BIOLOGY NOTES 1ST YEAR

1. The planarian is an example of an animal with a complete gut. (a) True (b) false 2. The planarians only have intracellular digestion. (a) True (b) false 3. The earthworm only has extra-cellular digestion. (a) true (b) false 4. Digestion of food in humans is an extracellular process. (a) true (b) false 5. A flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the opening to the esophagus. (a) true (b) false 6. Pepsin is a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on protein to produce peptides. (a) true (b) false 7. The last part of the small intestine is called the duodenum. (a) true (b) false 8. If pepsin digests the stomach lining an ulcer results. (a) true (b) false 9. The villi and microvilli greatly increase the effective surface area of the small intestine. (p. 674) (a) true (b) false 10. Bile salts emulsify protein. (a) True (b) false 11. Pancreatic juice has digestive enzymes that act on every major component of food. (a) True (b) false 12. What does a planarian's digestive system contain? ) a. mouth b. pharynx c. intestine d. all of the above 13. Which is a filter feeder? a. marine sponge b. baleen whale c. both a and b 16. Gastric juice contains a. Hcl. b. pepsin. c. both a and b.

17. What is digested in the stomach? a. starch b. protein c. both a and b 18. Villi are found in the a. esophagus. b. stomach. c. small intestine. d. all of the above. 19. Pancreatic amylase digests a. starch. b. maltose. c. glucose. 20. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the a. small intestine. b. stomach. c. large intestine. 21. A lacteal is a a. blood vessel. b. lymph vessel. c. both a and b. 22. Sugars and amino acids are absorbed into the a. lacteals. b. bloodstream. c. both a and b. 23. Which is an accessory organ of digestion? a. liver b. pancreas c. both a and b 24. Pancreatic juice travels to the a. stomach. b. small intestine. c. large intestine. 25. Which is a function of the liver? a. detoxifying blood b. making blood proteins c. producing bile d. all of the above 26. Cirrhosis is a disease of the a. pancreas. b. liver. c. stomach. 27. Absorption of water occurs primarily in the a. small intestine. b. stomach. c. large intestine. 28. The colon is another name for the

a. small intestine. b. stomach. c. large intestine. 29. Vitamins a. are produced by the body. b. are needed for metabolism. c. both a and b. 31. Trypsin digests a. protein. b. fat. c. maltose. 60. Living organism require nutrition (e) to maintain functions of life (f) Built the matter (g) Maintain their structures (h) All of above 61. The main nutrients for living organisms are (e) Water (f) Carbon Di oxide (g) Both a& b (h) None 62. In autotrophic nutrition, the organic food material is made from (e) Inorganic raw material (f) Organic substances (g) Both a&b (h) None 63. The autotrophic organisms (e) Need to digest their food (f) Do not need to digest their food (g) Depends on condition (h) None 64. Although some autotrophic organism can do chemo-synthesis, but most are photosynthetic (c) True (d) False 65. Most fungi, Bacteria and animals have heterotrophic nutrition (c) True (d) False

66. Which on of the following is not serving as main source of energy (e) Carbohydrates (f) Lipids (g) Proteins (h) In-organic salts 67. One point that makes Bacteria different from plants is that (e) Bacteria can not do photosynthesis with chlorophyll a (f) Bacteria can not do photosynthesis with chlorophyll B (g) Both a&b (h) None 68. For photosynthesis, Bacteria obtains Hydrogen from (e) Water (f) Hydrogen sulphide from atmosphere (g) They don’t require hydrogen (h) They make their own hydrogen by cell membrane 69. In chemosynthetic nutrition, Bacteria oxidize of ammonia, nitrates, nitrite, ferrous ions, hydrogen sulphide and number of metallic and non-metallic particles occur (c) True (d) False 70. In nature, the amount of nitrogen is recycled by (e) Bacteria (f) Fungi (g) Algae (h) All 71. The commercial fertilizers are made on NPK percentage (c) True (d) False 72. Nitrogen is an essential element of all except (e) Protein (f) Nucleotides of DNA (g) Chlorophyll (h) Starch 73. Chlorosis is a mineral deficiency disease in which leaves turn pale and fall. It is due to deficiency of (e) Potassium (f) Nitrogen (g) Mg (h) None

74. Due to Nitrogen deficiency, in tomato and apple leaves, the veins of leaves turn purple red due to development of (e) Anthocyanin (f) Carotene (g) Both (h) None 75. Prolonged dormancy, early sensation, and leaf fall are the symptoms of deficiency of (e) K (f) N (g) Mg (h) P 76. One of the following is found abundant in growing and storage organs of fruits and seeds (e) N (f) P (g) Mg (h) K 77. Phosphorous is really good for plants, because it helps in (e) Ripening of fruit (f) Helping translocation of carbohydrate (g) Formation of cell membrane (h) All 78. Pre-mature leaf fall, development of purple red spots on leaves, reduced Tillering of crops are mainly due to deficiency of (e) N (f) P (g) K (h) Mg 79. Potassium help plants in (e) Opening & closing of stomata (f) Activation of enzymes (g) Synthesis of peptide bonds (h) All of above 80. Irregular chlorosis, necrotic areas on tip & margin of leaves, reduced crop production are mainly due to deficiency of (e) K (f) P (g) Mg (h) N

81. Magnesium, in case of deficiency is taken from older to young tissue to fulfill the requirement (c) True (d) False 24 Which of the following in not true (e) Silica is essential for growth of grasses (f) Cobalt is necessary for nitrogen fixing bacteria to make nodules in roots (g) Nickel is important for Soya bean (h) All are correct (i) 82. For obtaining their food requirements, parasitic plants penetrate -------- in host (e) Haustoria (f) Rhizoids (g) Roots (h) All of above 83. Who said that carnivorous plants make digestive enzymes same as human stomach e.g. Pepsin (e) J.D. Hooker (f) Robert Hook (g) Both a&b (h) None 84. carnivorous plants do photosynthesis, but they can not make nitrogenous compounds, that is why they have become carnivorous (c) True (d) (b) False 85. Carnivorous plants attract insect through (e) Odour (f) Nectar (g) Both a&b (h) None 86. Which plant Charles Darwin called the ‘Wonderful plant of the World’ (e) Pitcher plant (f) Sundew (g) Venus fly (h) None 87. Which one in not a carnivorous pant (e) Pitcher plant (f) Sundew (g) Venus fly

