ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR

ສາທາລະຘະລດັ ບະຊາທບິ ະໄຕ ບະຊາຊຘົ ລາວ ສັຘຕິພານ ເອກະລາດ ບະຊາທິບະໄຕ ເອກພານ ວດັ ທະຘະຖາວອຘ ............. ............ ກະຊວງສກຶ ສາທິການ ແລະ ກລິ າ ກມົ ສາ້ ງຄູ ວທິ ະຍາໄລຄຫູ ຼວງນາ້ ທາ Complete Your English Grammar With ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR HIGH LEARNERS (ຽຫັຼມົ້ 1) ຽໝາະສາໍ ຫບົ • ຜູ້ອຼນຢູ່ຉຼນ້ັ ມໍ 4-5-6 • ຜສູ້ ຬບຽສງຽຂາ້ັຼ຺ ມະຫາວິທະຊາແລ • ຜູ້ສຬບຽສງວິຉາຽຬກພາສາຬງກິ • ຜູ້ສກຶ ສາຌໍລ່ ະ຋ບປະລິນຊາ຿ທ • ຜສູ້ ຬນວິຉາພາສາຬງກິ຋ ຾ລະ ຜູສ້ ນ຺ ເຈທ຺ວ່ໍ ແປ (ສະບບປບປງຸ ) ຜູ້຾ປ : ປທ ບນຸ ມາ ຬນິ ທະວ຺ງ ສກົ ຮຽນ 2020 – 2021

ສາທາລະຘະລດັ ບະຊາທບິ ະໄຕ ບະຊາຊົຘລາວ ສັຘຕິພານ ເອກະລາດ ບະຊາທບິ ະໄຕ ເອກພານ ວັດທະຘະຖາວອຘ ............. ............ ກະຊວງສກຶ ສາທິການ ແລະ ກລິ າ ກມົ ສາ້ ງຄູ ວທິ ະຍາໄລຄຫູ ຼວງນາ້ ທາ Complete Your English Grammar With ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR HIGH LEARNERS (ຽຫມົຼັ້ 1) (ສະບບປບປງຸ ) ຜ້຾ູ ປ : ປທ ບຸນມາ ຬນິ ທະວ຺ງ ຜູກ້ ວ຋຾ກູ້ 1. ປທ ສມ຺ ລ຋ ສມ຺ ສະຫວ຋ 2. ປທ ສິນນະກຬນ ສຽີ ມຬື ງ 3. ປທ ຬ່ຬນນິ຋ ສ຋ິ ທິລາ຋ 4. ປຌ ວຼງທາ ແຉຊະຈກ ສກົ ຮຽນ 2020 – 2021

຃າໍ ນາໍ ກາຌອຽຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈ຋ກຸ ມ໇ຌໄ໇ ຈ້ເຌັຌ໇ ໜັກໄຎໃຌຈໟາຌ ‟ການຬາ່ ນເພ່ຬື ຃ວາມເຂ້າົ ໃຈພາສາ (Reading Comprehension)” ຫເຎຌັ ລັກສະຌະ ‟ການອຽນເພຬື່ ການສຶສ່ື ານ (Communication)” ເຎັຌສວໞ ຌໃຫງໞຫາງກວາໞ ຋ັຄໆ ຌ໇ຬາຈມ຅ຸຈຎະສົຄວາໞ ອຽຌອແ້ ລ້ວຉໟຬຄຌາໍ ໄຎໃຆກ້ ຍັ ຆວຈິ ຎະ຅ໍາວຌັ ໄຈ້ ຍໍແໆ ມຌ່ ຑຽຄເຑຬໆ ສຬຍເສັຄເ຋ົໆາຌ໇ຌັ ຅ຈຸ ຎະສົຄໃຌກາຌແຎຎ໇ມເຫ໇ັມຌ໇ເຑຬໆ ສໟາຄເຄໆຬຌໄຂໃຫ້ແກຏ່ ້ຬາໞ ຌ-ອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈໄຈ້ຄາໞ ງຂ໇ຌໂຈງສະເຑາະ ແມ່ຌຌກັ ສຶກສາສາງ(ICT) ກາຌສະໜຍັ ສະໜຌຸ ຢາ່ ຄເຉັມ຋ໆ ແຉ່຅ະສໍາເລຈັ ລຸລວໞ ຄໄຎໄຈ້ຎາຌໃຈ ຫາກກາຌອຽຌ ເຑໆຬ຃ວາມເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ຑາສາ ຫອຽຌເຑຬໆ ກາຌສສໆ າຌຌັຌ໇ ຎາສະ຅າກຆໆຶຄ຃ວາມອ຋້ າຄຫັກຼ ພາສາ (Grammar) ອູ້ ຃ວາມໝາຍ (Meaning) ແລະ ອວູ້ ທິ ໃີ ຊູ້ (Usage) ຬັຌຌ໇ແຫະ຅ະເຎຌັ ຎັຈໄ຅ເຍ໇ຬຄຉົ໇ຌ ເຑຬໆ ກໟາວໄຎສ້຃ວາມ ສໍາເລຈັ ຉາມ຅ຈຸ ຎະສຄົ ຈັຄກໞາວແລວ້ ຌັຌ໇ ໜັຄສເຫ໇ັມຌ໇ຂໟາຑະເ຅໇າົ ໄຈ້ແຎເອຈັ ຂຌ໇ ມາໂຈງເຌຌ໇ັ ເຊິໆຄ ຫັກຑາສາ (Grammar) ຃ວາມໝາງ (Meaning) ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ (Usage)ໄວຢ້ ່າຄລະຬຽຈລະຬ຋ໍ ຸກແຄ຋່ ກຸ ມມຸ ກໆເໍ ຑຬໆ ໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຉໍາລາໄວຬ້ ໞາຌຎະກຬຍ ຃ຌ໇ົ ຃ວໟາເມຬໆ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຢາກອ້ຫກັ ຑາສາ ຃ວາມໝາງ ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆຂ້ ຬຄ຃ໍາ ກ່ມຸ ຃າໍ ໂ຃ຄສໟາຄ ຫອຍຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ັຌ໅ ຑໟຬມກັຌຌເ໇ ມໆຬ຅ົຍແຉລ່ ະຍຈົ (Chapter) ກໆ຅ໍ ະມແຍຍເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍໄວ້຋ໟາງແຉ່ລະຍຈົ ຆຄໆຶ ກໍແໆ ຌຌ່ ຬຌ ລະ ເມຬໆ ຌັກສຶກສາຏ້ໃຈມ຃ວາມເຂົາ໇ ໃ຅ຢາ່ ຄເລກເຆິຄໆ ໃຌຫັກເກຌຈຄັໆ ກາໞ ວມາຌ໇ແລວ້ ກໆໍ຅ະເຎຌັ ຑະລຄັ ຬັຌໜໆຄຶ ຆໞວງ ໃຫເ້ ອົາຎະສຍົ ຏົຌ຃ວາມສາໍ ເລັຈໃຌຈາໟ ຌກາຌຬໞາຌເຑຬໆ ຃ວາມເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ ຫກາຌອຽຌເຑໆຬກາຌຉຈິ ຉສໍໆ ໆສາຌ ຉາມ຅ຈຸ ມຸຄ່ ໝາງຈັຄກໞາວແລ້ວຌ໇ັຌເຎຌັ ແຌ່ຌຬຌ ໜັຄສເຫັ໇ມຌ໇຅ະເໝາະຢາ່ ຄງຄໆິ ສໍາຫຍັ ຏ້ອຽຌ (ຫຏສ້ ຬຌ) ຑາສາຬັຄກິຈຉັ໇ຄແຉ່ຆຌ໇ັ ມຈັ ຋ະງົມຉຬຌຎາງຂຌ໇ ໄຎເຊໆິຄລະຈັຍຬຈຸ ມົ ສກຶ ສາ ຃ວຌມໄວ້ຬໞາຌ຃໇ົຌ຃ວໟາເຑມໆິ ຉຶໆມໃຫກ້ ຍັ ຫັກສຈ຋ໆກາໍ ລຄັ ສຶກສາຢ່ ຂໍຬວງຑຬຌໃຫຏ້ ໃ້ ຆ້ຉໍາລາເຫັ໇ມຌຎ໇ ະກຬຍກາຌອຽຌ຅ຄົ ຎະສຍົ ແຉ຃່ ວາມສາໍ ເລຈັ ຃ວາມ຅ະເລຌອ່ຄຸ ເອຬຄ ໃຌກາຌສຶກສາຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ແລະ ຫາກ ‟຃ວາມດີ” ຂຬຄໜັຄສເຫັ໇ມຌ໇຅ະເຑິຄມຍໍ ຂໟາຑະເ຅ົາ໇ ຂຬໍ ະ຋ິຈໃຫ້ກັຍ ຍຸຌ຃ຸຌຂຬຄ ‟ແມ່” ຋ລໆ ຽໟ ຄມາ຅ຌົ ໃຫງໞໂຉ ແລະຍຌຸ ຃ຌຸ ຂຬຄ ‟຃ບາຬາຈານ” ຋ໆສຄົໆ ຃ວາມອມ້ າໃຫ້ ຍຌຸ ມາ ຬຌິ ຋ະວົຄ

຃າໍ ນາໍ ກາຌອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ຋ກຸ ມ໇ຌໄ໇ ຈ້ເຌັ໇ຌໜກັ ໄຎໃຌຈໟາຌ ‟ການຬ່ານເພື່ຬ຃ວາມເຂາ້ົ ໃຈພາສາ (Reading Comprehension)” ຫເຎັຌລກັ ສະຌະ ‟ການອຽນເພ່ຬື ການສຶືສ່ ານ (Communication)” ເຎັຌສໞວຌໃຫງໞຫາງກວາໞ ຋ັຄໆ ຌ໇ຬາຈມ຅ຈຸ ຎະສົຄວໞາອຽຌອ້ແລວ້ ຉຬໟ ຄຌາໍ ໄຎໃຆ້ກຍັ ຆວິຈຎະ຅ໍາວຌັ ໄຈ້ ຍໆໍແມຌ່ ຑຽຄເຑຬໆ ສຬຍເສຄັ ເ຋ົາໆ ຌັ໇ຌ ຅ຸຈຎະສົຄໃຌກາຌແຎຎ໇ມເຫັ໇ມຌເ໇ ຑໆຬສໟາຄເຄໆຬຌໄຂໃຫ້ກັຍຏຬ້ າໞ ຌ-ອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈໄຈ້ຄໞາງຂ໇ຌໂຈງສະເຑາະ ແມຌ່ ຌັກສກຶ ສາສາງ(ICT) ກາຌສະໜັຍສະໜຸຌຢ່າຄເຉັມ຋ໆ ແຉ່຅ະສໍາເລັຈລຸລໞວຄໄຎໄຈ້ຎາຌໃຈ ຫາກກາຌອຽຌ ເຑຬໆ ຃ວາມເຂາ໇ົ ໃ຅ຑາສາ ຫ ອຽຌເຑໆຬກາຌສສໆ າຌຌຌ໇ັ ຎາສະ຅າກຆຄໆຶ ຃ວາມອ້຋າຄຫຼັກພາສາ (Grammar) ອູ້ ຃ວາມໝາຍ (Meaning) ແລະ ອູ້ວິທີໃຊູ້ (Usage) ຬຌັ ຌແ໇ ຫະ຅ະເຎັຌຎຈັ ໄ຅ເຍ໇ຬຄຉົ໇ຌ ເຑຬໆ ກາໟ ວໄຎສ້຃ວາມ ສໍາເລຈັ ຉາມ຅ຈຸ ຎະສຄົ ຈັຄກາໞ ວແລວ້ ຌຌ໇ັ ໜັຄສເຫັມ໇ ຌຂ໇ າໟ ຑະເ຅າ໇ົ ໄຈ້ແຎເອັຈຂຌ໇ ມາໂຈງເຌັ໇ຌເຊິໆຄ ຫັກຑາສາ (Grammar) ຃ວາມໝາງ (Meaning) ແລະ ວິ຋ໃຆ້ (Usage)ໄວ້ຢາ່ ຄລະຬຽຈລະຬໍ຋ຸກແຄ່຋ກຸ ມມຸ ກເໍໆ ຑຬໆ ໃຫເ້ ຎັຌຉາໍ ລາໄວຬ້ ໞາຌຎະກຬຍ ຃ຌ໇ົ ຃ວໟາເມຬໆ ຉໟຬຄກາຌຢາກອຫ້ ັກຑາສາ ຃ວາມໝາງ ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ຂຬຄ຃ໍາ ກມຸ່ ຃າໍ ໂ຃ຄສາໟ ຄ ຫອຍຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ຌັ ໅ ຑຬໟ ມກັຌຌເ໇ ມຬໆ ຅ົຍແຉ່ລະຍຈົ (Chapter) ກໍ຅ໆ ະມແຍຍເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຑໟຬມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍໄວ້຋ໟາງແຉລ່ ະຍຈົ ຆຶໆຄກໆແໍ ຌຌ່ ຬຌ ລະ ເມຬໆ ຌກັ ສຶກສາຏ້ໃຈມ຃ວາມເຂົ໇າໃ຅ຢາ່ ຄເລກເຆໆຄິ ໃຌຫັກເກຌຈັໆຄກໞາວມາຌ໇ແລວ້ ກໆໍ຅ະເຎັຌຑະລຄັ ຬຌັ ໜໆຶຄຆວໞ ງ ໃຫເ້ ອາົ ຎະສຍົ ຏຌົ ຃ວາມສໍາເລັຈໃຌຈໟາຌກາຌຬາໞ ຌເຑໆຬ຃ວາມເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ ຫກາຌອຽຌເຑຬໆ ກາຌຉຈິ ຉໆໍສສໆ າຌ ຉາມ຅ຸຈມຄຸ່ ໝາງຈັຄກໞາວແລວ້ ຌຌັ໇ ເຎັຌແຌ່ຌຬຌ ໜັຄສເຫ໇ັມຌ໇຅ະເໝາະຢາ່ ຄງໆຄິ ສໍາຫຍັ ຏອ້ ຽຌ (ຫຏ້ສຬຌ) ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈຉຄັ໇ ແຉ່ຆັ໇ຌມຈັ ຋ະງົມຉຬຌຎາງຂຌ໇ ໄຎເຊຄິໆ ລະຈັຍຬຈຸ ົມສກຶ ສາ ຃ວຌມໄວຬ້ າໞ ຌ຃໇ົຌ຃ວາໟ ເຑໆິມຉມຶໆ ໃຫ້ກັຍຫັກສຈ຋ກໆ າໍ ລັຄສກຶ ສາຢ່ ຂຬໍ ວງຑຬຌໃຫຏ້ ໃ້ ຆຉ້ ໍາລາເຫັ໇ມຌຎ໇ ະກຬຍກາຌອຽຌ຅ຄົ ຎະສຍົ ແຉ຃່ ວາມສໍາເລັຈ ຃ວາມ຅ະເລຌອຄຸ່ ເອຬຄ ໃຌກາຌສຶກສາຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ແລະ ຫາກ ‟຃ວາມດີ” ຂຬຄໜຄັ ສເຫັ໇ມຌ໇຅ະເຑຄິ ມຍໍ ຂໟາຑະເ຅ົາ໇ ຂຬໍ ະ຋ິຈໃຫກ້ ັຍ ຍຸຌ຃ຸຌຂຬຄ ‟ແມ່” ຋ໆລຽໟ ຄມາ຅ຌົ ໃຫງໂໞ ຉ ແລະຍຌຸ ຃ຌຸ ຂຬຄ ‟຃ບາຬາຈານ” ຋ສໆ ໆົຄ຃ວາມອມ້ າໃຫ້ ຍຌຸ ມາ ຬຌິ ຋ະວຄົ

ສາລະບຼັນ Chapter 1 : Grammar Review and Terminology………..………1 Grammar Review and Terminology (຋ົຍ຋ວຌໄວງາກຬຌ ແລະ ຬະ຋ຍິ າງສັຍສະເຑາະ)1 Part of speech ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? 2.Sentence ແມຌ່ ຫງັຄ? 3.຃າໍ ຫງັຄ຋ມໆ າເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກໄຈ້ 5 Verb ແລະ ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Verb 5. ຃າໍ ຫງຄັ ຋຅ໆ ະມາເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ Transitive Verb 6. ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Verb ຋ໆແຍ່ຄຉາມກາຌໃຆ້ 7 Chapter 2: Noun………………………………………………….12 Noun ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Noun 14, Material Noun ເມໆຬຉໟຬຄກາຌ຅ະອເ້ ຎັຌ຅ໍາ ຌວຌ ຫ ໜວໞ ງ15. Abstract Noun ມໂ຃ຄສໟາຄມາ຅າກໃສ?17, Noun –Equivalent (ຌາມສມົ ມຈ)ໄຈ຃້ ຫງຄັ ?18, Compound Noun ໄຈ຃້ ຌາມແຍຍໃຈ20. Countable and Uncountable Noun ໄຈ້຃ຌາມແຍຍ ໃຈ21. ກາຌເອຈັ ຌາມຌັຍຍໆໍໄຈ້ໃຫເ້ ຎັຌຌາມຌຍັ ໄຈ້ 22. ໜໟາ຋ຂໆ ຬຄຌາມ (Function of Noun)26. ແຍຍຍຈົ ເຐິກຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃ໍາຉຬຍຍຈົ ເຐກິ ຫຈັ 27. Chapter 3 : Number of Nouns………….………………………28 Number of Nouns ແມຌ່ ຫງັຄ?,28 ຫັກເກຌກາຌຎ່ຽຌຌາມເຬກະຑຈົ ໃຫເ້ ຎັຌຑະຫຸຑົຈ28-41. ແຍຍຍຈົ ເຐິກຫັຈຑຬໟ ມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍົຈເຐກິ ຫັຈ 41-42. Chapter 4 : Articles……………………………………………..43 Article ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Article 43. ຫກັ ເກຌກາຌໃຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາມ 43-49. ຫກັ ກາຌໃຆ້ the ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາມ 49-62. ຌາມຉໆໄໍ ຎຌຫ໇ າໟ ມໃຆ້ a, an, the ຌໍາໜໟາ 62-73. ແຍຍຍົຈເຐິກຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃ໍາຉຬຍຍົຈເຐິກຫຈັ 73-74. Chapter 5 : Pronouns…………………………………………...74 Pronouns ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Pronouns75. ໜໟາ຋ໆຂຬຄ Personal Pronoun 78. ກາຌໃຆ້ it ຑາກສມົ ຍຌ77. ກາຌໃຆ້ Subject Form ແລະ Object Form ຉາມຫຄັ Verb to be ແລະ຃ໍາ຋຃ໆ ໟາງ Verb to be 77-80. Possessive Pronoun ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ແລະ ວິ຋ໃຆ້ 81. Definite Pronoun ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ 83. Indefinite Pronoun ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້. Interrogative Pronoun ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ວິ຋ໃຆ້ 86.Relative Pronoun ແມ່ຌຫງັຄ? ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ 89. Reflexive Pronoun ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ວິ຋ໃຆ້ 90. Distributive Pronoun ແມຫ່ ງັຄ? ແລະ ວິ຋ໃຆ້ 90. ແຍຍຍົຈເຐິກຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃ໍາຉຬຍ 90-92. Chapter 6 : Verbs……………………………………………….93 Verb ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Verb 93. Transitive Verb ໄຈ້຃ Verb ແຍຍໃຈ93. ຃ໍາຫງຄັ ຋຅ໆ ະມາເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາມະາຂາຈໄຈ້ 94. ຃ໍາກໍາມະຂາຈເມຬໆ ມກາໍ ມາອັຍແລ້ວໄຈເ້ ຌ໇ຬ຃ວາມ ສມົ ຍຌ຋ກຸ ໂຉຍໍແໆ ມຌ່ ຫ ຍໍ? 95. Intransitive verb ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ໄຈ຃້ ຃ໍາກໍາມະແຍຍໃຈ 96. Finite verb ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? 97.Non-Finite verb ແມ່ຌຫງັຄ? 97. Auxiliary verb ແມຌ່ ຫງັຄ? ມ຅ັກໂຉໄຈແ້ ກຫ່ ງຄັ ? 98. ໂ຃ຄສາໟ ຄຫງ໇ໍຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ມະ 24 ໂຉ ກຍັ ສັຍຑະຌາມ 99. ໂ຃ຄສາໟ ຄຫງໍຂ໇ ຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ມະ 24 ໂຉເຂົາ໇ ກັຍ not 100 . ໜາໟ ຋ໆຂຬຄ Verb to be102. ໜໟາ຋ໆຂຬຄ Verb to have 105. ກາຌໃຆ້ have to, have got to , had better 107. ໜໟາ຋ຂໆ ຬຄ Verb to do 111. ກາຌໃຆ້ will, would, shall, should 114. ກາຌໃຆ້ can 115. ກາຌ ໃຆ້ could115. ໜາໟ ຋ຂໆ ຬຄ may, might 117. ກາຌໃຆ້ must 118. ກາຌໃຆ້ need 120. ກາຌໃຆ້ dare

121.ກາຌໃຆ້ ought to 122. ກາຌໃຆ້ used to 123. ແຍຍຍົຈເຐກິ ຫັຈຑຬໟ ມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍແຍຍຍຈົ ເຐກິ ຫຈັ 123- 124. Chapter 7 : Adverbs……….………………………………….125 Adverb ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ມໄວເ້ ຑຬໆ ຫງຄັ ? 126. ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Adverb 127. Adverb of Time (ຍຬກເວລາ) 127. Adverb of Duration (ຍຬກໄລງະເວລາ) 128. Adverb of place (ຍຬກ ສະຊາຌ຋)ໆ 129. Adverb ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ມໆ າຂະຫງາງຑຬໟ ມກຌັ ຉ໇ຄັ ແຉ່ 2 ໂຉຂ໇ຌໄຎ຅ະຎະໜາໟ -ຫັຄກຌັ ຢາ່ ຄໃຈ 130. Adverb of Frequency (ຍຬກ຃ວາມຊໆ) ຑໟຬມ຋ຄັ ຆະຌຈິ ແລະ ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້132. ຉາໍ ແໜຄ່ ຂຬຄ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາ, ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ, ແລະ ຍຬກ຃ວາຊເໆ ມຬໆ ມາຂະຫງາງຑໟຬມກັຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກຈຽວ133-135. Adverb of Manner (ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌ) 135-. ຉໍາແໜຄ່ Adverb ຍຬກ຃ໍາກາໍ ມະຬາກາຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກ 135-136. ເມຬໆ Adverb ຍຬກເວລາ, ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋ໆ, ຍຬກ຃ວາມຊໆ ແລະ ຍຬກກລິ ງິ າຬາກາຌມາຂະຫງາງ ຑໟຬມກັຌ຅ະມຫກັ ກາຌຂຬຄໜໟາ-ຫຄັ ຢ່າຄໃຈ?137. Adverb of Quantity (ຍຬກຎະລມິ າຌຫາງ-ໜໟຬງ)138. Adverb o Affirmation or Negation (ຍຬກກາຌກາໞ ວອຍັ ຫ ເວາົ໇ ຎະຉິເສຈ)139. Adverb of Exclamation (ຍຬກຬຸ຋າຌ)139-141. ແຍຍເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃ໍາຉຬຍ141. Interrogative Adverb ແມ່ຌ ຫງັຄ? ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກເຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ 141. Adverb of Time (ຊາມເວລາ)142. Adverb of place (ຊາມ ສະຊາຌ຋ໆ)142. Adverb of Frequency (ຊາມ຃ວາມຊໆ)142. Adverb of Manner (ຊາມ຃ໍາກາໍ ມະ ຬາກາຌ)142. Adverb of Quantity (ຊາມຎະລມິ າຌຫາງ-ໜຬໟ ງ)143, Reason (ຊາມເຫຈຏົຌ)143. ແຍຍ ຍຈົ ເຐິກຫຈັ ຑໟຬມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຍົຈເຐິກຫັຈ143. Conjunctive Adverb ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Conjunctive Adverb144. Conjunctive Adverb of Time(ສຌັ ຋າຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາມຍຬກເວລາ). Place (ຍຬກສະຊາຌ຋)ໆ 145, Frequency (ຍຬກ຃ວາມຊໆ), Manner (຃າໍ ກໍາມະຬາກາຌ)145. Quantity (ຍຬກ ຎະລິມາຌ), Reason (ຍຬກເຫຈຏົຌ)146.ແຍຍຍົຈເຐິກຫັຈ146. ໂ຃ຄສາໟ ຄ຃ໍາສຍັ ຫ ແຫຄໆ ກໍາເຌິຈຂຬຄ Adverb148. Adverb ແລະ Adjective ມໂ຃ຄສາໟ ຄເໝຬຌກຌັ 150. ແຍຍຍົຈເຐິກຫັຈຑໟຬມ຃ໍາຉຬຍ 151.Adverbial particle ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Adverbial particle 151-153. ຉໍາແໜ່ຄຂຬຄ Adverbial particle153. Two-Word Verb of Separable and Inseparable156. ແຍຍຍົຈເຐິກຫັຈ ຑຬໟ ມ຃າໍ ຉຬຍ . Chapter 8 : Adjective………………………………………….156 Adjective ແມຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ຫັກເກຌກາຌໃຆຂ້ ະຫງາງຌາມເຎັຌຢາ່ ຄໃຈ?158. ຂ໇ງໍ ກົ ເວັຌ໇ ກາຌ ໃຆ້ Adjective ຍາຄໂຉເມໆຬໄຎຂະຫງາງຌາມ161. ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Adjective162. ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາມຍຬກສັຌຆາຈ 162. ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາມຍຬກຎະລມິ າຌ163, ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາມຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌແຌ່ຌຬຌ163. ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາມຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌັຍລໍາ ຈຍັ ຋1ໆ 63. ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາມຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌ຋ະວິຂຬຄຌາມ164. ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາມຍຬກເ຅໇ົາຂຬຄ164. ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາມແຍ່ຄແງກ 165. ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາມເຌຌ໇ັ ຃ວາມ165. ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາມຍຬກຬ຋າຌ 165. ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາມຍຬກສາໍ ຑຌັ 165. ແຍຍເຐິກຫັຈ ຑໟຬມ຃ໍາຉຬຍ165-166. Adjective-Equivalent ແມ່ຌຫງຄັ ? ແລະ ໄຈ຃້ ຃າໍ ຆະຌິຈໃຈ?168. ເມໆຬ Adjective ຫາງຆະຌິຈມາຂະຫງາງຌາມຑໟຬມກັຌ຅ະມວິ຋ຎະໄວໜ້ າໟ -ຫັຄຢ່າຄໃຈ?178-185. ກາຌໃຆ້ all ແລະ both ເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາມ Adjective ໄຎຂະຫງາງ Pronoun170. ແຍຍເຐກິ ຫຈັ ຑຬໟ ມ຃ໍາຉຬຍ171.

