໇ັຓ຋ໆລາວຓດ່ (ໃຫ້຃ຌົ ຬຌໆ ) (away ເຎັຌ Adverbial Particle ຉຬໟ ຄອຽຄໄວ້ຉຈິ ກັຍ gave ເຑາະ gave ຓກໍາ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ກຓຸ່ ຃າໍ ງາວ) 4.Adverbial Particle ຅ະຎະແວໜ້ ໟຎະ຿ຫງກກໍແໃ ຈ້ ຊາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຌໄຌັ ຽຎັຌຎະ຿ຫງກຬຸ຋າຌ A ຊາໟ ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌັໄ ຽຎຌັ ຍຸອຸຈສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Personal Pronoun) ເຫຎ້ ະ Adverbial Particle ແວ້ໜາໟ ຉາຓຎະ຋າຌ ຾ລະ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຅ໃຼຄຶ ແຈ້ structure ຈໃັຄຌ:ໄ Adverbial Particle + Subject (຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ + Verb) ຽຆັໃຌ Away it flew ! (= It flew away.) ຓັຌໜໄຎແລວ້ Off they went ! (= They went off.) 152

ຑວກຓັຌໜກຌັ ໄຎໝົຈແລ້ວ Out it comes ! (= It comes out) ສໍາເລັຈແລວ້ (away, Off, Out ເຎຌັ Adverbial Particle ຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ ຎະໂຫງກຬ຋ຸ າຌ) B ຊາໟ ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກຍໍໃ຾ຓຌ່ ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສະຑະຌາຓ(Noun- Personal Pronoun) ເຫ້ຽຬາ຺ Adverbial Particle ຎະແວ້ໜາໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉຈິ ຉາຓ Verb ຾ລະ ຑໞວຄ຋າໟ ງຈວໟ ງຎະ຋າຌຉາຓສູຈ structure ຈັໃຄຌໄ: ເຆັຌ Adverbial Particle + Verb + Subject Away flew my hat ! ( = My hat flew away.) ໝວກຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ(ລຓົ )ຑັຈໜໄຎແລ້ວ Off went jack ! (= Jack went off) ແ຅ກັ ໜໄຎແລວ້ C.ຬາຈເຆ້ Adverbial Particle ຂຌໄື ຉໄຌ຺ ຎະ຿ຫງກຬຸ຋າຌເຌກລໍ ະຌ຋ໃຎະ຿ຫງກຬ຋ຸ າຌຌຌໄັ ຍຓໃໍ Subject ຾ລະ Verb ກໍໃແຈ້ (ຽຑາະລະແວເ້ ຌຊາຌຽຂ຺າໄ ເ຅຾ລ້ວ) ຉາຓສຈູ structure ຈໃັຄຌໄ: ເຆຌັ Adverbial Particle + with + Noun ຫືົ Pronoun Away with them ! (= You take them away.) ຑາໜໄຎຆະ Off with their heads ! (= You cut their heads off.) ຉຈັ ຫົວຓຌັ ຆະ D.ເຫ້ຎະ Adverbial Particle ຂຌໄື ຉໄ຺ຌຎະ຿ຫງກຬ຋ຸ າຌ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄກາຌຂອໍ ຬໟ ຄດ່າຄຽຎັຌກຌັ ຽຬຄ຾ຉ່ ກໍລະຌຌໄ຅ະລະຎະ຋າຌ “you” ແວ້ຽໝໃືຬຌຎະ຿ຫງກຂອໍໄ ຬໟ ຄ຋າໍ ຓະຈາຫາແຈຍ້ ຉໍ ໟຬຄເສ່ you ຽຂ຺ໄາ ຓາ຋ຸກຽ຋ໃຬື ຽຆຌໃັ : In you come ! (= Go in, please) ເຆຌຂໟາຄໃຌເຈ Down you sit ! (= Sit down, please) ເຆຌຌັໆຄລຄົ Two-word Verb of Separable and Inseparable. ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ໆອັກ຋ຄັ ຫາງ...ເອົາໄຈ້ອຽຌຓາແລ້ວໃຌຉຬຌ຋ໍາຬິຈວາໞ ຊໟາຌາໍ ຍຍຸ ຑະຍົຈໄຎຉໍ຋ໆ າໟ ງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະແລ້ວ ເອັຈໃຫ້ຍຍຸ ຑະຍຈົ ກຍັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຃ຄົ ຃ເກົໆາຍໍໆຎຽ່ ຌແຎຄຍໍ ຫ ເອັຈໃຫ້ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຏິຈໄຎ຅າກ ເຈຓຍ຋ໍ ໍາຌຬຄຌຓ໇ າຍັຈຌ໇ເອາົ ຅ະເວົາ໇ ເຊຄິ ເລໆຬຄກາຌຌໍາເຬົາ Adverbial Particle (ແ຋຋້ ຅ໆ ຄິ ກ຃ໆໍ ກາຌຌໍາເຬາົ ຍຍຸ ຑະຍຈົ ຌັ໇ຌເຬຄ) ໄຎຉໆ຋ໍ ໟາງ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ ຫ ໃຆ຃້ ກັຍ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະເຆໆຄິ ເອົາຓັກ຅ະໄຈ້ງິຌດ່ຉະຫຬຈວໞາ Two-word Verb (຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຃່ ຫ Phrasal Verb ຫ Verb ຋ເໆ ຎັຌວະລ) ຍຌັ ຫາຫງຸ້ຄງາກຉໍໆໄຎກໆໍ຃ວາໞ ເຓຬໆ ຌໍາເຬາົ ຍຸຍຑະຍຈົ ໄຎໃຆ້຃່ ຫ ຉໆໍ຋ໟາງ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແລ້ວຫາກ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຌ໇ຌັ ຓກໍາຓາອັຍ຅ະຎະກາໍ ໄວຍ້ ໞຬຌໃຈ ໄວ້ລະຫວາໞ ຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະກັຍ ຍຸຍຑະຍົຈຌຌ໇ັ ຫ ວໞາໄວຫ້ ັຄຍຍຸ ຑະຍຈົ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ຌ໇຃ຂໍ໇ສັຍສົຌ຋ໆຓັກ຅ະເກິຈຂ໇ຌກຍັ ຌັກສກສາຉະຫຬຈ ເຑຬໆ ຃ວາຓເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ຄໞາງຏຂ້ ຽຌ຅ະໄຈ້ແງກໃຫ້ເຫັຌເຎຌັ 2 ຆະຌິຈຈັໆຄຌ໇: 153

1.ຆະຌຈິ ຋຾ໃ ງກກໃໍແຈ້ ຍ຾ໃໍ ງກກໃໍແຈຽ້ ຓໃຬື ຓກາໍ ຓາອັຍ (Two-word Verb of Separable when followed by object) 2.ຆະຌິຈ຋຾ໃ ງກຍແໍໃ ຈ້ຽຈັຈຂາຈ ຍໍໃວໞາ຅ະຓກໍາຓາອັຍ ຫືົ ຍໃຓໍ ກຉໃໍ າຓ(Two-word Verb of Inseparable when followed by object or not) -ຆະຌິຈ຋ໆແງກກໄໆໍ ຈຍ້ ແໆໍ ງກກໄໆໍ ຈ້ ໄຈ້ແກ່ Two-word Verb ຉໆໍໄຎຌ໇຃: Brigh about ເອັຈໃຫ້ເກຈິ , ກເໆໍ ຫຈ figure out ຃ະເ຃, ຎະຓາຌ Bring up ສຄັໆ ສຬຌ, ແຌະຌາໍ fill out ກຬຍລາງກາຌ Blow up ລະເຍຈິ ຬຬກຓາ find out ສາໍ ຫວຈ, ຍໆໍຑົຍ Burn down ໄໝເ້ ຎັຌ຅ຸຈ have on ສວຓ, ຓຉຈິ ໂຉ Call off ເລກ, ຍຬກເລກ hold off ຂັຈຂວາຄ Call up ໂ຋ລະສຍັ ໄຎຫາ leave out ຂໟາຓໄຎ, ງົກເວຌັ໇ Carry on ຈໍາເຌຌ, ເອັຈຉໄໆໍ ຎ look over ກວຈສຬຍ Carry out ຍໍລຫິ າຌ, ຈາໍ ເຌຌກາຌ look up ຃໇ຌົ ຫາ Cross out ຉຈັ ຊໆຓ, ງົກເລິກ make up ຎັຌ໇ ເລຬໆ ຄ, ແຉຄ່ Do over ເອຈັ ຬກ, ແຉ່ຄໃໝ່ make over ເອັຈໃຫເ້ ຎັຌເລຬໆ ຄໃຫງໞ Pick out ເລຬກ, ຃ຈັ pick up ເກຍັ ຂ໇ຌຓາ Point out ຆແ໇ ຅ຄ turn off ຎິຈ(ຌາ໇ໍ , ໄຒ, ວ຋ິ ະງ)ຸ Put off ເລໆຬຌໄຎ think over ຑິ຅າລະຌາ Put up ຈຌັ , ໄລຬ່ ຬກ try on ຋ຈົ ສຬຍ Take up ງຈ຃ຬຄ, ອຍັ ເອັຈ try out ກວຈ, ຋ົຈສຬຍ Talk over ຎກສາຫາລ turn on ເຎຈິ (ຌໍາ໇ , ໄຒ, ວິ຋ະງ)ຸ Wear out ເຎເ່ ຑ຅ົຌໃຆຍ້ ໍໄໆ ຈ້ etc. ຂໍສໄ ັຄຽກຈ: a.ຊາໟ ຿ຉກາໍ ຌໄຌັ ຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາຌາຓ(ຍ຾ໍໃ ຓຌ່ ສັຍຑະຌາຓ) ຾ງກກໃແໍ ຈ້ ຍໍ຾ໃ ງກກໍໃແຈ້ຽຆຌໃັ ແງກກໆໄໍ ຈ້ : They’ve called the game off. ຍແໆໍ ງກ : They’ve called off the game. ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈ້ເລິກຫຌ໇ ກິລາແລວ້ ແງກກໍໆໄຈ້ : I called Mary up yesterday. ຍໍແໆ ງກ : I called up Mary yesterday. ຂໟຬງໂ຋ລະສັຍໄຎຫາແຓລຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ ແງກກໆໄໍ ຈ້ : He looked the meaning of this word up. ຍໆໍແງກ : He looked up the meaning this word. ລາງ຃ຌ໇ົ ເຍໆຄິ ຃ວາຓໝາງຂຬຄ຃ໍາຌ໇ b.ຊາໟ ຿ຉກໍາຌຌັໄ ຽຎຌັ ຍອຸ ຈຸ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ(Personal Pronoun) ຍໃ຾ໍ ຓ່ຌ຃ໍາຌາຓ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄ຾ງກ Adverbial Particle ແຎອຼຄຫັຄົ ກໍາ຃ື ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຌັໄຌຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຫາໟ ຓຎະແວໜ້ ໟາສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ຿ຈງ ຽຈັຈຂາຈຽຆຌໃັ : 154