(h) All are carnivorous plants 88. Which of the following are root-less carnivorous plant (e) Water fly (f) Bladder Wort (g) Venus fly (h) Both a&b 89. Which one of the following types of nutrition in not found in animals (e) Holozoic (f) Saprozoic (g) Holophytic (h) All 90. Animals which feed on fragments of decomposed food are called (e) Carnivorous (f) Filter feeders (g) Fluid feeders (h) Detrivores (i) All 91. Earth worm is an example of which type of feeding (e) Carnivorous (f) Filter feeders (g) Fluid feeders (h) Detrivores 92. Human beings, Crow and Cockroach have similarity because they are (i) Carnivorous (j) Herbivorous (k) Omnivorous (l) All 93. The most popular example of filter feeders is (m) Sponge (n) Hydra (o) Planaria (p) None 94. Which one of the following is mis-match (q) Lion-------Predator (r) Mosquito----Fluid feeder (s) Earthworm------Detritiovorous (t) Cow--------------carnivorous 95. Animals need to digest the food to convert the food (u) From soluble to insoluble form (v) Insoluble to soluble form

(wwwww) Some food does not need to be digested (xxxxx) None 96. In organisms like Amoeba, and Paramecium, food material is digested inside cells and termed as (yyyyy) Intracellular digestion (zzzzz) Intercellular digestion (aaaaaa) Extra cellular digestion (bbbbbb) All 97. If an organism has single opening for ingestion and egestion, such type of digestive system is termed as (cccccc) Tube like (dddddd) Sac like (eeeeee) Protostomes (ffffff) Both a&c 98. Planaria and hydra have sac-like digestive system, therefore they are called (gggggg) Protostomes (hhhhhh) Duterostomes (iiiiii) Both a&b (jjjjjj) None 99. One of the following may never have tube like digestive system (kkkkkk) Protozoa (llllll) Metazoa (mmmmmm) Single cellular eukaryotic organisms (nnnnnn) Both a&b 100.Absorption is (oooooo) Pre-digestion process (pppppp) Post digestion process (qqqqqq) Both a&b (rrrrrr) None 101.In protozoans, digested food is diffused into cytoplasm and circulated through (ssssss) Cyclosis (tttttt) Osmosis (uuuuuu) Diffusion (vvvvvv) None 102.Amoeba has intra cellular digestion. It uses lysosomes, and enzymes such as all except one (wwwwww) Proteases (xxxxxx) Amylases (yyyyyy) Lipases (zzzzzz) Pepsin 103.Hydra has extra-cellular digestion and is termed as simplest heterotroph (aaaaaaa) True (bbbbbbb) False 104.In tentacles of hydra, cells which paralyze the prey are (ccccccc) Conidocils (ddddddd) Nematocysts

(eeeeeee) Nedaoblast (fffffff) All 105.Hydra can digest all except one (ggggggg) Proteins (hhhhhhh) Fats (iiiiiii) Carbohydrates (jjjjjjj) Starch 106.It takes a hydra to complete its extra-cellular digestion in (kkkkkkk) 1 hour (lllllll) 2 hours (mmmmmmm) 3 hours (nnnnnnn) 4 hours 107.The digestion in Hydra is (ooooooo) Extra cellular (ppppppp) Intra cellular (qqqqqqq) Both extra and intracellular (rrrrrrr) None 108.The Planaria has both extra ad intra cellular digestions. The complete digestion of food occur in Diverticula (sssssss) True (ttttttt) False 109.Sensory organs which Cockroach uses to find its food are called (uuuuuuu) Tentacles (vvvvvvv) Antennae (wwwwwww) Eyes (xxxxxxx) All 110.Which condition causes serious tanning of teeth that can not be cleaned by brush (yyyyyyy) Calculus (zzzzzzz) Dental caries (aaaaaaaa) Periodontal disease (bbbbbbbb) All 111.Saliva is a watery secretion that contains (cccccccc) 95% water (dddddddd) Some mucous (eeeeeeee) Amylase and lysozyme (ffffffff) All 112.The production of gastric juices is stimulated after secretion of stomach hormone called (gggggggg) Rennin (hhhhhhhh) Gastrin (iiiiiiii) Secrin (jjjjjjjj) None 113.Before digestion, fats need emulsification by bile salts (kkkkkkkk) True (llllllll) False 114.Pancreas can not secrete juices until stimulated by duodenum hormone

(mmmmmmmm) Secretin (nnnnnnnn) Gastrin (oooooooo) Rennin (pppppppp) None 115.Before absorption, fatty acids and glycerol are not converted into triglycerol (qqqqqqqq) True (rrrrrrrr) False 116.The absorption of digested food occur by (ssssssss) Osmosis (tttttttt) Active transport (uuuuuuuu) Facilitated diffusion (vvvvvvvv) All 117.The bile salts are stored in gall bladder, but made in (wwwwwwww) Pancreas (xxxxxxxx) Small intestine (yyyyyyyy) Stomach (zzzzzzzz) Liver 118.One reason, pepsin is secreted in inactive form is (aaaaaaaaa) It would digest its own cells (bbbbbbbbb) Should become active when food arrives (ccccccccc) Both a&b (ddddddddd) None 119.Vomiting is caused due to (eeeeeeeee) Peristalasis (fffffffff) Anti peristalasis (ggggggggg) Facilitated diffusion (hhhhhhhhh) When you look at chudary chaha