Chapter I Grammar Review and Terminoloy ຋຺ຍ຋ວຌແວງາກຬຌ ຾ລະ ຬະ຋ິຍາງ຃າໍ ສຍັ ສະຽຑາະ ຊາຓ : Part of Speech ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຃ຫື ງຄັ ? ຉຬຍ : Part of Speech ຾ຎວາໞ “ສວໞ ຌ຾ຫຄ່ ຃ໍາຽວາໄ຺ ” ຫຼົຶ “ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ຽວໄາ຺ ” ຃ໍາຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ຋ກຸ ຃ໍາ຋ໃຽອ຺າຂຼຌ ຫືົ ຽວາໄ຺ ດ຋ູ່ ກຸ ຓຌືໄ ຅ໄ ະຉໟຬຄຽຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌເຈສໞວຌໜຶໃຄຼ ຂຬຄ Part of Speech ຋ຄັ ຌັຌໄ ຅ະໜຑຌ຺ໄ ແຎຍໃໍແຈ້ Part of Speech ຾ຍຄ່ ຬຬກຽຎັຌ 8 ຆະຌິຈແຈ຃້ ື: 1. Noun ຃ໍາຌາຓ 2. Pronoun ຃າໍ ແ຋ຌຌາຓ 3. Verb ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ 4. Adverb ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິເສຈ 5. Adjective ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ 6. Preposition ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓ 7. Conjunction ຃າໍ ຉໆໍ 8. Interjection ຃າໍ ຬຸ຋າຌ ຅ະຂຬໍ ະ຋ິຍາງໃຫ້ອໂ້ ຈງຈຄັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ:໇ 1.Noun ຾ຎວໞາ ຆືໃ ແຈ້຃ື “຃ໍາ຋ຽໃ ອ຺າເຆ້ອຼກຆ,ໃື ຃຺ຌ, ສັຈ, ສິໃຄຂຬຄ, ສຄິໃ ຂຬຄ, ສະຊາຌ຋,ໃ ຃ຌຸ ສ຺ຓ ຍຈັ ຫືົ ຃ຸຌ຃າໞ ຉາໞ ຄໂ” ຽຆັຌໃ : ຃ຌົ : Reagan, Somsack, Wilai, Sulaiman ສັຈ : Cat, Monkey, Elephant, Snake ສຄໆິ ຂຬຄ : Desk, Chair, Radio, Pencil, ສະຊາຌ຋ : Office, Town, School, Club ຃ຌຸ ສົຓຍັຈ ຫ ຃ຸຌ຃ໞາ : Truth, Wisdom, Goodness 2.2 Pronoun ຾ຎວໞາ “຃ໍາ຾຋ຌຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “຃າໍ ຋ໃເຆ້຾຋ຌ Noun ຫົື ຽວາ຺ໄ ຄາໞ ງໂ ກ຃ໍໃ ືເຆ້ ຾຋ຌຆືໃ ຃ຌ຺ , ສຈັ , ສຄິໃ ຂຬຄ, ສະຊາຌ຋ໃ, ຫືົ ຃ຌຸ ຃ໞາຉາໞ ຄໂຉາຓ຋ຽໃ ວ຺າໄ ຓາ຾ລວ້ ຌໄັຌ຋ັຄຌຽໄ ຑຬໃື ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຍເໍ ຫ້ຽວໄ຺າຆາໄໍ ກຌັ ຫົື ຽວ຺ໄາຫາົ ງຽ຋ໃຬື ຽຊິຄໃ ຆື,ໃ ຃ຌ຺ , ສຈັ , ຽຎຌັ ຉໄ຺ຌຌຌັໄ ຬຌັ ຅ະຽຎຌັ ຽຫຈຽອັຈ ເຫກ້ າຌຒັຄຍຓໍ ໞວຌຫ”ຸ Pronoun ແຈ້຾ກ່຃ໍາຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄ I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Who, These, Each, One ເຎັຌຉຌົ໇ ຌຬກ຅າກຌ໇ Pronoun ງຄັ ແຍ່ຄ ຬຬກໄຎໄຈ້ຬກເຎັຌ 2 ຑຈົ 3 ຍຸອຸຈ 8 ຆະຌິຈ ຆິຄໆ ຅ະໄຈ້ເວ໇າົ ໃຫ້ລະຬຽຈຬກເຓໆຬເຊຄິ ຍົຈ Pronoun 3.3 Verb ຾ຎວາໞ “຃ໍາກໍາຓະ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “຃າໍ ຫືົ ກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ຋ໃຽຎັຌກາຌສະ຾ຈຄຬຬກຂຬຄຎະ຋າຌ ຫືົ ສະ຾ຈຄຑາວະ(being ຂຬຄຎະ຋າຌ” ຈໃັຄຌຌັໄ ຃ໍາ຋ໃຽອາ຺ ຓກັ ແຈງ້ ິຌດຉູ່ ະຫຬົ ຈວໞາ Predicate of the Sentence ຌຌໄັ ຍາຄຽ຋ຬໃື ຬາຈຽຎັຌ Verb ຉວ຺ ຈຼວກແໍໃ ຈ້ ຫຶຼົ Verb ຍວກກຍັ ຃ໍາຬໄຌື ໂ ກໍໃແຈ້ຽຑືໃຬ ຆໞວງຽອັຈເຫ້ຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌໄັ ຓ຃ວາຓສ຺ຓຍູຌຂໄືຌແຈ຃້ ື is, have, do, read, wash, will have been seen, etc.ຽຬຌໃ ຃ໍາຽຫົ຺ໃາວໞາ Verb ຽ຋ໃາ຺ ຌຌໄັ . 1

4.4 Adverb ແຎວໞາ “຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວິຽສຈ” (ຍາຄຬາ຅າຌກໆເໍ ຬ໇ຌວາໞ ຃າໍ ວິເສຈ) ໝາງເຊຄິ “຃າໍ ຋ແໃ ຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃ ຂະຫງາງ Verb , ຂະຫງາງ Adjective ຾ລະ ຂະຫງາງ Adverb ກຌັ ຽຬຄກໍແໃ ຈ້ ຽຑຬໃື ເຫ້ຽຌຬືໄ ຃ວາຓຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກຌຌໄັ ໂຆຈັ ຽ຅ຌງິຄໃ ຂໄຌື ” ໄຈ຃້ : Well (ຈ) Slowly (ດ່າຄຆາໟ ) hard (ລໍາຍາກ, ໜກັ ) soon (ໃຌຍໆໍຆາໟ ) ເຎຌັ ຉົ໇ຌ 5.5 Adjective ແຎວາໞ “຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ” ໄຈ຃້ “຃ໍາ ຫົື ກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ຋ຆໃ ວໞ ງຽອຈັ ເຫ້ Noun ຫືົ Pronoun ຓ ຃ວາຓໝາງຫາົ ງຂໄືຌ ຫົື ຆຈັ ຽ຅ຌຂຌືໄ ” ເຆໆັຌ: Higher income (ລາງໄຈສ້ ຄຂຌ໇ ) Net price (ລາ຃າຂາຈຉົວ) A beautiful girl is wanted by everyone ຏງ້ ິຄສວງເຎັຌ຋ຉໆ ໟຬຄກາຌຂຬຄ຋ກຸ ຃ຌົ ເຎັຌຉົຌ໇ 6.6 Preposition ແຎວາໞ “຃ໍາຽຆຬໃື ຓ” ຃ “຃າໍ ຋ເໃ ຆ້ຽຆຬໃື ຓ Noun ຫົື Pronoun ຽຂາໄ຺ ກຍັ ຃າໍ ຬໃຌື ໂ຋ດໃ ເູ່ ຌ ຎະຽ຋ຈ຋ຄັ ຌໄຽຑຬືໃ ເຫເ້ ຅຃ວາຓຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກສວງຄາຓຂໄືຌ” ໄຈ຃້ : In , on , at , by , from, toward, into, etc ເຆຌໆັ : Jane is in the office. ເ຅ຌດໃ່ ຌຫຬໟ ຄກາຌ We are from England by plan ເອາົ ຓາ຅າກຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກິຈໂຈງ຋າຄເ຃ໆຬຄຍິຌ 7:7 Conjunction ແຎວໞາ “຃ໍາຉໍໃ” ຃ “຃າໍ ຋ເໃ ຆ້ຽຆືຬໃ ຓ຃ໍາຉໍໃ຃າໍ (Words, ວະລ (Phrase, ຫົື ຎະ຿ຫງກ (Clauses) ຉາໞ ຄໂ ເຫ້ຽຆຬໃື ຓ຿ງຄຽຆໃຄິ ກັຌ ຾ລະ ກັຌ” ໄຈ຃້ And, or, but, nor, since, although, while, ເຆັໆຌ: He plays but I learn. ລາວຏ້ຆາງຫຌ໇ ແຉ່ຂຬໟ ງອຽຌ 8.8 Interjection ແຎວາໞ “຃າໍ ຬ຋ຸ າຌ” ຃ “຃ໍາ຋ໃຽອາ຺ ຽວ຺າໄ ຬຬກຓາຉາຓຬາລ຺ຓ ຫຼຶົ ຃ວາຓອສູ້ ຶຼກຉາໞ ຄໂ ຋ໃຽກຈິ ຂຌໄື ຓາ຅າກ຅ຈິ ເ຅ຽຆຄໃິ ຅ະຬຸ຋າຌຬຬກຓາຽຎັຌ຃ໍາຈຼວກໍໃແຈ້ ຫົື ຽຎຌັ ຎະ຿ຫງກກໃໍແຈ້” ເຆຌັໆ : Ah! ຬາໟ , Nonsense! ຍໍແໆ ຓ່ຌ What a sad thing it is! ຓັຌເຎຌັ ສໆິຄ຋ໆເສ໇າົ ໃ຅ແ຋໅້ ຬຌັ ໜຄໆ ຃ວາຓລະຬຽຈແຉລ່ ະຫົວຂໍຂ໇ ຬຄ Part of Speech ຌ຅໇ ະໄຈ້ຬະ຋ຍິ າງໃຌຍຈົ ຉ໅ໍໆ ໄຎຂໃ໇ໍ ຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາ ຉິຈຉາຓຉໆໄໍ ຎດ່າຒ້າວຂ຃໇ າໟ ຌເລງ ເຑໆຬໃຫ຃້ ວາຓອສ້ ກ ຫ ຃ວາຓ຃ຈິ ຋ໆຓດໃ່ ຌວາໞ “ອຽຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກຈິ ຓາແລວ້ ຍ຃ໍໆ ໞຬງ ເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ເລງ” ໝຈົ ໄຎເລງ ເຓໆຬໄຈ້ຬໞາຌໜັຄສເຫ໇ັຓຌ໇. Sentences ຊາຓ : Sentences ຃ືຫງຄັ ? ຉຬຍ : Sentences ແຎວາໞ “ຎະ຿ຫງກ” ໝາງເຊິຄ “຃ໍາ ຫືົ ກ່ຓຸ ຃າໍ ຋ຽໃ ວ຺ໄາ ຫືົ ຂຼຌຬຬກແຎ຾ລວ້ ຓ຃ວາຓສ຺ຓ ຍຌຸ ຽຌໄືຬ຃ວາຓຆັຈຽ຅ຌຒັຄຽຂາ຺ໄ ເ຅ແຈ”້ ຈັໆຄຌັ໇ຌເຓຬໆ ເວ໇າົ ເຊຄິ (Sentence) ກຉໆໍ ຬໟ ຄເວາ໇ົ ເຊຄິໆ ສວໞ ຌຎະກຬຍຂຬຄ ຎະໂຫງກຌໍາ ເຑາະຎະໂຫງກຌັ໇ຌ຅ະຓໃ຅຃ວາຓສຓົ ຍຌ ຫ ຆັຈເ຅ຌຂ໇ຌຉຬໟ ຄຬາໄສສໞວຌຎະກຬຍເຂ໇ົາຓາຆໞວງຫາກ ຍກໍໆ ໆໍ຅ະເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຂ໇ຌຓາຍໍໆໄຈເ້ ຑາະສະຌັ໇ຌສໞວຌຎະກຬຍຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກໜຄໆ ໅ກແໍໆ ງກໄຈຈ້ ັຄໆ ຌ໇: ອູຍ຾ຍຍ຋ໃ 1: ຑາກຎະ຋າຌ + ຑາກຂະຫງາງ (Subject) + Predicate) Subject Verb Birds fly. ຌົກຍຌິ Tim and Tom are good students. ຋ິຓ ແລະ ຋ຬຓ ເຎັຌຌກັ ສກສາດ຋່ ໆຌ໇ 2

They have not been here long time. ຑວກເຂົາ ຍໆໍໄຈດ້ ່຋ຌໆ ຌັ໇ ຈຌົ ແລ້ວ The door in his room is broken. ຎະຉດ່ໃຌຫຬໟ ຄຂຬຄຑວກເຂາົ ຫກັ ໜຄໆ ຎະໂຫງກຬາຈຓສະເຑາະແຉຑ່ າກຂະຫງາງ ຫ ສໞວຌຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະກໄໍໆ ຈ້ໂຈງລະຑາກຎະ຋າຌເຬົາ ໄວ້ໃຌຊາຌ຋ເໆ ຂາົ໇ ໃ຅ກຌັ ແລວ້ (ສໞວຌຫາງຌງິ ົຓໃຆກ້ ັຍຎະໂຫງກ຃າໍ ສໆັຄ) ເຆຌໆັ : (You) Sit down, please. ກະລຌຸ າຌັໆຄລົຄໄຈ້ (You) Don’t Smoke in the bus ຫໟາຓສຍດາດ່ເ຋ິຄລຈົ ເຓ ອູຍ຾ຍຍ຋ 2 ຑາກຎະ຋າຌ ຑາກຂະຫງາງ Subject Verb + Object The poor need food and clothes. ຃ົຌ຋ກຸ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຬາຫາຌ ແລະ ເສຬ໇ ຏໟາ We want to see the president. ຑວກເອົາ ຉໟຬຄກາຌຑຍົ ຎະ຋າຌາ຋ິຍຈໍ ອູຍ຾ຍຍ຋ 3 ຑາກຎະ຋າຌ ຑາກຂະຫງາງ Complement Subject Verb + Object + reading a book I saw him ຂໟຬງ ເຫຌັ ເຂົາກາໍ ລັຄຬໞາຌໜັຄສດ່ The policeman shot the thief running into the house ຉໍາຫວຈ ງຄິ ຏ້ອາໟ ງ຋ໆກໍາລຄັ ແລ່ຌເຂ໇າົ ໄຎຑາງໃຌເອຬຌ His father made him happy. ຑຂໆໍ ຬຄລາວຏຆ້ າງ ເອຈັ ໃຫເ້ ຂາົ ຓ຃ວາຓສກຸ ຊາຓ : ຽຓືຬໃ ຎະ຿ຫງກຉໟຬຄຎະກຬຍຓຎະ຋າຌ ຾ລະ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຉະຫົຬຈແຎ຾ຍຍຌດໄ າກອ້ວູ າໞ ຃າໍ ຫງຄັ ຋ໃ຅ະຓາຽຎັຌຎະ຋າຌເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້? ຉຬຍ : ຉາຓ຋ໍາຓະຈາ຋຺ໃວແຎ຾ລວ້ ຃າໍ ຋ໃ຅ະຓາຽຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌ(Subject)ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈຌ້ ໄັຌແຈ້຃ື ຃ໍາ 7 ຅າໍ ຑວກຈໃັຄຉໃໍແຎຌໄ. 1.Noun ຋ກຸ ຆະຌຈິ ຽຆັໃຌ That bird flies high ຌກົ ໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ຍຌິ ສຄ The fire has been out for a long time. ໄຒໄຈ້ຓຬຈໄຎຈຌົ ແລວ້ A car must be insured. ລົຈເກຄ຅ະຉໟຬຄເອັຈຎະກັຌໄຑໄວ້ແລວ້ 2.Pronoun ຋ກຸ ຍຸອຈຸ ຽຆັຌໃ I am the first student to go to school. ຂຬໟ ງເຎຌັ ຌກັ ສກສາ຃ຌົ ຋ໍາຬຈິ ຋ໆໄຎໂອຄອຽຌ You should do it by yourself. ເ຅໇າົ ຃ວຌ຅ະເອັຈຓັຌຈວໟ ງຉົວເຬຄ 3

They worked with this company two years ago. ຑວກເຂາົ ໄຈ້ເອັຈວຽກດກ່ ຍັ ຍລໍ ິສຈັ ຌເ໇ ຓໆຬ 2 ຎຓາແລ້ວ 3.Adjective (຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓ) ຋ໃຌໍາຓາເຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ຽຆໃຌັ The brave should be praised. ຏກ້ ໟາຫາຌ຋ຄັ ຫາງ຃ວຌ຅ະໄຈ້ອັຍກາຌງົກງຬໞ ຄ The poor are very happy to win the lottery. ຑວກ຃ົຌ຅ົຌຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ຋ຊໆ ກຫວງ ໝາງຽຫຈ: Adjective ຋ໆຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ດ່າຄຌາຓຉຬໟ ຄຓ The ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຉະຫຬຈໄຎ ແລະ ຊເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ົຈຈັໆຄຌ໇ຌັ Verb ຅ຄໆ ໃຆອ້ ຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ 4.Infinite (຃ໍາກາໍ ຓຑາວະຓາລາແຈ້຃ື To+Verb1) ຽຆໃຌັ To walk, To give, To read etc. ຌາຓາ ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ ຽຆັຌໃ To walk in the morning is good for health. ກາຌງໞາຄໃຌຉຬຌເຆາ໇ົ ເອັຈໃຫສ້ ຸຂະຑາຍຈ To give hospitality to a neighbor is what I want. ກາຌໃຫ້຃ວາຓເຎັຌຓຈິ ແກ່ເຑໆຬຌຍໟາຌເຎັຌສຄິໆ ຋ໆຂໟຬງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌ 5.Gerund (ກໍາຓະຌາຓ ຫົື Verbal noun ແຈ຃້ ື Verb 1 ຉຼຶຓໃ ing) ຽຆຌໃັ Reading, Drinking, Walking etcຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ຽຆຌໃັ Reading makes a full man ກາຌຬາໞ ຌເອຈັ ໃຫ຃້ ຌົ ເຎັຌ຃ົຌດ່າຄສຓົ ຍຌໄຈ້ (Bacon ເວ໇ົາ) Drinking much whisky is bad for health. ກາຌຈໆຓເຫາົ໇ ຫາງເອັຈໃຫສ້ ຸຂະຑາຍຍໍໆຈ Walking is a good exercise. ກາຌງາໞ ຄເຎຌັ ກາຌຬຬກກາໍ ລັຄກາງ຋ໆຈ (Reading, Drinking ແລະ Walking ເຎຌັ Subject ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 3) 6.Phrase (ວະລ຋ຸກຆະຌຈິ ) ຌໍາຓາເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ຽຆຌໃັ What to say is not heard ເວາົ໇ ຫງຄັ ຌະຍໄໆໍ ຈງ້ ຌິ ເລງ. How to boil water is easy ວິ຋ຉ໇ົຓຌ໇ໍາເຎຌັ ຂຬຄຄໞາງ (What to say ແລະ how to boil water ເຎັຌ Subject ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ ຋ັຄ 2) 7.Clause (ຎະ຿ຫງກ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ຽຆຌໃັ What she is doing seems very difficult. ສຄໆິ ຋ໆລາວຏ້ງິຄກໍາລັຄເອຈັ ດ່ເຍໆິຄເໝຬຌງາກຫາງ Where they slept last night is not known. ຑວກເຂາົ ຌຬຌຫລັຍດໃ່ ສ຃ຌ຋ໆຏໞາຌຓາຍໆໍຓໃຏອ້ໄຈ້ (What she is doing ແລະ Where they slept last night ເຎຌັ Subject ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 2) 4

Verbs ຉາຓ຋ໄໆ ຈ້ເວາ໇ົ ໄວ້ແລວ້ ວໞາ Sentence ຫ ຎະໂຫງກຌັຌ໇ ຎະກຬຍສໞວຌສໍາ຃ັຌດ່ 2 ດາ່ ຄ຃ ຑາກຎະ຋າຌ ແລະ ຑາກ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ ຫ ຑາກຂະຫງາງ ຑາກຎະ຋າຌໄຈ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງໃຫເ້ ຫັຌແລ້ວວໞາໄຈ຃້ ຫງັຄຉະຫຬຈເຊິຄຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ຋ໆ຅ະຓາເຎັຌ Subject ໄຈ້ ຈຄໆັ ຌັ໇ຌ ຅ະໄຈ້ເວົ໇າເຊຄິ ຑາກຂະຫງາງ ຫ ສໞວຌຂຬຄ Verb (຃ໍາກໍາຓະ) ຬັຌຊໄຈ້ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ຬຄົ ຎະກຬຍ຋ສໆ າໍ ຃ຌັ ຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກກຬໞ ຌເຆຄິໆ ແຉລ່ ະຎະໂຫງກກ຅ໆໍ ະຂາຈຍໍໄໆ ຈ້ຂໍໃຫ້ຌັກສກສາຉິຈຉາຓຉໍໆໄຎຌ໇ Kinds of Verbs (ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ) ຊາຓ : Verbs ເຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ັກຆະຌຈິ ຃ຫື ງັຄ? ຉຬຍ:Verbs ເຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈຊາໟ ຾ຍ່ຄຽຎຌັ ຆະຌຈິ ຾ລວ້ ຓດູ່ 2 ຆະຌຈິ ຃ື 1.Transitive Verb (຃ໍາກໍາຓະຂາຈ) “Verb ຋ໃຉຬໟ ຄຓຉວ຺ Object (ກໍາ)ຓາອຍັ ກຬໞ ຌ຾ລວ້ ຽຌຬໄື ຃ວາຓຂຬຄ Verb ຉ຺ວຌໄຌັ ຅ໃຼຄຶ ຅ະສ຺ຓຍຌູ ຒັຄຆັຈຽ຅ຌຂືໄຌ” ເຆໆຌັ He killed a snake. ລາວຏ້ຆາງໄຈຂ້ ໟາງູ I sent a parcel to him. ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ສໆຫົ ໆໍຂຬຄໄຎໃຫ້ລາວຏຆ້ າງ 2.Intransitive Verb (຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຃ຍົ ) ໄຈ້຃ “Verb ຋ຓເ຅຃ວາຓ ຫືົ ຽຌືຬໄ ຃ວາຓສຓ຺ ຍູຌດູ່ເຌຉວ຺ ຽຬຄ຾ລ້ວຽວລາຽວາ຺ໄ ຫືົ ຂຼຌຍໍໃຉໟຬຄຓ຿ຉ Object ຓາອັຍຽໝຬື ຌຂໍ຋ໍາຬຈິ ” ເຆໆຌັ A small boy walks slowly. ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງງໞາຄຆໟາ Those foreigners slept happily ຆາວຉໞາຄຎະເ຋ຈເຫາໆົ ຌຌັ໇ ຌຬຌຫລັຍດາ່ ຄຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ (Walked ແລະ Slept ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຃ົຍຍໍຉຬໟ ຄຓກໍາຓາອັຍ) ຊາຓ : ຽຓືໃຬກຌໄ ຽໄ ຫຌັ ຽວາໄ຺ ວາໞ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຂາຈ(Transitive Verb) ຽວລາຽວາໄ຺ ຫົື ຂຼຌຉໟຬຄຓກໍາ (Object) ຓາອຍັ ຅ຶໃຄຼ ຅ະຽອຈັ ເຫ້຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຂາຈ຿ຉຌຌັໄ ແຈຽ້ ຌຬໄື ຃ວາຓສຓ຺ ຍຌູ ຂອໍ ວູ້ ໞາຓ຃ໍາຫງັຄ຾ຈຍ່ ໍ຋ໃ ຅ະຓາຽຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຂາຈແຈ?້ ຉຬຍ : ຃ໍາ຋ໃ຅ະຓາຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ກໍາ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຂາຈແຈ້ຌຌໄັ ແຈ຾້ ກ຃່ າໍ ຉແໍໃ ຎຌ຃ໄ ື: 1.Noun ຋ຸກຆະຌຈິ ຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ Object ແຈຽ້ ຆຌັໃ Somari bought a mango this morning. ສຓົ ສຆໝ໇ າກຓວໞ ຄໜໆຄຓເ໇ ຆົ໇າຌ໇ They play football everyday after school. ຑວກເຂາົ ຫຌ໇ ໝາກຍາຌ຋ຸກຓຫ໇ ັຄ຅າກເລິກໂອຄອຽຌ (mango ແລະ football ເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ bought ແລະ play) 2.Pronoun ເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Object ແຈຽ້ ຆໃັຌ She does not know me well. ລາວຏງ້ ິຄຍອໍ ້຅ກັ ຂຬໟ ງຈຑໍ I will tell him if meet him. ຂໟຬງ຅ະຍຬກເຂົາໃຫຊ້ ໟາຂໟຬງຑົຍລາວຏ້ຆາງ (me ແລະ him ເຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ know, tell ແລະ meet) 3.Adjective (຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ຋ໃເຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແຈ້ຽຆໃຌັ Good people like to help the poor. 5

຃ຌົ ຈ຋ັຄຫາງຓັກຆວໞ ງເຫຬ຃ົຌງາກ຅ຌົ We need the brave to defend our country. ຑວກເອາົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌ຃ຌົ ກໟາຫາຌໄວ້ຎຬ້ ຄກັຌຎະເ຋ຈຆາຈຂຬຄເອາົ (Poor ແລະ brave ເຎຌັ Adjective ແຉຌ່ າໍ ຓາໃຆດ້ ່າຄຌາຓ ແລະ ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະໄຈ້ helpl ແລະ need) 4.Infinitive ( To +Verb ຆໞຬຄ1) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະແຈ້ ຽຆຌັໃ My brother wants to study French. ຌໟຬຄຆາງຂຬຄຂໟຬງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌອຽຌຑາສາຐອັຄ A student is learning to speak English. ຌກັ ອຽຌ຃ົຌໜຄໆ ກາໍ ລັຄອຽຌເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກຈິ (to study ແລະ to speak ເຎັຌ Infinitive ແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະໄຈ້ wants ແລະ learning) 5.Gerund (Verb ຉໃຶຼຓ ing) ຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ I wish having a new friend with me here. ຂໟຬງດາກໃຫເ້ ຑຬໆ ຌໃໝ່຅ກັ ຃ົຌດ່ກຍັ ຂໟຬງຍໞຬຌຌ໇ That old man likes smoking alone. ຏເ້ ຊາົ໇ ຃ົຌຌັ໇ຌຓກັ ສຍດາດຉ່ າຓລຑໍ ັຄ (having ແລະ Smoking ເຎຌັ Gerund ແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ wish ແລະ likes) 6.Phrase (ວະລ) ຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແຈ້ຽຆໃັຌ Her sister does not know how to use the telephone. ຌໟຬຄສາວຂຬຄລາວຏງ້ ິຄຍໆໍອ຅້ ກັ ວິ຋ໂ຋ລະສຍັ I do not know what to say to him. ຂຬໟ ງຍອໍໆ ວ້ ໞາ຅ະເວົ໇າຫງຄັ ກຍັ ເຂົາ (how to use ແລະ what to say ເຎັຌວະລແຉຫ່ າກຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ know ກັຌ຋ັຄ຃່) 7.Clause (ຎະ຿ຫງກ) ຌາຓາເຆ້ຽອັຈໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈຽ້ ຆຌໃັ My friend wants to know what I am doing here. ເຑໆຬຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງດາກອ້ວາໞ ຂໟຬງກາໍ ລຄັ ເອຈັ ຫງຄັ ດຍ່ ຬໞ ຌຌ໇. She does not understand how I can arrive here. ລາວຏ້ງຄິ ຍໍໆເຂົາ໇ ໃ຅ວາໞ ຂໟຬງຓາເຊິຄຍຬໞ ຌຌໄ໇ ຈ້ດ່າຄໃຈ. (what I am doing here ແລະ how I can arrive here ເຎັຌ Clause ແຉ່ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອັຈໜໟາ຋ເຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ know ແລະ understand) ຆະຌຈິ ຂຬຄ Verb ຋ໃ຾ຍຄ່ ຉາຓກາຌເຆ້ ຊາຓ : ຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Verb ຌຬກ຅າກ຋ໃ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ 2 ໝວຈຉາຓ຋ແໃ ຈຽ້ ວໄາ຺ ຓາ຾ລ້ວງັຄ຾ຍຄ່ ຽຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌງຬໞ ງຬຬກແຎແຈຬ້ ກຉາຓລັກສະຌະກາຌເຆແ້ ຈ້ ຫືົ ຍໍ ຂເໍ ຫ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງ? ຉຬຍ : Verb ຌຬກ຅າກ຅ະແຍ່ຄຬຬກເຎຌັ ຆະຌິຈໃຫງ໅ໞ ໄຈ້ 2 ໝວຈແລວ້ ງຄັ ແຍ່ຄຬຬກເຎຌັ ສໞວຌງໞຬງໄຈຬ້ ກ ຉາຓອຍແຍຍ ຫ ລກັ ສະຌະກາຌໃຆໄ້ ຈ້ 14 ດາ່ ຄ຃: 6