ຊກ : I called them up (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ :I called up them) ຂໟຬງໂ຋ລະສັຍສຄໆັ ຑວກເຂົາແລ້ວ ຊກ : She picked it out (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ : She picked out it.) ລາວ຃ຈັ ເລຬກເຬົາແລວ້ ຊກ : Can you bring it out ? (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ : Can you bring out it?) ເ຅໇າົ ເຬາົ ຬຬກຓາສະແຈຄໃຫເ້ ຍິໆຄໄຈ້ຍ?ໍ -ຆະຌຈິ ຋຾ໃ ງກຍໍໃແຈ຿້ ຈງຽຈັຈຂາຈ ຽຊໃຄິ ວໞາ຅ະຓກໍາຉາຓຫັົຄ ຫືົ ຍຓໃໍ ກໃໍຉາຓ ແຈ້຃ື Two-word Verb ຉໍແໃ ຎຌໄ: Bear on ກໞຽວຂຬໟ ຄ, ວໞາຈວໟ ງ hear of ໄຈງ້ ິຌເວາົ໇ ເຊຄິ , ອ້ເລໆຬຄ Break in ຂຈັ ຅ັຄຫວະ, ເຐິກຐົຌ hit on ຃ຌົ໇ ຑົຍໂຈງຍັຄເຬຌ Break into ຍກຸ ອຸກ, ໂ຅ລະກາໍ keep to ຈາໍ ເຌຌຉໆໄໍ ຎຉາຓວິຊໆ຋າຄ Call on (ຍກຸ ຃ົຌ) ເຬຌ໇ ຫາ, ໄຎອຍັ live on ລໟຽຄຆວຈິ ຈວໟ ງ Call at (ສະຊາຌ຋)ໆ ໄຎດຽຓ, ງຈຸ look after ເຍິໆຄແງຄ, ເຐາ໇ົ Care for ສົຌໃ຅, ເຬົາໃ຅ໃສ່ look for ຫາ, ຃ົ໇ຌຫາ Come across ຑົຍໂຈງຍຄັ ເຬຌ look into ສຬຍສວຌດາ່ ຄລະຬຽຈ Count on ເຑຄໆິ ຑາຬາໄສ, ເຆໆຬໝຌັ໇ look across ໂຈງຍັຄເຬຌ Do without ເອັຈຉໄໍໆ ຎໂຈງຎາສະ຅າກ run against ຑົຍ, ຉຈິ ຉກໍໆ ຍັ Figure on ຃າຈຫວັຄ run after ແລຌ່ ໄລ່ຉາຓ Get off ລົຄ຅າກລົຈ, ຂຌ໇ ຅າກເອຬ run over ຋ຍັ , ຋ົຍ຋ວຌ Get on ຂຌ໇ ລົຈ, ລົຄເອຬຌ see about ເຍຄິໆ ແງຄ, ເຬາົ ໃ຅ໃສ່ Get over ຫາງ຅າກຎ່ວງໄຂ້, ໝຈົ see to ອັຍເຬາົ ເຎຌັ ຑາລະ Get around ໄຎໃສຓາ,ຫກລຽໟ ຄ settle on ເຫຌັ ຆຬຍຈວໟ ງ Go over ຋ຍົ ຋ວຌ, ເອັຈຆ໇າໍ stand for ໄຎແ຋ຌ, ໃຆແ້ ຋ຌ Go with ໄຎຈວໟ ງກຌັ , ອວໞ ຓກຌັ disagree with ຍໆເໍ ຫຌັ ຈວໟ ງກຌັ Go without ຂາຈໄຎ, ຎາສະ຅າກ run into ຆົຌ, ຎະ຋ະກຌັ ໂຉດ່າຄເຆໆັຌ: ຊກ : The burglar broke into her house last night. (ຏິຈ: The burglare broke her house into last nighy) ຂະໂຓງຍຸກເຂົາ໇ ໄຎຄັຈແຄະໃຌເອຬຌຂຬຄລາວຓ໇຃ຌຌ໇ ຊກ : They get on the bus in front of the school. (ຏິຈ: They get the bus on in front of the school) ຑວກເຂົາຂ໇ຌລົຈເຓ຋ໆໜໟາໂອຄອຽຌ ຊກ : I come across an interesting book today. (ຏິຈ: I come an interesting book across today) ຂໟຬງຑົຍໜັຄສ຋ຌໆ າໞ ສຌົ ໃ຅ໂຈງຍັຄເຬຌແ຋້໅ຓຌ໇ ໇ ຊກ : His car ran into mine this morning 155

(ຏິຈ: His car ran mine into this morning) ລົຈເກຄຂຬຄລາວຉໍາລຈົ ຂຬຄຓ໇ເຆາ໇ົ ຌ໇ ຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐິກຫັຈ Choose the correct adverbial participle in parenthesises. 1. He reminds me…………………………….(to, of, at) my grandfather. 2. I really respect you …………………………..(for, in, to) your honest. 3. She called ………………………………..(to, on, in) me on her way home from work. 4. Thieves broke…………………( to, into, on) our flat and stole my wife’s diamond ring. 5. She brought…………………(up, to, of) her children to be honest. 6. I came ………………..(over, upon, across) this vase in a shop on Silom Road. 7. It took me a long time to get ……………….(on, around, over) my cold. 8. The auditors are looking………………..(for, over, down) the bank’s book. 9. May students are looking…………………..(for, over, after) the summer jobs. 10. The meeting has been put …………………(off, to, on) until next week. 11. I ran………………………..(from, to, into) my old friend when I saw him. 12. He wamted to point …………………..(out, to, of) this case to police. 13. Ishall go……………….(to, on, over) this plan again before I decide to start working. 14. The police are looking……(from, upon, into) the records of all those involved in the crime. 15. They disagree…………………………………(with, to, at) me for this matter. 16. It’s dangerous for a person to go……………(with, without, by) water for a long time. 17. The stars in the U.S.flag stand………………(or, for, at) fifty states. 18. My sister was run…………………..(on, over, after) and had to be taken to hospital. 19. Buffalos live………………………….(by, on, over) the grass in the fields 20. Do you have some money……………………(on, with, by) you today? ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍ຺ຈຽຐກິ ຫຈັ 1. Of 2. For 3. On 4. Into 5. Up 6. Across 7. Over 8. Over 9. For 10. Off 11. into 12. Out , 13. Over . 14. Into 15. With 16. Without 17. For 18. Over 19. On 20. on Chapter 8 Adjectives ຊາຓ : Adjective ຾ຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ຓຫກັົ ຽກຌກາຌເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາຓແຈ້ດ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ: Adjective ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ \"຃າໍ ຋ແໃ ຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຂໃ ະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫົື ສັຍຑະຌາຓ(ຂະຫງາງສຍັ ຑະຌາຓຉໟຬຄດູຫ່ ຄັົ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎ) ຽຑໃືຬຍຬກເຫ້ອູ້ລກັ ສະຌະ຃ຸຌຌະຑາຍ ຫືົ ຃ຸຌສຓ຺ ຍຈັ ຂຬຄຌາຓ ຫົື ສັຍຑະຌາຓຌັຌໄ ວໞາຽຎຌັ ດາ່ ຄເຈ? ຽຆັຌໃ ຈ ຫືົ ຆວ຺ໃ , ສຄູ ຫືົ ຉໍາໃ , ຈໍາ ຫົື ຂາວ, ຬໟວຌ ຫືົ ຅ຬໞ ງ, ຾ຫ້ຄ ຫົື ຎຼກ ຽຫໃາົ຺ ຌຽໄ ຎຌັ ຉ຺ຌໄ \" ຽຬຌໄ ຃າໍ ຽຫົາໃ຺ ຌວໄ າໞ Adjective ຫົື ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ຃:ື Good ຈ wise ສະຫາຈ this ຌ໇ Bad ຆວົໆ , ຍໍຈໆ red ສແຈຄ those ເຫາໆົ ຌ໇ຌັ Tall ສຄ fat ຬໟວຌ short ຉາໍໆ , ສ໇ັຌ 156