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes An-AEROBIC Respiration in which glucose molecule is partially broken in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in cytoplasm AEROBIC Respiration in which glucose requires oxygen for its breakdown. This occurs in mitochondria RESPIRATION IN HYDRA Through body surface by diffusion RESPIRATION IN PLANARIA Through body surface by diffusion RESPIRATION IN EARTH WORM Through skin. In earth worm blood is red due to hemoglobin RESPIRATION IN GRASSHOPPER Through spiracles, trachea and tracheole RESPIRATION IN MAN Through lungs GAS GASES CHART % GIVEN OUT OXYGEN % TAKEN IN 16 CO2 21 4 NITROGEN 0.04 78 WATER VAPOURS 78 SATURATED VARIABLE RESPIRATORY MEDIA: Source where from organism receives their gases. There are 2 main sources (1) Water (2) Atmosphere.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes RESPIRATORY AREA: Point of body where from exchange of gases takes place. For example in Chlorella whole cell membrane is respiratory area. In Humans, external nostrils are respiratory area. CUTICLE: An outer covering which in terrestrial plants (may be in some animals also). It is made up of cutin which is a kind of Wax. STOMATA: Openings in leaves where from water and oxygen come out and carbon di oxide comes in the leaf. Stomata work during day time and remain open as long as light is available. The stomata are formed due to modification of guard cells. GUARD CELLS: Cells in the epidermal area of leaf. They form stomata when they become turgid. LENTICLES: Small openings in the stem of plants. They remain open all the times and help in exchange of gases. PHOTORESPIRATION: An un-usual mechanism in which C3 plants close their stomata and stop their photosynthesis and start releasing carbon di-oxide during day time. TRACHEAL SYSTEM: A system of respiration in arthropods (cockroach). In this system, oxygen enters from openings of spiracles and than through trachea it diffuses into colorless blood of insect. SPIRACLES: Small openings on the body of insects. Through these openings, oxygen enters into body of insect. There are 2 pairs of spiracles in thorax region and remaining 8 pairs in abdomen. GILLS: Respiratory area which fishes use for the exchange of gases. OPERCULUM: Covering of gills COUNER CURRENT FLOW: A mechanism, which fishes use to exchange the gases between water and gills. The water is taken in and run on to gill surface. Beneath the gills, the blood vessels run in opposite direction. This system enables the fishes to take over 80% oxygen from water.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes INCOMPLETE VENTILATION: A kind of respiratory system in which lungs are never completely emptied ot refilled by air. E.g. Frog PULONARY RESPIRATION: Respiration by means of lungs. E.g. Frog CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION: Respiration by means of surface of skin. E.g. Frog BUCCO-PHARYNGEAL RESPIRATION: Respiration by means of lining of buccal cavity. E.g. Frog PARA-BRONCHI: Deep holes in the lungs of birds are called Para bronchi. These are responsible for continuous flow of air in one direction. AIR SACS: Small bag like structures found in the wings, neck and abdomen of birds. They are filled with air and help the birds to have air inside body all the time. The air sac help in uni-directional (single direction) flow of air. This mechanism helps bird in flying. DIAPHRAGM: Muscular partition between thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity EXTERNAL NOSTRIL: Respiratory area of many animals (including human beings) through which air is taken from respiratory media (air or atmosphere). LARYNX: A common passage for food and air. It is also called sound box. EPIGLOTTIS: Flap of tissue which is responsible to close and open the food pipe and wing pipe accordingly so that air and food may go into their required pipes. BRONCHI: Bifurcation of trachea into smaller branches is called bronchi PLEURAL MEMBRANE: A fluid filled thin membrane which encloses lungs.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes ALVEOLI: These are hallow sac like structures where exchange of respiratory gases takes place between blood and lungs. There are 700 million alveoli inhuman lungs which are equal to 20 skins of human body.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes SURFACTANT: Fluid containing thin layer of internal area of alveoli INSPIRATION: Intake of respiratory gas. It is also called inhalation. EXPIRATION: Removal of respiratory gas. It is also called exhalation. RESPIRATION: Inspiration and expiration collectively are called respiration. INVOLUNTRY CONTROL: Organs of body which do not work under human wish. They are controlled autonomous nervous system. Lungs are one of those organs. VOLUNTRY CONTROL: Organs of body which work under human wish. AORTIC AND CAROTID BODIES: Chemo-receptors situated in aorta and carotid arteries. These receptors are responsible to measure the concentration of carbon di oxide and hydrogen. If concentration increases, they communicate it to the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata will than increase the rate of breathing so that Co2 is removed from body and oxygen comes in. LUNG CANCER: A respiratory problem in which cancer is developed in lungs. The main causes are smoking, germs and dust. EMPHYSEMA: It is a respiratory problem in which gradual degeneration of alveoli occur. The lungs loose their elasticity and become hard. The person infected with this condition can not respire properly. ASTHMA: It is a respiratory problem in which a person suffers from breathlessness. The main causes are continuous inhalation of nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide. TUBERCULOSIS: A serious respiratory problem caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Main symptoms are cough, during which blood stained sputum is released. LUNG CAPACITY: Presence of total air in lung is called lung capacity. Human lungs have 5 liters air

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes TIDAL VOLUME: During inspiration and expiration, half liter of air is taken in and given out. Exchange of half liter between lungs and atmosphere is called tidal volume VITAL CAPACITY: During extra deep breath, maximum 4 liters of air is inspired or expired. That is called vital capacity. RESIDUAL VOLULE: When four liter air is taken out of lungs, only one liter remains in lungs. That is called residual volume HEMOGLOBIN: A quaternary proteins found at the cell membrane of RBCs. It helps in picking and transportation of 70% oxygen from lungs to body and 35% carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs. Hemoglobin is also called respiratory pigment and originally has purple blue color. After combining with oxygen it changes to red color. Each Hb molecule can bind with 4 oxygen molecules. MYOGLOBIN: It is a smaller protein found in muscles. It can also bind with oxygen and gives red color to muscles. OXYHEMOGLOBIN: When hemoglobin combines with oxygen it is called oxy-hemoglobin CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN: This term is used when hemoglobin combines with carbon di-oxide. PRACTICE SHEET TEST-01 1. Which is called rich energy molecule (a) Glucose (b) ADP (c) ATP (d) All 2. A process, in which oxidation reduction of food takes place is called (a) Cellular respiration (b) Carbohydrate metabolism (c) Breathing (d) All