1.Principal Verb (຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະເຫງ,ໞ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຫກັົ ຫືົ ຍາຄຽ຋ືໃຬຬາຈຽຬໄຌ Main Verb ຍໍ Finite Verb ຍໍ ກໍງໃ ຬໞ ຓແຈຽ້ ຑາະຊືວໞາຬຌັ ຈຼວກຌັ ) ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກໜໃຄຼຶ ໂ Principal Verb ຅ະຓແຈຑ້ ຼຄຉ຺ວ ຈຼວຽ຋຺າໃ ຌຌໄັ ຽຆຌັໃ : He read a book in the room. ລາວຏຆ້ າງຬໞາຌໜຄັ ສດໃ່ ຌຫໟຬຄ You walked slowly to school. ເ຅ົາ໇ ງໞາຄໄຎໂອຄອຽຌຆາໟ ໅ She is singing in the club. ລາວຏງ້ ຄິ ກໍາລຄັ ອຬໟ ຄເຑຄດ຋່ ໆສະໂຓສຬຌ I have lived here for three years. ຂຬໟ ງດ່຋ໆຌໄ໇ ຈ້ 3 ຎແລ້ວ Tim and Tom are students. ຋ຓິ ແລະ ຋ຬຓເຎັຌຌກັ ສກສາ They have a new house in New York. ຑວກເຂົາຓຍໟາຌຫຄັ ໃໝດ່ ່຋ຌໆ ວິ ງຬກ (Verb ຋ເໆ ຎັຌຉົວ຃າໍ ຃ Principal Verb ຫ ຅ະເຬ໇ຌວໞາ Main Verb , Finite Verb ກໆໍໄຈ)້ 2.Non-Finite Verbs (຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຍໍແ຋້) ຬຌັ ຋ໆ຅ຄິ ເຍໆິຄອຍ຃າໍ ແລວ້ ຓັຌກໆໍ຃຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋າໍ ຓະຈາຌຬ໇ ຄ ແຉວ່ າໞ ຍໆໍໄຈຌ້ າໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ (Finite Verb) ຫ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະສໍາ຃ັຌ (Principal Verb) ຫ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຫັກ (Main Verb) ສວໞ ຌຫາງ຅ະເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆຎະກຬຍ ຫ ຂະຫງາງ Principal ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ (Finite Verb) ຫາງ ກວາໞ Non-Finite Verbs ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກເຎຌັ 3 ຆະຌິຈ຃ 2.1ຽຎຌັ ອູຍຂຬຄ Infinitive ຍໍ ແຈ້຃ື to+Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 1 ຽຆຌັໃ to walk, to speak, to read etc ຽຆັໃຌ She like to walk to school early morning. ລາວຏ້ງຄິ ຓັກງໞາຄໄຎໂອຄອຽຌແຉເ່ ຆາົ໇ That baby learns to speak with his mother. ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງ຃ົຌຌຌັ໇ ເຐກິ ເວົ໇າກັຍແຓ່ຂຬຄລາວ (to walk, to speak ເຎັຌ Non-Finite Verbs ສໞວຌ likes, learns ເຎັຌ Finite Verb ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) 2.2ຽຎັຌອຍູ ຂຬຄ Gerund ແຈ຃້ ື Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ 1 ຉຼໃຓຶ ing ຽຆໃັຌ sleeping, speaking, writing, running etc ຽຆັຌໃ They need sleeping in the night. ຑວກເຂາົ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຌຬຌຫຍັ ເວລາກາຄ຃ຌ I prefer speaking to writing. ຂຬໟ ງຓັກເວົ໇າຫາງກວາໞ ຂຽຌ ( speaking, sleeping, writing ເຎຌັ Non-Finite Verbs ສວໞ ຌ need ແລະ prefer ເຎັຌ Finite Verb) 2.3ຽຎຌັ ອຍູ ຂອງ Participle ຍໍໄຈ຃້ Present participle (຃ Verb ຆຬໞ ຄ຋ໆ 1 ຉຓໆ ing) ເຆຌ່ waling, coming, working ຫ past participle (Verb ຆໞຬຄ຋ໆ 3) ເຆໆັຌ walked, come, seen, spoken, ຉົວດາ່ ຄເຆໆັຌ: There is a guard walking in from of his house every night. ຓຏງ້ າຓງໞາຄດໜ່ າໟ ເອຬຌຂຬຄເຂາົ ຋ຸກ຃ຌ (walking ເຎຌັ present participle ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌ Non-Finite Verbs ຂະຫງາງ guard ) We saw Ronny working in the garden yesterday. ຑວກເອົາເຫຌັ ອຬຌຌກາໍ ລັຄເອັຈວຽກດ່ໃຌສວຌຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ (working ເຎັຌ present participle ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆ Non-Finite Verbs ຓາຂະຫງາງ Ronny) Have you read the story written by me? 7

(written ເຎຌັ past participle ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆ Non-Finite Verbs ຓາຂະຫງາງ story) She does not want a used car. ລາວຏ້ງິຄຍໆໍຉໟຬຄກາຌລົຈເກຄ຋ໆໃຆ້ແລ້ວ (used ເຎັຌ past participle ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆ Non-Finite Verbs ຓາ ຂະຫງາງ car) 3.Auxiliary Verbs (ຫ຅ືົ ະຽຬໄຌ Helping verbs ກແໍໃ ຈ້) ຾ຎວາໞ “຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຌຸຽ຃າະ” ຫົືຄ “຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຌຸຽ຃າະ” ຓດ່຋ັຄໝົຈ 24 ໂຉ຃ is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to, ຂໃໍ ຫ້ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ກຸ ຃ຌົ ຋ຬໞ ຄໃຫຂ້ ຌ໇ ໃ຅ເຬົາໄວກ້ ໞຽວກຍັ ຅າໍ ຌວຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌເຸ ຃າະ 24 ໂຉຌ໇ ຊາຓ : ງຬໟ ຌຫງຄັ ຅ໃຄຶຼ ຽຬຌໄ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ 24 ຿ຉຌໄວາໞ “຃ໍາກໍາຓະຌຸຽ຃າະ” (Auxiliary Verbs) ຓັຌແຎ ຆໞວງຫງັຄ?ຽຑືໃຬຫງຄັ ? ຅ະເຆດ້ ່າຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຾຋຃້ ຍື ຆໍ ວໞ ງຍແໍ ຈ້ຍໍ ຫົື ຅ຄໃ຺ ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາຽຍຄໃິ ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : ເຫຈ຋ໆເຬຌ໇ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ 24 ໂຉຌວ໇ ໞາ “຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຌເຸ ຃າະ” (Auxiliary Verbs) ຌຌ໇ັ ກເໍໆ ຑາະຓັຌໄຎດ່ອໞວຓ ກຍັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະແ຋້(Finite Verb) ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຈຽວກຌັ ຈັຄຌັ໇ຌສະຊາຌະຑາຍຂຬຄຓັຌກເໆໍ ລງຉກົ ເຎຌັ ຏຆ້ ໞວງ (Helping verb) ໃຫກ້ ັຍ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉຌັຌ໇ ໄຎຆໞວງເຑໆຬຫງັຄ? ຆວໞ ງເຑຬໆ ຍຬກໃຫອ້ ້ເຊຄິ ກາຌ(Tense), ສຽຄ (Voice), ແລະ ຬາລົຓ(Mood) ຂຬຄ Finite Verb ໂຉຌັ໇ຌ໅ ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ຫງັຄ?ເຆຌັໆ : : He has gone home. ລາວຏ້ຆາງໄຈ້ກຍັ ໄຎເອຬຌແລ້ວ (has ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌເຸ ຃າະຓາດ່ອໞວຓກຍັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ gone ເຆຄິໆ ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະແ຋້ຍຬກໃຫອ້ ້ວາໞ ຎະໂຫງກຌເ໇ ຎຌັ Present perfect Tense) : The snake was killed last night. ງູຊກຂໟາແລ້ວຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ (was ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌຸເ຃າະຓາດ່ອວໞ ຓກັຍ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ killed ເຆໆິຄເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະແ຋້ຍຬກໃຫ້ອວ້ ໞາຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ເຎຌັ Passive voice ກໞາວເຊິຄສຄໆິ ຋ໆຊກຂໟາ) : He did not go anywhere last Sunday. ລາວຏຆ້ າງຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ໄຎໃສຓວ໇ ັຌຬາ຋ຈິ ຋ຏໆ າໞ ຌຓາ (did ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຌເຸ ຃າະຓາດ່ອໞວຓກັຍ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ go ເຆິໆຄເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋ຍ້ ຬກໃຫ້ອ້ວໞາຎະໂຫງກຌເ໇ ຎັຌ ຎະໂຫງກຎະຉເິ ສຈ຃: Indicative Mood= ຌເິ ຋ຈຬາລຓົ ຋ັຄຌໂ໇ ຈງກາຌຉຓໆ not ລົຄຂໟາຄຫັຄ did ຌາໍ ) 4.Verb of Incomplete Predicative ຾ຎວໞາ “຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ຍໃ ໍສໃ ຓ຺ ຍູຌ຃ວາຓ” ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຅າໍ ຑວກຌ໇ຍໍແໆ ຓຌ່ ຉໟຬຄຓກໍາ(Object) ຓາອຬຄອຍັ ແຉກ່ ໍຍໆ ໍຓໆ ໃ຅຃ວາຓສົຓຍຌໃຌຉົວເຬຄ ສະຌັ໇ຌເວລາເວົາ໇ ຫ ຂຽຌຉໟຬຄໃຫຓ້ ຃ໍາຬໆຌ ຓາຎະກຬຍ ຫ ຂະຫງາງ (Complement) ກຬໞ ຌເຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓ຅ຄໆ ຅ະຒຄັ ຆຈັ ເ຅ຌຂ໇ຌໄຈ້ແກ່ Verb ຉໆໍໄຎຌ໇: Is, am, are, was, were, feel, become, look, seem, appear, grow ເຆໆຌັ She is a nurse. ລາວຏ້ງິຄເຎັຌຑະງາຍາຌ Dhanu was tired yesterday. ຋ະຌເຓໆຬງຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ They feel very happy. ຑວກເຂົາອສ້ ກຓ຃ວາຓສກຫາງ His father becomes old. ຑໍຂໆ ຬຄລາວຏ້ຆາງເຊ໇າົ ແລວ້ The sky grew darker. ຋ໟຬຄຒ້າຓຈເຂາົ໇ ແລວ້ He looks pale today. ຓຌ໇ ເ໇ ຍໆິຄລາວໜາໟ ຆຈແລ້ວ That singer seems very excited. ຌກັ ອໟຬຄ຃ົຌຌັຌ໇ ເຍິຄໆ ຉໆຌເຉ໇ັຌຫາງ The old woman appears rather thirsty. ແຓ່ເຊາ໇ົ ຃ົຌຌັ໇ຌຎະກົຈວາໞ ຫິວຌ໇າໍ ຫາງ 8

(Verb ຋ໆຑິຓຈາໍ ຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌ Verb ຋ຍໆ ໆໍສຓົ ຍຌ຃ວາຓແຉ່ຓ຃າໍ ຬໆຌ(Complement) ຓາຎະກຬຍຂະຫງາງດຂ່ າໟ ຄຫຄັ ແລ້ວເ຋ໆົາຌຌ໇ັ ເຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓ຅ໆຄຒັຄຆຈັ ເ຅ຌຂ໇ຌ) 5.Defective Verb ຾ຎວາໞ “຃ໍາກໍາຓະຓອຍູ ຍໍ຃ຍ຺ ສາຓສໞວຌ” ຎກົ ກະຉິແລວ້ Verb ຋ໆົວ໅ໄຎ຅ະຓອຍ ແ຅ກຬຬກໄຎໄຈ້ 3 ສໞວຌ (Present – Past- Past Participle) ຉວົ ດາ່ ຄເຆັຌໆ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ See (ເຫຌັ ) ກໍສໆ າຓາຈ ແ຅ກອຍຬຬກໄຎໄຈ້ຈຄັໆ ຌ໇ See-Saw-Seen, Walk (ງາໞ ຄ) Walk-Walked-Walked ເຎັຌຉ໇ົຌແຉກ່ ໆໍຓ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຫ Verb ດຍ່ າຄໂຉ(ສໞວຌຫາງກໍໆໄຈ້ແກ່ Auxiliary Verb ຌ໇ຌັ ແລະ ຋ໆຓອຍຑຽຄ 2 ອຍ ເຆຌໆັ Can-Could, Will- Would- Shall- Should- May-might (ຓສະເຑາະ Present ກັຍ Past ຍໆໍຓ Past participle ຫ ຓ ຑຽຄອຍຈຽວກຓໍໆ ເຆັໆຌ must, had, better, would rather (ຓສະເຑາະແຉ່ Present ຍຓໆໍ Past ແລະ Past participle 6.Regular Verb ຾ຎວໞາ “ຎ຺ກກະຉ຃ິ າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ” ໝາງເຊິຄ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ເໆ ຓໆຬຉໟຬຄກາຌໃຫເ້ ຎັຌຆຬໞ ຄ຋ 2 ແລະ ຆຬໞ ຄ຋ 3 ໃຫເ້ ອັຈໄຈໂ້ ຈງກາຌຉຓໆ ed ຋ໆ຋າໟ ງ຃ໍາກໍາຓະໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ໄຈ້ເລງເຆັຌໆ ຆໞຬຄ຋ 1 ຆໞຬຄ຋ 2 ຆໞຬຄ຋ 3 (Infinitive) (Past Simple) (Past Participle) Work Worked Worked Clean Cleaned Cleaned 7.Irregular Verb ຾ຎວໞາ “ຬະຎ຺ກກະຉິ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ” ໝາງເຊິຄ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ເໆ ຓໆຬເອົາຉຬໟ ຄກາຌໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຆຬໞ ຄ 2 ແລະ ຆໞຬຄ 3 ແລວ້ ຍໆໍສາຓາຈຉຓໆ ed ໄຈ຋້ ໟາງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ເໝຬຌ Regular Verb ແຉ່ໃຫ້ເອຈັ ເຎັຌຆໞຬຄ 2 ແລະ ຆຬໞ ຄ 3 ໄຈ້ໂຈງກາຌແ຅ກອຍຬຬກໄຎຉາຓ຋ໆກາໍ ໜຈົ ໄວ້ໃຫ້ແລ້ວ ເຆັໆຌ ຆໞຬຄ຋ 1 ຆຬໞ ຄ຋ 2 ຆໞຬຄ຋ 3 (Infinitive) (Past Simple) (Past Participle) See Saw Seen Run ran run etc 8.Anomalous Verb ຾ຎວາໞ “຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑິຽສຈ (ຫ຅ືົ ະຽຬຌໄ ຬກດາ່ ຄໜຶຼຄໃ ວາໞ Special Verb ກແໍໃ ຈ້)” Anomalous Verb ເຓຬໆ ເຍິໆຄໃຫແ້ ຌ່ໃ຅ແລວ້ ຓຌັ ກໆໄໍ ຈ້ແກ່຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຌເຸ ຃າະ (Auxiliary Verbs) ຌເ໇ ຬຄ ເຫຈ຋ໆ ໄຈ້ຆໆວໞາເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຑິເສຈກເໆໍ ຑາະອຍແຍຍກາຌໃຆ້ເວາ໇ົ ຃ 8.1ຊາໟ ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ຌັ ຍໍໆຓ຃ໍາກລິ ິງາໂຉຬຌໆ ຓາອວໞ ຓກັຍ Anomalous Verb ໃຌຊາຌະຂຬຄ Anomalous Verb ກເໍໆ ຎັຌ“຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋້ (Finite Verb) ” 8.2ແຉຊ່ ໟາAnomalous Verb ຓາອໞວຓກຍັ ໂຉຬໆຌດ່ໃຌຎະໂຫງກຈຽວກັຍຊາຌະຂຬຄ Anomalous Verbກໍເໆ ຎຌັ “຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຌຸເ຃າະ(Helping verbs )ໄຎ” ຂໍໃຫຌ້ ັກສກສາເຍໆຄິ 2ຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ຎຽຍ຋ຽຍເຍິໆຄ. Saisunee is one lady in the office. ສາງສຸຌເຎຌັ ສຑຸ າຍສະຉ຃ົຌຈຽວໃຌຫຬໟ ຄກາຌ Saisunee is working in the office. ສາງສຌຸ ກາໍ ລຄັ ເອຈັ ວຽກດ່ໃຌຫຬໟ ຄກາຌ (is ຎະໂຫງກ຋ໍາຬຈິ ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະແ຋ເ້ ຑາະເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະຈຽວໃຌຎະໂຫງກ ສວໞ ຌ is ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ 2 ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ ກໍາຓະຌເຸ ຃າະເຑາະຓາດ່ອວໞ ຓກຍັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ working ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ວົໆ ໄຎກໍຂໆ ໍໃຫ້ຎຽຍ຋ຽຍຉາຓຌ)໇ 9

9.Ordinary Verb ຾ຎວາໞ “຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະສາຓັຌ ຫົື ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຋າໍ ຓະຈາ” Ordinary Verb ຓກຈົ ກະຉິ ກາກາຌໃຆ້ດ່ວາໞ ເຓຬໆ ຎະ຋າຌ (Subject) ຂຬຄຓຌັ ເຎັຌເຬກະຑຈົ ຍຸອຸຈ຋ 3 ຫ ຌາຓເຬກະຑົຈ຋ວໆົ ໄຎກຈໆໍ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ ໂຉຌັຌ໇ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຉໆຓs຋ັຌ຋ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຎະ຅ຍຸ ຌັ ຌະກາຌ຋ໍາຓະຈາ(Present Simple Tense)ເຆັໆຌ: He speaks English every day. ລາວຏຆ້ າງເວົາ໇ ຑາສາຬຄັ ກິຈ຋ກຸ ຓ໇ She goes to school by bus. ລາງຏ້ງິຄໄຎໂອຄອຽຌໂຈງລົຈເຓ (speaks ແລະ goes ເຎັຌ຃ໍາກໍາຓະສາຓຌັ (Ordinary Verb) ເຓຬໆ ຎະ຋າຌ຃ He, She ເຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈ຅ໆຄ ຉໟຬຄຉໆຓ S ໃຌ Present Simple Tense) Ordinary Verb ເຓຬໆ ເອັຈເຎັຌຎະໂຫງກຎະຉເິ ສຈ(Negative) ຫ ຎະໂຫງກ຃ໍາຊາຓ (Interrogation) ຅ະຌາໍ ເຬາົ Ordinary Verb ຂ໇ຌໄຎໄວ້ຉ໇ຌົ ຎະໂຫງກເໝຬຌ Auxiliary Verb ຍໆໄໍ ຈ້ແຉ່ໃຫ້ໃຆ້ Verb to do ເຂາົ໇ ຓາຆໞວງໂຈງວາຄໄວຉ້ ຌົ໇ ຎະໂຫງກແ຋ຌ ແລະ Ordinary Verb ເຓຬໆ ຓ Verb to do ໂຉຌຌັ໇ ຂໃໍ ຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາ ເຍິໆຄຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ ຍຬກເລໆາົ : He goes to School every day. ລາວຏ້ຆາງໄຎໂອຄອຽຌ຋ຸກຓ໇ ຃າໍ ຊາຓ : Does he go to school every day. ລາວຏຆ້ າງໄຎໂອຄອຽຌ຋ກຸ ຓ໇ຍໍ? ຎະຉິເສຈ : He does not go to school every day. ລາວຏ້ຆາງຍໄໍໆ ຎໂອຄອຽຌ຋ຸກຓ໇ 10.Two-word Verb ຾ຎວໞາ “຃ໍາກໍຓະຑະສ຺ຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ໃເຆ້຃ວຍ຃ູ່ກັຍ຃ໍາຽຆຬືໃ ຓ (Verb is used in pair with preposition) ຽຆິໃຄຊາໟ ຫາກ຾ງກຍໍເໃ ຆ຃້ ວຍ຃ູ່ກຌັ ຽຌືໄຬ຃ວາຓ ຫົື ເ຅຃ວາຓຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະກ຅ໃໍ ະຽຎຌັ ແຎຉາຓ຋ຓໃ ຄຸ່ ໝາງຽຬ຺າ Two-word Verb ແຈ້຃ື Verb ຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄ Give up, put on, think of, pay in, etc ເຆັຌໆ I give up smoking. ຂໟຬງເລິກສຍດາແລ້ວ ເຎຌັ ຉົຌ໇ 11.Chaining Verb ຾ຎວາໞ “຃ໍາກໍາຓະລກຸ ຿ຆ”່ ໝາງ຃ວາຓວໞາ Verb ຉາຓຆຌໆ ໇ເວລາເວົາ໇ ຫ ຂຽຌຉຬໟ ຄຓ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະໂຉຬຌໆ ຉາຓຫຄັ ເຑຬໆ ໜຌຸ ໃຫ້຃ໍາກລິ ິງາລກໂຆ່ຓ຃ວາຓຆຈັ ເ຅ຌເຈັຌໆ ຂ໇ຌ Chaining Verb ກໄໍໆ ຈ຃້ Anomalous Verb ຌຌ໇ັ ເຬຄ(ຍາຄໂຉຍໍໆແຓຌ່ ໝົຈ຋ກຸ ໂຉ) ເຆໆັຌ Used to ເຎຌັ Anomalous Verb ແລະ ກເໆໍ ຎຌັ Chaining Verb ເວລາໃຆ້ຉໟຬຄຓ Verb ຬຌໆ ຆວໞ ງຂະຫງາງຉາຓຫັຄເຆໆັຌ John used to live in Thailand. ຅ຬຌເ຃ງດ່ໃຌຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋ (used to ເຎັຌ Chaining Verb ຉຬໟ ຄຓ live ຓາຉໍໆ຋ໟາງເຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓ຅ໆຄຆຈັ ເ຅ຌຂ໇ຌ) Verb to be ກໍໆເຎຌັ Chaining Verb ໄຈໃ້ ຌຍາຄກລໍ ະຌເຆຌັໆ She is to come here. ລາວຏງ້ ຄິ ຅ະຉໟຬຄຓາ຋ໆຌ໇ (is ຉາຓໜໟາ຋ໆກາຌໃຆໃ້ ຌຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ເຎັຌ Chaining Verb ເຑາະຉຬໟ ຄຓ to come ຓາຉາຓຫັຄກໞຬຌເຌ໇ຬ຃ວາຓ ຅ໆຄຆັຈເ຅ຌຂ໇ຌ) 12.Echo Verb ໝາງຽຊຄິ Verb ຋ໃຌໍາຓາເຆ້຾຋ຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຿ຉ຋ໃຽວາໄ຺ ຓາ຾ລວ້ ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກກໞຬຌ ຋ຄັ ຌໄຽຑືໃຬຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຍເໍ ຫ້ເຆ້ Verb ໂຉ຋ເໆ ວ໇າົ ຓາແລ້ວຌ໇ຌັ ຆ໇ໍາ໅ຫາງເ຋ໆຬເຆໆັຌ: Do you like to swim? Yes. I do. ເ຅໇າົ ຓັກລຬງຌ໇າໍ ຍໍ ເ຅ົ໇າ ຂໟຬງຓັກ (do ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຃າໍ ຉຬຍຌຌ໇ັ ເຎັຌ Echo Verb ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆແ້ ຋ຌ Verb ຋ກໆ າໞ ວຓາຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ຃ like to swim (= Yes, I like to swim) Does she go to England? Yes, She does 10

ລາວຏ້ງຄິ ຅ະໄຎຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກິຈຍ?ໍ ແຓຌ່ ແລວ້ ລາວຏ້ງຄິ ຅ະໄຎ (does ເຎັຌ Echo Verb ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ແ຋ຌ Verb ຫ ກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ເໆ ວາ໇ົ ຓາແລວ້ ຂໟາຄໜໟາ go to England(=Yes, She goes to England) 13.Linking Verb ແຈ້຃ື Verb ຋ໃຽຓຬືໃ ຌາໍ ຓາຽວໄາ຺ ຫົື ຂຼຌຉຬໟ ຄຉາຓຈວໟ ງ Noun (ຫົື noun equivalent) ຫົື ຉາຓ Adjective, Adverb ຋ັຄຌ໇ເຑໆຬຆວໞ ງຂະຫງາງໃຆ້ Subject ຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກໄຈ້ ໃ຅຃ວາຓສົຓຍຌ ຫ ເຆຬໆ ຓໂງຄໃຫ້ Subject ກຍັ quality(຃ຸຌລັກສະຌະ) ເຂົາ໇ ຈໟວງກັຌ Linking Verb ໄຈ຃້ Verb to be, become, get, grow, look, feel, seem, smell, remain, turn, sound, taste, appear ເຆັໆຌ He is a student. ລາວຏ້ຆາງເຎັຌຌກັ ສກສາ I become angry. ຂຬໟ ງໃ຅ອາໟ ງແລເ້ ຈ She gets cold. ລາວຏ້ງິຄເຎັຌຫວັຈ Mary seems unhappy. ເຍໆິຄເໝຬຌແຓອໆຍຓໍ ຃ວາຓສກຸ The sky turned pink yesterday. ຋ຬໟ ຄຒ້າກາງເຎັຌສຆຓົ ຑຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ (Verb ຋ຑໆ ິຓໂຉຈໍາເຎັຌ Linking Verb (຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ໃໆ ຆ້ເຆຬໆ ຓ຃າໍ ຬໆຌໃຫ້ສາໍ ຑັຌກັຌ) ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຆຬໆ ຓ He ກັຍ a student ວໞາເຎຌັ ຃ົຌ຃ຌົ ຈຽວກຌັ ) 14.Modal Verb ຽຍຄໃິ ເຫລ້ ຼກຶ ຽຆິຄໃ ກໃແໍ ຈ້຃ື Auxiliary Verb ຌໄຌັ ຽຬຄ(ຑຼຄຍາຄ຿ຉຍໍ຋ໃ ັຄໝຈ຺ )ແຎເຆ້ ອໞວຓກຍັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ຽຑືຬໃ ເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ວະລ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ (Verb Phrase) ຂຌ໇ ຓາ Modal Verb ໄຈ້຃ Can, Could, Will, Would, may, might, shall, should ແລະ must ເຆຌັໆ Mary can read a Thai book. ແຓອ ສາຓາຈຬາໞ ຌໜັຄສໄ຋ໄຈ້ (can ເຎຌັ Modal Verb ຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ອວໞ ຓກັຌ read຅ໆຄ຅ະເອັຈໃຫ້ຂ໇ໍ຃ວາຓຌ໇ເຎຌັ ຎະໂຫງກຂ໇ຌຓາໄຈ)້ ຂໍສະຫຼຸຍຆະຌິຈຂຬຄ Verb ຋ຄັ 14 ເຫຽ້ ຫຌັ ຄາໞ ງໂຬກຽ຋ຬໃື ໜຄຼຶໃ ຈັຄຌ:ໄ 1. Principal Verb = ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຫັກ 2. Non-Finite Verb = ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຍແໍໆ ຋້ 3. Auxiliary Verb = ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຌເຸ ຃າະ(ກາໍ ຓະຆວໞ ງ) 4. Verb of Incomplete Predication = ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໆຍໍສົຓຍຌ຃ວາຓ 5. Defective Verb = ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຓອຍຍໍ຃ົຍສາຓສໞວຌ 6. Regular Verb = ຎົກກະຉ຃ິ າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ 7. Irregular = ຬະຎົກກະຉິ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ 8. Anomalous Verb = ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຑິເສຈ 9. Ordinary Verb = ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະສາຓຌັ ຫ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຋າໍ ຓະຈາ 10. Two-word Verb = ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຎະສຓົ (ໃຆ຃້ ວຍກຍັ ຃າໍ ເຆໆຬຓ) 11. Chaining Verb = ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະລກໂຆ່ 12. Echo Verb = ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ໆໃຆແ້ ຋ຌ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະໂຉ຋ໆເວາ໇ົ ຓາກຬໞ ຌ 13. Linking Verb = ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ຉໆ າຓຈວໟ ງ Noun, Adjective ຫ Adverb ຅ຄໆ ໄຈ຃້ ວາຓສຓົ ຍຌ 14. Modal Verb = ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະຌຸເ຃າະ (ຍາຄໂຉ) ໃຆອ້ ວໞ ຓກຍັ ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໂຉ 11