Dirty ເຎຬໆ ຌ thin ຅ຬໞ ຌ white ສຂາວ Adjective ເວລາຌໍາໄຎເວົ໇າ ຫ ຂຽຌຓວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ດ່ 2 ດ່າຄ຃: 1.ອຼຄແວ້ໜາໟ ຌາຓ຋ໃ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຌຌັໄ ແຎຂະຫງາງ຿ຈງກຄ຺ ແຈຽ້ ຆຌໃັ : The thin man can run very quickly. ຃ົຌ຅ຬໞງສາຓາຈແລຌ່ ໄຈ້ໄວຫາງ A wise boy is able to answer a difficult problem. ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງສະຫາຈສາຓາຈຉຬຍຍຌັ ຫາ຋ໆງາກໄຈ້ The beautiful gird is wanted by a young boy. ສາວສວງງຬໞ ຓເຎັຌ຋ໆໝາງຎຬຄຂຬຄຆາງໜຓຸ່ (thin, wise, difficult, beautiful, ແລະ young ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓອຽຄຂະຫງາງໄວ້ໜາໟ ຌາຓໂຈງກົຄ) 2.ອຼຄແວ້ຫຄັົ Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, taste, smell, turn, go, appear, keep, become, sound, grow, etc.ແຈA້ djective ຋ອໃ ຼຄຉາຓ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຫ຺ໃົາຌໄຊືວໞາຂະຫງາງຎະ຋າຌ ຾ຉຎ່ ະຉາຓ ຫຄັົ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຽຑາະສະຌຌັໄ ຅ຼຄໃຶ ຓຆຽໃື ຬໄຌແຈດ້ ່າຄໜໃຄຼຶ ວໞາຽຎຌັ “Subjective Complement” ຽຆໃຌັ : I’m feeling a bit hungry. ຂໟຬງອສ້ ກຫວິ ແລວ້ Sugar tastes sweet. ຌາ໇ໍ ຉາຌຓລົຈຆາຈຫວາຌ This soup smells good. ແກຄ຅ຈຌຓ໇ ກິຌໆ ຌໞາກິຌ She appears cheerful today. ຓ໇ຌ໇ເຍຄິໆ ລາວລໞາເລຄິ ຈ (hungry, sweet, good, ແລະ cheerful ເຎຌັ Adjective ອຽຄໄວ້ຫັຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ feeling, tastes, smells, ແລະ appears ຋ັຄຌ໇ຌັ ) 3.ອຼຄຫັຄົ ຃ໍາຌາຓ຋ໃແຎຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎັຌກໍາ (Object) ແຈ຋້ ຄັ ຌຽໄ ຑຬືໃ ຆໞວງຂະຫງາງຽຌໄືຬ຃ວາຓ ຂຬຄ຿ຉກາໍ ຌໄັຌເຫ້ສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ຂຌືໄ Adjective຋ເໃ ຆ້ເຌລັກສະຌະ຾ຍຍຌໄຽຎັຌ“Objective Complement” ຽຆໃຌັ : Sukit made his wife happy. ສກຸ ຈິ ເອັຈໃຫເ້ ຓງຂຬຄລາວໃຫຓ້ ຃ວາຓສຸກ I consider that man mad. ຂໟຬງຑິ຅າລະຌາເຍິຄໆ ແລ້ວ຃ົຌຌ໇ັຌເຎັຌຍາໟ This matter made me foolish. ເລໆຬຄຌເ໇ ອັຈໃຫ້ຂຬໟ ງໂຄໄ່ ຎໄຈ້ (happy, mad, ແລະ foolish. ເຎຌັ Adjective ໃຆ້ອຽຄຫັຄຌາຓ ແລະ ຃ໍາສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ Object ຃: wife, man, me) 4.ອຼຄ Adjective ແວຫ້ ັຄົ ຃າໍ ຌາຓແຈ້ຍໍວໃ າໞ ຌາຓຌັໄຌ຅ະຌາໍ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ກໍໃແຈ້ຊາໟ Adjective ຿ຉ ຌັໄຌຓ຃ໍາຍຸຍຑະຍ຺ຈວະລ(Perpositional Phrase) ຓາຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫຄັົ ຽຆຌໃັ : A parcel posted by mail today will each him tomorrow. ຫໆໍຂຬຄ຋ໆສຄົໆ ໄຎ຋າຄໄຎສະຌຓ໇ຌໆ຅ະເຊຄິ ລາວຓຬ໇ ໆຌຌ໇ 157

(posted ເຎຌັ Adjective ອຽຄຉາຓຫັຄຌາຓ parcel ໄຈເ້ ຑາະຓຍຸຍຑະຍຈົ ວະລ by mail today ຓາຂະຫງາງ ຉາຓຫັຄ) It was a battle famous in history. ຓັຌເຎັຌສຄົ ຃າຓ຋ຓໆ ຆໆສັຈ຋າຄຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈ (famous ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓອຽຄຉາຓຫຄັ ຌາຓໄຈ້ເຑາະຓຍຸຍຑະຍົຈວະລ in history ຂະຫງາງດ່ຫັຄ) I have know the manager suitable for his position. ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ອ້຅ັກຏ຅້ ຈັ ກາຌ຃ຌົ ຌຌ໇ັ ເຆໆຄິ ກໍຓໆ ຃ວາຓເໝາະສຓົ ສາໍ ລັຍຉາໍ ແໜຄ່ ຂຬຄລາວຈດ່ຈຬກ (suitable ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓອຽຄໄ໇ວຫຄັ ຌາຓ manager ໄຈ້ເຑາະຓ຃າໍ ຍຸຍຑະຍົຈ ວະລ for his position ຓາ ຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫຄັ ໄຎເຫຌັ ຋ໆຬໆຌກໃໆໍ ຫເ້ ຬາົ ໂຉດາ່ ຄຌໄ໇ ຎໃຆ້຋ຽຍ຃ຽຄໄຈ້ເຈິ) ຂໄງໍ ຺ກຽວຌັໄ ກາຌເຆ້ Adjective ຍາຄ຿ຉຽຓືໃຬແຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຌັກສກສາ຋ຄັ ຫາງກາຌໃຆ້ Adjective ໄຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫ ຎະກຬຍຌາຓຉາຓແຍຍຉຄ໇ັ ແຉ່ຂ໇ໍ 1 ຂໍ໇ 4 ຌຌ໇ັ ໝາງເຊຄິ Adjective ຋ົວໆ ໄຎເ຋ໆາົ ຌຌັ໇ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ເຎັຌ Adjective ຋຅ໆ ະເວົ໇າຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ໇ແລ້ວໃຫ້ຓວ຋ິ ໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫຎະກຬຍຌາຓໄຈຑ້ ຽຄຂໍໃ໇ ຈຂໍໜ໇ ໆຄເ຋ໆົາຌ໇ຌັ ຃ ຎະກຬຍໜໟາຌາຓ ຫ ອຽຄຫັຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຅ະໃຆໄ້ ຈ້ 2 ດາ່ ຄຉາຓຬາໍ ເຑິຍໆໍ ໄຈ຃້ : 1.Adjective ຉແໍໃ ຎຌຽໄ ຓືໃຬຂະຫງາງຌາຓເຫເ້ ຆ຾້ ຍຍອຼຄແວຫ້ ັຄົ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽ຋ໃາ຺ ຌຌັໄ ຫາໟ ຓເຆ້຾ຍຍອຼຄ ແວ້ໜາ໠ ຌາຓ຿ຈງຽຈັຈຂາຈແຈ້຃ື: Sorry ເສງໃ຅ afraid ດາ້ ຌ well ດຈ່ ິສະຍາງ Alive ຓຆວິຈດ່ ashamed ລະຬາງໃ຅ worth ຓ຃າໞ Awake ຉຌໆ ດ່ ill ຎວ່ ງ alike ເໝຬຌກຌັ Asleep ຫຍັ aware ລະວຄັ alone ໂຈງລໍາຑຄັ Content ຑໍໃ຅ unable ຍໍສໆ າຓາຈ ເຎັຌຉົຌ໇ ເຆຌໆັ : ຊກ : The president is sorry. ຎະ຋າຌາ຋ຍິ ຈໍ ຓ຃ວາຓເສງໃ຅ ຏຈິ : This is a sorry president. ຌ຃໇ ຎະ຋າຌາ຋ຍິ ຈໍ ຏເ້ ສງໃ຅ ຊກ : That girl is afraidi ເຈັກງຄິ ຃ຌົ ຌັ໇ຌດ້າຌ ຏຈິ : This is an afraid girl. ຌ຃໇ ເຈັກງິຄ຃ົຌຌຌັ໇ ດ້າຌ ຊກ : He is well. ລາວດຈ່ ສະຍາງ ຏຈິ : He is a well man. ລາວເຎຌັ ຃ຌົ ດ່ຈສະຍາງ ຊກ : Wilai is ashamed. ວໄິ ລອສ້ ກລະຬາງໃ຅ ຏິຈ : Wilai is an ashamed girs; 158

ວິໄລເຎັຌເຈກັ ງິຄຂ໇ລະຬາງໃ຅ (ຂໃໍ ຫ້ເ຅ົ໇າຑິ຅າລະຌາເຍຄໆິ ຃າໍ ຋ໆຑິຓໂຉຈໍາຌຌັ໇ ວາໞ ກຊໍໆ ກ ກຏໆໍ ິຈເຑາະຫງຄັ ຃ຈິ ເ຋າໆົ ຌຌັ໇ ຋ໆເອັຈໃຫ຃້ ຌົ ເກິຈຎຌັ ງາແຉ່ຬໞາຌ ເລງຍໍຈໆ ) 2.Adjectiveຉໃແໍ ຎຌໄຽຓືຬໃ ເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາຓເຫ້ອຼຄແວໜ້ ໠າຌາຓ຿ຈງກ຺ຄຫາໄຓເຆ຾້ ຍຍອຼຄຫົັຄ຃າໍ ກໍາ ຓະ຿ຈງຽຈຈັ ຂາຈແຈ຃້ :ື Former ກໞຬຌ latter ຫັຄ inner ຑາງໃຌ Outer ຑາງຌຬກ upper ຂາໟ ຄເ຋ຄິ elder ເຊາົ໇ ກວາໞ Drunken ຂເ໇ ຓາົ middle ກາຄ entire ຋ັຄໝຈົ Wooden ເອັຈຈໟວງໄຓ້ golden ເອັຈຈວໟ ງ຋ຬຄ especial ສະເຑາະ Neighboring ເຑຬໆ ຌຍາໟ ຌ ເຆັຌໆ : ຊກ : Burma is a neighboring country. ຏິຈ : Burma is a neighboring. ຑະຓໟາເຎັຌຎະເ຋ຈເຑຬໆ ຌຍໟາຌ ຊກ : we met a drunken teacher. ຑວກເອົາໄຈຑ້ ຍົ ຃ຂ໇ເຓາົ ຃ົຌໜຄໆ ຏຈິ : The teacher was drunken. ຃຃ຌົ ຌັຌ໇ ເຎຌັ ຃ົຌຂ໇ເຓາົ . ຊກ : Sombat is my elder brother. ສົຓຍຈັ ເຎຌັ ຬາໟ ງຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ ຏິຈ : He is elder. ລາວເຊ໇ົາກວາໞ (ຂຬໟ ງ) (elder ຂໍ຋໇ າໍ ຬິຈຊກເຑາະຎະໜໟາຌາຓ elder ຂໍ໇ຫຄັ ຏິຈເຑາະຎະຫັຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ) 3.Adjective ຋ແໃ ຎຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ (Compoun Pronoun) ຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄເຫອ້ ຼຄແວຂ້ າໟ ຄຫົັຄ຃ໍາ ສັຍຑະຌາຓຎະສ຺ຓຌຌໄັ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎແຈ຃້ ື: Someone everybody anything Something everywhere no one Somebody everything nothing somewhere anyone nowhere everyone ເຆໆຌັ : I have something important to tell you. (ດ່າໃຆ້ : I have important something to tell you.) (ດາ່ ໃຆ້ : ຂຬໟ ງຓຍາຄສໆຄິ ຋ໆ຅ະຍຬກເ຅ົ໇າ There’s nothing new for us to do. There’s new nothing for us to do.) (ດ່າໃຆ້ : ຍຓໍໆ ຫງຄັ ໃໝ່ເລງສໍາຫຍັ ເອາົ ຋ໆ຅ະເອັຈ I don’t find anyone tall enough to clean the ceiling. I don’t find tall anyone enough to clean the ceiling.) 159