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 3. During respiration, one of the following in not a bi-product (a) ATP (b) Water (c) Carbon di oxide (d) ADP 4. If 21 percent of oxygen diffuses into water, it will constitute (a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 16% (d) None 5. One point that make respiration different from Photosynthesis is that respiration (a) Occur day and night (b) Is a katabolic process (c) Is reverse of photosynthesis (d) It is different in all three ways 6. Lower plants can receive oxygen through general body surface, but in higher plants, it is not possible due to (a) Presence of cuticle (b) Secondary growth (c) Rigid cell wall (d) All 7. Stomata are formed by modification of (a) Mesophyll cells (b) Guard cells (c) Turgid cell (d) All

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 8. The opening and closing of stomata depends up on (a) Potassium ions (b) Turgidity of guard cells (c) Both a&b (d) None 9. In woody plants, the cuticle is replaced by cork, but plants can still respire through (a) Stomata (b) Cuticle (c) Lenticles (d) None 10. Plants which consume oxygen during mid day and release CO2 are bio-chemically called (a) C4 plants (b) C3 Plants (c) Both a&b (d) None 11. One plant is not capable to perform photorespiration (a) Wheat (b) Rice (c) Sugar cane (d) Neem 12. An un-usual bio-chemical process in plant in which they consume oxygen and release carbon di oxide is (a) Photosynthesis (b) Photorespiration © Photophosphorelation (d) None 13. Photorespiration in C3 plants results into

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (a) Saving removal of water (b) Increasing crop yield (c) Growth (d) None 14. Photorespiration is different than photosynthesis, because (a) ATP are not formed (b) It is performed by C3 plants (c) In photorespiration Serine is a bi-product (d) All 15. During photorespiration, the concentration of oxygen -------------in leaf (a)Increase (b) Decrease © Oxygen has no concern (d) None 16. When oxygen combines with ribulase bi phosphate, it makes (a) PAG and Phosphoglycolate (b) Only PAG (c) Only Phosphoglycolate (d) None 17. Photorespiration is (a) a useful process (b) A useless process (c) It reduced photosynthetic output (d) Both b&c 18. Hydra is a (a) Triploblastic organism (b) Diploblastic organism (c) Both a&b (d) None 17. Hydra can receive oxygen

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (b) Externally (c) Internally (d) Both a&b (e) None 18. Earth worm can draw oxygen from moisture with the help of mucous which is produced by (a) Spiracles (b) Goblet cells (c) Trachea (d) None 19. In cockroach, the CO2 to atmosphere through cuticle. (a) True (b) False 20. Cockroach and other arthropods (a) Do not have hemoglobin (b) Have colorless blood (c) Both a&b (d) None NUMBER CORRECT OPTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 GOOD LUCK

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes CLASS TEST 1. Which is called rich energy molecule (a) Glucose (b) ADP (c) ATP (d) All 2. A process, in which oxidation reduction of food takes place is called (a) Cellular respiration (b) Carbohydrate metabolism (c) Breathing (d) All 3. During respiration, one of the following in not a bi-product (a) ATP (b) Water (c) Carbon di oxide (d) ADP 4. If 21 percent of oxygen diffuses into water, it will constitute (a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 16% (d) None 5. One point that make respiration different from Photosynthesis is that respiration

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (a) Occur day and night (b) Is a katabolic process (c) Is reverse of photosynthesis (d) Is different in all three ways 6. Lower plants can receive oxygen through general body surface, but in higher plants, it is not possible due to (a) Presence of cuticle (b) Secondary growth (c) Rigid cell wall (d) All 7. Stomata are formed by modification of (a) Mesophyll cells (b) Guard cells (c) Turgid cell (d) All 8. The opening and closing of stomata depends up on (a) Potassium ions (b) Turgidity of guard cells (c) Both a&b (d) None 9. In woody plants, the cuticle is replaced by cork, but plants can still respire through (a) Stomata (b) Cuticle (c) Lenticles (d) None 10. Plants which consume oxygen during mid day and release CO2 are bio-chemically called

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (a) C4 plants (b) C3 Plants (c) Both a&b (d) None 11. One plant is not capable to perform photorespiration (a) Wheat (b) Rice (c) Sugar cane (d) Neem 12. An un-usual bio-chemical process in plant in which they consume oxygen and release carbon di oxide is (a) Photosynthesis (b) Photorespiration © Photophosphorelation (d) None 12. Photorespiration in C3 plants results into (a) Saving removal of water (b) Increasing crop yield (c) Growth (d) None 13. Photo-respiration is different in that in photorespiration (a) ATP are not formed (b) It is performed by C3 plants (c) In photorespiration Serine is a bi-product (d) All 14. During photorespiration, the concentration of oxygen (a) Increase

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (b) Decrease © Oxygen has no concern (d) None 15. When oxygen combines with ribulase bi phosphate, it makes (a) PAG and Phosphoglycolate (b) Only PAG (c) Only Phosphoglycolate (d) None 16. Photorespiration is (a) a useful process (b) A useless process (c) It reduced photosynthetic output (d) Both b&c 17. Hydra is a (a) Triploblastic organism (b) Diploblastic organism (c) Both a&b (d) None 18. Hydra can receive oxygen (a) Externally (b) Internally (c) Both a&b (d) None 19. Earth worm can draw oxygen from moisture with the help of mucous which is produced by (a) Spiracles (b) Goblet cells (c) Trachea (d) None 20. In cockroach, the CO2 to atmosphere through cuticle. (a) True (b) False 21. Cockroach and other arthropods (a) Do not have hemoglobin