ຬຌໆ ເຑຬໆ ໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ວະລ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ Chapter 2 Nouns ຊາຓ : Nouns ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎຌັ ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງັຄ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : Nouns ຾ຎວໞາ “ຆ”ືໃ ແຈ້຃ື “຃າໍ ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຆືຂໃ ຬຄຌາຓ, ສຈັ , ສິໃຄຂຬຄ, ສະຊາຌ຋,ໃ ຃ຌຸ ສຓ຺ ຍຈັ ຫົື ຃ຌຸ ຃ໞາຉໞາຄໂ”຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ 8 ຆະຌຈິ ຃:ື 1. Common noun ສາຓາຌຌາຓ 2. Proper noun ວິສາຓາຌຌາຓ 3. Collective noun ສະຓຸຫະຌາຓ 4. Material noun ວຈັ ຊຸຌາຓ 5. Abstract noun ຬາກາຌຌາຓ 6. Noun Equivalent ສຓົ ຓຌຌາຓ 7. Compound noun ຌາຓຎະສຓົ 8. Agent noun ຌາຓສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓເຎັຌຏກ້ ະ຋ໍາ 1.Common noun ຾ຎວໞາ “ສາຓາຌຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “ຌາຓ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຆ຋ໃ ໃ຺ວແຎຂຬຄ຃຺ຌ, ສັຈ, ສຄໃິ ຂຬຄ, ຾ລະ ສະຊາຌ຋ໃຍແໃໍ ຈ້ຆໄສະຽຑາະຽ຅າະ຅຺ຄລ຺ຄແຎວາໞ ຽຎັຌ຃຺ຌຌໄັຌ຃ຌ຺ ຌໄ” The man works in the garden. ຏຆ້ າງເອັຈວຽກດໃ່ ຌສວຌ The bird sings sweetly in the bush. ຌົກອຬໟ ຄດ່າຄຫວາຌດ່ໃຌຑຓຸ່ ໄຓ້ The basket is full of oranges. ກະຉາໞ ເຉັຓໄຎຈໟວງໝາກກຽໟ ຄ There is a new house in a large city. ຓຍາໟ ຌໃໝໜ່ ໆຄຫັຄດໃ່ ຌເຓຬຄຫວຄ ຃າໍ ວໞາ man, garden, bird, bush, basket , oranges, house ແລະ city ຋ຑໆ ຓິ ໂຉຈາໍ ຌ໇ັຌເຎັຌ Common noun ເຑາະໝາງເຊຄິ ຏ້ຆາງ, ສວຌ, ຌົກ, ຑ່ຓຸ ໄຓ,້ ກະຉາໞ , ໝາກກໟຽຄ, ເອຬຌ ແລະ ເຓຬຄ຋ົວໆ ໄຎຍຬໞ ຌໃຈກໄໍໆ ຈ້ ໄຎຆ໇ສະເຑາະເ຅າະ຅ຄົ 2.Proper noun ຾ຎວໞາ “ວສິ າຓາຌຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຆສໃິ ະຽຑາະຂຬຄ຃຺ຌສຈັ , ສິຄໃ ຂຬຄ ຾ລະ ສະຊາຌ຋ໃ Proper noun ຽວລາຂຼຌຉໟຬຄຂຼຌຂຌໄື ຉຌ຺ໄ ຬກັ ສຬຌ຿ຉເຫງໞ (Capital Letter) ຍໞໃວໞາ຅ະຎະແວ້ຍຬໞ ຌເຈຂຬຄຎະ຿ຫງກກໍໃ(ລະວັຄຽຈ.ິ ....ດ່າລຓື ເຫແ້ ຈຽ້ ລຬໃື ຄຌໄ) ”ຽຆັໃຌ: Somchit lives at PaKnam but works in BangKok. ສຓົ ຅ຈິ ດ່ຎາກຌໍາ໇ ແຉ່ຓາເອັຈວຽກດ່ກຸຄເ຋ຍ Columbus discovered America by himself. ໂ຃ລໍາຍັສ຃ຌ໇ົ ຑົຍຬາເຓລິກາຈວໟ ງໂຉເຂົາເຬຄ London is the capital of England. ລຬຌຈວຌເຎຌັ ເຓຬຄຫວຄຂຬຄຎະເ຋ຈຬັຄກຈິ Sony Television is more expensive than Sanyo. 12

ໂ຋ລະ຋ັຈໂຆຌແຑຄກວາໞ ຆັຌໂງ ຃ໍາວໞາ Somchit, PaKnam, BangKok, Columbus, America, London, England, Sony ແລະ Sanyo ຋ຑໆ ິຓຈວໟ ງໂຉຈໍາຌ໇ຌັ ເຎັຌຆສໆ ະເຑາະຂຬຄແຉ່ລະດາ່ ຄໄຎ຅ໆຄ຅ັຈເຂົ໇າໃຌຎະເຑຈ Proper noun 3.Collective noun ຾ຎວໞາ “ສະຓຫູ ະຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຆຂໃື ຬຄໝ່຃ູ ະຌະ, ຐຄູ , ຑວກ , ກຓຸ່ ຎກ຺ ກະຉ຾ິ ລ້ວ Collective noun ຅ະເຆ້ລວຓກຍັ Common noun ສະຽໝ຋ຄັ ຌໄ຿ຈງຓ of ຓາ ຂໄັຌຽຑໃືຬຽຌັຌໄ ເຫ຃້ ວາຓຽຎຌັ ໝູ່ ຫືົ ຃ະຌະຌຌໄັ ຆັຈຽ຅ຌງຄໃິ ຂຌືໄ ຉາຓສຈູ ອູຍ຾ຍຍຂຬຄຌາຓຈັໃຄຌ:ໄ ” Collective noun + of + Common noun ຑາສາລາວແຎວໞາ A flock of sheep ແກະຐຸຄໜໆຄ A bench of flowers ຈຬກໄຓຆ້ ໍໜຄໆ A herd of cattle ຄົວຐຄຸ ໜຄໆ A heap of stones ຫິຌກຬຄໜຄໆ A gang of thieves ຂະໂຓງແກຄ໊ ໜໆຄ A flock of chickens ລກຸ ໄກຐ່ ຄໜໆຄ A cluster of stars ຈາວກຓຸ່ ໜຄໆ A crowdof people ຃ົຌໝ່ໜໆຄ A group of students ຌັກອຽຌກ່ຓຸ ໜໆຄ A tribe of citizens ຑົຌລະເຓຬຄເຏາົໆ ໜໆຄເຎັຌຉຌ໇ົ Collective noun ຌຬກ຅າກ຅ະເຎັຌ຃າໍ ວະລຎະສຓົ ຈວໟ ງ of ແລວ້ ຍາຄເ຋ຬໆ ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ໅ຈຽວກຓໆໍ ໃຌເຓຬໆ ຃າໍ ຫ ສັຍຌັ໇ຌຓ຃ວາຓໝາງສະແຈຄໝວຈໝ່ ກຸ່ຓກໟຬຌໃຌຉວົ ຂຬຄຓຌັ ເຬຄ ໂຈງສວໞ ຌຫາງ຅ະໄຈ້຃຃າໍ ຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ໇ Family ຃ຬຍ຃ົວ army ກຬຄ຋ັຍ Team ຋ຓ, ຃ະຌະ, ຆຈຸ class ຆຌັ໇ ,ຆະຌິຈ Jury ຃ະຌະຍຸກ຃ົຌ party ຑັກ, ຃ະຌະ Fleet ກຬຄ຋ຍັ ເອຬ government ຃ະຌະລຈັ ຊະຍາຌ Mob ໝ່຃ຸ ົຌ regiment ກົຓ຋ະຫາຌ Committee ຃ະຌະກໍາຓະກາຌ cabinet ຃ະຌະລຈັ ຊະຓຌົ ຉ Swarm ຐຄແຓຄໄຓ້ flock ຐຄສັຈ ຊາຓ : Collective noun ຊາໟ ເຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຂຬຄຓຌັ ຅ະເຆອ້ ຍູ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຫືົໄ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈຂເໍ ຫຬ້ ະ຋ຍິ າງດາ່ ຄຆຈັ ຾຅ຄ້ ? ຉຬຍ : Collective noun ຊໟາຌາໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌ(Subject) ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຅ະໃຆ້຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ(Verb) ເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈ ຫ ຑະຫຸຑຈົ ຌັ໇ຌ ຬັຌຌຂ໇ ຌ໇ ດ່ກັຍ຃ວາຓຓຸ່ຄໝາງຂຬຄຏ້ເວົ໇າ຃໇: 1. ຊາໟ Collective noun ໂຉຌ໇ັຌຏ້ເວ໇າົ ໝາງເຊຄິ ກຓຸ່ ຈຽວ ຃ະຌະຈຽວ ຫ ຋ຄັ ກຸ່ຓ຃ະຌະຌ໇ຌັ ເຎໆັຌໜວໞ ງ ຈຽວ ຍໄໍໆ ຈແ້ ງກເຎັຌລາງຍກຸ ຃ົຌເຆັຌໆ ຌ໇ ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ອຍເຬກະຑຈົ (Singular Verb) 2. ຊໟາ Collective noun ໂຉຌຌ໇ັ ຏເ້ ວົ໇າໝາງເຬົາເຎັຌລາງໂຉຍຸກ຃ຌົ (Individual) ໂຈງແງກຬຬກໄຎວາໞ ຉາໞ ຄ຃ົຌກຉໆໍ ໞາຄເອັຈກາຌເຆໆັຌຌ໇ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ (Plural Verb) ຂໍໃຫເ້ ຍິໆຄຉວົ ດ່າຄຎະໂຫງກຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ໇ A flock of sheep is worth one million bath 13

ແກະຐຄຸ ໜຄໆ ຓລາ຃າໜຄໆ ລໟາຌຍາຈ (ໃຆ້຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະເຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈ຃ is ເຑາະໝາງເຊຄິ ແກະ຋ຄັ ຐຄຸ ຍໍໆໄຈແ້ ງກເຎັຌລາງໂຉ A flock of sheep are standing under the tree. ແກະຐຄຸ ໜໆຄ(ຉາໞ ຄກໆ)ໍ ກາໍ ລັຄດຌດກ່ ຬໞ ຄຉ໇ຌົ ໄຓ້ (ໃຆ້຃າໍ ກໍາຓະເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ຃ are ເຑາະໝາງເຊິຄແກະເຎຌັ ໂຉໃຌຐຄຸ ຉາໞ ຄກໍໆກໍາລຄັ ດຌ) The government is trying a new measure. ຃ະຌະລັຈຊະຍາຌກໍາລຄັ ລຬຄໃຆຓ້ າຈຉະກາຌຬຌັ ໃໝ່ (ໃຆ຃້ ໍາກາໍ ຓະເຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈ຃ is ເຑາະໝາງເຊິຄ຋ຄັ ຃ະຌະລວຓເຎຌັ ໜວໞ ງຈຽວຍໆໄໍ ຈແ້ ງກເຎັຌລາງຍຸກ຃ົຌ) The government have discussed the flood of Bangkok for three hours. ຃ະຌະລຈັ ຊະຍາຌ (ຉາໞ ຄ຃ົຌກໍ)ໆ ໄຈຬ້ ະຑິຎາງເລໆຬຄຌ໇າໍ ຊວໟຓກຄຸ ເ຋ຍເຎຌັ ເວລາ 3 ຆໆວົ ໂຓຄ (ໃຆ້຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະເຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈົ ຃ have ເຑາະໝາງເຊິຄແຉ່ລະ຃ົຌໃຌ຃ະຌະກໆໄໍ ຈຬ້ ະຑຎິ າງກັຌເຎຌັ ເວລາຈົຌຑາຍແຫ່ຄ ຃ວາຓຌກ຃ິຈເອົາຓັກ຅ະຌກເຊຄິ ວໞາຉາໞ ຄ຃ຌົ ກໍໆຉໞາຄເວາ໇ົ ກັຌດ່າຄຈເຈຬຈວາໞ ຅ະແກ້ຎຌັ ຫາເລຬໆ ຄຌ໇າໍ ຊວໟຓດ່າຄໃ຅ຈ຅ໆຄຓ ຃ວາຓໝາງເຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑຈົ ) 4.Material noun ຾ຎວໞາ “ວຈັ ຊຸຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ “ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຆຂືໃ ຬຄວຈັ ຊແຸ ຈ້຃ື ຾ອ່, ຋າຈ, ຿ລຫະ, ຂຬຄ຾ຂຄ, ຂຬຄຽຫົວ ຫົື ຍາຄຽ຋ໃືຬ຅ະຽຬຌໄ ວໞາ Mass noun (ຌາຓໝວຈສາຌ)ກໍໃແຈ້ຽຑາະ ຌາຓ຅ໍາຑວກຌດໄ ູ່ຽຎັຌກຓຸ່ ກໟຬຌ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຫາົ ງຌໟຬງຎະລຓິ າຌ(quantity) ຍ຾ໃໍ ຓ່ຌ຅ໍາຌວຌ (Number) ຾ລະ ຌາຓຆະຌຈິ ຌໄຍໃໍ຾ຓຌ່ ເຆ້ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາ” Material noun ໄຈ້຃ຌາຓຉໆໄໍ ຎຌ໇ Sugar ຌ໇າໍ ຉາຌ bread ຂະໜົຓຎັຄ Cream ຃ອຓ flour ແຎ້ຄ Rice ເຂົ໇າ gold ຋ຬຄ Coal ຊາໞ ຌ soil ຈຌິ Wood ໄຓ້ cloth ເສຬ໇ ຏໟາ Leather ໜຄັ ສັຈ copper ຋ຬຄແຈຄ Water ຌາ໇ໍ oil ຌ໇ໍາຓັຌ Ink ຌາ໇ໍ ຓກ air ຬາກາຈ Mud ຂ໇ຉຓົ smoke ຃ວັຌ Soap ສະຍ່ furniture ເ຃ຬໆ ຄເອຬຌ ຉວົ ດາ່ ຄຎະໂຫງກເຆັໆຌ Copper is less valuable than gold. ຋ຬຄແຈຄຓ຃າໞ ຌຬໟ ງກວໞາ຋ຬຄ຃າໍ Mud is soil mixed with water. ຂຉ໇ ົຓກ຃ໍໆ ຈຌິ ຎະສົຓກຍັ ຌາ໇ໍ Living things cannot remain without air. ສິໆຄຓຆວຈິ ຋ຄັ ຫາງ຅ະ຃ຄົ ດ່ຍໆໄໍ ຈ້ໂຈງຎາສະ຅າກຬາກາຈ ຃າໍ ວໞາ copper, gold, Mud, soil, Water, air ເຎຌັ Material noun 14

ຊາຓ : Material noun ຽຓຬືໃ ຉໟຬຄກາຌອູ້຅ໍາຌວຌ ຫົື ຽຎຌັ ໜວໞ ງ຅ະຓວ຋ິ ຽອຈັ ແຈດ້ ່າຄເຈ? ຉຬຍ : Material noun ໂຈງຎກົ ກະຉແິ ລວ້ ຊເຎັຌຌາຓຌັຍຍໆໍໄຈເ້ ຎັຌອຍເຬກະຑົຈດາ່ ຄຈຽວເອັຈເຎຌັ ອຍຑະຫຑຸ ົຈ ຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ຈຄັໆ ຌ໇ັຌຊາໟ ຏ້ເວ໇ົາ ຫ ຏຒ້ ຄັ ຎະສຄົ ດາກອ້຅າໍ ຌວຌ ຫ ໜໞວງຂອງ Material noun ກໍໆໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ Common noun ຓາຎະກຬຍໂຈງຓ of ຓາຂຌັ໇ ແລະ ຋ໆ Common noun ຌ໇ັຌ຅ະເຎຌັ ຏ້ກາໍ ໜົຈ຅ໍາຌວຌຂຬຄ Material noun ຬກເ຋ຬໆ ໜຄໆ ຉາຓສຈຈັຄໆ ຌ:໇ Numberal + Common noun + of + Material noun (Mass noun) ເຆັໆຌ A glass of milk ຌຓົ ໜ຅ໆ ຬກ Two glasses of milk ຌົຓສຬຄ຅ຬກ Five pieces of chalk ສຂໍ າວ 5 ແ຋່ຄ A cup o tea ຌໍ໇າຆາໜໆຄແກວ້ Two cups of coffee ກາເຒສຬຄ຅ຬກ One kilogram of sugar ຌາໍ໇ ຉາຌໜຄໆ ກໂິ ລ Three kilogram of sugar ຌ໇າໍ ຉາຌສິຍກິໄລ Ten bags of sand ຆາງ 10 ເຎົາ A loaf o bread ຂະໜົຓຎຄັ ໜໆຄກຬໟ ຌ A bottle of ink ຌໍ໇າຓກໜໆຄແກ້ວ Ten loaves of sugar ຌໍ໇າຉາຌ 10 ກຬໟ ຌ ໃຫ້ຌັກສກສາສຄັ ເກຈໄວ້ວາໞ ເຓຬໆ Material noun ຋ເໆ ວ໇ົາຓາຌ໇ໄຎເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ(Subject) ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ ໃຆ້ Verb ເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑົຈ ຫ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ຌັ໇ຌໃຫ້ຊເຬົາຉາຓ Common noun ຋ໆຎະກຬຍດໜ່ ໟາຌຌ໇ັ ເຎຌັ ເກຌຌັ໇ຌ຃ ຊໟາ Common noun ເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑຈົ ກໆໃໍ ຆ້ Verb ເຬກະຑຈົ ຊາໟ ເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ົຈກໆໃໍ ຆຑ້ ະຫຑຸ ົຈເຆັໆຌ A piece of chalk is on the table. ສຂໍ າວໜຄໆ ແ຋່ຄດ່ເ຋ິຄໂຉະ(ເຎັຌເຬກະຑົຈໃຆ້ is) Five kilograms of meat are worth two hundred bath. ຆຌ໇ 4 ກໂິ ລລາ຃າ 200 ຍາຈ(ເຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑົຈໃຆ້ are) ຌຬກ຅າກຌແ໇ ລ້ວ Material noun ຊໟາຉໟຬຄກາຌເວົາ໇ ເຊິຄຎະລິຓາຌ “ຫາງ” ຫ “ໜໟຬງ” ຓາຂະຫງາງດ່ ຂາໟ ຄໜໟາໃຆ້ສະເຑາະຫາງ ຫ ໜໟຬງຂຬຄ຃າໍ ຍຬກຎະລິຓາຌຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ໇ເ຋າໆົ ຌ໇ຌັ ຓາຎະກຬຍດ່ຂໟາໜາໟ ໄຈ້຃ Little, a little, much, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal ເຆຌັໆ He has little money in his pocket. She has a little salt in the kitchen. I have much ink in the bottle. Jane wants to buy a lot of rice for his family. There is plenty of sugar in the shop. She has a great deal of fish left in the cupboard. ໝາງຽຫຈ: ດ່າໃຆ້ many, Several, few, a few, a large number of , a great number of ຓາຌາໍ ໜໟາ Material noun ໂຈງເຈຈັ ຂາຈຂໃໍ ຫລ້ ະຓຈັ ລະວັຄໄວ້ຈໟວງເຈ 5.Abstract noun ຾ຎວໞາ “ຬາກາຌຌາຓ” ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຆຂໃື ຬຄສະຑາວະສະຊາຌະ຃ຸຌ ລກັ ສະຌະ ຫົື ກາຌກະ຋າໍ ຂຬຄ ຃຺ຌ, ສັຈ, ສິໃຄຂຬຄຉໞາຄໂຈຄັໃ ລກັ ສະຌະຉໃໍແຎຌ:ໄ 15

Death comes to all men. ຃ວາຓຉາງງໞຬຓຓາສ຃່ ຌົ ເອາົ ຋ຸກ຃ົຌ It give me much pleasure to see you here. ງິຌຈຫາງ຋ໄໆ ຈຑ້ ຍົ ເ຅າ໇ົ ດຍ່ ໞຬຌຌ໇ I have no choice in this matter. ຂໟຬງຍຓໍໆ ຋າຄເລຬກໃຌເລໆຬຄຌ໇ Prevention is better than cure ກັຌໄວຈ້ ກວາໞ ແກ້ Beauty is wanted by everyone. ຃ວາຓສວງຄາຓເຎັຌ຋ໆຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຂຬຄ຋ກຸ ໅຃ົຌ Honesty is the best policy. ຃ວາຓຆໆສຈັ ເຎຌັ ຌະໂງຍາງ຋ໆຈ຋ໆສຈຸ ຃ໍາວາໞ Death, pleasure, choice, Prevention, cure, Beauty ແລະ Honesty ຋ກໆ າໞ ວຓາຌເ໇ ຎຌັ Abstract noun ແລະ ໃຫສ້ ຄັ ເກຈໄວ້ຬກດາ່ ຄໜໆຄຈວໟ ງວໞາ Abstract noun ຍໆແໍ ຓ່ Article ຌາໍ ໜໟາເວຌ໇ັ ໄວ້ແຉ຅່ ະຌໍາຓາເວົ໇າ ເຎັຌລກັ ສະຌະຆສ໇ ະເຑາະໃຫ້ກຍັ ຍກຸ ຃ຌົ ໃຈຍຸກ຃ົຌໜໆຄ຅ຄໆ ຅ະໃຆ້ The ຌໍາໜໟາໄຈ້ເຆຌໆັ : The death of kitti calls for justice ຃ວາຓຉາງຂຬຄກິຈຉອິ ຽກຫາ຃ວາຓງຸຈຉິ຋າໍ The braveness of his father is well-known. ຃ວາຓກາໟ ຫາຌຂຬຄຑໆໍຂຬຄລາວຏຆ້ າງເຎັຌ຋ໆອ້຅ັກກັຌຈ ໃຆ້ The ຌາໍ ໜໟາ death ແລະ braveness ໄຈເ້ ຊຄິ ວາໞ ຅ະເຎຌັ Abstract noun ກຉໆໍ າຓເຑາະເຎຌັ ກາຌຆ໇ ສະເຑາະ຃ວາຓຉາງຂຬຄກິຈຉິ ແລະ ຃ວາຓກາໟ ຫາຌຂຬຄຑໍໆຂຬຄລາວຏຆ້ າງຍໆໍໄຈໝ້ າງເຊິຄ຃ວາຓຉາງ ຫ ຃ວາຓ ກາໟ ຫາຌ຋ວໆົ ໄຎກໃໍໆ ຫ້຋ຽຍ຃ຽຄຉາຓຌ໇ ຊາຓ : Abstract noun ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກເຈ຾ຈ່? ຅ຄ຺ໃ ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຑຬໟ ຓ຋ັຄງກ຺ ຉວ຺ ດ່າຄ? ຉຬຍ : Abstract noun ຓອຍຓາ຅າກ Verb ,຅າກ Adjective ແລະ຅າກ noun ກັຌເຬຄຆຄໆ ຓຈັຄຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇: 1. Abstract noun ຓອູຍຓາ຅າກ Verb: ຽຎັຌ Verb ຃ໍາ຾ຎ ຽຎຌັ Abstract noun ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Act ກະ຋າໍ acting ກາຌກະ຋າໍ Live ຬາໄສດ່ life ຆວິຈ Know ອ້ knowledge ຃ວາຓອ້ Please ເອຈັ ໃຫ້ຑໍໃ຅ pleasure ຃ວາຓຑໃໍ ຅ Speak ເວົ໇າ speech ກາຌເວົາ໇ Succeed ສາໍ ເລຈັ success ຃ວາຓສາໍ ເລັຈ Decide ຉຈັ ສິຌໃ຅ decision ກາຌຉັຈສິຌໃ຅ Organize ຅ັຈກາຌ organization ກາຌ຅ັຈກາຌ Drink ຈຓໆ drinking ກາຌຈໆຓ etc 2. Abstract noun ຓອຍູ ຓາ຅າກ Adjective ຽຎຌັ Adjective ຃ໍາ຾ຎ ຽຎຌັ Abstract noun ຃ໍາ຾ຎ 16