ຂໟຬງຍເໍໆ ຫັຌໃຏອຍອາໞ ຄສຄຑໍ຋ໆ຅ະເອັຈ຃ວາຓສະຬາຈແຑຈາຌຫໟຬຄໄຈ້ເລງ (important, new ແລະtall ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓເຓໆຬຂະຫງາງ຃າໍ ສັຍຑະຌາຓຎະສຓົ ຉໟຬຄອຽຄໄວ້ຫັຄ຅ຄໆ ຅ໆຄ຅ະຊກ ຫາກໄຎລຓໆ ເຬາົ ຓາອຽຄໄວໜ້ າໟ ກຏໆໍ ຈິ ຉາຓຉົວດາ່ ຄ຋ໆເອຈັ ໃຫເ້ ຍິໆຄຌ໇ ຫວຄັ ວາໞ ຌກັ ອຽຌເຂາົ໇ ໃ຅) 4.Adjective ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄກາຌວຈັ ຂະໜາຈຉໞາຄໂ ຂຬຄຌາຓຉຬໟ ຄຎະແວ້ຫຄັົ ຌາຓຉະຫຬົ ຈຽຆໃຌັ : This river is two hundred miles long. ແຓຌ່ ໇ໍາສາງຌງ໇ າວ 200 ໄຓ (ດ່າໃຆ້ : This river is long two hundred miles.) This mountain is five hundred feet high. ຑເຂົາໜວໞ ງຌສ໇ ຄ 500 ຒຈຸ (ດ່າໃຆ້ : This mountain is high five hundred feet.) Ladda is twenty years old. ລຈັ ຈາຓຬາງຸ 20 ຎ (ດ່າໃຆ້ : Ladda is old twent years.) (ຂໍໃຫ້ລະວຄັ ກາຌຌໍາໃຆ້ Adjective ຓາໃຆ້ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຋ໆສະແຈຄກາຌວັຈ຅າກໂຉດາ່ ຄ຋ງໆ ກົ ໃຫ້ເຍິຄໆ ຌ຃໇ ວຌ຅ໆ ເຎັຌໂຉດາ່ ຄເຬົາໄວເ້ ຑຬໆ ກັຌໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຏິຈ໅ ຊກ໅ ໃຌຑາງຫັຄ) 5.Adjective ຉໄັຄ຾ຉ່ 2຿ຉຂໄືຌແຎຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຿ຉຈຼວກຌັ ຅ະຎະແວໜ້ ໟາຌາຓຌຌັໄ ຿ຈງຉຄ຺ ກໃໍແຈ້ ຫືົ ຅ະຎະແວຫ້ ຄົັ ຌາຓກໍໃແຈ້ ຾ລະ ໜາໟ Adjective ຿ຉສຈຸ ຋ໟາງຉຬໟ ຄຓ and ຓາ຃ຌໃັ ແວຉ້ ະຫຬົ ຈຽຆໃຌັ : Thongchan is a witty and wise teacher. ຫ Thongchan is a teacher,witty and wise. ຋ຬຄ຅ັຌເຎຌັ ຃຋ຓໆ ໄຫວຑຍິ ແລະ ສະຫາຈ He bought a new, powerful and expensive car ຫ He bought a car new, powerful and expensive. ລາວໄຈຆ້ ລ໇ ົຈເກຄ຃ັຌໃໝ່ຓສະຓັຈຊະຑາຍຈ ແລະ ລາ຃າແຑຄຓາ຃ຌັ ໜຄໆ (ຌກັ ສກສາຓັກວ຋ິ ໃຈເລຬກຉາຓໃ຅ຆຬຍຍໆຂໍ ຈັ ຂຬໟ ຄຊກ຋ຄັ ຌັ໇ຌ) 6.Adjective ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓແຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆໃສື ະຽຑາະເຫ້ຎະແວຫ້ ົັຄຌາຓຌໄຌັ ຉະ ຫົຬຈ ຾ລະ ຂຼຌ຿ຉຬກັ ສຬຌ຿ຉເຫງ຿ໞ ຈງຓ the ຌໍາໜໟາ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ຬໃື ຃:ື King Naresuan, the Great. ເ຅າ໇ົ ຆວິຈຌະເລສວຌຓະຫາລາຈ Ivan, the Terrible. ຬແວຌໂຉອາໟ ງ Kukrit, the wise of Siam. ຃ກລິຈເ຅ົ໇າຎັຌງາຂຬຄສະຫງາຓ Hercules, the Strong of the world. ເອ຃ິວລິສ຅ຬຓຑະລຄັ ຂຬຄໂລກ ເຎັຌຉ໇ົຌ 7.ຊາໟ Adjective ຌຌໄັ ຽຎຌັ Adjective Phrase (຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓວະລ) ຫືົ Adjective Clause (຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຎະ຿ຫງກ) ແຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓເຈເຫອ້ ຼຄແວ້ຫຄົັ ຌາຓຌຌໄັ ຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆຌັໃ : The tall man with his dog is my uncle. 160

ຆາງສຄ຋ໆຓໝາຓາຌາໍ ຌ໇ັຌເຎຌັ ລຸຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງ (with his dog ເຎັຌ Adjective phrase ຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓ man ຅ໆຄຎະໄວຫ້ ັຄ) The boy who is talking with the teacher is her brother. ເຈກັ ຆາງ຋ກໆ ໍາລຄັ ເວົ໇າດກ່ ັລ຃ຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌຌໟຬຄຆາງຂຬຄລາວ (who is talking with the teacher ເຎັຌ Adjective Clause ຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓ boy ຅ຄໆ ຎະໄວຫ້ ຄັ boy) 8.Adjective ຉແໃໍ ຎຌຽໄ ຓຬໃື ແຎຂະຫງາງດູໜ່ ໠າຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຌຍັ ແຈເ້ ຫເ້ ຆ້ a ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓຌໄຌັ ກຬໞ ຌ ຾ລ້ວ຅ຶໃຼຄຎະ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຽຫົໃາ຺ ຌຂໄ ະຫງາງຬກຽ຋ໃຬື ໜຄໃຼຶ ແຈ້຃ື half, such, too, so, quite, rather, many ຽຆຌັໃ : He spent half a day on gambling. ລາວໃຆເ້ ວລາຫຌ໇ ກາຌຑະຌັຌເ຃ຄໆ ຓ໇ Such a man cannot be allowed. ຃ົຌແຍຍຌຍ໇ ໍສໆ າຓາຈຬະຌຸງາຈໃຫໄ້ ຈ້ It’s too hard a problem for him. ຓັຌເຎັຌຎັຌຫາງາກເກຌິ ໄຎສາໍ ຫຍັ ລາວ He is so good a boy. ລາວເຎຌັ ເຈກັ ຆາງ຋ໆຈ She is quite a good pupil. ລາວເຎັຌຌັກອຽຌຈແິ ຋້໅ Jack is rather a lazy boy. ແ຅ກັ ເຎັຌເຈັກ຃ຬໞ ຌຂາໟ ຄຂ຃໇ ໟາຌ Many a dog is barking inside the house ໝາຫາງໂຉເຫາົໆ ດ່ໃຌເອຬຌ ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Adjective ຊາຓ : Adjective ເຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ ຅ກັ ຆະຌິຈ຃ືຫງຄັ ? ຉຬຍ : Adjective ເຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກແຈ້ 11 ຆະຌິຈ຃ື: -Descriptive Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກລກັ ສະຌະ -Proper Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສັຌຆາຈ -Quantitative Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ -Numberal Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌແຌ່ຌຬຌ -Demonstrative Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກສະເຑາະ -Interrogative Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກ຃າໍ ຊາຓ -Possessive Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກເ຅໇າົ ຂຬຄ -Distributive Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓແຍຄ່ ແງກ -Emphasizing Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓເຌຌ໇ັ ຃ວາຓ -Exclamatory Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກຬຸ຋າຌ -Relative Adjective ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກສໍາຑັຌ ແຉລ່ ະຆະຌຈິ ຓລາງລະຬຽຈຈຄັ ຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇ 161