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes (b) Have colorless blood (c) Both a&b (d) None GOOD LUCK

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes PRACTICE TEST Name------------------------------- 1. Air passing along the respiratory tract is 1. filtered 2. warmed 3. saturated with water 4. all of the above 2. During inspiration, the pressure in the lungs increases. 1. True 2. False 3. During expiration, __________ pressure in the thoracic cavity causes air to leave the lungs. 1. increased 2. decreased 3. gradually decreasing 4. no 4. During __________ respiration, the respiratory pigment hemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs. 1. internal 2. external 3. anaerobic 4. vital 5. During internal respiration, hemoglobin gives up carbon dioxide to the cells. 1. True 2. False 6. Hemoglobin aids in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs 1. True 2. False 7. Cigarette smoking contributes to _______.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 1. emphysema 2. lung cancer 3. both 1 and 2 8. Breathing supplies the body with oxygen needed for __________ cellular respiration. 1. aerobic 2. anaerobic 3. stasis 4. no 9. Respiration includes ________. 1. breathing 2. external and internal respiration 3. aerobic cellular respiration 4. all of the above 10. In the nose, the cilia beat upward, carrying mucus and dust. 1. True 2. False 11. As air moves out during expiration, it cools and loses its moisture. 1. True 2. False 12. The nose contains __________ nasal cavities. 1. one 2. two 3. three 4. four 15. The trachea lies behind the esophagus. 1. True 2. False 16. The esophagus opens when a person breathes. 1. True 2. False 17. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx. 1. True 2. False

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 18. The __________ is the voice box. 1. larynx 2. bronchus 3. pharynx 4. esophagus 19. The trachea is held open by cartilaginous rings. 1. True 2. False 20. Smoking destroys the cilia in the trachea. 1. True 2. False 21. Inserting a tube by way of an incision made in the trachea is called a tracheotomy. 1. True 2. False 22. The trachea divides into two __________. 1. glotti 2. tracheae 3. bronchi 4. lungs 23. The bronchi lead into the right and left __________. 1. atria 2. lungs 3. pharynges 4. lacrimals 24. The bronchi branch into smaller passages called bronchioles. 1. True 2. False 25. During an asthma attack, the bronchioles dilate. 1. True 2. False 26. Each bronchiole terminates in an elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pockets called _________.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 1. the glottis 2. alveoli 3. the larynx 4. the pharynx 27. The right lung has __________ lobes. 1. one 2. two 3. three 4. four 28. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood __________. 1. arteries 2. veins 3. capillaries 30. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity. 1. True 2. False 31. The lungs are enclosed by the mucoid membranes. 1. True 2. False 32. The respiratory center is located in the _______. 1. thorax 2. alveoli 3. medulla 33. The primary stimuli of the respiratory center are _______. 1. carbon dioxide 2. hydrogen ions 3. both 1 and 2 34. The respiratory center is affected by low oxygen levels. 1. True 2. False 35. Chemical receptors in carotid bodies respond to _______.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 1. hydrogen ion concentration 2. levels of carbon dioxide in the blood 3. levels of oxygen in the blood 4. all of the above 36. When blood levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen rise, the rate and depth of breathing __________. 1. increase 2. decrease 3. stay the same 4. decrease only slightly 39. As the thoracic cavity increases in size, the lungs expand and air rushes in. 1. True 2. False 40. Inspiration is the passive phase of breathing. 1. True 2. False 41. During inspiration, the following occurs. 1. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract. 2. Intrapleural pressure decreases. 3. The lungs expand and air comes rushing in. 4. All of the above occur during inspiration. 42. Humans breathe by negative pressure. 1. True 2. False 43. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are relaxed when expiration occurs. 1. True 2. False 44. The amount of air moved in and out with each breath is called the tidal __________. 1. amount 2. volume 3. reserve 4. capacity

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 45. The maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath is called the vital __________. 1. amount 2. volume 3. reserve 4. capacity 46. Vital capacity is the sum of tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes. 1. True 2. False 47. Air remaining in the lungs after very deep breathing is called the residual __________. 1. inspiration amount 2. volume 3. space 4. expiration amount 48. Residual volume is useful for gas exchange purposes. 1. True 2. False 49. Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 1. True 2. False 50. Internal __________ refers to the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue fluid. 1. expulsion 2. respiration 3. digestion 4. alveolar activity 51. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood is governed by _______. 1. gravity 2. blood pressure 3. diffusion 52. Blood flowing into lung capillaries has a higher concentration of carbon __________ than atmospheric air.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 1. monoxide 2. dioxide 3. oxide 4. nitrate 53. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into the alveoli. 1. True 2. False 54. Blood coming into the pulmonary capillaries is oxygenated, and alveolar air is deoxygenated. 1. True 2. False 56. Hb is called deoxyhemoglobin. 1. True 2. False 57. Hemoglobin retains oxygen in the lungs but tends to release it in the tissues. 1. True 2. False 58. Hemoglobin takes up oxygen more readily in the warm temperatures and acidic pH of the lungs. 1. True 2. False 59. During external respiration in the lungs, _______. 1. carbon dioxide leaves the blood 2. oxygen enters the blood 3. both 1 and 2 occur 60. Blood in systemic capillaries is bright red because _______. 1. red cells lack oxyhemoglobin 2. red cells contain oxyhemoglobin 3. red cells contain carbon dioxide 61. Oxygen diffuses out of blood into tissues because the oxygen concentration of tissue fluid is too high. 1. True 2. False