True ຅ຄິ truth ຃ວາຓ຅ິຄ Wise ສະຫາຈ wisdom ຃ວາຓສະຫາຈ High ສຄ height ຃ວາຓສຄ Poor ຋ກຸ poverty ຃ວາຓ຋ກຸ Happy ຓ຃ວາຓສຸກ happiness ຃ວາຓສກຸ Strong ແຂຄແອຄ strength ຃ວາຓແຂຄແອຄ Honest ຆໆສຈັ honesty ຃ວາຓຆໆສຈັ Brave ກໟາຫາຌ braveness ຃ວາຓກາໟ ຫາຌ Die ຉາງ death ຃ວາຓຉາງ etc 3. Abstract noun ຓອູຍຓາ຅າກ Noun: Noun ຽກ຺າໃ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ ຽຎຌັ Abstract noun ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Child ເຈກັ ຌຬໟ ງ childhood ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ເຈັກຌໟຬງ Slave ຋າຈ slavery ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ຋າຈ Friend ເຑໆຬຌ friendship ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ຓຈິ Monk ຑະ monkhood ຃ວາຓເຎັຌຑະ etc ຆສໆ ິຌລະຎະວິ຋ະງາກາຌຉໞາຄ໅ ຑາສ, ຈຌົ ຉ, ກິລາກ຅ໆໍ ັຈເຎັຌ Abstract noun ຈວໟ ງເຆັຌໆ Chemistry ເ຃ຓວ຋ິ ະງາ music ຈຌົ ຉ Grammar ໄວງາກຬຌ English ຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ Science ວ຋ິ ະງາສາຈ geology ຋ໍລະຌວິ຋ະງາ Economics ເສຈຊະສາຈ politics ກາຌເຓຬຄ Basketball ຍາຌສໆຄົ ping pong ກິລາຎິຄຎຬຄ Mathematics ຃ະຌິຈສາຈ art ສິຌລະຎະ etc 6.Noun Equivalent ຾ຎວາໞ “ຌາຓສ຺ຓຓູຌ” ໝາງເຊິຄ ຃າໍ ຫ ໝ຃ໞ າໍ ໃຈ໅ ເຆິຄໆ ຉາຓອຍລກັ ສະຌະແລວ້ ຍໆໍ ໄຈເ້ ຎຌັ ຌາຓແຉຌ່ ໍາຓາໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຆຌໆັ ຈຽວກຍັ ຌາຓ ຫ ໃຆ້ສະເໝຬຌໜຄໆ ເຎຌັ ຌາຓເຬຌ໇ ຃ໍາຌຌ໇ັ ວໞາ Noun Equivalent ໃຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ຃າໍ ຋ໆຌໍາຓາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌ Noun Equivalent ຓດ່ 5 ຆະຌິຈໄຈ້຃: 6.1Infinitive ແຈ້຃຃ື ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຋ໃຓ to ຌໍາໜໟາຽຆັຌ to go, to come, to walk, to sleep ຌໍາຓາ ເຆ້ດາ່ ຄ Noun ແຈ້ຽຆໃຌັ : To sleep is necessary for health. ກາຌຌຬຌຫຍັ ເຎຌັ ສຄໆິ ຅າໍ ເຎັຌຉໆໍສຂຸ ະຑາຍ He wants to walk every morning. ລາວຏຆ້ າງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌງາໞ ຄ຋ກຸ ໅ເຆົາ໇ (To sleep ແລະ to walk ໂຈງອຍແຍຍແລ້ວເຎຌັ ຃ໍາກໍາຓະແຉ່ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ(Noun Equivalent) ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬຈິ ເຎຌັ Subject ໃຌຎະໂຫງກໂຉຫັຄເຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ wants) 6.2Gerund ແຈ້຃຃ື ໍາກໍາຓະ຋ໃຉໃຼຓຶ ing (Verb-ing) ຽຆໃັຌ running, walking, sleeping, eating, reading, etc. ຌໍາຓາໃຆດ້ ່າຄ Nounໄຈ້ເຆຌັໆ Sleeping at midday is necessary for a baby. 17

ກາຌຌຬຌຫຍັ ເວລາກາຄເວຌັ ເຎັຌສໆິຄ຅າໍ ເຎຌັ ສາໍ ຫຍັ ເຈກັ ຌໟຬງ (Sleeping ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ດ່າຄຌາຓ(Noun Equivalent) ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) Marisa likes reading after dinner. ຓາອສິ າຓກັ ຬໞາຌໜຄັ ສຫຄັ ກຌິ ເຂົາ໇ ແລຄ (reading ຌໍາຓາໃຆດ້ າ່ ຄຌາຓ (Noun Equivalent) ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ likes ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) 6.3Adjective(຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓ)ຍຬກລັກສະຌະຽຆໃຌັ good(ຈ), brave(ກາໟ ຫາຌ),rich(ອັໃຄຓ), poor(ງາກ຅຺ຌ) etc . ຌໍາຓາເຆດ້ ່າຄຌາຓ(Noun Equivalent) ແຈ້ ຾ຉ່ຉໟຬຄເຆ຿້ ຈງຓ the ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຋ຸກຽ຋ຬືໃ ຾ລະ ເຫ້ຊືຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຈວໟ ງຽຆຌໃັ : The good should be praised. ຃ົຌຈ຋ຄັ ຫາງ຃ວຌໄຈ້ອຍັ ກາຌງຬໟ ຄງໍ (good ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຃ຸຌຌາຓແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆດ້ າ່ ຄຌາຓ(Noun Equivalent) ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກ) The rich must help the poor. ຃ຌົ ອັຄໆ ຓ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຆໞວງ຃ົຌ຋ຸກ (rich ແລະ poor ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ ແຉຌ່ ໍາຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ rich ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌ poor ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ກໍາ) 6.4Phrase (ວະລ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆດ້ າ່ ຄຌາຓ (Noun Equivalent) ແຈຽ້ ຆຌໃັ : Where to go is not known. ຅ະໄຎໃສງັຄຍໍໆຓໃຏອ້ (Where to go ເຎັຌວະລແຉຌ່ ໍາຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ ແລະ ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກຌ)໇ I do not know what to say. ຂຬໟ ງຍອໆໍ ຅້ ະເວາົ໇ ຫງຄັ ຈ (what to say ເຎັຌວະລ ແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ ແລະ ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ know) 6.5Clause (ຬະຌຸຎະ຿ຫງກ) ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ (Noun Equivalent) ແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ : What he is doing now is difficult for us to know. ລາວຏ້ຆາງກໍາລຄັ ເອັຈຫງຄັ ດ່ຂະຌະຌ໇ງາກສໍາຫຍັ ເອົາ຋ໆ຅ະອ້ໄຈ້ (What he is doing ເຎັຌ Clause (຃ Noun Equivalent) ແຉ່ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆດ້ ່າຄຌາຓ(Noun Equivalent) ເອັຈ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) No one can understand why she cried. ຍຓໍ ໃຏເຂ໇ົາໃ຅ໄຈ້ວໞາເຎັຌຫງັຄລາວຏ້ງິຄ຅ຄໆ ອໟຬຄໄຫ້ (why she cried ເຎຌັ Clause ແຉ່ຌໍາຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ (Noun Equivalent) ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ understand) 7.Compound Noun ຾ຎວາໞ “ຌາຓຎະສຓ຺ ” ໝາງເຊິຄກາຌຌໍາເຬາົ ຌາຓ 2 ໂຉຓາຂຽຌຉຈິ ກັຌເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຈຽວ ຫ຅ະຂຽຌແງກກຌັ ດ່ໂຈງຓHyphen(-) ຓາຂຌ໇ັ ຈວໟ ງ ຫ ຍໍໆຓກໆໍໄຈ້ກໍໆຊວໞາຌາຓຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌຌາຓຎະສຓົ (Compound Noun) ໄຈຉ້ າຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຌ໇ຈຄັໆ ຌັ໇ຌຌາຓຎະສຓົ ຅ໆຄຓແຫໆຄກາໍ ເຌິຈຓາໃຌອຍແຍຍໄຈ້ຫາງດ່າຄຈຄໆັ ຉໍໆໄຎຌ:໇ 7.1຿ຈງກາຌຌາໍ ຽຬາ຺ ຌາຓ 2຿ຉຓາຂຼຌຉຈິ ຾ລວ້ ກາງຽຎັຌຌາຓຎະສຓ຺ ຂຌືໄ ຓາ(Compound Noun) ແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ : Life + boat = lifeboat ເອຬຆໞວງຆວິຈ Cow + boy = cowboy ຃ຌົ ລໟຽຄຄົວ Door + man = doorman ຃ົຌເຐາົ໇ ຎະຉ 18

Moon+ light = moonlight ແສຄ຅ຌັ Mail + box = mailbox ຉ້ອຍັ ຅ົຈໝາງ Country+ man = countryman ຃ົຌຍໟາຌຌຬກ 7.2຿ຈງກາຌຌາໍ ຽຬ຺າ Verb-ing, ຌາຓຓາຂຼຌຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຈຼວຉິຈກັຍຌາຓ຿ຉຬຌໃື ຿ຈງຓຽ຃ືໃຬຄໝາງ Hyphen(-) ຂໄັຌຽຬາ຺ ແວ້ ແລວ້ ຌາຓຌຌ໇ັ ກໆ຅ໍ ະກາຌເຎັຌຌາຓຎະສົຓ(Compound Noun) ຂ໇ຌຓາ຋ັຌ຋ເຆໆັຌ: Court-martial ສາຌ຋ະຫາຌ swimming-pool ສະລຬງຌໍ໇າ Living-room ຫຬໟ ຄອັຍແຂກ hand-organ ຫຍເຑຄ Looking-glass ແວຌ່ ສຬໞ ຄ school-boy ຌັກອຽຌຆາງ 7.3຿ຈງກາຌຌາໍ ຽຬາ຺ ຌາຓ຿ຉໜຄໃຼຶ ແຎຎະກຬຍໜໟາຌາຓຬກ຿ຉໜຼຄຶໃ ຋ັຄຌຌໄ າຓ຿ຉຫົັຄຽຎຌັ ຌາຓຫັົກ ຫືົ ຌາຓດືຓສວໞ ຌຌາຓ຿ຉໜໟາຽຎັຌຌາຓຎະກຬຍ (ຫ ຅ະເຬຌ໇ ວໞາເຎຌັ Adjective ກໄໆໍ ຈ)້ ແລ້ວຌາຓ຋ັຄ 2 ໂຉ຋ໆຓາລວຓກັຌຌຌ໇ັ ກ຅ໆໍ ະກາງເຎຌັ ຌາຓຎະສຓົ (Compound Noun) ຋ຌັ ຋ ແລະ ຌາຓຎະສຓົ ຉາຓຂຌ໇ໍ ຉ໇ ຬໟ ຄ ຂຽຌແງກກັຌຍໍຌໆ ງິ ຓົ ໃຆ້ Hyphen(-) ຓາຂຌ໇ັ ເຆໆັຌ Bangkok Bank ຋ະຌາ຃າຌກຸຄເ຋ຍ Football game ກິລາໝາກຍາຌ Picnic basket ກະຉາໞ ສໍາຫຍັ ໄຎ຋ຽໞ ວ Examination papers ເ຅ັ໇ງສຬຍເສັຄ Mango trees ຉ໇ຌົ ໝາກຓວໞ ຄ Salt water ຌໍ໇າເກຬ Foot path ຋າຄງາໞ ຄ Government school ໂອຄອຽຌລຈັ ຊະຍາຌ 8.Agent Noun ຾ຎວາໞ “ຌາຓ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຏກູ້ ະ຋າໍ ”ຌາຓຆະຌິຈຌຓໄ ອຍູ ຓາ຅າກ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຫົື ຌາຓ຿ຈງກາຌຉຓຶໃຼ ຎັຈແ຅(Suffix) er, or, ent, ant, ist, ຾ລະ ician ຋຋ໃ າໟ ງ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ ຫົື ຌາຓ ຿ຉຌັຌໄ ຾ລ້ວ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ຫົື ຌາຓ຋ໃຊືກຎັຈແ຅ຽຫົ຺ໃາຌຉໄ ຓືໃ ກໍໃ຅ະກາງຽຎຌັ Agent Noun ຃ື ຌາຓ຋ໃ ສະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຏູ້ກະ຋ໍາ຾ລວ້ ຌາໍ ຓາເຆ຾້ ຍຍຌາຓ຋ໃ຺ວໂ ແຎແຈ້຃ື Verb ເກາໆົ ຃າໍ ແຎ ຉຓໆ ຎຈັ ໄ຅ ຃ໍາແຎ Act ກະ຋າໍ actor ຏ້ກະ຋ໍາ (ສະແຈຄ) Sail ແລຌ່ ເອຬ sailor ຬເອຬ Serve ອຍັ ໃຆ້ servant ຃ຌົ ໃຆ້ Study ສກສາ, ອຽຌ student ຌກັ ອຽຌ Attend ຉັ໇ຄໃ຅ attendant ຏ້ຉິຈຉາຓ Piano ເ຃ໆຬຄຫ໇ຌເຎງໂຌ pianist ຌກັ ເຎງໂຌ Preside ເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌ president ຎະ຋າຌ Music ຈຌົ ຉ musician ຌກັ ຈຌົ ຉ History ຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈ historian ຌກັ ຎະຫວຈັ ສາຈ Visit ດຽ້ ຓດາຓ visitor ຏຓ້ າດ້ຽຓດາຓ 19

Countable and Uncountable Noun ຊາຓ :Countable Noun຃ືຫງຄັ ? Nounຆະຌິຈເຈ຾ຈ່຋ໃ຅ະຊແື ຈ້ວໞາຽຎຌັ Countable Noun ຅຺ໃຄ ຬະ຋ິຍາງ? ຉຬຍ : Countable Noun ແຎວໞາ “ຌາຓຌຍັ ໄຈ້” ໝາງ຃ວາຓວໞາ ຌາຓໂຉຌ໇ັຌສາຓາຈຌັຍໄຈ້ເຎັຌລາງຆຌ໇ , ລາງສໆິຄ, ລາງຬັຌ ແລະ ລາງຍຸກ຃ຌົ ໂຈງຌາຓຌັຌ໇ ເຬຄເຎັຌເຬກະຑຈົ ຍຉໍໆ ໟຬຄສົຄໄສວຈັ ຊຸເ຃ໆຬຄຆໆຄັ ,ວັຈດ່າຄຬຌໆ ຓາ ຆວໞ ງຌຍັ ແລະ ຌາຓຌັຍໄຈ້ຈໆັຄວາໞ ຌກ໇ ໍໆສາຓາຈຉໆຓເລກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌັຍຎະກຬຍຂໟາຄໜາໟ ໄຈ້ຈໟວງເຆໆັຌ one man, two men, three boys, four girls etc. ຌຬກ຅າກຌແ໇ ລວ້ ກສໍໆ າຓາຈເອັຈເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ໄຈ້ຈໆຄັ ຌ໇ັຌຌາຓ຋ັຄ 8 ຆະຌຈິ ຋ໆ ເວົ໇າຓາກໆ຅ໍ ັຈເຂົາ໇ ໃຌຎະເຑຈ “ເຎັຌຌາຓຌັຍໄຈ້” ຈໆັຄຌ໇ Common Noun ສາຓາຌຌາຓ ເຆັໆຌ boy, book, cat, house Proper Noun ວິສາຓາຌຌາຓ ເຆໆຌັ Sak, John, Mary, Jim Collective Noun ສະຓຸຫະຌາຓ ເຆໆຌັ a group of students, jury Compound Noun ຌາຓຎະສົຓ ເຆໆຌັ Living-room, cowboy Agent Noun ຌາຓສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ຏ້ກະ຋ໍາ ເຆຌັໆ sailor, visitor ຋ຄັ 5 ຆະຌຈິ ຌ໇຅ຈັ ເຂ໇າົ ໃຌຎະເຑຈເຎັຌຌາຓຌັຍໄຈ້ ຂໃໍ ຫ້ຌັກສກສາ຅ົຈ຅ໍາເຬາົ ໄວຈ້ ວໟ ງຂຬຄຄາໞ ງ໅ແຍຍຌແ໇ ຓຌ່ ຍ?ໍ ສະຫຍຼຸ ແລ້ວຌາຓ຋ໆ຅ະຊວໞາເຎັຌຌາຓຌຍັ ໄຈ້ຌ໇ຌັ ຉໟຬຄຓ຃ຌຸ ສົຓຍຈັ 3 ດາ່ ຄ຃: 1. ຌັຍໄຈເ້ ຎັຌລາງຬຌັ ໂຈງຌາຓຌ໇ັຌເຬຄ 2. ເອຈັ ເຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑົຈໄຈ້ 3. ໃຆເ້ ລກຌັຍ຅ໍາຌວຌ one, two, three ຎະກຬຍຂາໟ ຄໜໟາໄຈ້ ຊາຓ : Uncountable Noun ຃ຫື ງຄັ ? Noun ຆະຌຈິ ຾ຍຍເຈ຋ໃ຅ະຊວື ໞາຽຎັຌ Uncountable Noun ຅ໆົຄຍຬກຓາໃຫລ້ ະຬຽຈ? ຉຬຍ : Uncountable Noun ແຎວາໞ “ຌາຓຌັຍຍໄໆໍ ຈ້” ໝາງ຃ວາຓວໞາຌາຓໂຉຌຌັ໇ ຍສໆໍ າຓາຈຌັຍໄຈ້ເຎຌັ ລາງໂຉ , ລາງສໆິຄ, ລາງຬັຌ ຉຬໟ ຄດລ່ ວຓກຌັ ເຎັຌກຸ່ຓກຬໟ ຌແງກຌັຍເຎຌັ ລາງໂຉຍໆໄໍ ຈ້ສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓວາໞ “ຫາງ” ຫ “ໜໟຬງ” ຈວໟ ງຎະລຓິ າຌເຆັຌໆ much water, little ink ຍໆແໍ ຓຌ່ ຈໟວງ຅າໍ ຌວຌເຎຌັ ໜໆຄ, ສຬຄ, ສາຓ ຌຬກ຅າກຌ໇ກເໍໆ ອຈັ ເຎຌັ ອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ ໂຈງໂຉຌາຓຌ໇ຌັ ຍໍໆໄຈ(້ ແຉ່ເອຈັ ໄຈ້ວິ຋ຬໆຌ຅ະໄຈ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງໃຌຫົວຂໍ໇ຉໆໄໍ ຎ) ຈຄໆັ ຌ໇ັຌຌາຓ຋ຄັ 8 ຆະຌຈິ ເຓໆຬ຅ັຈເຂົາ໇ ໃຌຎະເຑຈຌັຍຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ກ຅ໍໆ ັຈໄຈ້ຈຄັໆ ຌ:໇ Material Noun (ຫ Mass Noun) = ວັຈຊຸຌາຓ ຫ ຌາຓຓວຌສາຌເຆັຌໆ gold, air, copper, ink, sand etc. Abstract Noun ຬາກາຌຌາຓເຆຌໆັ education, politics, goodness, wisdom, experience etc. Noun-Equivalent = ຌາຓສົຓຓຌ ເຆໆັຌ to walk, to eat, what to do, how to say, etc. ຌາຓ຋ັຄ 3 ຆະຌຈິ ຋ເໆ ວົາ໇ ຓາຌ໇຅ຈັ ເຂ໇ົາໃຌຎະເຑຈ“ຌາຓຌັຍຍໄໍໆ ຈ້” ເຑາະໂຉຌາຓຌັ໇ຌເອົາຍໆໍສາຓາຈຌັຍແງກເຎຌັ ໜຄໆ , ສຬຄ ໄຈເ້ ຑາະຓຌັ ດລ່ ວຓເຎຌັ ກຸ່ຓກໟຬຌ ສະຫຍຼຸ ແລວ້ ລັກສະຌະຂຬຄຌາຓຌັຍຍໄໆໍ ຈ້ຓດ່ 3 ດາ່ ຄ຃ 1.ຌຍັ ຍໍໆໄຈ້ເຎຌັ ລາງສຄໆິ ເຑາະລວຓກຌັ ດເ່ ຎັຌກຸ່ຓກຬໟ ຌ 2.ເອຈັ ເຎັຌອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ ຍໆໄໍ ຈ(້ ຓອຍເຬກະຑົຈດ່າຄຈຽວ) 3.ສະແຈຄ຅ໍາຌວຌຈໟວງຎະລຓິ າຌຫາງ ຫ ໜຬໟ ງເ຋ົໆາຌຌັ໇ 20

ກາຌຽອັຈຌາຓຌັຍຍໍແໃ ຈເ້ ຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຌາຓຌຍັ ແຈ້ ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ໆອັກ຋ຄັ ຫາງ ຌາຓຌັຍຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ຌັຌ໇ ຍາຄ຃ັຄ໇ ເຓໆຬ຅າໍ ເຎັຌດາກອ້຅ໍາຌວຌກໆໍເອັຈໃຫເ້ ຎັຌສະເໝຬຌຌາຓ ຌຍັ ໄຈ້ ແຉ຋່ ຄັ ຌຉ໇ ໟຬຄຬາໄສວຈັ ຊຑຸ າຆະຌະ ຫ ເ຃ຬໆ ຄຆຄັໆ , ເ຃ໆຬຄ຃າໍ ຌວຌ, ເ຃ຬໆ ຄວຈັ ຆຌ໇ິ ສໞວຌດາ່ ຄຬຌໆ ເຂົາ໇ ຓາເຎຌັ ເ຃ໆຬຄຌັຍຌາຓ຋ຌໆ ັຍຍໆໍໄຈໃ້ ຫ້ເຎັຌຌາຓຌຍັ ໄຈ້ແ຋ຌຉາຓສຈຂຬຄກາຌສໟາຄ຃ໍາຈັຄຌ໇ ----Common Noun + of + Material (Mass) Noun ເຆຌໆັ ອູຍຽຬກະຑຈ຺ (Singular Noun) A piece of paper ເ຅໇ັງໜຄໆ ແຏຌ່ A drop o water ຌໍ໇າໜຄໆ ງົຈ A item of news ຂາໞ ວໜໆຄເລຬໆ ຄ A bar of soap ສະຍໜຸ່ ຄໆ ກຬໟ ຌ A roll of cloth ຏໟາໜໆຄຓໟວຌ A loaf of bread ຂະໜຓົ ຎັຄໜຄໆ ກຬໟ ຌ A bag of flour ແຎຄ້ ໜໆຄຊົຄ A bottle of milk ຌົຓໜຂໆ ວຈ A basket of fruit ໝາກໄຓ້ໜຄໆ ກະຉາໞ A cup o tea ຆາໜໆຄ຅ຬກ A glass of water ຌໍ໇າໜຄໆ ແກ້ວ A yard of ribbon ອຍຍຬ໠ ຌໜໆຄຫລາ A ton of coal ຊາໞ ຌໜຄໆ ຉັຌ A kilo of sugar ຌ໇ໍາຉາຌໜໆຄກໂິ ລ A metre of silk ຏາໟ ໄໝໜໆຄແຓຈັ ອຍູ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ (Plural Noun) Many pieces of paper ເ຅ັງ໇ ຫາງແຏຌ່ Three drops of water ຌາ໇ໍ 3 ງົຈ Two items of news ຂາໞ ວ 3 ເລຬໆ ຄ Five bars of soap ສະຍຸ່ 5 ກໟຬຌ Few rolls of cloth ຏໟາ 2-3 ຓໟວຌ Six loaves of bread ຂະໜຓົ ຎຄັ 6 ກໟຬຌ Several bags of flour ຊົຄແຎ້ຄຫາງຊົຄ Two bottles of milk ຌຓົ 2 ຂວຈ Four baskets of fruit ໝາກໄຓ້ 4 ກະຉໞາ Cups of tea ຆາຫາງ຅ຬກ Glasses of water ຌາ໇ໍ ຫາງແກ້ວ Many metres of cloth ຏໟາຫາງແຓຈັ etc. ເຆໆຌັ He wants to by many metres of cloth today. 21

ລາວຏ້ຆາງຉຬໟ ຄກາຌຆ໇ຏໟາຫາງແຓຈັ ຓ໇ຌ໇ A yard of string is worth twenty bath. ເຆຬກໜຄໆ ຫລາລາ຃າ 20 ຍາຈ Common Noun ຍາຄຆະຌິຈເຓຬໆ ເວາົ໇ ເຊຄິ ອຍອໞາຄເຎັຌຉົວເຎັຌຉົຌຊເຎັຌ Countable Noun ແຉຊ່ ໟາເວົ໇າ ເຊິຄ ຫ ໝາງເຊຄິ ສໞວຌ຋ແໆ ງກຬຬກເຎັຌຆຌ໇ ສໞວຌແລວ້ ຊເຎັຌ Uncountable Noun ຉົວດ່າຄເຆັຌໆ ເຎັຌ Countable Noun ເຎຌັ Uncountable Noun Cow, ox ຄວົ beef ຆຌ໇ ຄົວ Pig ໝ pork ຆຌ໇ ໝ Sheep ແກະ mutton ຆ໇ຌແກະ Tree ຉ໇ົຌໄຓ້ wood ໄຓ້ແຎອຍ Trousers ສ໇ົຄຂາງາວ cloth ຏາໟ etc. ໜໟາ຋ຂໃ ຬຄຌາຓ (Function of Noun) ຌັກສກສາ຋ຄັ ຫາງເອາົ ໄຈ້ອຓ້ າແລວ້ ວາໞ ຌາຓ ຫ Noun ໃຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ຓດ່ 8 ຆະຌຈິ ໄຈ຃້ ດ່າຄຌັ໇ຌ໅ແລ້ວກໆໍ ຓາແຍ່ຄຉາຓກາຌຌັຍວໞາຓ 2 ດ່າຄ຃ ຌັຍໄຈ້ ແລະ ຌັຍຍໆໍໄຈຌ້ ັ໇ຌຍໄໍໆ ຈໝ້ າງ຃ວາຓວໞາອຌ້ າຓ຅ົຍແລ້ວໝົຈແລ້ວ? ຍໆໍ ແຓຌ່ ...ງຄັ ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄອຽຌອ້ເຑຓໆິ ຉຓໆ ຬກເຓໆຬອ້ຆະຌິຈຉໄໆໍ ຎກຉໍໆ ຬໟ ຄອ້ໜໟາ຋ໆ(Function) ຫ ວິ຋ໃຆຂ້ ຬຄຌາຓເສງກຬໞ ຌ ວໞາເຬາົ ໄຎໃຆ້ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌຫງັຄກໍໄໆ ຈ້ຍໃໍ ຌຎະໂຫງກຉໞາຄ໅ລາໍ ຑຄັ ຅ະອ້ແຉຑ່ ຽຄຆະຌິຈ ແລະ ກາຌຌຍັ ແຉຍ່ ໆອໍ ້ວ຋ິ ໃຆ້ ກາຌອຌ້ ຌັ໇ ກໆໍຍໆກໍ ໍໃໆ ຫ້ເກິຈຎະໂຫງຈຫງຄັ ໄຈ້ຫວຄຫາງໃຌຫັກຑາສາ. ສະຌັ໇ຌຉໍແໆ ຉຌ່ ໄ໇ ຎເອົາ຅ະໄຈຓ້ າອຽຌເຊິໆຄໜໟາ຋ຂໆ ຬຄຌາຓກຬໞ ຌວໞາ ຽຓືຬໃ ຌາໍ ແຎຽວ຺ໄາ ຫືົ ຂຼຌ຾ລວ້ ຌາຓ ຌັໄຌ຅ະຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ແຈ້຾ຈ່ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ? ຂໍໃຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາ຋ັຄຫາງ຅ົຈ຅າໍ ແຉ່ລະຉົວດ່າຄໃຫໄ້ ຈ້ສໍາ ລັຍກາຌໃຆ້ຌາຓເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆຌັ໇ຌ໅ຉໆໍໄຎ ກະລຸຌາດາ່ ໄຈ້ຓາຬາໟ ຄວໞາ ໂຬງ້ ...ຬາ຅າຌຍໍໆຓເວລາ? ໂຬງ້ ...ຬາ຅າຌດາກ ຌຬຌ?ຍໄໍ ຈ້ເຈ ຊາຓ : Noun ເຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຫງຄັ ແຈ້຾ຈ່຅ໃ຺ຄຍຬກຓາຑໟຬຓງກ຺ ຉວ຺ ດ່າຄຎະກຬຍ? ຉຬຍ : Noun ໃຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ເຓໆຬຌາໍ ຓາຂຽຌ ຫ ເວາ໇ົ ເອຈັ ໜາ໠ ຋ໄໆ ຈ້ຈຄັໆ ຉໄໍໆ ຎຌ໇: 1.ຽອັຈໜ໠າ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ້ (Subject of a Verb) ເຆໆັຌ Somsak is a student of the English language. ສຓົ ສກັ ເຎຌັ ຌັກສກສາຑາສາຬັຄກິຈ Mary loves her parents very much ແຓອອຍັ ຑຂໍໆ ຬຄລາວຫາງ໅ The boy likes to have dinner at six in the evening. ເຈກັ ຆາງ຃ຌົ ຌຓ໇ ກັ ກິຌເຂ໇ົາແລຄເວລາ 6 ໂຓຄແລຄ (Somsak, Mary ແລະ boy ເຎັຌ຃ໍາຌາຓຓາເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ is, loves, ແລະ likes ໃຌ ຎະໂຫງກ) ຂໄສໍ ຄັ ຽກຈ : ກາຌໃຆ້ຌາຓ຋ໆເອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌຎະ຋າຌ຅ະວາຄໄວ້ໜໟາ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະສະເໝ 2 ຽອັຈໜ໠າ຋ໃຽຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ (Object of a Verb) ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈຽ້ ຆໃຌັ Jack loves Jane. ແ຅ັກອັກເ຅ຌ We respect the teacher. ຑວກເອົາຌັຍຊຬາ຅າຌ 22