1.Descriptive Adjective ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກລກັ ສະຌະ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃າໍ ຋ໃເຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄ ລກັ ສະຌະ ຫືົ ຃ຌຸ ຌະຑາຍຂຬຄ຃ຌ຺ , ສັຈ, ສໃິຄຂຬຄ ຾ລະ ສະຊາຌ຋ໃຽຑໃືຬເຫ້ອູວ້ າໞ ຌາຓຌຌັໄ ຓ ລກັ ສະຌະຽຎຌັ ດ່າຄເຈ ແຈ຃້ ື຃ໍາວໞາ Good, bad, tall, short, black, white, thin, clever, foolish, poor, rich, brave, cowardly, pretty, ugly, happy, sorry, etc The rich man live in the big house. ຃ຌົ ອາໍ ລວງຬາໄສດ່ເອຬຌຫຄັ ໃຫງໞ A clever pupil can answer the difficult problem. ຌັກອຽຌ຋ສໆ ະຫາຈສາຓາຈຉຬຍຎຌັ ຫາງາກໄຈ້ The black cat caught a small bird. ແຓວຈາໍ ໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ຅ັຍຌກົ ໂຉຌໟຬງໄຈ້ (rich, big, clever, difficult, black, ແລະ small ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກລກັ ສະຌະ) 2.Proper Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກສຌັ ຆາຈ ຫືົ ຅ະຽຬໄຌວໞາ ວິສາຓັຌ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓແຈ້\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ຋ແໃ ຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓຽຑືຬໃ ຍຬກສຌັ ຆາຈຽຆິຄໃ ຬັຌ຋ໃ຅ິຄກໍຓໃ ອຍູ ຎ່ຼຌ຾ຎຄຓາ຅າກ Proper Noun ຌໄຌັ ຽຬຄແຈ຃້ ື: Proper Noun Proper Adjective ຃ໍາແຎ (ເຎຌັ ຌາຓສະເຑາະ) (ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສັຌຆາຈ) England English ຬຄັ ກຈິ America Amercan ຬະເຓລກິ າ Thailand Thai ໄ຋ India Indian ຬຌິ ເຈງ Germany German ເດງລະຓັຌ Italy Italian ຬິຉາລໆ Japan Japanese ດຎໆ ຸ່ຌ China Chinese ຅ຌ etc ເຆໆັຌ: He employs a Chinese cook. ລາວ຅າໟ ຄຑໆໍ຃ວົ ຃ຌົ ຅ຌ຃ຌົ ໜໆຄ Do youlearn the French literature? ເ຅໇າົ ອຽຌວຌັ ຌະ຃ະຈິຐອັຄ? The English language is used by every nation. ຋ກຸ ໅ຆາຈໃຆຑ້ າສາຬຄັ ກິຈ (Chinese, French, English ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກສຌັ ຆາຈ) 3.Quantitative Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກຎະລິຓາຌ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຋ໃແຎຂະຫງາງ ຌາຓຽຑຬືໃ ຍຬກເຫອ້ ູຎ້ ະລຓິ າຌຂຬຄສໃິຄຽຫໃົາ຺ ຌຌໄັ ວໞາຓຫົາງ ຫືົ ໜໟຬງ(຾ຉ່ຍໃຍໍ ຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ) ແຈ຃້ :ື Much, many, little, some, any, enough, half, great, all, whole, sufficient, etc ເຆັໆຌ: He ate much rice at school yesterday. 162

ລາວກຌິ ເຂົາ໇ ຫາງດ່ໂອຄອຽຌຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ She did not give any money to her brother. ລາວຍໆໍໄຈໃ້ ຫ້ເຄຌິ ແກ່ຌຬໟ ຄຆາງຂຬຄລາວ Take great care of your health. ເຬົາໃ຅ໃສ່ຉສໍໆ ຸຂະຑາຍຂຬຄເ຅ົ໇າໃຫຫ້ າງແຈ່ (much, any, great ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 3 ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກຎະລຓິ າຌ) 4.Numberal Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ຋ແໃ ຎ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓຽຓໃືຬຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌຂຬຄຌາຓວໞາຓຽ຋຺າໃ ເຈ ຾ຍ່ຄຽຎັຌຆງືໃ ຬໞ ງແຈ້ 3 ຆະຌິຈ຃:ື 4.1Cardinal Numberal Adjective ຃ື ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆ້ຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌັຍ຋຾ໃ ຌ່ຌຬຌຂຬຄຌາຓແຈ້ ຃:ື one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, etc. ຽຆໃັຌ: My hand has five fingers. ຓຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງຓ 5 ຌ໇ິວ She gave me two apples and three mangoes. ລາວໃຫ້ແຬຍັ ເຎິຌ 2 ໜໞວງ ແລະ ໝາກຓໞວຄ 3 ໜວໞ ງແກຂ່ ໟຬງ Wirat wants to buy seven pens. ວິລຈັ ຉໟຬຄກາຌຆຍ໇ ກິ 7 ກໟາຌ (five, two, seven ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌແຌຌ່ ຬຌຎະໄວໜ້ ໟາຌາຓ) 4.2Ordinal Numberal Adjective ຃ື \"຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆ້ຂະຫງາງຌາຓຽຑຬໃື ຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌັຍ ຽຎຌັ ລາໍ ຈັຍ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຌາຓຌຌໄັ ໂ ແຈ້຃ື: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, etc ຽຆຌັ : Thanu is the first boy to be rewarded in this school. ຋ະຌເຎຌັ ເຈັກຌໟຬງ຋າໍ ຬິຈ຋ໆໄຈ້ອຍັ ລາຄວັຌໃຌໂອຄອຽຌຌ໇ Suvit won the third prize last month and the second one last week. ສຸວຈິ ໄຈອ້ ັຍລາຄວຌັ ຋ 3 ເຓຬໆ ເຈຬຌ຋ແໆ ລ້ວ ແລະ ຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ໆຏໞາຌຓາໄຈອ້ ຍັ ລາຄວຌັ ຋ໆ 2 I am the seventh son of my family. ຂໟຬງເຎຌັ ລກ຃ຌົ ຋ 7 ຂຬຄ຃ຬຍ຃ົວຂຬຄຂໟຬງ (first, third, seventh, second ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກລາໍ ຈັຍ຋ຎໆ ະໄວ້ໜໟາຌາຓ) 4.3Mutiplicative Adjective ຃ື \"຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຋ະວຂຬຄຌາຓ\" ແຈ້຃ື double, triple, fourfold ຽຆໃັຌ: Some roses are double. ຈຬກກຸຫາຍຍາຄຈຬກກໆຓໍ ກຍ 2 ຆັ໇ຌ Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha are triple gems. ຑະຑຈຸ , ຑະ຋າໍ ແລະ ຑະສຄົ ຃ແກວ້ 3 ຎະກາຌ (double, triple ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌ຋ະວຂຬຄຌາຓ) 5.Demonstrative Adjective ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສະຽຑາະ ຫົື ຌງິ ຺ຓ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ\" ໝາງ ຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ຋ເໃ ຆຍ້ ຬກສະຽຑາະເຫກ້ ຍັ ຌາຓເຈຌາຓໜຄໃຶຼ ແຈ຃້ ື: this, that (ເຆກ້ ຍັ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ) these, those (ເຆກ້ ຍັ ຌາຓຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ) such, same ຽຆໃັຌ: I invited that man to come in. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ເຆຌຏຆ້ າງ຃ົຌຌ໇ັຌໃຫ້ເຂາົ໇ ຓາຂາໟ ຄໃຌ 163

She hated such things because they made her ill. ລາວຍໆຓໍ ກັ ສິໆຄເຫົໆາຌັຌ໇ ເຑາະຓັກເອຈົ ໃຫລ້ າວຍໆໍສະຍາງ He said the same thing two or three times. ລາວເວາົ໇ ເຊຄິ ສິໆຄຈຽວກຌັ ຌ໇ 2 ຫ 3 ເ຋ຬໆ ແລວ້ (that, such, same ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກສະເຑາະຎະໄວ້ໜໟາຌາຓ) 6.Interrogative Adjective ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກ຃າໍ ຊາຓ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆ້ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓຽຑືຬໃ ເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ຃ໍາຊາຓ຿ຈງ຅ະຎະແວຉ້ ຌ຺ໄ ຎະ຿ຫງກ ຾ລະ ຓຌາຓຉາຓຫຄົັ ຉະຫຬົ ຈ ແຈ້຃:ື what, which, whose ຽຆັຌໃ : What book is he reading in the room? ລາວກໍາລັຄຬາໞ ຌໜຄັ ສຫງັຄດໃ່ ຌຫໟຬຄ? Which way shall we go? ເອາົ ຅ະໄຎ຋າຄໃຈກຌັ ? Whose shoes are these? ຌເ໇ ກຍຂຬຄໃຏ? (What, Which, Whose ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກ຃າໍ ຊາຓດໜ່ ໟາຎະໂຫງກ) 7.Possessive Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກຽ຅຺ໄາຂຬຄ\" ໝາງຽຊຄິ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆຂ້ ະ ຫງາງຌາຓຽຑືຬໃ ຍຬກ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌຽ຅ໄ຺າຂຬຄຂຬຄຌາຓແຈ຃້ ື my,our, your, his, her, its ຾ລະ their ຽຆໃັຌ: This is my table. ຌ໇ແຓ່ຌໂຉຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ Her book is on my desk. ໜຄັ ສຂຬຄລາວດ່ເ຋ິໆຄໂຉະຂຬຄຂໟຬງ Our nation needs solidarity. ຆາຈຂຬຄເອາົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌ຃ວາຓສາຓກັ ຃ Their parents work hard every day. ຑໆໍແຓ່ຂຬຄຑວກເຂາົ ເອຈັ ວຽກໜກັ ຋ຸກຓ໇ (my, Her, Our, Their ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກເ຅໇າົ ຂຬຄຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ ຌາຓ) 8.Distributive Adjective ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກ຾ຍ່ຄ຾ງກ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ແໃ ຎ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຽຑໃຬື ຾ງກຌາຓຬຬກ຅າກກັຌຽຎຌັ ຬັຌໜຶໃຼຄ ຫືົ ສໞວຌໜຶຼຄໃ ແຈ຃້ ື each (຾ຉລ່ ະ), every (຋ກຸ ໂ), either (ຍຬໃໍ ັຌເຈ,ກຬໍໃ ຌັ ໜຼຄໃຶ ), neither (ຍ຋ໃໍ ັຄສຬຄ) ຽຆັຌໃ : The two men had each a gun. ຏຆ້ າງ 2 ຃ົຌຌຓ໇ ຎຌ຃ຌົ ລະກະຍຬກ Every soldier is punctually in his place. ຋ະຫາຌ຋ຸກ຃ົຌເຂົາ໇ ຎະ຅ໍາ຋ຂໆ ຬຄໂຉຉຄົ ເວລາຈ Either side is a narraw lane. ຍຂໆໍ ໟາຄໃຈກໍໆຂາໟ ຄໜໆຄເຎຌັ ຆຬງແ຃ຓ Neither accusation is true. ຍຓໆໍ ຂໍກ໇ າໞ ວຫາໃຈເຎັຌ຃ວາຓ຅ຄິ 164