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 64. Most of the carbon dioxide combines with __________, forming carbonic acid. 1. enzymes 2. water 3. blood 4. plasma 65. Carbonic acid dissociates into ______. 1. hydrogen ions 2. bicarbonate ions 3. both 1 and 2 71. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a secondary bacterial infection of the bronchi. 1. True 2. False 72. Chronic bronchitis is caused by ______. 1. a bacterial infection 2. a viral infection 3. constant irritation of the lining of the bronchi 76. Tuberculosis cannot be treated . 1. True 2. False 79. Pneumonia is usually caused by _______. 1. a bacterium 2. a virus 3. both 1 and 2 80. Pneumonia in AIDS patients is caused by a protozoan. 1. True 2. False 84. The events involved in the formation of lung cancer are ______. 1. callusing of cells lining the bronchi 2. loss of cilia 3. formation of cells with atypical nuclei 4. all of the above 87. Women who smoke during pregnancy risk having ______.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 1. a miscarriage CORRECT OPTION . a premature baby 3. an underweight baby 4. 1, 2, and 3 NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

GASEOUS EXCHANGE Ch: 13 First year Biology complete notes

First year Biology complete notes CHAPTER 14 DIFFUSION: Free movement of molecules form higher to lower concentration. It is also called passive transport. During this process, the energy of cell is not used. FACILITAED DIFFUSION: A kind of diffusion in which molecules diffuse with the help of transport enzyme. For example glucose diffuses into cell with the help of intrinsic proteins. OSMOSIS: Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration, through cell membrane. This is also passive process. ACTIVRE TRANSPORT: Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration. This process mostly occurs in those cells which have large number of mitochondria. It is active process and the energy of cell is used. IMBIBITION: Uptake of water by hydrophilic (water loving) tissue (such as seeds), which results into increase in size. TURGID CELL: When water enters into cell, it becomes full of water and is called turgid cell. The process of cell filling is called turgidity. PLASMOLYSIS: Shrinkage of protoplasm due to removal of water from cell is called plasmolysis. Plasmolysis occur when cell is exposed to hypotonic solution INCIPIENT PROTOPLASM: Beginning of shrinkage of protoplasm during of plasmolysis DEPLASMOLYSIS: A reverse condition of plasmolysis in which water enters into cell and shrunken protoplasm again gets its normality. De-plasmolysis occur when cell is exposed to hyper tonic solution.

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION: A solution which contains a higher concentration of solutes than the cells, so that water is drawn out of the cells. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION: A solution which has higher concentration of solvent (water) than solute (salts). It causes water to move from outside to inside of cell. ISOTONIC SOLUTION: A solution which has equal concentration of solvent and solute. SYMPLAST: Movement of solution from cytoplasm of one cell to other and onwards is called symplast movement. APOPLST: Movement of solution between cell wall and cell membrane of cells is called apoplast movement. ASCENT OF SAP: Upward movement of solution from root to leaf of a plant is called ascent of sap. XYME: Woody tissue in vascular plants that provides support and carries water and nutrients up from the roots. It is made up of four parts including trachids and vessels, through which water goes upward. VESSELS: Thick walled tube like structure of xylem which pick maximum water TRACHIDS: Elongated cells of xylem. They have pointed ends and pick less water as compared to vessels. TRANSPIRATION: Removal of water from aerial parts of plants into air through stomata and lenticels. STOMATA: Openings found in leaves and stem of herbal plants. They are made due to modification of guard cells. LENTICLES: Pore on the stem of woody plants through which gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere HYDATHODES: Pores present at the margin of leaf. Through these pores, water is transpired in the form of droplets during night GUTTATION: Removal of water from hydathodes of leaf at night in the form of droplets. SOURCE TO SINK MOVEMENT: Movement of food material from leaf to the body tissues of plant is called source to sink movement. Leaf is source and body tissue receiving food are called sink. PHLOEM LOADING: When food enters into phloem, it is called phloem loading PHLOEN UNLOADING: When phloem hands over food to body tissue and becomes empty is called phloem unloading OPLEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: A type of system for the circulation of blood in which the blood surrounds all organs and is not restricted to blood vessels. E.g. Arthropods and mollusks. CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: A type of circulatory system in which blood is enclosed in blood vessels. E.g. Frog, Fishes, Snake, Duck and man HAEMOLYMPH: The fluid which flows through the hemocoel of invertebrates which have open circulatory systems, like mollusks, arthropods, and tunicates. The fluid is like a combination of the fluids blood and lymph in vertebrates. INCOMPLETE DOUBLE CIRCULATION: When oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix together in an animal COMPLETE DOUBLE CIRCULATION: When oxygenated and deoxygenated blood remains separated in an animal BLOOD: A fluid (may be colorless of red in color), through which transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and waste products occur. BLOOD PRESSURE: The force of the blood on the walls of arteries. Two levels of blood pressure are measured-the higher, or systolic, pressure, which occurs each time the heart pushes blood into the vessels, and the lower, or diastolic, pressure, which occurs when the heart rests. In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, for example, 120 is the systolic pressure and 80 is the diastolic pressure. A reading of 120/80 is said to be the normal range. Blood pressure that is too high can cause health problems such as heart attacks and strokes. BLOOD PLASMA: This is whole blood minus the cells. It has over 90 % water and remaining 10 percent salts, proteins, glucose, autotoxins etc HYPERTENSION: Low blood pressure or a sudden drop in blood pressure. A person rising quickly from a sitting or reclining position may have a sudden fall in blood pressure, causing dizziness or fainting.