I ate mangoes. ຂຬໟ ງໄຈກ້ ຌິ ໝາກຓວໞ ຄ (Jane, teacher ແລະ mangoes ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຓາເອັຈໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ loves, respect ແລະ ate ໃຌ ຎະໂຫງກ) ຂສໍໄ ຄັ ຽກຈ : ຌາຓ຋ເໆ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄກລິ ິງາ຅ະວາຄໄວຫ້ ັຄກິລິງາສະເໝ 3 ຽອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ໃຽຎັຌກໍາຂຬຄຍຍຸ ຑະຍ຺ຈ (Object of a preposition) ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈຽ້ ຆັຌໃ We think of the teacher when we leave school. ຑວກເອາົ ຃ຈິ ອຬຈຌາງ຃ເຓຬໆ ຑວກເອາົ ຬຬກ຅າກໂອຄອຽຌ (ອຽຌ຅ົຍແລ້ວ) He speaks to his girl-friend every day. ລາວຏຆ້ າງເວາ໇ົ ເຊິຄ຃ົຌອກັ ຂຬຄລາວ຋ຸກ໅ຓ໇ John has waited for Anne long time. ຅ຬຌໄຈລ້ ຊໍ ໟາແຬຌຌາຈຌົ ແລວ້ (teacher, girl-friend ແລະ Anneເຎຌັ ຌາຓຓາເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃ໍາເຆຬໆ ຓ of, to ແລະ for ຉາຓລໍາຈັຍ) ຂໍໄສັຄຽກຈ : ຌາຓ຋ໆເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃ໍາເຆຬໆ ຓໃຈໃຫອ້ ຽຄໄວຫ້ ຄັ ຃ໍາເຆຬໆ ຓໂຉຌັຌ໇ 4ຽອັຈໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌສ຺ຓຍູຌຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະຽຑໃືຬຂະຫງາງເຫຎ້ ະ຋າຌແຈ຃້ ວາຓຆຈັ ຽ຅ຌຂຌໄື (Subjective Complement) ແຈສ້ ໞວຌຫວົ ຄຫາົ ງ຋ຌໃ າໍ ຓາເຆ້ຉາຓຂໍໄ 4 ຌໄຓກັ ຅ະຽຬຌໄ ຉາຓຫຄົັ Verb to be). Become, ເຆັຌໆ : Siri is a student. Amnat become a doctor. ສລິເຎັຌຌັກອຽຌ ຬໍາຌາຈເຎຌັ ຋ໞາຌໝໍ She was a nurse two years ago ລາວຏງ້ ຄິ ເຎັຌຌາຄຑະງາຍາຌເຓຬໆ 2ຎກຬໞ ຌ (student, doctor ແລະ nurse ເຎຌັ ຌາຓຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ໆເຎຌັ ສໞວຌສົຓຍຌຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ is, becomes, ແລະ was ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ) 5ຽອຈັ ໜ໠າ຋ໃຽຎັຌສວໞ ຌຂະຫງາງກໍາຽຑໃືຬເຫ້ກາໍ ຿ຉຌໄັຌຓຽຌືຬໄ ຃ວາຓ຅ະ຾຅ຄ້ ຂຌືໄ (Objective Complement) ຫືົ ຬກ຾ຍຍໜຼຄໃຶ ຅ະຽຬຌໄ ວາໞ ຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎັຌ຋ຄັ ກໍາ (Object) ຾ລະ ສວໞ ຌສຓ຺ ຍຌູ (Complement) ຑໟຬຓກັຌຽ຋ຬໃື ຈຼວກແໃໍ ຈ້ຽຆຌັໃ : We elected Mr. Sombat leader. ຑວກເອົາເລຬກ຋ໞາຌ ສົຓຍັຈເຎຌັ ຫວົ ໜ໠າ (ຫ ຏ້ຌໍາ) His parents named him Henry. ຑແໍໆ ຓຂ່ ຬຄລາວຉຄັ໇ ຆໆລາວວາໞ ເອຌອ Everyone called him a coward. ຋ກຸ ໅຃ຌົ ເຬ໇ຌລາວວາໞ ຃ຌົ ຂ຃໇ ໟາຌ. (leader, Henry ແລະ coward ເຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຌາຓແຉໃ່ ຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ຄັ 3 ຌ໇ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອຈັ ໜາ໠ ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຉວົ ຂະຫງາງກໍາ (Object) ຋ດໆ ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ ຓັຌ຃ Sombat, him ແລະ him) ຂສໄໍ ຄັ ຽກຈ : ຌາຓ຋ໄໆ ຎເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆຂະຫງາງກໍາໃຈໃຫ້ອຽຄໄວ້ຫັຄກໍາຌ໇ັຌ຋ຸກເ຋ຬໆ ໄຎ 6 ຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎັຌຌາຓຆໟຬຌຌາຓ຋ດໃ ູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາໟ (in apposition) ແຈ້ ຾ລະ ລະຫວໞາຄຌາຓຂໟາຄ ໜໟາກຍັ ຌາຓ຋ໃແຎຆໟຬຌຉາຓຫົັຄ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄເສ່ຽ຃ໃືຬຄໝາງ Comma(,) ຂໄຌັ ຽຬາ຺ ແວ຋້ ກຸ ຽ຋ຬໃື ຾ລະ ກາຌແຎຆຬໟ ຌຌໄັຌ຾ງກຬຬກຽຎຌັ 2 ກລໍ ະຌ຃ື 23

ກ. ຆໟຬຌໃຌສວໞ ຌ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກ(noun in subjective apposition) ໃຫ້ຎະໄວຫ້ ຄັ ຎະ຋າຌໂຉຌັ໇ຌເຆັຌໆ Reagan, the president of the U.S.A, visited Thailand. ອແກຌຎະ຋າຌາ຋ິຍຈໍ ສະຫະລຈັ ຬາເຓລິກາໄຈຓ້ າດຽ້ ຓດາຓຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋ Samai, my friend, can’t go to school as usual ສະໄໝເຑຬໆ ຌຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງຍໍໆສາຓາຈໄຎອຽຌໜຄັ ສໄຈ້ຉາຓຎກົ ກະຉິ Our country, Thailand, is the land of peace ຎະເ຋ຈຂຬຄເອາົ ຃ຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋ເຎັຌຈຌິ ແຈຌແຫຄ່ ສັຌຉສິ ກຸ (president, friend ແລະ Thailand ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓ຋ັຄຌັ໇ຌແຉໃ່ ຌ຋ຌໆ ໇ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆຆໟຬຌຌາຓ຋ໆດຂ່ ໟາຄໜໟາ຃ Reagan. Samai ແລະ country) ຂ. ຆຬໟ ຌໃຌສວໞ ຌ຋ໆເຎຌັ ກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະໃຌຎະໂຫງກ(noun in objective apposition) ໃຫ້ຎະໄວ້ ຫຄັ ກາໍ ໂຉຌັຌ໇ ເຆຌໆັ : We admire our teacher, Mr. Jackson ຑວກເອາົ ງົກງໟຬຄຬາ຅າຌຂຬຄຑວກເອາົ ແ຅ັກສຌັ Now I am reading Advance English Grammar, my book. ຈຽວຌ໇ຂຬໟ ງກາໍ ລັຄຬໞາຌ Advance English Grammar . Do you want to see Samran, the writer of this book? ເ຅ົາ໇ ຉໟຬຄກາຌຑົຍສໍາລາຌຏຂ້ ຽຌໜຄັ ສເຫຓ໇ັ ຌ໇ຍໍ? (Mr. Jackson, book ແລະ writer ຋ຄັ 3 ຃ໍາເຎຌັ ຌາຓແຉ່ໃຌ຋ຌໆ ຌ໇ ໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຌາຓຆຬໟ ຌໂຉກາໍ ຋ໆດ່ ຂາໟ ຄໜາ໠ ໄຈແ້ ກ຃່ າໍ teacher, Advance English Grammar, ແລະ Samran) 7.ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ອຼກຂາຌ(An Address) ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກແຈ(້ ຉາໍ ລາຍາຄຽຫັຓໄົ ຽຬໄຌວໞາຽຎັຌຌາຓຽຬຌໄ ຆໃື(Vocative) ກໍໆຓ)ເຆໆັຌ Robert, please close the door. ໂອເຍຈິ ກະລຸຌາຬັຈຎະຉແຈ່ You are right, Jimy. ເ຅ົາ໇ ຊກລະ຅ິຓຓໆ Teacher, explain it slowly. ຬາ຅າຌ ຬະ຋ຍິ າຌຆາໟ ໅ແຈ່ Is it true, Jim, that he will come tomorrow? ແ຋້ຍ຅ໍ ຓ຋ລໆ າວ຅ະຓາວຌັ ຑຈຸ ຌ?໇ (Robert, Jimy, Teacher, ແລະ Jim ຋ຄັ ໝົຈເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓແຉ່ໃຌຎະໂຫງກເຫໆົາຌຌ໇ າໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຌາຓ ອຽກຂາຌ) ຂໍສໄ ຄັ ຽກຈ : ຌາຓ຋ເໆ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຌາຓອຽກຂາຌ຅ະຎະໄວຍ້ ໞຬຌໃຈຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກກໍໄໆ ຈ້ ຉ໇ຌົ , ກາຄ, ຋າໟ ງ ແລະໃຫສ້ ັຄເກຈກາຌໃຆ້ເ຃ຬໆ ຄໝາງ Comma (,) ກຍັ ຌາຓ຋ໆເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ໆເຬ໇ຌຂາຌໄວ້ໃຫແ້ ຌ່ຌຬຌສໍາຫຍັ ກາຌຎະແຉ່ ລະດ່າຄ 8.ຽອັຈໜໟາ຋ສໃ ະ຾ຈຄ຃ວາຓຽຎຌັ ຽ຅າໄ຺ ຂຬຄ(Possessive Case) ຂຬຄຌາຓ຋ວໃ຺ ແຎແຈ້຋ຄັ ຌໄ຿ຈງຬາແສ ຽ຃ຬືໃ ຄໝາງ Apostrophe’s ຋ກຸ ຽ຋ໃຬື ຽຑໃືຬຽຆຬໃື ຓ຃ວາຓຽຎັຌຽ຅຺າໄ ຂຬຄຽຆໃັຌ. The teacher’s table is standing in front of the class. 24

ໂຉະຂຬຄຬາ຅າຌຉັຄ໇ ດໜ່ າໟ ຫຬໟ ຄອຽຌ This is the lady’s handbag which is very dear ຌ໇຃ກະເຎໆົາຊຂຬຄສຸຑາຍສະຉເຆໆິຄຓລາ຃າແຑຄຫາງ Do you know my principal’s house? ເ຅ົ໇າອ້ເອຬຌຬາ຅າຌໃຫງໞຂຬຄຂໟຬງຍ?ໍ (teacher’s. lady’s ແລະ principal’s ເຎຌັ ຌາຓ ແຉ່ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ຄັ 3 ຌ໇ຌາໍ ຓາໃຆເ້ ອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຌາຓສະແຈຄ ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ເ຅ົາ໇ ຂຬຄ ຂຬຄຫງັຄ? ກຂໍໆ ຬຌາຓ຋ໆຉາຓຫັຄຌ໇ັຌແລະ...) ຂໍສໄ ັຄຽກຈ : ຌາຓ຋ເໆ ອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓເຎຌັ ເ຅າ໇ົ ຂຬຄຂຬຄຌາຓໃຈໃຫ້ຎະໄວໜ້ າ໠ ຌາຓໂຉຌ໇ຌັ ຋ຸກເ຋ໆຬໄຎ 9 ຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌະສຍັ (Adjectival Noun) ຎະກຬຍຌາຓຌາໍ ກັຌແຈ຿້ ຈງເຫຎ້ ະແວ້ໜ໠າ ຃າໍ ຌາຓຌັຌໄ ຽຆຌໃັ : The football match for today is very interesting. ກາຌແຂຄ່ ຂັຌແຉະຍາຌສາໍ ລັຍຓຌ໇ ໇ຌາໞ ສົຌໃ຅ຫາງ Sompong is waiting for you at the bus stop. ສົຓຑຄົ ກໍາລຄັ ລຊໍ ໟາເ຅າ໇ົ ດ່຋ໆຍໞຬຌ຅ຬຈລົຈເຓ There is my relative living in New York City. ຓງາຈຉຑິ ໆຌິ ໟຬຄຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງ຃ົຌໜໆຄຬາໄສດ່ໃຌເຓຬໆ ຄຌິວງຬກ (football, bus, ແລະ New York ເຎັຌ຃ໍາຌາຓ ແຉໃ່ ຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 3ຌ໇ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆຂະຫງາງຌາຓ ຫ ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຂຬຄຌາຓ match(ກາຌແຂຄ່ ຂຌັ ) stop (ຍໞຬຌຫງຈຸ , ຍຬໞ ຌ຅ຬຈລຈົ ) ແລະ City (ເຓຬຄ) ຋ຉໆ າຓຫຄັ ) ຂໄໍສຄັ ຽກຈ :ຌາຓ຋ເໆ ອຈັ ໜ໠າ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ຃າໍ ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓຎະກຬຍຌາຓກຍັ ຌາຓໃຈໃຫອ້ ຽຄໄວ້ໜາໟ ຌາຓຌັ໇ຌ 10.ຽອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ກາໍ ຽຆິຄໃ ຓລກັ ສະຌະ ຾ລະ ຃ວາຓໝາງຈຼວກຌັ ກັຍ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ຋ດໃ ູ່ຂາໟ ຄໜາ໠ (Cognate Object)ຽຆຌໃັ : Dr. Boonsanong died an accident death ຈອ. ຍຌຸ ສະໜຬຄຉາຓເຑາະຬຸຎະຉເິ ຫຈ Mali dream a good dream last night ຓ຃໇ ຌຌຓ໇ ະລຐັຌຈ She smiled a sweet smile. ລາວຏ້ງິຄງ໇ຓຫວາຌ These boys laughed a merry laugh. ເຈັກຌໟຬງເຫາໆົ ຌ໇ຫົວດ່າຄຓ຃ວາຓສກຸ They ran a lively race. ຑວກເຂາົ ແລ່ຌແຂຄ່ ກຌັ ດາ່ ຄສະໜຸກສະໜາຌ Mary sleft the sleep of the just. ແຓອຫຍັ ຐັຌເຊິຄ຃ວາຓງຈຸ ຉິ຋າໍ (຃າໍ ວໞາ death, dream, smile, laugh, race, ແລະ sleep ໃຌຎະໂຫງກເຫົາໆ ຌເ໇ ຎັຌຌາຓ຃ຬາກາຌຌາຓ (Abstract Noun) ແຉ່ຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ໆເຎັຌກາໍ ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ຋ໆຓລກັ ສະຌະ ແລະ ຃ວາຓໝາງຈຽວກຌັ ) 11.ຽອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌຬິຈສະຫົະຂຬຄກຓຸ່ ຃ໍາ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ສໞວຌຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະວະລ(Absolute Subject of participial Phrase) ຾ລ້ວແຎຽອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໃຂະຫງາງ Subject ເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ Main Clause ຬກຽ຋ຬໃື ໜຶຄໃຼ ຽຆັຌໃ : 25

Dinner being over, we all sat and talked. ເຓໆຬ(຋າຌ)ຬາຫາຌຉຬຌແລຄແລວ້ ຑວກເອາົ ຋ກຸ ຃ຌົ ກໆຌໍ ໆັຄລົຓກຌັ (Dinner ເຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌຬຈິ ສະຫະຂຬຄກ່ຓຸ ຃ໍາ being over ແລະ Dinner being over ໄຎຂະຫງາງ we ໃຌ ຎະໂຫງກ Main Clause) Uthai having been elected the chairman of the parliament, I am sure the meeting will have outstanding results. ເຓໆຬ຋ໞາຌ ຬຸໄ຋ໄຈອ້ ຍັ ເລຬກໃຫ້ເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌສະຑາ ຂໟຬງກໍໆແຌ່ໃ຅ໄຈວ້ າໞ ກາຌຎະຆຓຸ ຅ະຓຏຌົ ເຎຌັ ຋ຌໆ ໞາ ຑໍໃ຅(ຈເຈຌັໆ ຂ໇ຌ) (Uthai ເຎັຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌຬຈິ ສະຫະ(Absolute Subject)ຂຬຄກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ Participle Phrase The sun having set, the farmers walked home. ເຓຬໆ ຉາເວຌັ ຉົກຈຌິ ຆາວຌາ຋ັຄຫາງກກໆໍ ັຍເອຬຌ. (sun ເຎຌັ ຃ໍາຌາຓຌໍາຓາໃຆເ້ ຎັຌຎະ຋າຌຬິຈສະຫະຂຬກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ Participle Phrase ) ໂຬ້ ເກຬຍລຓໄຎແລວ້ ລຓຫງັຄລະ? ກໍລໆ ຓຍຬກວໞາໂຉຎະ຋າຌຂຬຄຎະໂຫງກ Main Clause ກຍັ ຎະ຋າຌຬຈິ ສະຫະ (Absolute Subject) ຂຬຄກຸ່ຓ຃ໍາ Participle Phrase ຌຌ໇ັ ຉຬໟ ຄເຎັຌ຃ຌົ ລະ຃ຌົ ກັຌ ແລະ ຃າໍ ຋ໆ຅ະຓາເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌຬຈິ ສະຫະຌັ໇ຌເຎັຌສັຍຑະຌາຓ(Pronoun) ກໍໆໄຈຍ້ ຅ໆໍ ໍາເຎຌັ ຉຬໟ ຄເຎັຌແຉຌ່ າຓດ່າຄຈຽວເຆັຌໆ : He having finished his work, we left the office together. ເຓຬໆ ລາວຏ້ຆາງເອຈັ ວຽກສໍາເລັຈແລ້ວ ຑວກເອາົ ກໆໍຬຬກ຅າກຫຬໟ ຄກາຌໄຎຌໍາກຌັ ເຎັຌຉຌົ໇ ຾ຍຍຽຐກິ ຫຈັ ຅ໃຄ຺ ຍຬກຌາຓ຋ໃຑິຓຈວໟ ງ຿ຉຈໍາເຌຎະ຿ຫງກຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄວາໞ ຽຎັຌຌາຓຆະຌິຈເຈ? ຾ລະ ຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໃຽຎຌັ ຫງັຄເຌຎະ຿ຫງກ? 1. The elephant can pull the wood in the forest 2. I like Mr. William, the carpenter very much. 3. Sorrow is not wanted by anybody. 4. Somchit lives at Paknam but works in Bangkok. 5. Agang of thieves were arrested last night. 6. My shoes were made of leather. 7. Death comes to all men. 8. To sleep is necessary for health 9. Marisa likes reading after dinner. 10. The rich must help the poor. 11. I don’t know what to say about this matter. 12. What he is doing now is difficult for us to know. 13. There is a swimming-poor in his school. 14. My parents named me Henry. 15. Robert, come and see us tomorrow. 16. This is the lady’s handbag which is very dear. 17. The football match for today is very interesting. 18. He died a sad death. 19. They ran a livery race. 20.The sun having set, the farmers walked home. 26

຃ໍາຉຬຍ຾ຍຍຽຐິກຫຈັ 1.Elephant ເປັ ນ Common Noun ເອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ໆເຎຌັ Subject ຂອງ can pull, wood ເຎັຌ Material Noun ເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ໆເຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ pull 2. Carpenter ເຎັຌ Common Noun ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌຌາຓຆຬໟ ຌຂຬຄ Mr. William (Noun in Aposition) 3.Sorrow ເຎັຌ Abstract Noun ເອັຈໜ໠າ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ Subject ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ is not wanted 4.Somchit ແລະ Bangkok ເຎັຌ Proper Noun ຈໟວງກຌັ ຋ັຄ຃ແ່ ຉ່ Somchit ເຎັຌ Subject ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະlives ສໞວຌ Bangkok ເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄຍຍຸ ຑະຍຈົ in 5.A gang of thieves ເຎັຌ Collective Noun ເອຈັ ໜາ໠ ຋ໆເຎັຌ Subject ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ were arrested 6.Leather ເຎຌັ Material Noun ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Object ຂອງ of 7.Death ເຎຌັ Abstract Noun ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Subject ຂຬຄ comes 8.To sleep ເຎຌັ Verbal Noun(ຌາຓຓອຍຓາ຅າກ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ) ຅ັຈເຂົາ໇ ໃຌ Abstract Noun ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆ ເຎັຌ Subject ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ is 9.Reading ເຎຌັ Verbal Noun (ຌາຓຓອຍຓາ຅າກ຃າໍ ກລິ ງິ າ)຅ຈັ ເຂົາ໇ ໃຌ Abstract Noun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆ ເຎຌັ Object ຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ likes 10.Rich ແລະ poor ເຎັຌ(຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌະສັຍຌາໍ ຓາໃຆ້ດາ່ ຄຌາຓ)ເຎຌັ Common Noun ໂຉ຋າໍ ຬິຈເຎັຌ Subject ໂຉຫັຄເຎຌັ Object 11.What to say ເຎຌັ ຌາຓວະລເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Object ຂຬຄ know 12.What he is doing now ເຎັຌ Noun Clause (ຌາຓາຌຎຸ ະໂຫງກ) ເອັຈໜາ໠ ຋ໆເຎັຌ Subjectຂຬຄ is 13.Swimming-poor ເຎັຌຌາຓຎະສຓົ (compound Noun) ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌສຓົ ຍຌຂຬຄ຃າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ is 14.Henry ເຎັຌ Proper Noun ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ Objective Complement ຂະຫງາງ me ໃຫເ້ ຌ໇ຬ ຃ວາຓຂຬຄ຃ໍາກາໍ ຓະ named ສຓົ ຍຌຂຌ໇ 15.Robert ເຎຌັ Proper Noun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎັຌຌາຓເຬ໇ງິ ຂາຌ (An Address) 16. Lady’s ເຎຌັ Common Noun ເອັຈໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌ຃ໍາສະແຈຄ຃ວາຓເຎັຌເ຅ົາ໇ ຂຬຄກຍັ Handbag (Possessive) 17.Football ເຎັຌ Common Noun ເອັຈໜໟາ຋ໆເຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓຂະຫງາງຌາຓຈໟວງກັຌເຬຄ຃ match ຋ດໆ ິໆ ຂາໟ ຄຫັຄ 18.Death ເຎຌັ Abstract Noun ເອຈັ ໜໟາ຋ໆເຎຌັ ໂຉ Cognate Object (຃ເຎຌັ ກໍາ຋ໆຓລັກສະຌະ ແລະ ຃ວາຓໝາງຈຽວກັຌກັຍ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະ຋ໆດ່ຂໟາຄຫັຄ) ຂຬຄ died 19.Race ເຎຌັ Abstract Noun ເອຈັ ໜ໠າ຋ໆເຎຌັ Cognate Object ຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ran 20.Sun ເຎັຌ Common Noun ເອຈັ ໜາໟ ຋ໆເຎັຌຎະ຋າຌຬິຈສະຫະຂຬຄກຸ່ຓ຃າໍ ຋ໆເຎຌັ ສວໞ ຌຂຬຄ຃ໍາກໍາຓະ ວະລ຃ having set 27

Chapter 3 Number of Nouns ຊາຓ : Number of Nouns ຃ຫື ງຄັ ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌິຈ? ຅ຄໃ຺ ຬະ຋ິຍາງຓາເຫ຅້ ະ຾຅ຄ້ ຽຍຄິໃ ? ຉຬຍ : Number of Nouns ແຎວໞາ“ຑ຺ຈຂຬຄຌາຓ ຫົື ຅າໍ ຌວຌຌຍັ ຂຬຄຌາຓ” ກາຌ຋ໆເອົາຉໟຬຄຓາສກສາ ເຊິຄເລໆຬຄຑົຈ(Number)ຂຬຄຌາຓຌ໇ຌັ ກໆໍເຑໆຬ຅ະໄຈໃ້ ຆ຃້ າໍ ກາໍ ຓະ(Verb) ໃຫ້ສຬຈ຃ໟຬຄຉາຓອຍຂຬຄຑຈົ ໃຌກລໍ ະຌ ຋ເໆ ອັຈໜາໟ ຋ເໆ ຎຌັ ຎະ຋າຌ(Subject) ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ ສະຌັ໇ຌ Number of Nouns ໃຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ແຍຄ່ ຬຬກໄຈ້ເຎັຌ 2 ຆະຌຈິ ຃: -Singular Number = ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ -Plural Number = ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ 1.Singular Number ໝາງເຊິຄຌາຓ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຆຂໆ ຬຄ຃ົຌ, ສຈັ , ສຄິໆ ຂຬຄ, ແລະ ສະຊາຌ຋ຓໆ ຅ໍາຌວຌຑຽຄສໆຄິ ຈຽວ, ຬຌັ ຈຽວ, ຃ົຌຈຽວເຆໆຌັ One cat is grasping a rat under the tree. ແຓວໜໆໂຉກາໍ ລຄັ ຃ຍໜດ່ກຬໞ ຄຉົຌ໇ ໄຓ້ I saw an old man praying in the church. ຂຬໟ ງເຫັຌຏຆ້ າງເຊົ໇າ຃ົຌໜໆຄສວຈຓົຌດໃ່ ຌໂຍຈ (cat ແລະ man ຋ໆຎະກົຈໃຫເ້ ຫັຌດ່ໃຌ 2 ຎະໂຫງກຌ໇ເຎັຌຌາຓເຬກະຑົຈເຑາະໝາງເຊຄິ ແຓວໂຉຈຽວ຃ຍຸ ໜ ແລະ ຏ້ຆາງເຊ໇າົ ຃ຌົ ຈຽວສວຈຓຌົ ) 2.Plural Number ໝາງເຊິຄຌາຓ຋ໆເຎຌັ ຆໆຂຬຄ຃ຌົ , ສຈັ , ສິໆຄຂຬຄ, ແລະ ສະຊາຌ຋຋ໆ ໆຓ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງກວໞາໜໆຄ ຫ ສຄໆິ ໜໆຄຂຌ໇ ໄຎເຆໆິຄ຅ະອ້ໄຈ້ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ົຈກໍໆໂຈງກາຌເຍິໆຄ຋ໆຌາຓໂຉຌ໇ັຌ ຫ ຃າໍ ຬ໇ຌ຋ໆຓາຂະຫງາງຌາຓໂຉຌັ໇ຌ ເຆໆັຌ: The students are reading in the room. ຌກັ ສກສາຫາງ຃ຌົ ກໍາລັຄຬໞາຌໜຄັ ສດໃ່ ຌຫຬໟ ຄ Did you see two men come here yesterday. ເ຅າົ໇ ເຫັຌຏ້ຆາງ 2 ຃ຌົ ຓາຌຍ໇ ໍຓ໇ວາຌຌ?໇ My father bought three fish from market. ຑໍຂໆ ຬຄຂຬໟ ງໄຈ້ຆ໇ຎາ 3 ໂຉຓາ຅າກຉະຫາຈ (students, men, ແລະ fish ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ັຄ 3ຌ໇ເຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ເຑາະເຎັຌຌາຓ຋ຓໆ ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງກວໞາໜຄໆ ອໄ້ ຈ້ ໂຈງກາຌເຍໆຄ຋ຌໆ າຓໂຉຌັຌ໇ ຉຓໆ s ຍ,ໍ ຎ່ຽຌສະຫະຑາງໃຌຍໞ, ຫ ຓເລກຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຍໍຓາຎະກຬຍຍ)ໞ ຫກົັ ຽກຌກາຌຎຼ່ ຌຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ເຫຽ້ ຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຊາຓ : ກາຌຎຼ່ ຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓ຅າກຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ເຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈຓຫົັກຽກຌກາຌຎຼ່ ຌດ່າຄເຈ຾ຈ່?຾ລະ ຌາຓ຋ກຸ ຿ຉ຋ກຸ ຆະຌິຈສາຓາຈຎ່ຼຌເຫຽ້ ຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ແຈ້ໝ຺ຈ຾ຓຌ່ ຫຍືົ ໍ ຂເໍ ຫຬ້ າ຅າຌຬະ຋ິຍາງ ເຫຒ້ ຄັ ຾ຈ?່ ຉຬຍ : ຌກັ ສກສາ຋ັຄຫາງ຃ໍາຌາຓ຋຅ໆ ະຎ່ຽຌ຅າກເຬະຑຈົ (Singular) ໄຎເຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ (Plural) ຌຌ໇ັ ຎົກກະຉິ ແລວ້ ເອົາສາຓາຈຎຽ່ ຌໃຫ້ສະເຑາະຌາຓ຋ໆເຎຌັ Common Noun ແລະ Collective Noun ເ຋າົໆ ຌັ໇ຌຌວ໇ າໞ ກຌັ ໂຈງ ສໞວຌຫາງສວໞ ຌຌາຓ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Proper Noun, Material(ຫ Mass) Noun ຌຌ໇ັ ແຉ຅່ ະເອຈັ ເຎັຌອຍຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ໄຈແ້ ຉ່ ຃ວາຓໝາງຓັຌກໆຎໍ ຽ່ ຌໄຎ຅າກອຍເຬກະຑົຈ(ຍໄໍໆ ຈ້ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຃ເກໆາົ ເໝຬຌກາຌຎຽ່ ຌ(Common Noun ກຍັ 28