(each, Every, Either, Neither ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກແຍ່ຄແງກຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓ) 9.Emphasizing Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຽຌຌໄັ ຃ວາຓ\" ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆ້ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓຽຑືໃຬຽຌຌັໄ ຃ວາຓເຫຓ້ ຌໍາໄ ໜກັ ຂືຌໄ ແຈ຃້ ື: own (ຽຬຄ), very (຋຾ໃ ຎວໞາ \"ຽຌໄຌັ , ຌຌັໄ ຽຬຄ, ຌໄຌັ ຾຋ໂ້ \") ຽຆໃຌັ : She said that she had seen it with her own eyes. ລາວເວາ໇ົ ວໞາລາວໄຈ້ເຫັຌຓຌັ ຓາກຍັ ຉາລາວເຬຄ He is the very man who stole my wrist watch last ລາວ຃ຆາງ຃ຌົ ຌ໇ັຌແ຋໅້ ຏ້ເຆຄິໆ ໄຈ້ຂະໂຓງໂຓຄຂຬຄຂໟຬງໄຎຓ໇຃ຌຌ໇ Supansa is my own girl-friend. ສຑຸ ັຌສາ຃ແຒຌຂໟຬງເຬຄ (own, very, ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓເຌັຌ໇ ຃ວາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄໃຫ້ຓຌ໇າໍ ໜັກຂຌ໇ ) 10.Exclamatory Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກຬຸ຋າຌ\"ໝາງຽຊິຄ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆ້ຂະ ຫງາງຌາຓຽຑືໃຬເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ຃ໍາຬຸ຋າຌແຈ້຃ື what ຽຆໃຌັ : What a man he is ! ລາວເຎັຌຏຆ້ າງຫງັຄແຍຍຌ໇! What an idea it is ! ຓຌັ ເຎັຌ຃ວາຓ຃ິຈຫງຄັ ກັຌຌໍ! What a piece of work he does ! ລາວເອັຈວຽກແຍຍໃຈ ! (What ຋ັຄ 3 ຃ໍາໃຌຎະໂຫງກເຫົາໆ ຌເ໇ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກຬຸ຋າຌ) 11.Relative Adjective ຾ຎວາໞ \"຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສໍາຑັຌ ຫົື ຅ະຽຬໄຌຬກດາ່ ຄວໞາຎະຑັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌ ຌາຓກໃໍແຈ້\" ໝາງຽຊ້ຄ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ໃເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງ຋ຉໃ າຓຫັົຄ຾ລະເຌຂະຌະຈຼວກັຌກງໍໃ ຄັ ຽອັຈໜໟາ ຋ໃ຃າໟ ງສຌັ ຋າຌຽຆໃືຬຓ຃ວາຓເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຂຬຄ຿ຉຽຬຄກັຍຎະ຿ຫງກຂາໟ ຄໜໟາເຫ້ສາໍ ຑັຌກັຌແຈ້຃ື what (຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄແຈ້) ຽຆຌັໃ : Give me what money you have. ຅ຄົໆ ໃຫເ້ ຄິຌຫງັຄກໄໆໍ ຈ຋້ ໆເ຅໇າົ ຓດແກ່ຂໟຬງ I will take whichever horse you don’t want. ຂຬໟ ງ຅ະຌໍາເຬົາຓາໟ ໂຉ຋ເໆ ຅າ໇ົ ຍໆຉໍ ໟຬຄກາຌຌັ໇ຌ ແລະໄຎ He will read what book he wishes. ລາວ຅ະຬໞາຌໜຄັ ຫງຄັ ກໍໆໄຈ຋້ ໆລາວຎາຈຊະໜາ(຅ະຬາໞ ຌ) (what, whichever, what ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສໍາຑັຌ ໄຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຋ໆຉາຓຫຄັ ແລະ ໃຌຂະຌະຈຽວກຌັ ກໆໍ ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຆຬໆ ຓ຃ວາຓຎະໂຫງກໜາໟ ແລະ ຎະໂຫງກຫຄັ ໃຫ຃້ ກັຌ຋ຬໞ ຄເຬາົ ໄວເ້ ຎັຌໂຉດາ້ ຌເຑໆຬກັຌລຓໆ ) ຾ຍຍຍ຺ຈຽຐິກຫຈັ ຅ໃຄ຺ ຍຬກ຃ໍາ Adjective ຋ຑໃ ຓິ ຃າໍ ຌຌໄັ ວໞາຽຎຌັ Adjective ຆະຌິຈເຈ 1. My grandfather reads an English newspaper every morning. 2. Some people have much money but never happy. 3. This television was brought from japan last year. 4. There are ten girls dancing in the room. 165

5. We love our country and protect it for ever. 6. Which books do you want to buy in the shop? 7. The two men breaking into my house had each a gun. 8. Neither accusation is true. 9. He is the very man who stole my wrist watch last night. 10. Malisa wanted to sell her own house. 11. What a man he is! 12. What a piece of work he does! 13. Please give me what money you have. 14. I will take whichever pen you don’t want. 15. All students have already gone home. ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐກິ ຫັຈ 1. English ເຎັຌ Proper Adjective 2. Some ເຎຌັ Quantitative Adjective, happy ເຎຌັ Descritive Adjective 3. This ເຎັຌ Definite Adjective 4. Ten ເຎຌັ Numberal Adjective 5. Our ເຎຌັ Possessive Adjective 6. Which ເຎັຌ Interrogative Adjective 7. Each ເຎຌັ Distributive Adjective 8. Neither ເຎັຌ Distributive Adjective 9. Very ເຎັຌ Emphasizing Adjective 10. Own ເຎຌັ Emphasizing Adjective 11. What ເຎຌັ Exclamatory Adjective 12. What ເຎຌັ Exclamatory Adjective 13. What ເຎຌັ Relative Adjective 14. Whichever ເຎັຌ Relative Adjective 15. All ເຎຌັ Quantitative Adjective Adjective-Equivalent (຃ໍາ຋ໃເຆ຃້ າໟ ງ຃຃ື າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ) ຊາຓ : Adjective-Equivalent ຾ຓ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ແຈ຃້ ຃ື າໍ ຫງຄັ ຂໍເຫຍ້ ຬກຓາເຫ້ລະຬຼຈ຅ະຂຬຍເ຅ ດ່າຄຫາົ ງ? ຉຬຍ : Adjective-Equivalent ຾ຎວໞາ \"຃າໍ ຋ໃເຆ້຃ໟາງ຃ື຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ\" ຋ັຄຌໄກໍໃຽຌຬໃື ຄ຅າກວາໞ ຃າໍ ຋ໃ຅ະ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້຃ໟາງ຃ື຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ໃ຅ະຽວໄາ຺ ຉແໃໍ ຎຌຍໄ ໍຓໃ ດູ່ເຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ຄັ 11 ຆະຌຈິ ຾ຉ່ຽຫຈ຋ງໃ ັຄຽຬຌໄ ວໞາຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ (Adjective) ຌັໄຌກໍໃຽຑາະຉາໍ ຾ໜຄ່ ຎະ ຫືົ ໜໟາ຋ກໃ າຌເຆ້຃າໟ ງໂຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຈຄັ ຌຌັໄ ຫາກ຅ະຽຬຌໄ ຃າໍ ຽຫົໃ຺າຌວໄ ໞາ......\"຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ຋ຓໃ າຌຬກ຾ຍຍ\" ກຽໃໍ ຫຌັ ຅ະຍໍໃຏິຈຽຑາະຍໃໍ ຓດ່ເູ ຌ 7 ຆະຌຈິ ຉາຓ຋ແໃ ຈຬ້ ະ຋ຍິ າງຓາ຾ລວ້ Adjective –Equivalent ແຈ້຃າໍ ຉແໃໍ ຎຌ຃ໄ :ື 166