BILIVERDIN: A green pigment found in bile which is formed during heme catabolism, mainly the breaking down of old red blood cells, within the liver. It has the chemical formula C33H34N4O6. It transforms into the red-orange bile pigment bilirubin. BILIRUBIN: A red-orange pigment found in bile which is formed when old red blood cells are broken down in the liver. It can also form from other types of heme catabolism. It has the chemical formula C33H36N4O6. It is transformed from the green bile pigment biliverdin, which is directly formed from heme catabolism. Excessive bilirubin in the blood results in jaundice. CARBONIC ANHYDRASE: An enzyme in RBCs which play role in transport of carbon di-oxide PLATELETS: A particle found in the bloodstream that binds to fibrinogen at the site of a wound to begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are formed in bone marrow, where they arise from cells called megakaryocytes. LEUKAEMIA: A kind of blood cancer in which WBC count increases so much that they stop RBC from proper functioning. This cancer is due to Radiation, Cytotoxic drugs, Retrovirus and genetic dis order. THALASSAEMIA: An inherited blood disease in which, victim, is unable to make hemoglobin protein. It may be minor or major. PERICARDIUM: Double layered membrane which surrounds the heart is called pericardium CARDIAC CYCLE: The complete round of cardiac systole and diastole with the intervals between, or commencing with, any event in the heart's action to the moment when that same event is repeated. DIASTOLE: The resting period of heart chambers is known as diastole SYSTOLE: Contraction of heart muscles is known as systole HEART MURMER: A diseased condition of heart in which any of the heart walls become defective and produce hissing sounds. SINO-ATRIAL NODE: The impulse generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium, under the epicardium at the upper end of the sulcus terminalis. A-V-NODE: It is a similar tissue like SAN. It is located in right atrim below SAN. BLUE BABIES: A bluish discolouration, applied especially to such discolouration of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. ARTERIES: The vessels in the body that supply oxygenated blood to the tissues. VEINS: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart CAPILLARIES: The smallest vessels which contain oxygenated blood. The capillaries, allowing red blood cells to travel in single file, are responsible for delivering oxygen to the tissues on a cellular level SPHYGMOMANOMETER: The original blood pressure apparatus first used to measure arterial pressure LYMPH: The almost color-less fluid that bathes body tissues and is found in the lymphatic vessels that drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph carries lymphocytes that have entered the lymph nodes from the blood. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: The tissues and organs (including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes) that produce and store cells that fight infection and the network of vessels that carry lymph. LYMPH NODE: Small bean-shaped organ made up of a loose meshwork of reticular tissue in which are enmeshed large numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages and accessory cells located along the lymphatic system. EDEMA: Swelling of tissues due to accumulation of tissue fluids is called edema. It occur when lymph vessels some how fail to pick the water from tissues

TRANSPORTATION IN AMOEBA It occurs through Diffusion IN PARAMEIUM It occurs through Diffusion IN HYDRA Through diffusion IN EARTHWORM Through dorsa, ventral and sub-neural blood vessel The circulatory system is closed type. IN GRASSHPPER The circulatory system is open and supply of colorless blood is free to whole body OSTIA The heart of grasshopper HUMAN HEART PERICARDIUM The covering of heart PERICARDIAL FLUID A fluid between heart and pericardium AURIULAR SEPTUM A division line between two auricles VENTRIULAR SEPTUM A division line between two ventricles TRICUSPID VALVE A valve between right auricle and ventricle. It stops the back flow of blood to auricle BICUSPID VALVE A valve between left auricle and ventricle. Is stops the back flow of blood to left auricle SINO-AURIULAR NODE A tissue in right atrium, which maintains the speed of heart beat PACE MAKER Same as above ARTERY ARTERIAL SYSTEM External carotid SUPPLY Head and face

Internal carotid Brain Subclavin Fore limbs Intercostal Ribs and muscles Coeliac Liver, stomach and spleen Anterior mesenteric Front part of intestine Posterior mesenteric Posterior part of intestine Renal Kidneys Genital or Gonadal Testes and ovaries Illiolmber Body wall Iliac Hind limbs Caudal Tail region VENOUS SYSTEM VEINS COLLCTION External jugulaer Region below ear Internal jugular Brain, Tongue, Face Subclavin Fore limbs and shoulders Azygous Intercostal muscles Bronchial Thoracic region External iliac Legs Internal Iliac Ventral abdomen Illiolumber Back of body Gonadial Reproductive organs Renal Kidneys Hepatic Liver Intercostal Muscles of lower 7 ribs BLOOD ormones etc. PLASMA It is 60 percent of the total blood which contain blood protein, glucose, amino acids, 90% of plasma is water and 10% dissolved substances. CORPUSCLES They are 40 % and of two types ERYTHROCYTES LEUCOCYTES SHAPE Biconcave, Irregular NUCLEUS Absent Present COMPOSITION Bone marrow Bone marrow, Lymph nodes, LIFE 120 days Spleen, Thymus gland DESTRUCTION Spleen 20-30 hours Blood vessels

HEMOGLOBIN A protein in RBC. It has affinity with oxygen OXYHAEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin after carrying oxygen AGRANULCYTE WBC with clear cytoplasm GRANULOCYTE WBC with granules NEUTROPHILS A type of WBC which phagocyte MONOCYTES An other type of WBC with same function LYMPHOCYTES A type of WBC which produce anti-toxic substance to neutralize the toxic effect PLATELETS Biconvex, colorless non-nucleated cells, which help in blood clotting LYMPH A fluid which is obtained from blood plasma. Its main function is to help in body resistance.

TRANSPIRATION Removal of extra amount of water from aerial parts of plant STOMATAL A type of transpiration in which the water is TRANSPIRATION CUTICULAR A type of transpiration in which the water is removed from cuticle (surface) of plant TRANSPIRATION LENTICULAR A type of transpiration in which water is removed from woody parts of plant GUTTATION during night. This water is removed in the form of The removal of water from aerial parts of plant drop lets PRACTICE SHEET

1. Each organism must synthesize its own ----------for energy (a) Glucose (b) ATP (c) ADP (d) None 2. When glucose is glycolysed, waste products are suppose to be not produced (a) True (b) False 3. Loading of food from photosynthetic cells into sieve tubes of phloem is called (a) short distance transport (b) Long distance transport (c) Both a&b (d) None 1. In order to translocation of food material, plants need (a) Short distance transport (b) Long distance transport (c) Both a&b (d) None 2. The rate of diffusion depends up on (a) Size of molecule (b) Nature of molecule (c) Both a&b (d) None 3. Smaller molecules move across the cell membrane (a) Faster that large molecules (b) Slower that large molecules (c) Both large and small move at same time (d) None 4. At high temperature, the rate of diffusion is (a) Low (b) Moderate (c) High (d) All 5. Charged particles, and ions, including Glucose can pass through cell membrane (a) Easily (b) Requires support of intrinsic proteins (c) It s conditional (d) None 6. Glucose molecule can not pass the barrier of cell membrane, therefore it requires help of intrinsic proteins to help in crossing (a) True (b) False 7. When any required chemical can not diffuse across cell membrane, it requires help of (a) Facilitated diffusion (b) Intrinsic proteins (c) Transport proteins (d) Both a&b 8. The energy of cell is not used in the process of (a) Diffusion