Collective Noun) ຂໃໍ ຫ້ເຍໆຄິ ໂຉດ່າຄຌຎ໇ ະກຬຍ຃ວາຓເຂົ໇າໃ຅ຂຬຄເ຅າົ໇ ເລກັ ຌຬໟ ງເຆັຌໆ ຃ໍາວໞາBrown ອຍເຬກະ ຑົຈໝາງເຊິຄຆໆ ຍອາວເຎຌັ ຆສໆ ະເຑາະຍກຸ ຃ົຌ຋ໆົວໄຎແຉ່ຊໟາຎ່ຽຌ ຫ ເອຈັ ເຎຌັ ອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ ວໞາ Browns ຓ຃ວາຓໝ າງວາໞ ຃ຬຍ຃ວົ ຂຬຄຍອາວ ຫ ຉະກຌຸ ຂຬຄ຋ໞາຌຍອາວແຓຌ່ ຫງັຄແຍຍຌຌ໇ັ ຫ Material Noun (Mass Noun) ເຆັໆຌ຃ໍາວໞາ water ອຍເຬກະຑຈົ ແຎວໞາຌາໄໍ ແຉ່ຊາໟ ເອຈັ ເຎັຌຑະຫຸຑົຈວາໞ waters ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງວາໞ ຉຌໄ຺ ຌາໍໄ ລໍາ ຋າຌ ແ຋ຌ຋ໆ຅ະແຎວາໞ ຌ໇ໍາຫາງຌ໇າໍ ເໝຬຌຌາຓຆະຌຈິ ຬໆຌ຋ໆເອັຈເຎຌັ ອຍຑະຫຸຑົຈເຑາະສະຌຌ໇ັ ຎະເຈັຌກາຌຎ່ຽຌ ເຬກະຑຈົ ໄຎເຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑົຈໃຌ຋ຌໆ ຏ໇ ຂ້ ຽຌ຅ະໄຈເ້ ຌຌັ໇ ໜັກໃຌສວໞ ຌ຋ເໆ ຎັຌ Common Noun ແລະ Collective Noun ເ຋າໆົ ຌັຌ໇ ຂໍໃຫຌ້ ກັ ສກສາກະລຌາໄຈ້ເຂົ໇າໃ຅ຉາຓຌຈ໇ ວໟ ງເຆໆິຄຓຫກັ ເກຌກາຌຎ່ຽຌໄຈ້ຈັຄຌ໇: 1.ເຫຉ້ ືຓໃ s ຫຄົັ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຋຺ວໃ ໂແຎຽຑືຬໃ ເຫຽ້ ຎັຌອູຍຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຽຆັໃຌ ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Book books ໜັຄສ Cat cats ແຓວ Pen pens ຍິກ Girl girls ເຈັກງຄິ Bird birds ຌົກ River rivers ແຓ່ຌາໍ໇ Star stars ຈາວ Month months ເຈຬຌ Arm arms ແຂຌ Hand hands ຓ 2.ຉຼຶຓໃ s ແຈ້ຽລງຽຓໃຬື ຌາຓຌໄັຌລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ e ຫາກຉໟຬຄກາຌເຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈຽຆໃຌັ ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ House houses ຍໟາຌ Face faces ໃຍໜໟາ Nose noses ຈັຄ Cause causes ສາເຫຈ Size sizes ຂະໜາຈ Bridge bridges ສະຑາຌ, ຂົວ Plate plates ຅າຌ Place places ສະຊາຌ຋ໆ 3.຃າໍ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ເຈກຉໃໍ າຓ຋ລໃ ຄ຺ ຋າໟ ງ s, ss, x, sh, ch, z, ຽຓໃຬື ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ເຫຉ້ ຶຼຓໃ es ແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Glass glasses ຅ຬກແກວ້ Bus buses ລົຈຎະ຅ໍາ຋າຄ, ລົຈເຓ Box boxes ກຬໞ ຄ 29

Bush bushes ຑຓຸ່ ໄຓ້ Bench benches ຓໟາຌໆຄັ , ຉໆຄັ ຌໆັຄ Buzz buzzes ສຽຫຄ຃ສຽຄເຏິຄ໇ Topaz topazes ຍຸສະລາ຃ໍາ ຂໄງໍ ຺ກຽວໄັຌ : monarch monarches ແຎວາໞ ກະສຈັ ,ເ຅າົ໇ ຆວິຈໃຫ້ຉຓໆ ແຉ່ s ດາ່ ຄຈຽວເຑາະ ch ໃຌ຃າໍ ຌຬ໇ ຬກສຽຄ ເຎັຌ ຃ ຍແໆໍ ຓ່ຌໂຉ ຆ 4 ຃ໍາຌາຓຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ຋ລໃ ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ o ຾ລະ ໜາໟ o ຽຎຌັ ຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະເຫຉ້ ຼຓຶໃ es ແຈ້຃ື ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Hero heroes ວລິ ະຍອຸ ຸຈ, ຑະເຬກ Motto mottoes ຃ະຉິຑຈົ Tomato tomatoes ຓະເຂຬເ຋ຈ, ໝາກເຫຌັ Mango mangoes ໝາກຓວໞ ຄ Echo echoes ສຽຄກຬໞ ຄ Torpedo torpedoes ລກຉໍຎໂຈ, Negro negroes ຌິໂກອ ຂງໄໍ ກ຺ ຽວັຌໄ :ຌາຓ຋ລໃ ຄ຺ ຋ໟາງ o ຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄເຫ້ຉຼຶໃຓ຾ຉ່ s ຽ຋຺ໃາຌັຌໄ ຾ຉ່ໜໟາ o ຌຌໄັ ຅ະຽຎັຌຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະ ຫືົ ສະຫະົ ກໍໃຉາຓແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Bamboo bamboos ໄຓໄ້ ຏ່ Baboo baboos ສຸຑາຍຍອຸ ຈຸ ອຌິ ຈ Studio studios ຫໟຬຄຬັຈສຽຄ Cuckoo cuckoos ຌົກກາເຫວົາ Radio radios ວິ຋ະງຸ Cameo cameos ອຍສະລກັ ຫຬໟ ງ Kilo kilos ກິໂລຆໆັຄຂຬຄຂາງ Solo solos ກາຌຍຌັ ເລຄເຑຄຈຽວ Piano pianos ເ຃ຬໆ ຄເຎງໂຌ Folio folios ຍັຌຆລາງອັຍລາງ຅າໞ ງ Kangaroo kangaroos ຅ຄິ ໂ຅້ Zoo zoos ສວຌສັຈ Eskimo Eskimos ຆຌົ ເຏໆົາເຬສກິໂຓ Dynamo dynamos ເ຃ຬໆ ຄໄຈຌາໂຓ Embryo embryos ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງໃຌ຋ໟຬຄ Zero zeros ເລກສຌ Photo photos ອຍຑາຍ 30

Curio curios ວຈັ ຊຸໂຍອາຌ Canto cantos ຍົຈໂ຃ຄອາໞ ຄ Memo memos ຍຌັ ຋ກ Casino casinos ໂອຄກາຌຑະຌຌັ Albino albinos ຃ົຌເຏຬກ Banjo banjos ຑຌິ ຆະຌຈິ ໜຄໆ Magneto magnetos ແຓກັ ຌິໂ຋ Memento mementos ເ຃ໆຬຄເຉຬຌໃ຅ Octavo octavos ໜາໟ ເ຅ງ໇ັ ໜັຄສ1/8 ຂຬຄແຏຌ່ ໃຫງໞ Piccolo piccolos ຂງຸ່ ສຽຄແຫຓ Quarto quartos ໜາໟ ໜັຄສຂະໜາຈ1/4 ຂຬຄເ຅ັ໇ງ ແຏ່ຌໃຫງໞ ຬັຌໜໃຶຼຄ ສະຽຑາະຌາຓ຋ລໃ ຄ຺ ຋າໟ ງ o ຉໃໍແຎຌ(ໄ ຑຼຄ 10 ຿ຉຽ຋຺າໃ ຌັໄຌ) ຅ະຉໃຼຶຓ຾ຉ່ s ດ່າຄຈຼວກໍໃແຈ້ ຫົື ຅ະຉຶໃຼຓ຋ັຄ es ກໍໃແຈ຾້ ລວ້ ຾ຉ຅່ ະເຆ຃້ ືເຆແ້ ຈ້຋ຄັ 2 ວິ຋ດ່າຄຌຌໄັ ກໍໃແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Buffalo buffalos, buffaloes ຃ວາງ Calico calicos, calicoes ຏາໟ ເຌຬ໇ ຫງາຍ, ຫງາຍ Cargo cargos, cargoes ສຌິ ຃ໟາ Domino dominos, dominoes ໝາກໂ຃ຓໂຌ່ Grotto grottos, grottoes ຊ໇າໍ Halo halos, haloes ແສຄເຎັຌວົຄກົຓ Lasso lassos, lassoes ເຆຬກເຬາົ ຃ຬໟ ຄ຃ຄໍ ວົ , ຃ວາງ Mosquito mosquitos, mosquitoes ງຄຸ Portico porticos, porticoes ຫັຄ຃າ຋າຄງາໞ ຄ Proviso provisos, provisos ເຄໆຬຌໄຂ Volcano volcanos, volcanoes ຑເຂົາໄຒ ຂໍໆງ໇ ກົ ເວັ໇ຌຑິເສຈ: ສວໞ ຌຌາຓ຋ໆລຄົ ຋າໟ ງ I ໃຫຉ້ ຓໆ ແຉ່ s ເ຋ົໆາຌັ໇ຌເຆັຌໆ Taxi taxis ລຈົ ອຍັ ຅ໟາຄ, ລົຈແ຋ກັ ຆ Ski skis ໄຓອ້ ຬຄຉຌແລ່ຌເ຋ິຄສະກິ 5.຃າໍ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຋ໃລຄ຺ ຋ໟາງ y ຾ລະ ໜາໟ y ຽຎຌັ ຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະເຫຎ້ ຼ່ ຌ y ຽຎຌັ i ຾ລວ້ ຉຓໃຶຼ es ຽຆັໃຌ ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ City cities ເຓຬຄ, ຌະ຃ຬຌຫວຄ Baby babies ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງເກິຈໃໝ່ 31

Country countries ຎະເ຋ຈ Fly flies ແຓຄວຌັ Duty duties ໜາໟ ຋ໆ Army armies ກຬຄ຋ຍັ Penny pennies ເຄິຌຫຽຌເຑຌັ ຌ Story stories ເລຬໆ ຄ, ຌ຋ິ າຌ Lady ladies ສຸຑາຍສະຉ Pony ponies ຓໟາຌຬໟ ງ Body bodies ອາໞ ຄກາງ, ຉົວຉົຌ ແຉຊ່ າໟ ໜາໟ y ເຎຌັ ສະຫະຍໆໍຉໟຬຄຎຽ່ ຌ y ເຎຌັ I ໃຫຉ້ ໆຓ s ໄຈເ້ ລງເຆໆຌັ Monkey monkeys ລຄ Day days ຓ໇, ວັຌ Toy toys ເ຃ໆຬຄຫຌ໇ Boy boys ເຈັກຌໟຬງ Key keys ຅ະແ຅ Ray rays ແສຄ, ລັຄສ ຂງໄໍ ຺ກຽວໄຌັ : ຊາໟ ຌາຓຌຌັ໇ ເຎັຌຆໆສະເຑາະ(Proper Noun) ແຉໜ່ າໟ y ຅ະເຎຌັ ສະຫະ ຫ ຑະງັຌຆະຌະຍໆຉໍ ໟຬຄຎຽ່ ຌ y ເຎັຌຫງັຄ຋ັຄຌ໇ຌັ ໃຫຉ້ ຓໆ s ໄຈ້ເລງເຆໆຌັ : ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Henry henrys ຃ົຌ຋ຆໆ ໆເອຌອຫາງ຃ຌົ Mary marys ຃ຌົ ຋ຆໆ ໆແຓອຫາງ຃ຌົ Judy judys ຃ົຌ຋ໆຆໆ຅ຈຫ໇ າງ຃ຌົ Germany Germanys ຎະເ຋ຈເງງລະຓັຌ 2 ຎະເ຋ຈ ຃ຉາເວັຌຉກົ , ຉາເວຌັ ຬຬກ 6.຃າໍ ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຋ໃລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ f ຫືົ e ເຫຎ້ ່ຼຌ f ຫືົ fe ຽຎຌັ v ຽສງກຬໞ ຌ຾ລ້ວ຅ໃຶຼຄຉຶຼໃຓ es ແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Knife knives ຓຈ Wife wives ຑຌັ ລະງາ, ເຓງ Leaf leaves ໃຍໄຓ້ Wolf wolves ໝາຎາ່ Life lives ຆວຈິ Calf calves ລກຄວົ Loaf loaves ຂະໜົຓຎຄັ ຎຬຌ Sheaf sheaves ອວຄເຂ໇ົາ Shelf shelves ຫິຄ໇ ,ຆຌັ໇ 32

ຂງໍໄ ກ຺ ຽວຌໄັ : ຌາຓ຋ໃລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ f ຫືົ fe ຉໍແໃ ຎຌໄຍໍໃຉຬໟ ຄຎ່ຼຌ f ຫົື fe ຽຎຌັ v ເຫຉ້ ຓໃຼຶ s ແຈ້ຽລງແຈ຃້ ື Chief chiefs ຫົວໜາໟ Roof roofs ຫັຄ຃າ Hoof hoofs ຬົ໇ຄຉຌສັຈ Cliff cliffs ໜາໟ ຏາ Proof proofs ຂ໇ໍຑສິ ຈ Strife strifes ກາຌວິຫວາຈ Safe safes ຉ້ຌິລະໄຑ Fife fifes ຂລງຸ່ Turf turfs ຑ໇ຌຫງາໟ Dwarf dwarfs ຃ຌົ ໂຉຌໟຬງ Gulf gulfs ຬໞາວ Grief griefs ຃ວາຓໂສກເສົາ໇ Reef reefs ຫຌຂຉ໇ ຓ໇ົ ແຉຌ່ າຓ 3 ຃ໍາຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ຅໇ ະຎ່ຽຌ f ເຎັຌ v ແລ້ວ຅ຄໆ ຉໆຓ es ກໄໆໍ ຈ້ ຫ ຅ະຉໆຓ s ເລງໂຈງຍໍຉໆ ໟຬຄຎ່ຽຌ f ເຎັຌ v ກໆໄໍ ຈໄ້ ຈ້຃ Scarf scarfs, scarves ຏາໟ ຏກ຃ໍ Wharf wharfs, wharves ຋າໞ ເອຬ Staff staffs, staves ຃ະຌະຍຸກ຃ົຌ 7 .ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຉແໍໃ ຎຌຽໄ ຓຬືໃ ຽອຈັ ເຫຽ້ ຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ເຫຎ້ ່ຼຌສະຫະົ ຑາງເຌແຈ້຃ື ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Man men ຏ້ຆາງ Woman women ຏ້ງຄິ Foot feet ຉຌ Louse lice ເຫາົ , ໄອ Goose geese ຫາໞ ຌ Mouse mice ໜ Tooth teeth ແຂວ້ , ຒຌັ Dormouse dormice ໜຆະຌຈິ ໜໆຄ Penny pence ຼືຫ pennies ຃ໞາຂຬຄເຑຌຌໆ ຫ ເຄິຌເຑຌຌໆ 8 ຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄຽຓຬືໃ ຽອຈັ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ເຫ້ຉຓືໃ en, ຫືົ ren ຋຋ໃ ໟາງຌາຓຌັໄຌແຈ້຃ື ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Ox oxen ຄວົ (ຄວົ ໂຉຏ)້ Child children ເຈັກຌຬໟ ງ Brother brotheren ຑໆຌິ ຬໟ ຄສະຓາຆກິ ກຓຸ່ ຈຽວກັຌ 33

຋າຄສາຈສະໜາ 9.ຌາຓຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄຓອຍູ ຽໝືຬຌກຌັ ຋ັຄຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຾ລະ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ແຈ້຃ື ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Corps corps ກຬຄອໟຬງ Series series ຆຈຸ Species species ຆະຌິຈ Fish fish ຎາ Sheep sheep ແກະ Deer deer ກວາຄ Cod cod ຎາ຃ຬຈ Salmon salmon ຎາແຆວຓຬຌ Trout trout ຎາແຈກ Herring herring ຎາເອອິໆຄ Elk elk ຋ກໆ ວາໟ ຄຂວາຄໃຫງໞ Bison bison ຄົວກະ຋ິຄ Swine swine ໝຎ່ ່າ Mackerel mackerel ຎາແຓກເ຃ເອລ Grouse grouse ໄກຎ່ າ່ Flounder flounder ຎາຆະຌິຈໜໆຄ Reindeer reindeer ກວາຄເອຌເຈງ Antelope antelope ສັຈ຅ໍາຑວກວາຄ ແລະ ຆ໇ຌ Pike pike ຎາຆະຌິຈໜຄໆ 10.຃ໍາຌາຓ຋ຍໃ ຬກສຌັ ຆາຈຽຆຄິໃ ລ຺ຄ຋າໟ ງ ss, se ເຫເ້ ຆ້ອູຍຈຼວ຋ຄັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຾ລະ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ A Japanese two Japanese ຎະເ຋ຈດໆຎຸ່ຌ A Swiss two Swiss ຎະເ຋ຈສະວິຈ A chinese two Chinese ຎະເ຋ຈ຅ຌ A Portuguese two Portuguese ຎະເ຋ຈໂຎຉເກສ A Veitnamese two Veitnamese ຎະເ຋ຈຫວຽຈຌາຓ 11.ຌາຓຉແໍໃ ຎຌໄອຍູ ຃າໍ ສຍັ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ຾ຉເ່ ຆ້ດາ່ ຄຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຫືົ ຽວ຺າໄ ເຫ້ຄໞາງໂກໍໃ຃ື ຓອູຍຈຼວຽຎັຌ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຾ຉເ່ ຆຽ້ ຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈແຈ຃້ ື News ຂໞາວ ashes ຂເ໇ ຊາ໇ົ , ຉຌົ໇ ແຬສ Civics ຂຬຄ຋າຌ Means ຎະຆາກຬຌ, ຑົຌລະເຓຬຄ alms ກາຌເຓຬຄ ຆັຍສຌິ politics 34

Mumps ໂລກ຃າຄ຋ຓ gallows ຍໞຬຌຎະຫາຌຆວິຈ Summons ໝາງອຽກໂຉ ethics ສິຌລະ຋າໍ Physics ວິຆາຒຆກິ mechanics ກຌົ ລະສາຈ Statistics ສະຊິຉິ economics ເສຈຊະກິຈ headquarters ສໍາຌກັ ຄາຌໃຫງໞ 12 ຌາຓຉໃໍແຎຌອໄ ຍູ ຃າໍ ສັຍຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ຾ຉ່ຌໍາຓາເຆຽ້ ຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ແຈ້຃ື People ຎະຆາຆຌົ cattle ຄົວ຃ວາງ Poultry ເຎຈັ ໄກ gentry ຑວກຏຈ້ Vermin ສຈັ ໂຉຌຬໟ ງ police ຉໍຫວຈ Clergy ຑະສຄົ majority ຃ົຌສໞວຌຫາງ Minority ຃ຌົ ສວໞ ຌຌຬໟ ງ ໝາງຽຫຈ: People ຊໟາຉຓໆ s ໝາງເຊຄິ ຃ົຌຫາງເຆຬໆ ຆາຈເຆັຌໆ There are peoples living in Thailand. ຓ຃ຌົ ຫາງເຆຬ໇ ຆາຈຬາໄສດ່ໃຌຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋ 13) ຌາຓຉໍແໃ ຎຌອໄ ູຍ຃ໍາສຍັ ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຾ລະ ກເໃໍ ຆດ້ ່າຄຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຉະຫົຬຈແຈ຃້ ື Trousers ສົຄ໇ ຂາງາວ goods ສຌິ ຃ໟາ Shorts ສ໇ຄົ ຂາສ໇ັຌ pantaloons ສຄົ໇ ຂາງາວ Pants ສົ໇ຄ breeches ສ໇ົຄຂ໇ຓໟາ Eye-glasses ແວຌ່ ຉາ spectacles ແວ່ຌຉາ Shears ຓຈແຆຓງາວ tweezers ຃ຓຌໟຬງ Tongs ຃ຓຈໟາຓງາວ bellows ເ຃ໆຬຄສຍລົຓ Arms ຬາວຈຸ scissors ຓຈແຆຓ Contents ສາລະຍັຌ thanks ກາຌຂຬຍໃ຅ Clothes ເສຬ໇ ຏໟາ whiskers ໜວຈ Tiding ຂາໞ ວ຃າວ wages ຃ໞາ຅ໟາຄ Assets ຂຬຄຓ຃າໞ riches ຆຍັ ສຓົ ຍັຈ Chattels ສັຄຫາລິຓະຆັຍ amends ຃ໞາຆຈົ ໃຆ້ Draughts ໝາກຈາຓ billiards ຍລິ ລຽຈ Fetters ໂຆ່ຉວຌ bowlings ໝາກໂຍລິຄໆ Embers ເຊາ໇ົ ຊໞາຌ suds ຒຬຄສະຍຸ່ Nuptials ກາຌວວິ າ,ກາຌແຉ່ຄຄາຌ eaves ຫຄັ ຃າ Victuals ຬາຫາຌ trappings ເ຃ໆຬຄຎະຈັຍ Giblets ເ຃ໆຬຄໃຌຓຎກ entrails ໄສ້ຑຄຸ Earnings ເຄຌິ ຋ຫໆ າໄຈ້ bowels ລາໍ ໄສ້ Pincers ຃ຓ Customs ຑາສຬາກຬຌ 35

14.຃າໍ ຌາຓຎະສ຺ຓຍວໍໃ າໞ ຅ະຎະສ຺ຓກັຍ຃ໍາຽຆືໃຬຓ, ຫືົ ກຍັ ຃າໍ ກໍາຓະວຽິ ສຈ ຫົື ກຍັ ຃ໍາ຃ຸຌຌາຓກໃຉໍ າຓ ຽຓໃຬື ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌເຫຽ້ ຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈເຫຉ້ ຓືໃ s ຋ໃຌາຓຽຆຄິໃ ຽຎຌັ ຃າໍ ຫກັົ ຽ຋ໃ຺າຌຌັໄ ຉວ຺ ດາ່ ຄຽຆຌໃັ ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Father-in-law fathers-in-law ຑຉໆໍ າ Son-in-law sons-in-law ລກເຂງ Step-son step-sons ລກລໟຽຄ Looker-on lookers-on ຏເ້ ຍິໆຄແງຄ Living-room living-rooms ຫໟຬຄອຍັ ແຂກ Looking-glass looking-glasses ແວ່ຌສຬໞ ຄໜາໟ Passer-by passers-by ຏ້຋ງໆ ໞາຄຏາໞ ຌໄຎຓາ Runner-up runners-up ຏ້ໄຈຉ້ ໍາແໜ່ຄຆະຌະເລຈິ Roll-on rolls-on ສຄົ໇ ອຈັ ກຌ໇ົ ຂງໄໍ ກ຺ ຽວຌໄັ : ຃າໍ ຌາຓຎະສົຓຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇ເຓຬໆ ຉຬໟ ຄກາຌໃຫ້ເຎັຌຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ໃຫ້ເອັຈໄຈ້຋ັຄ 2 ສວໞ ຌ຃ ສວໞ ຌໜາໟ ແລະ ສວໞ ຌ ຫຄັ ໄຈ຃້ Woman-servant women-servants ຃ົຌໃຆ້ລາວຏງ້ ິຄ Man-doctor men-doctors ໝໍລາວຏ້ຆາງ Woman-writer women-writers ຌກັ ຂຽຌຏ້ງິຄ Lord-justice lords-justices ຏຑ້ ຑິ າກສາ Woman-clerk women-clerks ສະໝຽຌງຄິ 15.ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ຿ຉຬກັ ສຬຌ(Letter) ຫົື ຿ຉຽລກ(Figure) ຽຓຬໃື ຉໟຬຄກາຌເຫ້ຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ເຫຽ້ ອັຈ ແຈ້຿ຈງກາຌຉຓຼໃຶ ’s (Apostrophe + s) ຉ຺ວດາ່ ຄຽຆໃັຌ ຽຬະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ T T’s ໂຉ t R R’s ໂຉ r 5 5’s ເລກ 5 9 9’s ເລກ 9 ເຆັຌໆ There are two T’s in little. ຓໂຉ t 2 ໂຉໃຌ຃ໍາ little Do you see three 9’s in 999? ເ຅໇າົ ເຫັຌເລກ 9 ສາຓໂຉໃຌ 999 ຍ?ໍ Your 5’s look almost like 8’s. ເລກ 5 ຂຬຄເ຅ົາ໇ ເກຬຍ຅ະເໝຬຌເລກ 8 16 ຌາຓ຋ໃຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌຉແໃໍ ຎຌໄ dozen (຿ຫລ) score (ຆາວ) gross (12 ຿ຫລ ຫົື 144) hundred( ອໟຬງ) Thousand (ຑັຌ) million (ລາໟ ຌ) ຽຓືໃຬຓຽລກຍຬກ຅ໍາຌວຌ຾ຌຌ່ ຬຌ຃ື two, three, four, five, etc. ຓາຎະກຬຍດູຂ່ ໟາຄໜໟາຍໍຉໃ ຬໟ ຄຉຓືໃ s ຾ລະ ຍໍໃຌງິ ຺ຓເຆ້ of ຉາຓຫຄັົ ຽຆຌໃັ Suni wanted three dozen eggs for her birthday party. 36