1.຃ໍາຌາຓ (Noun) ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຽຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຃ກື ັຌແຈ້ ຾ຉເ່ ຫຎ້ ະແວໜ້ ໟາຌາຓ຋ໃ ຓັຌແຎຂະຫງາງຌຌັໄ ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ຬໃື ແຎຽຆຌໃັ : Thammsart University is the place for political studies. ຓະຫາວ຋ິ ະງາໄລ຋ໍາຓະສາຈເຎຌັ ສະຊາຍັຌ຋ສໆ າໍ ຫຍັ ກາຌສກສາວິຆາກາຌເຓຬຄ (Thammsart ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຌາໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຂະຫງາງ University ເຆິຄໆ ເຎຌັ ຌາຓ຃ກຌັ ) My younger brother wishes to study at Suan Kularb school. ຌໟຬຄຆາງຂຬຄຂໟຬງຎະສົຄ຅ະອຽຌ຋ໆໂອຄອຽຌສວຌກຫຸ າຍ (Suan Kularb ເຎຌັ ຌາຓແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງ school ໄຈ)້ They have worked in New York City for two years. ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈ້ເອຈັ ວຽກດ່຋ໆເຓຬໆ ຌິວງຬກເຎຌັ ເວລາ 2 ຎແລວ້ (New York ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຋ໆຉາຓຫຄັ ຃ City) 2.຃ໍາຌາຓ຋ເໃ ຆສ້ ະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌຽ຅຺ໄາຂຬຄ຿ຈງຓ Apostrohe (s) ຓາເຆ຃້ ວຍຌັໄຌຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຽຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓແຈ້ ຾ລະ ເຫ້ອຼຄແວ້ໜາໟ ຌາຓ຿ຉຌຌໄັ ຉະຫົຬຈແຎຽຆັໃຌ: Daeng’s house was built in Bangkok five years ago. ເອຬຌຂຬຄແຈຄໄຈ້ສໟາຄໄວ຋້ ກໆ ຸຄເ຋ຍ ເຓຬໆ 5 ຎຓາແລວ້ (Daeng’s ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓ house) The teacher’s table is large than the students ໂຉະ຃ໃຫງໞກວາໞ ໂຉະຌກັ ອຽຌ (teacher’s ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຌໍາຓາໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາຓ table ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓໄຈ້) 3.Infinitive (຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະສະຑາວະຓາລາ ແຈ຃້ ື to+ V.1 ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫືົ ສັຍຑະຌາຓແຈ້຾ຉຉ່ ໟຬຄຎະເວຫ້ ັຄົ ຌາຓ຋ຓໃ ຌັ ແຎຂະຫງາງຉະຫົຬຈ(ຫາໟ ຓຎະແວ້ໜໟາຽຈິ) ຽຆຌໃັ : He has no money to give me for buying a pen. ລາວຍໍຓໆ ເຄຌິ ຋ໆ຅ະໃຫ້ຂໟຬງຆ໇ຍິກ (to give ເຎຌັ Infinttive ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ money) This book is good for you to read. ໜຄັ ສເຫຓັ໇ ຌ໇ຈສາໍ ຫຍັ ເ຅າ໇ົ ຋຅ໆ ະຬໞາຌ (to read. ເຎຌັ Infinttive ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງສັຍຑະຌາຓ you ໄຈ້) 4.Participle (ຽຆຄິໃ ຅ະແຈ້ອຼຌເຌຍ຺ຈຉໃແໍ ຎ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓແຈ້ ຾ລະ ເຫ້ ຎະແວໜ້ າໟ ຌາຓ຋ຓໃ ຌັ ແຎຂະຫງາງ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ືໃຬຽຆຌັໃ : The standing boy is afraid of the running dog. ເຈກັ ຌຬໟ ງ຋ໆດຌດ່ດາ້ ຌໝາ຋ແໆ ລ່ຌຓາ (standing, running ເຎຌັ participle ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓໄຈ)້ I bought a used car from Bangkok. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈຆ້ ລ໇ ຈົ ເກຄ຋ໆໃຆ້ແລ້ວຓາ຅າກກຄຸ ເ຋ຍ (used ເຎຌັ participle ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓໄຈ້຃ car) 167

5.Gerund (຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌາຓ຃ື Verb ຉຓຶໃຼ ing ຾ລວ້ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ດ່າຄຌາຓຽຆໃຄິ ຅ະແຈ້ຽວ຺າໄ ເຌຍຈ຺ ຉແໃໍ ຎ ຽໝືຬຌກຌັ ) ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຽຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓແຈ້ ຾ລະ ເຫຎ້ ະແວໜ້ າໟ ຌາຓຌໄຌັ ຉະຫຬົ ຈ ແຎຽຆໃັຌ: There is a swimming pool in our village. ຓສະລວງຌາ໇ໍ ສະໜໆຄໃຌໝຍ່ າໟ ຌຂຬຄເອາົ (swimming ເຎຌັ Gerund ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ pool) Now he waiting for you in the meeting room. ຈຽວຌ໇ລາວກາໍ ລັຄລໍຊາໟ ເ຅າົ໇ ດ່຋ໆຫໟຬຄຎະຆຸຓ(ໄວເຂາ໇ົ ແຈ)່ (meeting ເຎັຌ Gerund ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ room) 6.Phrase (ວະລຆະຌິຈ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫົື ຃ໍາສັຍຑະຌາຓແຈ້ ສວໞ ຌຉາໍ ຾ໜ່ຄຎະຂຬຄວະລ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຌຌັໄ ດູ່ໜໟາຌາຓກຓໃໍ ດຫູ່ ັຄົ ຌາຓກໍໃຓຽຆຌໃັ : Walking along the street, he saw a car accident. ຂະຌະ຋ໆກໍາລຄັ ງາໞ ຄໄຎຉາຓຫຌົ ຋າຄ ລາວໄຈ້ເຫຌັ ລຈົ ເກຈິ ຬຸຎະຉິເຫຈ (Walking along the street ເຎັຌວະລເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງ he) The man in this room is our guest. ຏ້ຆາງ຋ດໆ ່ໃຌຫຬໟ ຄຌ໇ເຎັຌແຂກຂຬຄເອາົ (in this room ເຎຌັ ວະລເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງ man ຋ດໆ ໜ່ ໟາ) To open the door, you have to turn the knob to the left. ກາຌເຎຈິ ຎະຉເ຅າົ໇ ຅ະຉໟຬຄໝຸຌລກຍຈິ ໄຎ຋າຄຆາໟ ງຓ (To open the door ເຎັຌວະລເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງ you ) He wants to buy the house on the corner. ລາວຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຆ໇ເອຬຌ຋ດໆ ຓ່ ຓຸ ຌ໇ຌັ (on the corner ເຎັຌວະລເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງ house ຋ໆດໜ່ າໟ ) 7.Subordinate Clause (ຬະຌຎຸ ະ຿ຫງກ) ຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓແຈ້ ຾ລະ ເຫ້ ຎະແວຫ້ ັົຄຌາຓ຋ແໃ ຎຂະຫງາງ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ຬໃື ຽຆຌັໃ : This is the house that Jack built. ຌ໇຃ເອຬຌແ຅ັກສໟາຄເຬາົ ໄວ້ (that Jack built ເຎຌັ Subordinate Clause (ຎະເຑຈຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກ) ຓາເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ house ຋ຎໆ ະດ່ຂໟາຄໜາໟ ) I know Mr. Smith whom you want to see. ຂໟຬງອ຋້ ໞາຌສະຓ຋ິ ຏ້ເຆໆິຄເ຅໇ົາຉໟຬຄກາຌຑຍົ (whom you want to see ເຎັຌ Subordinate Clause (ຎະເຑຈຬະຌຸຎະໂຫງກ) ຓາເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌ Adjective ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ Mr. Smith ຋ຎໆ ະດ່ຂາໟ ຄໜໟາ ) ຽຓືໃຬ Adjective ຫົາງຆະຌິຈຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ຊາຓ : ຽຓໃຬື Adjective ຫາົ ງຆະຌິຈຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຿ຉຈຼວຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ຅ະຓຫກົັ ຽກຌກາຌຎະແວ້ ຫາໞ ຄຫືົ ເກກ້ ັຍຌາຓ຿ຉຌໄັຌດ່າຄເຈ ຂໍເຫ້ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາ຿ຈງລະຬຼຈ? 168

ຉຬຍ : ຌັກສກຶຼ ສາ຋ັຄຫົາງ຿ຈງຎກ຺ ກະຉ຾ິ ລວ້ Adjective ຋ຄັ 11ຆະຌິຈ຋ໃຽວາໄ຺ ຓາ຾ລວ້ ຌັໄຌ ຍຓໃໍ ຾ຌ່ ຋ໃ຅ະແຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຿ຉຈຼວເຌຽວລາຈຼວຑໟຬຓກຌັ ຽຊໃິຄ 11 ຆະຌິຈ ຾ຉຬ່ າຈຓຍໍຎະຓາຌ 3 ຆະຌຈິ 4 ຆະຌິຈ 5 ຆະຌິຈ 6 ຆະຌຈິ ຫົື 7 ຆະຌຈິ ແຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຿ຉຈຼວຑຬໟ ຓກັຌ ຈັຄຌັຌໄ ຍັຌຫາ຋ຽໃ ອຈັ ເຫຽ້ ກິຈ຃ວາຓຫງຄຸ້ ງາກກັຍຏູ້ສກຼຶ ສາຑາສາຬຄັ ກຈິ ກ຃ໃໍ ືວາໞ ຾ລວ້ ຽອາ຺ ຅ະຎະຆະຌິຈເຈ ແວເ້ ກ້ກັຍຌາຓ຋ສໃ ຈຸ ຾ລະ ຫາໞ ຄຬຬກແຎແຈ຃້ ືຆະຌຈິ ຌຌັໄ ໂຉາຓລໍາຈຍັ ຽຑຬືໃ ຃ວາຓຽຂໄ຺າເ຅ຄໞາງເຌ ຽວລາຬຌັ ແວໂ ຾ລະ ຍໃໍຽກິຈ຃ວາຓສັຍສຌ຺ ຂເໍ ຫ້ຽຍໃິຄຉາຉະລາຄກາຌເຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາຓຉາຓລໍາຈັຍ ຂາໟ ຄລຓຸ່ ຌ:ໄ Article Numberal Descriptive (c) Proper Sub. Head Demonstrative (a) (b) (a) (b) Colour Adjective Noun Noun Possessive Ordinal Cardinal Quantity Size or ຌາຓ ຌາຓ ລາໍ ຈຍັ ຋ ຅າໍ ຌວຌ ສ ສຌັ ຆາຈ ຂະ ຫັກ shape ງາງ ຌຍັ ລັກສະຌະ ຆະຌິຈ The man’s first two interesting little red French oil painting ຂຬຄຆາງ຃ຌົ ຌ໇ັຌ ຋າໍ ຬິຈ 2 ຌາໞ ສຌົ ໃ຅ ຬຌັ ຌຬໟ ງ ສແຈຄ ຐອັຄ ຌໍາ໇ ຓັຌ ອຍຂຽຌ = ອຍຂຽຌຌ໇າໍ ຓຌັ ກຽໞ ວກັຍຎະເ຋ຈຐອຄັ ສແຈຄຬຌັ ຌໟຬງ໅ ຌາໞ ສຌົ ໃ຅ 2 ອຍ຋ໍາຬຈິ ຂຬຄຆາງ຃ຌົ ຌຌ໇ັ Her two lovely little jewelry boxes are here. ກຬໞ ຄເຑັຈຌຬໟ ງ໅ ຌໞາອກັ 2 ກຬໞ ຄຂຬຄລາວດ່຋ໆຌ໇ The girl’s first three beautiful little white Thai silk dresses were bought from Ubol Ratchathani last month. ຆຈຸ ແຉ່ຄໂຉຏໟາໄໝສຂາວຐຌຌໟຬງຬຌັ ສວງຄາຓ 3 ຐຌ຋ໍາຬິຈຂຬຄເຈກັ ງິຄ຃ຌົ ຌຌ໇ັ ໄຈຆ້ ໇ຓາ຅າກແຂວຄ ຬຍຸ ຌົ ລາຆະ຋າຌເຓໆຬເຈຬຌ຋ແໆ ລ້ວ. (ຂໍໃຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາຑ຅ິ າລະຌາເຍິໆຄຉາໍ ແໜ່ຄກາຌຎະ Adjective ແຉ່ລະຆະຌິຈໃຫຈ້ ວາໞ ຎະໄວຍ້ ຬໞ ຌໃຈ ກຬໞ ຌຫັຄກັຌ ແລະ ກັຌດາ່ ຄໃຈ ຊາໟ ຅ະໃຫ້ໄຈຏ້ ົຌຈ຋ໆສຸຈ຃ວຌ຋ໞຬຄ຅ໍາເຬົາໄວສ້ ກັ ໜໆຄໂຉດ່າຄ຅ະເຎັຌສິໆຄວເິ ສຈຫາງ຋ຈຽວ) ຅າກໂຉດ່າຄ຋ງໆ ກົ ຓາສະແຈຄໃຫ້ເຫັຌຌຌັ໇ ແງກໄຈຈ້ ັຄຌ(໇ ສະເຑາະຎະໂຫງກ຋ໍາຬຈິ ) - Paintings ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຫັກ (ຫ ຌາຓດຌ) - Oil ເຎັຌຌາຓອຬຄເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ(Adj-Equivalent) ອຽຄຉຈິ ກຍັ ຌາຓເຎຌັ ຬຌັ ຈັຍ຋ 1 - French ເຎັຌ຃ຸຌຌະສຍັ ຍຬກສັຌຆາຈອຽຄເຎັຌ຋ 2 - Red ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສຎະເຎັຌ຋ 3 - Little ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກຂະໜາຈຎະເຎຌັ ຋ 4 - Interesting ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓຍຬກລກັ ສະຌະຎະເຎຌັ ຋ 5 - Two ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌັຍຎະເຎຌັ ຋ 6 - First ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກລາໍ ຈັຍ຋ໆຎະເຎັຌ຋ 7 - Man’s ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກເ຅ົາ໇ ຂຬຄຎະເຎັຌ຋ 8 - The ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຍຬກສະເຑາະຎະ຋ 9 169