(b) Facilitated diffusion (c) Both a&b (d) None 9. The cells or tissue carrying out active transport are characterized by presence of numerous (a) Mitochondria (b) Endoplasmic reticulum (c) Ribosomes (d) All 10. Sodium potassium pump is example of (a) Passive transport (b) Active transport (c) Facilitated diffusion (d) All 11. The absorption of soluble glucose by villi, from intestine into blood vessels is (a) Active transport (b) Passive transport (c) Facilitated diffusion (d) All 12. Plants have 2 types of tissues, hydrophilic and hydrophobic. If hydrophilic tissue uptakes water and its sizes is enlarged, it defines (a) Absorption (b) Imbibition (c) Assimilation (d) All 13. One of the following processes is not example of imbibition (a) Swelling up of seed after in taking water (b) Wrapping of wooden framework (c) Turgidity of cell (d) None 14. Addition of solute particles (a) Lower the water potential (b) Increase the water potential (c) Both a&b (d) None 15. Water potential is actually capacity to loose water (a) True (b) False 16. All solutions have negative water potential (a) True (b) False 17. The pressure exerted upon a solution to keep it is equilibrium with pure water is called (a) Water potential (b) Osmotic potential (c) Both a&b (d) None 18. Osmotic potential is actually a measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis (a) True (b) False 19. The other term used for water potential is (a) Pressure potential (b) Osmotic potential

(c) Both a&b (d) None 20. Other than cell wall, the regulation of water is controlled by (a) Cell wall (b) Vacuole (c) Cytoplasm (d) Nucleus 21. The concentration of solute in a solution is termed as (a) Water potential (b) Osmotic potential (c) Pressure potential (d) Solute potential 22. A cell which is filled with water is called (a) Flaccid (b) Imbibed (c) Turgid (d) All 23. Removal of cellular water followed by shrinkage of protoplasm is due to (a) De-plasmolysis (b) Plasmolysis (c) Osmosis (d) Facilitated diffusion 24. If a turgid cell is placed in hypertonic solution, it will (a) Loose water by exo-osmosis (b) Gain water by endo-osmosis (c) It will remain turgid (d) It will burst 25. When turgid cell starts loosing its water, and protoplasm starts shrinkage, at that time cell condition is called (a) Incipient plasmolysis (b) Incomplete plasmolysis (c) Both a&b (d) None 26. If a plamolysed cell is placed in hypotonic solution, the water will flow into cell by endo-osmosis. The shrunken protoplasm will gain its normal position. This defines (a) Plasmolysis (b) De-plasmolysis (c) Cell turgidity (d) None 27. After de-plasmolysis, the cell becomes (a) Turgid (full of water) (b) Flaccid (empty) (c) Both a&b (d) None 28. The out growth of epidermal cells will form (a) Roots (b) Root hairs (c) Root cap (d) Branch roots 29. The Root hairs --------------the surface area for absorption (a) Increase

(b) Decrease (c) Depends up on soil (d) None 30. The root hairs are attached with soil particles because they have (a) Love for water (b) Sticky wall (c) Suppose to up-take water (d) All 31. Most of the water is absorbed at (a) Root tip (b) Middle of root because it is wide (c) Both a&b (d) None 32. When root hairs absorb water it (a) Directly enters into xylem (b) It reaches xylem through cortex cells (c) There is no cortex in roots (d) All 33. When water crosses Plasmodesmata and crosses through cytoplasm of cells and finally reaches in xylem, this route is called (a) Symplast (b) Apoplast (c) Both a&b (d) None 34. When water moves between cell wall and cell membrane and finally reaches the xylem, this route is called (a) Symplast (b) Apoplast (c) Both a&b (d) None 35. Plants uptake from soil (a) Solvent (b) Solute (c) Solution (d) None 39. The water absorbed from soil directly goes to xylem cells (a) It goes from root hairs to xylem (b) It goes from root hairs to cortex and than xylem © It can enter from any part of root (d) None 40. Plants have more stomata in (a) Leaves (b) Herbaceous stem © Both a&b (e) None 41. Stephen Hales (1927) discovered (a) Transpirational Pull (b) Root Pressure © Guttation (d) Transpiration 42. Guttation water is removed in the form of droplets from

(a) Stomata (b) Lenticles © Hydathodes (d) All 43. One of the following has inverse effect on transpiration (a) Wind (b) Light © Soil water (d) Humidity 44. The mechanism by which food material is transported to various parts of plants is called (a) Transportation (b) Translocation © Ascent of Sap (d) Phloem loading 45. In phylum arthropod entire body is filled with colorless blood and is called (a) Haemocoel (b) Hemolymph © Both a&b (d) None 46. Blood and interstitial fluids are collectively known as (a) Hemolymph (b) Hemocoel © Both a&b (d) All 47. Heart of one of the following animals never receives oxygenated blood (a) Frog (b) Fish © Man (d) Snake 48. One of the following is miss-match (a) Frog ---------3 chambered heart (b) Reptiles------2 chambered heart © Man---------four chambered heart (d) Birds-----Four chambered heart 49. One of the following reptiles has divided ventricle, so the heart is four chambered (a) Snake (b) Crocodile © Lizard (d) Turtle 50. Blood is red color connective tissue having colorless (a) Plasma (b) Platelets © Thrombocytes (d) None 51. The enzyme -----------present in RBC plays important role in transport of Co2 (a) Estrases (b) Carbonic anhydrases © Glucosidases