ສຌຸ ຉໟຬຄກາຌໄຂ່ 8 ໂຫລສໍາຫັຍຄາຌລໟຽຄວັຌເກຈິ ຂຬຄລາວ Six thousand students could pass their examination. ຌກັ ສກສາ 6,000 ຃ຌົ ສາຓາຈສຬຍເສັຄໄຈ້ ຂງໍ໇ ົກເວຌ໇ັ : ແຉຊ່ ໟາ dozen, hundred, thousand, million ຓ຃າໍ Indefinite Number (ເລກ຅ໍາຌວຌຌັຍຍໍ ແຌຌ່ ຬຌ) ໄຈ້຃ many, several, few, a few, ຓາຎະກຬຍດຂ່ ໟາຄໜໟາ ແລະ ຓ of ຉາຓຫັຄຌາຓຑະຫຸຑົຈຌັຍໄຈ້ ໃຫຉ້ ຓໆ s ຉະຫຬຈໄຎເຆໆັຌ I bought many dozen of note-books yesterday. ຂໟຬງໄຈ້ຆ໇ຎ໇ຓ຅ຈົ ຍຌັ ຋ກຫາງໂຫລຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ Few hundred of soldiers were killed in the war. ຋ະຫາຌ 2-3 ອຬໟ ງ຃ຌົ ຊກຂໟາຉາງໃຌສຄົ ຃າຓ Thousand of people are waiting for the king. ຎະຆາຆົຌຫາງຑຌັ ຃ຌົ ກາໍ ລັຄອຍັ ສະເຈັຈເ຅ົາ໇ ຆວິຈ ຂໍໄງກ຺ ຽວຌໄັ : ຃ໍາວາໞ gross (12 ໂຫລ ຫ 144 ຂຌ໇ ໄຎ) ຍໆຓໍ ອຍຑະຫຑຸ ົຈ ແລະ ຉໟຬຄຉາຓ of ຍວກກັຍຌາຓຑະຫຸ ຑຈົ ສະເໝເຆໆຌັ A gross of pens=ຍິກ 12 ໂຫລ Three gross of pencils= ສໍ 36 ໂຫລ. (ດ່າໃຆ້ Three grosses ເຎັຌຬຌັ ຂາຈ) 17 ຃າໍ ຌາຓຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຍາຄ຃ໍາຽຓຬໃື ຌໍາຓາເຆຎ້ ະກຬຍ ຫືົ ຂະຫງາງຌາຓ຿ຉຬຌືໃ ເຌລັກສະຌະ຃ໟາງໂ ຽອັຈໜໟາ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌ຃ໍາ຃ຌຸ ຌາຓ຅ະຉຬໟ ຄຎ່ຼຌຽຎຌັ ອູຍຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຋ຌັ ຋ຽຆຌັໃ Trouser buttons ກະຈຸຓສົ໇ຄຂາງາວ Trouser pockets ກະເຎົໆາສົ໇ຄຂາງາວ A billiard table ໂຉະຍິລລຽຈ ແຉ຃່ ໍາຉໍໄໆ ຎຌງ໇ ົກເວຌ໇ັ ຍຉໍໆ ໟຬຄຎຽ່ ຌເຎຌັ ເຬກະຑຈົ ໃຫ້຃ຄົ ອຍຑະຫຸຑຈົ ໄວ຃້ ເກໆົາໄຈ້຃ The arms race ກາຌຎະກວຈຬາວຈຸ A sports car ລົຈສະຎຬຈ The games master ຏ຃້ ວຍ຃ຸຓເກຓ The savings bank ຋ະຌາ຃າຌຬຬຓສຌິ 18)຿ຉຬັກສຬຌຫງໍໄ (Initials) ກຽໍໃ ອັຈຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ແຈ຿້ ຈງກາຌຉຓຼໃຶ s ຋຋ໃ ໟາງ຿ຉຬັກສຬຌສຈຸ ຋າໟ ງ ຂຬຄ຃ໍາຌັຌໄ ຽຆຌັໃ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຓາ຅າກ຃າໍ ຉຼຶໃຓວໞາ VIP VIPs Very Important Person OAP OAPs Old Age Pensioners MP MPs Members of Parliament 19) ຃ໍາຌາຓຉໍໃແຎຌໄຍຌໃໍ ງິ ຓ຺ ເຆ້ຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ແຈ຃້ ື Freedom ເສລຑາຍ music ຈົຌຉ News ຂາໞ ວ advice ຃ໍາແຌະຌາໍ Progress ຃ວາຓກາໟ ວໜາໟ information ກາຌໃຫ້຃ວາຓອ້ 37

Knowledge ຃ວາຓອ້ leisure ເວລາວໞາຄ Furniture ເ຃ໆຬຄເອຬຌ money ເຄິຌ Clothing ເສ໇ຬຏໟາ machinery ເ຃ຬໆ ຄ຅ກັ Fun ຃ວາຓສະໜຸກ traffic ກາຌ຅າລະ຅ຬຌ Scenery ຑຓຑາກ intelligence ຎຌັ ງາ Courage ຃ວາຓກາໟ ຫາຌ bunting ກາຌແ຋ຄເຂາໆົ Alcohol ເຫ໇ົາ thunder ຒ້າອຬໟ ຄ Lightning ສາງຒາ້ ແລຍ work ວຽກ ຂໄໍ຃ວຌລະວັຄ: ຃າໍ ຌາຓຉາຓ຋ເໆ ວ໇າົ ໄວໃ້ ຌຂໍ໇຋ໆ 19 ຌ໇ຫາກຓ adjective ຋ໆສະແຈຄຎະລຓິ າຌຍຬກ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງ ໜຬໟ ງຓາຂະຫງາງໃຫໃ້ ຆ້ສະເຑາະ຃ໍາຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇ເ຋ົໆາຌັຌ໇ ໄຈ້຃ little, much, a great deal of, a good deal of, plenty of ດ່າໃຆ້ many, few, a few, several, a great number of, a large number of ຓາຂະຫງາງ ໂຈງເຈຈັ ຂາຈເຆໆຌັ ຏຈິ : I have many knowledges of French. ຂໟຬງອຑ້ າສາຐອຄັ ຫາງ ຊກ : I have much knowledge of French. ຂໟຬງຓ຃ວາຓອ້ຑາສາຐອໆັຄຫາງ 20)຃າໍ ຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຑາສາຬໃຌື ຽຆິຄໃ ຑາສາຬັຄກິຈດຓື ຓາເຆຓ້ ວິ຋ຎ່ຼຌ຅າກອູຍຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ແຎຽຎຌັ ຑະຫຸ ຑ຺ຈແຈ້ຈັໃຄຌໄ ຓາ຅າກຑາສາລາຉຌ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Agendum agenda ລະຍຽຍວາລະ Addendum addenda ສຄິໆ ຋ໆຉໟຬຄເຑໆຓິ Memorandum memoranda ຍຌັ ຋ກ຃ວາຓ຅ໍາ Ovum ova ໄຂ່(຃ຌົ ) Focus foci, focuses ຅ຈຸ ລວຓແສຄ Fungus fungi, funguses ເຫັຈລາ Genius genii, geniuses ຎາຈ, ຏິສາຈ Radius radii, radiuses ລຈັ ສະໝວົຄກົຓ Animalcule animalcula ຎງຸ້ , ຅ຸລຌິ ຆ Stratum strata ຆຌ໇ັ Terminus termini, terminuses ຎາງ຋າຄ Formula formulae, formulas ສຈ Stamen stamina ເກສຬຌໂຉຏ້ Antenna antennae ໝວຈແຓຄ Axis axes ແກຌ 38

Medium media ກາຄ Alumnus alumni ສິຈເກົໆາ Index indexes, indices ສາລະຍັຌ຋າໟ ງເຫ໇ັຓ Erratum errata ຃ໍາ຋ໆຑຓິ ຏິຈ Appendix appendixes,appendices ຬໟາຄຬຄ Apparatus apparatus(es) ເ຃ໆຬຄຓ ຓາ຅າກຑາສາກອກ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Basis bases ຓຌຊາຌ Crisis crises ວິກຈິ ຉະກາຌ Hypothesis hypotheses ສຓົ ຓຸຈຉິຊາຌ Analysis analyses ກາຌວິເ຃າະ Synthesis syntheses ກາຌສັຄເ຃າະ Oasis oases ຍໞຬຌຬຸຈຓົ ສຓົ ຍຌໃຌ ຋ະເລຆາງ Phenomenon phenomena ຎະກົຈກສງ Bacterium bacteria ເຆ໇ຬໂລກ, ຅ຸລິຌຆ Thesis theses ວ຋ິ ະງາຌຑິ ົຌ ຓາ຅າກຑາສາຐອຄັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Beau beaux, beaus ຆາງເ຅ົ໇າຆ້ Bureau bureaux, bureaus ຍໞຬຌເອັຈວຽກ, ສໍາຌກັ ຄາຌ Monsieur messieurs ເ຅ົ໇າຆາງ Madam(e) mesdames ເ຅໇ົາຌາງ(ເ຅າ໇ົ ງິຄ) ຓາ຅າກຑາສາຬິຈຉາລ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຑຸ ຺ຈ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ Bandit banditti, bandits ໂ຅ຌ, ຏອ້ ໟາງ Dilettante dilettanti ຏ້ຌິງຓົ ແຉ້ຓອຍ ຓາ຅າກຑາສາອຍິ ອູ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Cherub cherubim, cherubs ເ຋ວະຍຈຸ Seraph seraphim, seraphs ເ຋ວະຈາຆຌ໇ັ ສຄ 21)ຌາຓຉແໍໃ ຎຌຽໄ ຓໃືຬຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງດາ່ ຄໜໃຼຶຄ ຾ລະ ຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຬກ ດາ່ ຄໜຼຶໃຄແຈ້຃ື 39

ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Air ຬາກາຈ airs ຋າໞ ຋າຄຫງໆຄິ Beef ຆຌ໇ ຄວົ beeves ຄວົ Compass ເຂັຓ຋ຈິ compasses ວົຄວຽຌ Draught ກະແສ(ລຓົ , ຬາກາຈ) draught ໝາກຈາໟ ຓ Force ກໍາລັຄ forces ກຬຄ຋ຍັ Iron ເຫກັ irons ໂຆ່ Manner ຬາກາຌ, ວ຋ິ manners ຓັຌງາຈ Physic ດາ physics ວິຆາຒິຆກິ Return ກາຌກຍັ returns ລາງຄາຌ Work ວຽກ works ໂອຄຄາຌ 22)ຌາຓຉໃແໍ ຎຌຽໄ ຓືຬໃ ຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງດາ່ ຄຈຼວ຾ຉຊ່ ໟາຽຎຌັ ອູຍຑະຫຑຸ ຈ຺ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ ດາ່ ຄໜຄຼໃຶ ແຈ້຃ື ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ ຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Colour ສ colours 1. ສ 2.຋ຄຸ Custom ຎະເຑຌ customs 1.ຎະເຑຌ 2.ຑາສຬາກຬຌ Letter ຅ຈົ ໝາງ, ຉວົ ຬກັ ສຬຌ letters 1.ຉວົ ຬັກສຬຌ 2.຅ຈົ ໝາງ 3. ວັຌຌະ຃ະຈ Effect ຏຌົ effects 1. ຏຌົ 2.ຆຌັ ສຌິ Moral ສຌິ ລະ຋ໍາ morals 1.ສິຌລະ຋າໍ 2.຃ວາຓຎະຑຈ Spirit ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ spirits 1.຅ິຈໃ຅ 2.ວຌິ ງາຌ 3.ເຫ໇າົ Spectacle ສິໆຄ຋ເໆ ຫັຌ spectacles 1. ສໆິຄ຋ໆເຫຌັ 2.ແວ່ຌຉາ Pain ຃ວາຓເ຅ັຍຎວຈ pains 1. ຃ວາຓເ຅ຍັ ຎວຈ 2.຃ວາຓເຈຬຈອໟຬງ Heaven ສະຫວຌັ heavens 1.ສະຫວຌັ 2.຋ຬໟ ຄຒ້າ Premise ຃ວາຓເຫຌັ ຋ໆສະເໜ premises 1.຃ວາຓເຫຌັ ຋ສໆ ະເໜ 40

2.ຬາ຃າຌ ແລະ ຋ໆຈຌິ 23) ຌາຓຉໃແໍ ຎຌຽໄ ຓຬືໃ ຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ 2 ດາ່ ຄ຾ຉ່ຊາໟ ຽຎັຌຑະຫຸຑ຺ຈຓ຃ວາຓໝາງດ່າຄ ຈຼວແຈ຃້ ື ຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ ຃ໍາ຾ຎ ຑະຫຸຑຈ຺ ຃າໍ ຾ຎ Light 1.ແສຄ lights ຉະກຽຄ 2.ຉະກຽຄ People 1.ຑຌົ ລະເຓຬຄ peoples ຆາຈ 2.ຆາຈ Abuse 1.ກາຌໃຆຏ້ ິຈ abuses ກາຌໃຆ້ຏຈິ 2.ຑາສາຍຈໍໆ Foot 1.ຉຌ feet ຉຌ 2.ກາຌງາໞ ຄຈໟວງຉຌ Horse 1.ຓໟາ horses ຓາໟ 2.຋ະຫາຌຓໟາ Wood 1.ໄຓ້ woods ຎ່າໄຓ້ 2.ຎ່າໄຓ້ ຾ຍຍຽຐກິ ຫຈັ ຅ໆຄົ ຎຽ່ ຌ຃າໍ ຌາຓໃຌຎະໂຫງກຉໍໄໆ ຎຌ໇ໃຫ້ເຎຌັ ຑະຫຑຸ ົຈ ແລະ ຃ໍາຬໆຌ຋ໆກຽໞ ວຂໟຬຄກັຍ຃າໍ ຌາຓຫາກເຫັຌວໞາ຅ໍາເຎັຌຉໟຬຄ ຎຽ່ ຌກໍໃໆ ຫ້ຎຽ່ ຌຉາຓຌາຓໄຎຈວໟ ງ. ຉວົ ດ່າຄ: The boy plays with his friend in the garden. = The boys play with their friends in the garden. 1. The boy puts up his hand. 2. Cut the potato with a knife. 3. I have put glass in the box. 4. The man gives a child a doll. 5. This dog was beaten by its master. 6. The thief found nothing on the safe. 7. This ox is eating green grass. 8. There is a girl in my room. 9. A valley is hotter than the top of a hill. 10. That lady has a big piano. 11. My cat has caught a mouse today. 12. I like this photo very much. 13. She combs her hair with a comb. 14. That woman is driving a goose to the market. 15. I have sheep and a deer. 16. A fly is on the foot of the buffalo. 17. Is there a picture of an elephant on that page? 18. My key is on the bench. 41

19. A scientist must give a correct datum. 20. The prince and the princess are pupils of the same teacher. ຃ໍາຉຬຍ຾ຍຍຽຐກິ ຫັຈ 1. The boys put up their hands. 2. Cut the potatoes with (some) knives 3. We have put the glasses in the boxes. 4. The men give (some) children (some) dolls. 5. These dogs were beaten by their masters. 6. The thieves found nothing on the safe. 7. There oxen are eating green grass. 8. There are girls in our rooms. 9. (Some) valleys are hotter than the tops of (some) hills. 10. Those ladies have (some) big pianos. 11. Our cats have caught (some) mice today. 12. We like these photos very much. 13. They comb their hair with (some) comb. 14. Those women are driving (some) geese to the market. 15. We have (some) sheep and (some) deer. 16. (Some) flies are on the feet of the buffaloes. 17. Are there (some) pictures of (some) elephants on those page? 18. Our keys are on the benches. 19. (some) scientists must give (some) correct data. 20. The pictures and the princesses are pupils of the same teachers. 42

Chapter 4 Articles ຊາຓ: Articles ຾ຓຌ່ ຫງຄັ ? ຾ຍ່ຄຬຬກຽຎັຌ຅ກັ ຆະຌຈິ ຃ືຫງຄັ ? ຉຬຍ: Articles ແຎວໞາ “຃າໍ ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓ” ໝາງ຃ວາຓວາໞ ຃າໍ ຌາຓ຋ກຸ ໂຉໃຌຑາສາຬຄັ ກຈິ ເວລາເວາ໇ົ ຫ ຂຽຌ ຉຬໟ ຄໃຆ້ Articles ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຋ຄັ ຌ໇ັຌ(ງົກເວຌ໇ັ ຌາຓຍາຄໂຉ ຫ ຍາຄກລໍ ະຌຍໆໍຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ Articles ຌາໍ ໜໟາລາງລະຬຽຈ຅ະ ໄຈ້ຬະ຋ິຍາງໃຌຉຬຌຉໄໆໍ ຎ) ແຍ່ຄຬຬກເຎຌັ 2 ຆະຌຈິ ຃: 1.Infinite Article ໄຈ຃້ a, an ເຎັຌ Article ຋ໃໆ ຆ້ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓແລວ້ ເອຈັ ໃຫຌ້ າຓໂຉ ຌ໇ັຌຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ໆົວ໅ໄຎຍໍໆໄຈຍ້ ຬກສະເຑາະເ຅າະ຅ຄົ ໃ຅ 2.Definite Article ໄຈ຃້ the ເຎັຌ Article ຋ໃໆ ຆ້ຌາໍ ໜາໟ ຌາຓແລ້ວເອຈັ ໃຫ້ຌາຓໂຉຌຌັ໇ ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຍຬກສະເຑາະເ຅າະ຅ຄົ ຫ ຍຬກຆຈັ ວາໞ ເຎຌັ ສຄໆິ ຌ໇ັຌສໆຄິ ຌ຋໇ ຌັ ຋. ຫົກັ ຽກຌກາຌເຆ້ A, AN ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓ ຊາຓ: A, An, ຽຓຬໃື ຌາໍ ຓາຽວ຺ໄາ ຫືົ ຂຼຌຓຫົັກຽກຌກາຌເຆດ້ າ່ ຄເຈຂໍເຫ້ຬະ຋ຍິ າງຓາດາ່ ຄລະຬຼຈ ຑໟຬຓເຫ຿້ ຉດາ່ ຄຌາໍ ຉຬຍ: A, An, ເຓໆຬຌາໍ ຓາເວາ໇ົ ຫ ຂຽຌຓຫກັ ເກຌກາຌໃຆ້ຈຄໆັ ຉໄໆໍ ຎຌ໇຃ 1.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຽຬກະຑ຺ຈ, ຌັຍແຈ,້ ຂືຌໄ ຉ຺ໄຌຑະງັຌຆະຌະ຾ລະ ຌາຓຌຌໄັ ຉໟຬຄຓ ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ວໃ຺ ແຎຽຆໃັຌ A table, a week, a boy, a country, a pen, a dog, a key, a teacher, a student,etc. e.g. I bought a pen ຓ໇ວາຌຌຂ໇ ໟຬງຆຍ໇ ິກກາໟ ຌໜຄໆ There was a student learning English in school. ຓຌກັ ສກສາ຃ຌົ ໜໆຄກາໍ ລັຄອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກຈິ ດ່຋ໂໆ ອຄອຽຌ (ໃຆ້ a ຌາໍ ໜາໟ pen ແລະ student ເຑາະເຎັຌກາຌກໞາວເຊິຄໆ ຍິກກໟາຌໃຈກໟາຌໜຄໆ ກໍໄໆ ຈ້຋ໆຆຓ໇ າຓ໇ວາຌຌ໇ ແລະ ຌັກສກ ສາ຃ົຌໃຈ຃ຌົ ໜຄໆ ຋ໆອຽຌຑາສາຬັຄກິຈດ຋່ ໂໆ ອຄອຽຌ຅ະເຎັຌລກຫາຌໃຏກໆໄໍ ຈ)້ 2.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓ຋ໃຂໄຌື ຉຌໄ຺ ສະຫົະ຾ຉຬ່ າໞ ຌຬຬກສຼຄຽຎັຌຑະງັຌຆະຌະຫົືຌາຓ຋ຂໃ ຌໄື ຉ຺ຌໄ ສະຫົະ຾ຉຓ່ Adjective ຂໄືຌຉຌ຺ໄ ຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະຎະກຬຍດ່ຂູ ໟາຄໜໟາຽຆັໃຌ A university, a blue eye, a European, a big umbrella, a uniform, ເຆຌັໆ Marisa has a big umbrella in her hand. ຓາອສິ າຓ຃ຌັ ອຓົໆ ໃຫງດໞ ໃ່ ຌຓຂຬຄລາວ David is a Eurpean living in Thailand. ເຈວຈິ ເຎຌັ ຆາວເຬລົຍ຋ຓໆ າຬາໄສດ່ໃຌຎະເ຋ຈໄ຋. 3.ເຫ້ເຆ້ an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓ຋ໃຂໄຌື ຉ຺ໄຌສະຫົະ ຫົື ຌາຓ຋ຂໃ ໄຌື ຉ຺ຌໄ ຑະງຌັ ຆະຌະ຾ຉ່ຬໞາຌຬຬກສຼຄຽຎຌັ ສະຫະົ ຾ລະ ຌາຓຈັຄໃ ກໞາວຌໄຉຬໟ ຄຽຎຌັ ຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຌັຍແຈຓ້ ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ວ຺ໃ ແຎຽຆໃັຌ An orange, an elephant, an umbrella, an hour, an honourable guest, an ear, etc She ate an orange after her lunch. ລາວຏງ້ ິຄກິຌໝາກກຽໟ ຄໜໆຄໜໞວງຫຄັ ຅າກກຌິ ເຂາ໇ົ ຋ໞຽຄ Pramote is an honourable guest in the party. ຎາໂຓຈເຎັຌແຂກຏ້ຓກຽຈໃຌຄາຌລຽໟ ຄ. 43

4.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓຽຬກະຑຈ຺ ຌັຍແຈ້ຓ຃ວາຓໝາງ຋ວ຺ໃ ແຎ ຾ລະ ຂໄືຌຉໄຌ຺ ຑະງັຌຆະຌະ຾ຉຓ່ Adjective ຋ໃຂໄືຌຉຌໄ຺ ສະຫະົ ຓາຎະກຬຍດູຂ່ ໟາຄໜາ໠ ຽຆັຌໃ An important man, an interesting story, an able man, an impolite dress, etc. e.g. He is an important man to visit me. ລາວຏ້ຆາງເຎຌັ ຃ົຌ຋ໆສາໍ ຃ຌັ ຋ໄໆ ຈຓ້ າດຽ້ ຓດາຓ An interesting story was told by my grandfather. ຌິ຋າຌ຋ໆຌາໞ ສຌົ ໃ຅ຑໍເໆ ຊົ໇າຂຬຄຂໟຬງເຎັຌ຃ົຌເລາໆົ ໃຫຒ້ ຄັ 5.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an, ຌາໍ ໜໟາຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎັຌຉວ຺ ຾຋ຌຂຬຄຑວກ ຫືົ ຆະຌຈິ ຈຼວກຌັ ແຈຽ້ ຆັໃຌ A dog is a faithful animal. ໝາເຎຌັ ສັຈ຋ກໆ ະຉັຌງຸກະຉະເວ຋ A cow has four legs. ຄວົ ຓ 4 ຂາ A country needs leaders. ຎະເ຋ຈຉໟຬຄກາຌຏຌ້ ໍາ An old man always walks slowly. ຃ົຌເຊາົ໇ ຓັກງາໞ ຄຆາໟ . (ກາຌ຋ໆຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ a ຌາໍ ໜໟາ dog ໃຌຎະໂຫງກ຋ໆງົກຓາຌ໇ກເໍໆ ຑາະວາໞ ຂ໇ຌຆວໆ າໞ ໝາແລວ້ ກງໆໍ ໞຬຓເຎຌັ ສັຈອ຅້ ກັ ຍຸຌ຃ຌຸ ຏ້ ລໟຽຄ຅ໆຄເຎຌັ ຉວົ ແ຋ຌຂຬຄຆະຌິຈຈຽວວໞາໂຉຬຌໆ ໅ ກໍໆເຎັຌສຈັ ອ້຅ັກຍຌຸ ຃ຸຌຏລ້ ໟຽຄເຆັໆຌກັຌ ຅ໆຄຓ຃ວາຓໝາງໃຌ຋າໍ ຌຬຄວໞາ All dogs are faithful animal , a cow, a country ແລະ An old man ກໍຓໆ ຃ຉິ ເິ ຆຌໆັ ຈຽວກຌັ ຌ)໇ ໝາງຽຫຈ: ອຍຑະຫຑຸ ຈົ ຂຬຄຌາຓຉາຓ຃ວາຓໝາງຌ໇ຍໆໍຉໟຬຄໃຆ້ a, an, the຋ັຄຌ໇ັຌຌໍາໜາໟ ເຆັໆຌ Dogs are faithful animals. 6.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ວ຺າໄ ຽຊຄິ ຬາຆຍ ຫືົ ສຌັ ຆາຈຉະຫຬົ ຈແຎຽຆໃຌັ My father works in a hospital. He is a doctor. ຑໍໆຂຬຄຂຬໟ ງເອຈັ ວຽກດໂ່ ອຄໝໍ ລາວຏຆ້ າງເຎຌັ ຋ໞາຌໝໍ Somsri is an actress. You are a teacher. ສຓົ ສເຎັຌຌັກສະແຈຄ ເ຅໇າົ ເຎັຌຌາງ຃ I am a Thai. John is an American ຂຬໟ ງເຎັຌ຃ຌົ ໄ຋ ຅ຬຌເຎຌັ ຃ົຌຬາເຓລກິ າ (doctor, actress, Thai, American ແລະ teacher ຍຬກເຊິຄຬາຆຍ ແລະ ສັຌຆາຈຉາຓລາໍ ຈຍັ ສະຌ໇ຌັ ຅ຄໆ ໃຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ໄຈ)້ 7.ເຫ້ເຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜໟາຌາຓ຋ຽໃ ຎຌັ ສາໍ ຌວຌກໞຼວກັຍກາຌເຆຌ້ ຍັ ຅າໍ ຌວຌຽຆັໃຌ A dozen ໜຄໆ ໂຫລ half a dozen ເ຃ໆຄິ ໂຫລ A hundred ໜຄໆ ອຬໟ ງ a thousand ໜຄໆ ຑັຌ A million ໜໆຄລໟາຌ a lot of ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງ A great deal of ຅າໍ ຌວຌຫາງ a large number of ຅ໍາຌວຌຫາງ e.g. I bought a dozen of soap yesterday ຂໟຬງຆສ໇ ະຍ່ຓາໜໆຄໂຫລຓວ໇ າຌຌ໇ 8.ເຫເ້ ຆ້ a, an ຌໍາໜາໟ ຌາຓ຋ຍໃ ຬກຽຊຄິ ລາ຃າ, ຬັຈຉາສໞວຌ, ຃ວາຓແວ, ຌໍໄາໜກັ , ຾ລະ ຽວລາຽຆັໃຌ A shilling a dozen ໂຫລລະໜຄໆ ຆິລລິໆຄ £ 3 a yard ຫລາລະ 3 ຎຬຌ Twice a day ຓ໇ລະ 2 ຃ຄ໇ັ 44