ຊໟາຌາຓເຈຓວະລ (Phrase) ຫຶົຼ ຎະ຿ຫງກ (Clause) ຓາຂະຫງາງຑຬໟ ຓກຌັ ເຫຎ້ ະ ວະລແວໜ້ າໟ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉະຫົຬຈຽຆຌັໃ : Did you see the picture on the wall which was painted by her? ເ຅໇ົາເຫັຌອຍດເ່ ຋ິຄຐາເຆຄໆິ ລາວເຎັຌຏ້ຂຽຌຍໍ? (on the wall ເຎັຌ Phrase ຎະໄວໜ້ ໟາ Clause ຃ which was painted by her) I know the man in the room who told me the way to the library. ຂໟຬງອ້຅ກັ ຏຆ້ າງ຋ດໆ ່ໃຌຫໟຬຄຌເ໇ ຆິຄໆ ເຎັຌຏຍ້ ຬກ຋າຄໄຎຫຬໟ ຄສະໝຸຈແກຂ່ ໟຬງ (in the room ເຎຌັ Phrase ຎະໄວ້ໜາໟ who told me the way to the library ເຎຌັ Clause ຎະໄວຫ້ ັຄ) ກາຌເຆ້ All ຾ລະ Both ຽຎັຌ Adjective ແຎຂະຫງາງ Pronoun All ແຎວາໞ \"຋ັຄໝຈົ \" Both ແຎວາໞ \"຋ຄັ ສຬຄ\" ຃າໍ ເຫົໆາຌ໇ຊໟາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓໄຎຂະຫງາງຌາຓກຍໆໍ ສໆໍ ້ຓ ຍັຌຫາເ຋ໆາົ ໃຈ ເຑາະເຓໆຬຂະຫງາງຌາຓໃຈກໆໃໍ ຫ້ຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ ຌາຓຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌກົຈຉາງໂຉດແ່ ລ້ວ ແຉຍ່ ັຌຫາຓດ່ວາໞ ເຓໆຬ ຓັຌໄຎຂະຫງາງ Pronoun (ສັຍຑະຌາຓ) ຅ະຓວິ຋ຎະຂະຫງາງດ່າຄໃຈ ຫ ວໞາຎະເໝຬຌຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ເຑາະສະຌັ໇ຌເຑໆຬ຃ວາຓເຂ໇າົ ໃ຅ຄາໞ ງ ຬາ຅າຌ຅ະໄຈສ້ ະຫຍຼຸ ເວ໇າົ ຫງ໇ໍ໅ ໃຫຒ້ ຄັ ຈັຄໆ ຌ໇: 1.all ຾ລະ both ຽຓຬືໃ ແຎຂະຫງາງສຍັ ຑະຌາຓເຫ້ຎະ all ຫືົ both ແວ້ຫຄັົ Pronoun ຿ຉຌັໄຌຽຆຌໃັ We all went home about ten o’clock last night. ຑວກເອົາ຋ຄັ ໝົຈກັຍເອຬຌຎະຓາຌ 10 ໂຓຄເຓຬໆ ຃ຌຌ໇ They both can speak French very well. ຑວກເຂົາ຋ຄັ ສຬຄເວົາ໇ ຐອັຄໄຈ້ຈຫາງ (all ຫ both ຓາຂະຫງາງ຃ໍາສັຍຑະຌາຓ We, They ຅ໆຄຎະໄວ້ຫຄັ ແລະ ໃຫ້ສັຄເກຈໄວຈ້ ວໟງວໞາຉໟຬຄເຎັຌ຃ໍາ ສຍັ ຑະຌາຓ຋ໆເຎັຌອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ ເ຋າົໆ ຌ໇ັຌ຅ໆຄໃຆ້ all ຫ both ຓາຂະຫງາງໄຈ້) 2.ຊໟາ Pronoun ຌັໄຌຓ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽຎັຌ Verb to be ເຫ້ຎະ all ຫືົ both ແວຫ້ ຄັົ Verb to be ຬກຽ຋ຬໃື ໜຼຄໃຶ ຽຆໃຌັ : We are all wrong. ຑວກເອົາ຋ັຄໝົຈຏຈິ (= ເອົາຏຈິ ຋ັຄໝົຈ) They are both still alive. ເຂົາ຋ຄັ ສຬຄງັຄ຃ຄົ ຓຆວຈິ ດ່ Those are all right. ເຫົາໆ ຌຌ໇ັ ຃ສຄິໆ ຋ຊໆ ກຉຬໟ ຄ຋ຄັ ໝຈົ (= ຊກ຋ັຄໝຈົ ) (all. both ຎກົ ກະຉິຎະໄວຫ້ ຄັ Pronoun ແຉຊ່ າໟ Pronoun ຌັຌ໇ ຓ Verb to be ກໆໃໍ ຫ້ງໟາງໄຎຎະໄວ້ຫັຄ Verb to be ຬກ຋ໜໆ ໆຄຉາຓໂຉດ່າຄຌ໇ັຌແລະ) 3.ຊໟາ Pronoun ຌໄັຌຓ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຉຄໄັ ຾ຉ່ 2 ຿ຉຂໄຌື ແຎຓາຎະສ຺ຓກຌັ ດູ່ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຈຼວເຫຎ້ ະ all ຫືົ both ຎະແວ້ຂໟາຄໜໟາ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉສຈຸ ຋າໟ ງຽຆັຌໃ : They have all done well. ຑວກເຂາົ ຋ຄັ ໝົຈຎະຉຍິ ຈັ ໄຬຈໟວງຈ We have been both living here for over half a year. ເອາົ ຋ັຄສຬຄດ່຋ໆຌເ໇ ລໆຬງຓາເຎັຌເວລາກວາໞ ເ຃ິໆຄຎແລວ້ (all. Both ຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉສຈຸ ຋າໟ ງ຃ done ແລະ living ເຫຌັ ແລ້ວແຓ່ຌຍໍ?) 170

຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐກິ ຫັຈ Choose the correct words in parentheses. 1. Although he was (asleep, sleeping), but his brain seemed to be at work. 2. Today Mary is (good, well) so she smiles all time. 3. A (good, well) student must be at school every day. 4. There is (important something, something important)to give to all(ill, sick) man at hospital. 5. A (drinking, drunken) man can’t drive a car safely. 6. The road in my country is (two hundred miles long, long two hundred miles) 7. Please hand me those (big two French books, two big French books, French two big books). 8. I saw the(awake, waking) baby in the cradle last night. 9. We live in the (wooded, wood) house every day. 10. Our capital is (two hundred old years, two hundred years old.) 11. She likes a room with a high ceiling. This one is (high four metres, four metres high, high for four metres) 12. Do you think there are many(things interested, interesting things, things interesting) in what he said? ຃ໍາຉຬຍ຾ຍຍຍຈ຺ ຽຐິກຫັຈ 1. Asleep 2. Well 3. Good 4. Something important 5. Drunken 6.two hundred miles long 7. Two big French books 8. Waking wooden 10. two hundred years old 11. Four metres high 12. Things interesting. 171